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■ilT.lj:) 


REPORT 


COLLECTIONS 


State  Historical  Society 


OF  WISCONSIN 


J^or  the   Tears  1883,  1884,  and  1885. 


VOL.    X. 

Wjtb  a  Generai.  Index  to  VotA  I.— X. 


^^ 


HADTSON,  WIS: 

ItmOCRAT  PBJHTIKO  OOMPANT,  ETATE  FSIBTERS. 
1888. 


ho  ^^  .">  - 


INTRODUCTORY. 


This  tenth  volume  of  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society's 
Collections  completes  the  first  series  of  the  work,  and  in- 
cludes a  full  index  of  the  whole.  Little  need  be  oflFered  by 
way  of  apology  or  explanation.  In  the  infancy  and  poverty 
of  the  State^  it  was  difficult  at  first  to  enlist  the  sympathies 
and  encouragement  of  our  people  in  the  work  of  saving  our 
historic  materials;  difficult  to  avert  the  obstacles  thrown  in 
the  way  by  a  doubting  or  querulous  Legislature;  difficult 
to  secure  even  the  smallest  pittance  for  the  most  pressing 
needs  of  an  infant  institution;  and  difficult  to  secure  the 
early  publication  of  its  garnerings^  even  in  the  rudest  form. 
To  inspire  faith  and  hope,  that  what  was  sought  to  lay  the 
foundations  of  such  an  institution  was  really  necessary,  or 
would  contribute  to  the  honor,  fame  and  up-building  of  the 
youthful  State,  was  a  matter  of  no.  small  effort.  But  it  is 
gratifying  to  refiect,  that  all  our  early  promises  of  useful- 
ness, and  pledges  of  economy,  with  faithfulness  and  devo- 
tion to  the  work  in  hand,  have  been  fully  met,  and  even 
more  than  realized. 

During  a  period  of  over  thirty  years,  under  a  single  guid- 
ance, much  of  our  Early  Wisconsin  story  has  been  brought 
out,  and  not  a  little  of  it  pretty  thoroughly  discussed  and 
elucidated.  Our  pioneers  have  aided  materially  in  this  good 
work  —  Grignon,  Brisbois,  Sbaw,  Lockwood,  Ellis,  Childs, 
Meeker,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Baird,  Martin,  the  Parkinsons, 
Bracken,  Lapham,  Strong,  Lothrop,  Frank,  Clark,  Fonda, 
Powell,  Vieau,  De  La  Ronde,  Beouchard,  Mrs.  Bristol, 
Branson,  Holton,  Merrill,  Peet,  Rice,  Whitford,  Butler,  and 
many  others. 

Such  an  array  of  contributors  have  very  naturally 
covered  a  wide  range  of  topics,  embracing  nearly  every- 
thing touching  the  primitive  history  of  Wisconsin  and  the 


4  Wisconsin  State  Historioal  Society. 

Northwest  —  archsBDlogy,  Indian  manners,  wars,  customs, 
language,  Indian  nomenclature,  and  Indian  trade;  early 
French  exploration,  settlement,  growth  of  the  country,  pro- 
gress of  education,  and  pioneer  biography. 

Not  a  little  yet  remains,  in  the  way  of  details,  to  be 
developed,  and  wrought  into  historical  narrative.  Many 
doubts  and  difficulties  have  been  explained  in  the  course 
of  these  thirty  odd  years'  discussions,  so  that  it  will  be 
easier  hereafter  to  investigate  the  sources,  subjects,  and 
details  of  our  early  history.  The  more  modern  era  of 
settlement  and  expansion  has  yet  to  be  grappled  with  and 
elucidated;  but  the  gathering  of  the  Lawe,  Porlier,  Boyd, 
Martin,  and  other  papers  will  much  facilitate  the  labor. 
The  important  part  Wisconsin  played  in  our  civil  war  is  yet 
to  be  told,  and  considerable  material  has  been  gathered  for 
this  purpose. 

Commencing  this  labor  for  the  Society  thirty  odd  years 
ago,  with  no  pecuniary  resources  whatever,  with  only  some 
fifty  volumes,  of  which  all  but  two  were  Wisconsin  publica- 
tions, and  now  exhibiting  some  one  hundred  and  eighteen 
thousand  books,  newspaper  files  and  pamphlets  —  a  collec- 
tion unequalled  west  of  the  AUeghanies  —  with  a  gallery  of 
portraits,  and  a  rare  collection  of  pre  historic  and  other 
curiosities,  with  the  Library  performing  a  splendid  work 
in  behalf  of  our  literary  investigators,  is  a  consummation 
most  gratifying  to  the  people  of  Wisconsin. 

Devoutly  trusting  that  the  future  may  have  great  pros- 
perity in  store  for  the  S3ciety,  and  that  my  successor, 
Reuben  G.  Thwaites,  may  find  his  hands  strengthened,  and 
his  heart  encouraged,  in  the  great  work  upon  which  he  has 
entered  with  so  much  spirit  and  enthusiasm,  I  retire  from 
the  Society's  service  with  grateful  thanks  for  the  unflag- 
ging confidence  and  encouragement  I  so  constantly  received 
from  my  associates,  and  the  people  of  Wisconsin. 

Lyman  C.  Draper. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

iBTTRODUCnON 8-4 

Tabus  of  Contents 5-6 

Officers  of  the  Society,  1883 7-8 

1884 .• 9-10 

1S85 11-13 

Sykofsisof  Annual  Report,  1883 13-20 

1884 20-28 

1885 28-40 

Jban  NICOI.BT,  by  F.  H.  Gameau  and  Rev.  J.  B.  Ferland,  with 

nutee  by  Ber jamin  Suite 41-46 

/DbLjnoert*8  Expedition   against  the  Foxes,  1728,  by  Bev. 

Emanuel  Crespel 47-53 

Frekch   Fortifications  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin. 

"  Hold  the  Fort!  '*  by  Prof.  Jamei  D.  Butler 54-63 

Tay  cho-be-rah  —  The   Four  Lake    Country  —  First  White 

Foot-Prints  There,  bj  Prof.  Jdmea  D .  Biitler 64-89 

La  WE  AND  Grignon  Papers,  1794-1831 90-141 

Papers  of  T.  G.  Anderson,  British  Indian  Agent 142-149 

Indian  Campaign  op  1832,  by  Capt.  Henry  Smith 150-167 

Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War,  by  Gen.  Rob^jrt  And- 
erson    168-176 

Incident  of  the  Black  Hawk  War,  by  Col.  Chas.  Whittlesey. ...  1 76-177 

Battle  of  Peckatonica,  by  Lieut.  M.  G.  Fitch 178  -183 

Notes  on  the  Black  Hawk  War,  by  Hon.  Peter  Parkinson 184-212 

Sketches  OF  Indian  Chiefs  and  Pioneers  of  the  Northwest,  by 

Col.  John  Shaw 213-222 

Caitses  of  the  Black  Hawk  War,  by  Hon.  Orlando  Brown 231^226 

Black  Hawk  Scraps  from  old  Newspapers 227-228 

Robert  S.  Black  and  the  Black  Hawk  War,  by  Gen.  George 

W.  Jones 229-230 

Reminiscences  of  Wisconsin  in  1833,  from  The  Madison  Demo- 
crat    231-234 

Col.  Henry  Gratiot,  a  Pioneer  of  Wisconsin,  by  Hon.  Elihu 

B.  Waahburne 235-260 

Mrs.  Adelb  P.  Gratiot's  Narrative 261-275 

Early  Wisconsin  Exploration  and  Settlement,  by  Hon,  Jamib^ 
Satherland ^^ Vi^V 


6  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Page. 
Notes  on  Early  Wisconsin  Exploration,  Forts  and  Trading 

Posts,  by  Rev.  Edward  D.  Neill,  D.  D 292-80(J 

French  Fort  at  Prairie  du  Chien  a  Myth,  by  Consul  Willehire 

Butterfield 807-820 

Early  French   Forts   in  Western  Wisconsin,  by  Lyman  C. 

Draper 821-873 

Autograph  Collections  op  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration 

OF  Independence,  and  of  the   Constitution,  by  Lyman  C. 

Draper 878-447 

Sketch  of  Hon.  Andrew  Proudfit,  by  H  m.Breeee  J.  Stevens. .  448-450 
Memorial  Sketches  of  O.  M.  Conover,  LL.  D.— 

Resolutions  of  regret,  by  Gen.  David  Atwood 451-452 

Memorial  addreos,  by  Rev.  Chas.  H.  Richards,  D.  D 453-469 

Memorial  address  by  Chief  Justice  Orsimus  Cole,  LL.  D 469-473 

Wis<'ONSiN  Necrology,  1879-82,  by  Lyman  C.  Draper 474-490 

Additions  and  Corrections 491-509 

General  Isdex  to  Vol.  I.-X.  inclusive 511 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  SOCIETY-1883. 


lYetident-^  Hod.  John  A.  Rice,  Merton. 

Vice- Presidents. —  Hod.  Harlow  S.  Orton,  LL.  D.,  Madison;  Hon.  Morgan 
Lb  Martin,  Green  Bay;  Hon.  James  T.  Lewis,  LL.  D.,  Colaoibus;  Hon. 
James  Sutherland,  Janesville;  Hon.  M.  M.  Davis,  Baraboo;  Chauncey 

C.  Biitt,  Esq.,  Portage  C  ty;  Hon.  John  H.  Rountree,  Platteville;  Hon. 
Simeon  Mills,  Madison;  Hon.  J.  F.  Potter,  East  Troy;  Samuel  Mar-  . 
shall,  Esq.,  Milwaukee;  Hon.  John  T.  Kingston,  Necedah;  Gen.  David 
At  wood,  Madison;  Hon.  Moses  M.  Strong,  Mineral  Point;  Hon.  Thad 
C  Pound,  Chippewa  Falls;  Hon.  J.  J.  Guppey,  Portage  City;  and  Fred. 
S.  Perkins,  Esq.,  Burlington. 

Honorary  Vice-Presidents,— Hon,  Cyrus  Woodman,  Massachusetts;  Hon. 
O.  W.  Bradford,  New  York;  Hon.  Perry  H.  Smith,  Illinois;  Robert 
Clarke,  Esq.,  Ohio;  Hon.  A.  C.  Dodge,  Iowa;  Hon.  L.  J.  Farwell, 
Missouri;  Hon.  C.  C.  Trowbridge,  Michigan;  Chas.  Fairchild,  Esq., 
Massachusetts;  Col.  S.  V.  Shipman,  Illioois;  Hon.  Fhilo  White,  LL.  D., 
New  York;  Hon.  AmasaCobb,  Nebraska,  and  Samuel  H.  Hunt,  Esq., 
New  Jersey. 

Corresponding  decretory. —Lyman  C.  Draper,  LL.  D. 

Heeording  Secretary.— Robert  M.  Bashford. 

Treasurer, —  Hon.  A.  H.  Main. 

Librarian— Daniel  S.  Durrie. 

Assistant  Librarians — Isabel  Durrie,  and  Isaac  S.  Bradley. 

Curators  ex-offlcio — Hon.  J.  M.  Rusk,  Governor;  Hon.  E.  G.  Timme,  Sec- 
retary of  State ;  Hon.  £.  C.  McFetridge,  State  Treasurer,  and  Hon. 
Alex.  Mitchell,  Life  Director. 

For  oneyear—Ex'QoT,  Lucius  Fairchild,  Dr.  O.  M.  Conover,  J.  H.  Car- 
penter, LL.D.,  Col.  Wm.  F.  Vilas,  Hon.  B.  J.  Stevens,  Prof.  W.  F. 
Allen,  Hon.  D.  K  Tenney,  Hon.  A.  B.  Braley,  CoL  Thomas  Reynolds, 
and  Ptof .  R  B.  Anderson. 

For  two  years ^ James  D.  Butler,  LL.D.,  Hon.  B.  E.  Hutchinson,  Hon.  J. 

D.  Gumee,  N.  B.  Van  Slyke,  Gen.  C.  P.  Chapman,  Hon.  H.  H.  Giles, 
Isaac  Lyon,  Prof.  J.  B.  Parkin  son,  Hon.  G.  B.  Burrows,  and  Hon.  J.  A. 
Johnson. 

For  three  years— Gen.  G.  P.  Delaplaine,  Hon.  Andrew  Proudfit,  Hon.  S. 

U.  Pinney,  Dr.  Joseph  Hobbins,  Hon.  R  W.  Keyes,  Hon.  S.  D,  HsaV 

ingfl^  Gea  Itajmer,  Hon.  M.  M.  Jackson,  Bam'l  E:ia\iY>eT,  an^HoTi.  ^. 
C  Oivgoiy^, 


8  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

STANDING  committees. 

Library^  Purchases  and  Fixtures  —  RuBk,  Timme,  McFetridge,   Draper, 
Conover,  Burrows  and  Butler. 

Legislative  Conference  Committee — Fairchild,  Keyes,  Mills,  Pinney,  Giles, 
Braley,  At  wood,  Vilas.  Burrows  and  Van  Slyke. 

Publication  —  Draper,  Butler,  Anderson,  Atwood  and  Bashf  ord . 

Auditing  Accounts  —  Hastings,  Mills,  Allen,  Anderson  and  Chapman. 

JF\*?iance  —  McFetridge,  Van  Slyke  and  Klauber. 

Endoumient  —  Rice,  Proudfit,  Rusk,  Mills,  Van  Slyke,  Chapman,  Burrows, 
Johnsoo,  Atwood  and  Giles. 

Literary  Exchanges — Durrie,  Hobbins,  Timme  and  Klauber. 

Cabinet  —  Lyon,  Allen,  Stevens,  Keyes  and  Durrie. 

Natural  History  —  Hobbins,  Delaplaine  and  Stevens. 

Printing  —  Parkinson,  Raymer,  Atwood  and  Carpenter. 

Art  Gallery  —  Fairchild,  Rusk,  Vilas,  Reynolds  and  Raymer. 

Historical  Narratives  —  Pinney,  Orton,  Tenney,  Proudfit  and  Hutchinson . 

Indian  History  and  Nomenclature  —  Chapman,  Butler,  Allen,  Stevens, 
Reynolds  and  Gregory. 

Lectures  and  Essays  —  Parkinson,  Butler,  Conover,  Durrie  and  Hutchin- 
son. 

Soliciting  Committee  —  Chapman,  Hobbins,  Braley,  Giles,   Proudfit  and 
Johnson. 

Binding  Fund  —  Draper,  Tenney,  Gregory  and  Hayes. 

Annual  Address — Braley,  Burrows,  Pinney,  Gumee  and  Gregory. 

Membership  Nominations  —  Bashford,  Chapman,  Vilas,  Gumee  and  Mills. 

Pre-Historic  Antiquities  —  Butler,  Rice,  Perkins,  Allen,  Conover  and  Giles. 

Loan  Committee — Chapman,  Carpenter  and  Hastings. 

Otntuaries  —  Atwood,  Draper,  Braley  and  Bashford. 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  SOCIETY  - 1884. 


President  —  Hod.  John  A.  Rice,  Merton. 

Viee-Presidents —Bion,  Harlow  S.  Orton,  LL.D.,  Madison;  Hon.  Morgan 
Lf.  Martin,  Green  Bay;  Hon.  James  T.  Lewis,  LI^D.,  Columbus;  Hon. 
James  Sutherland,  Janesville;  Hon.  M.  M.  Davis,  Baraboo;  Cbauncey 
C.  Britt.  Esq.,  Portage  City;  Hon.  John  H.  Rountree,  Platteville; 
Hon.  Simeon  Mills,  Madison;  Hon.  J.  F.  Potter,  East  Troy;  Samuel 
Marshall,  Esq.,  Milwaukee;  Hon.  John  T.  Kingston,  Necedah;  Hon. 
David  Atwood,  Madison;  Hon.  Moses  M.  Strong,  Mineral  Point;  Hon. 

C.  L.  Colby,  Milwaukee;  Hon.  J.  J.  Guppey,  Portage  City;  and  Fred. 
S.  Perkins,  Esq.,  Burlington. 

Honorary  Vice-Presidents — Hon.  Cyrus  Woodman,  Massachusetts;  F.  L. 
Billon,  St.  Louis;  Hon.  Perry  H.  Smith,  Illinois;  Robert  Clarke,  Esq., 
Ohio;  Hon.  Geo.  P.  Smith.  Philadelphia;  Hon.  L.  J.  Far  well,  Missouri; 
Hon.  W.  H.  Wyman,  Cincinnati;  Chas.Fairchild,  Esq., Massachusetts; 
Col.  S.  V.  Shipman,  Illinois;  Hon.  Amasa  Cobb,  Nebraska;  Col.  R.  T. 
Durrett,  Louisville;  and  Samuel  H.  Hunt,  Esq.,  Newton,  N.  J. 

Corresponding  Secretary — Lyman  C.  Draper,  LL.D. 

Recording  Secretary  —  Robert  IVL  Bashford. 

Treasurer  —  Hon.  A.  H.  Main. 

Librarian  —  Daniel  S.  Durrie. 

Assistant  Librarians  —  Isabella  Durrie,  and  Isaac  S.  Bradley. 

Curators  ex-officio —  Hon.  J.  M.  Rusk,  Governor;  Hon.  E.  G.  Timme,  Secre- 
tary of  State;  Hon.  E.  C.  McFetridge,  State  Treasurer,  and  Hon.  Alex. 
Mitchell,  Life  Director. 

CURATORS,  ELECTIVE. 

For  one  year  —J.  D.  Butler,  LL.D.,  Hon.  B.  R  Hutchinson,  Hon.  J.  D. 
Gumee,  N.  B.  Van  Slyke,  Gen.  C.  P.  Chapman,  Hon.  H.  H.  Giles,  Inaac 
Lyon,  Prof.  J.  B.  Parkinson,  Hon.  G.  B.  Burrows,  and  Hon.  J.  A. 
Johnson. 

For  tux>  years — Gen.  G.  P.  Delaplaine,  Hon.  Romanzo  Bunn,  Hon.  S.  U. 
Pinney,  Dr.  Joseph  Hobbins,  Hon.  E.  W.  Keyes,  Hon.  S.  D.  Hastiogs, 
Geo.  Raymer,  Hon.  M  M.  Jackson,  Saml  Kiauber,  and  Hon.  J.  C. 
Gregory. 

For  three  years  —  Gen.  Lucius  Fairchild,  O.  M.  Conover,  LLD.,  J.  H.    Car- 
penter, LLD.,  Col.  W.  F.  Vilas,  B.  J.  Stevens,  Prof.  W.  F.  Allen.  Hon. 

D.  K  Tenney,  Hon.  A.  B.  Braley,  Maj.  F.  W.  Oakley,  and  Prof.  R.  B 
Anderson. 

2-H.  a 


10  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


STANDING  committees 

Library  —  Draper.    HobbiDS,    Butler,    Allea   and    Parkinson;    ex    officio. 
Rusk,  Tlmme  and  McFetridge. 

Finance  —  Mills,  Carpenter,  Van  Slyke,  Tenney  and  Chapman. 

Auditing  Accounts  —  Hastings,  Mills,  Chapman,  Allen  and  Carpenter. 

Printing  and  Publication — Draper,  Butler,  At  wood,  Anderson  and  Bash- 
ford;  ex  officio,  Timme  and  McFetridge. 

Art  Oallery  and  Cabinet  —  Hobbins,  Fairchild,  Delaplaine,  Stevens  and 
Bunn. 

Contributions  and  Endowments —  Fairchild,  Johnson,  Tenney,  Keyes  and 
Burrows. 

Literary  Exchanges  —  Durrie,  Braley.  Raymer,  Klauber  and  Oakley. 

Natural  History  —  Burrows,  Parkinson,  Gregory,  Van  Slyke  and  Bunn. 

Historical  Narratives,  Lectures  and  Essays  —  Orton,  Pinney,  Vilas,  Giles 
and  Braley. 

Nomination  of  Members  —  Bashford,  Jackson,  Braley,  Main,  Jacobs  and 
Stevens. 

Pre-Historio  Antiquities  and  Indian  History^  Butler,  Rice,  Vilas,  Giles 
and  Klauber. 

Obituaries  —  Atwood,  Jackson,  Pinney,  Draper  and  Bashford. 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  SOCIETY  - 1885. 


President  —  Hon.  John  A.  Rice,  Merton. 

Vice-Presidents —  'Bon.  Harlow  S.  Orton,  LL.D.,  Madison;  Hon.  Morgan 
Li.  Martin,  Green  Bay;  Hon.  James  T.  Lewis,  LL.D.,  Columbus;  Hon. 
James  Sutherland,  Janesville;  Hon.  M.  M.  Davis,  Baraboo;  Chauncey 
C.  Britt,  Portage  City;  Hon.  John  H.  Rountree,  Platteville;  Hon. 
Simeon  Mills,  Madison;  Hon.  J.  F.  Potter,  East  Troy;  Samuel 
Marshall,  Milwaukee;  Hon.  John  T.  Kingston,  Necedah;  Hon.  David 
At  wood,  Madison;  Hon.  Moses  Bf.  Strong,  Mineral  Point;  Hon.  C.  L. 
Colby,  Milwaukee;  Hon.  J.  J.  Guppey,  Portage  City;  and  Fred  8. 
Perkins,  Burlington. 

Honorary  Vice-Presidents  — "Bon,  Cyrus  Woodman,  Massachusetts;  F.  L. 
Billon,  St  Louis;  Hon.  Perry  H  Smith,  Illinois;  Robert  Clarke,  Ohio; 
Benson  J.  Loesing,  LL.D.,  Dover  Plains,  N.  Y.;  Hon.  L.  J.  Far  well, 
Missouri;  Hon.  W.  H.  Wyman,  Cincinnati;  Charles  Fairchild,  Massa- 
chusetts; CoL  S.  V.  Shipman,  Illinois;  Hon.  Amasa  Cobb,  Nebraska; 
Col.  R  T.  Durrett,  Louisville;  and  Samuel  H.  Hunt,  Newton,  N.  J. 

Corresponding  Secretary  —  Lyman  C.  Draper,  LL.D. 

Assistant  Corresponding  Secretary  —  Reuben  G.  Thwaites. 

Recording  Secretary —^Robert  M.  Bashford. 

Treasitrer — Hon.  A.  H.  Main. 

Librarian  —  Daniel  S.  Durrie. 

Assistant  Librarians  —  Isabel  Durrie  and  Isaac  S.  Bradley. 

Curators  ex-officio  —  Kon,  J.  M.  Rusk,  Governor;  Hon.  E.  G.  Timme,  Sec- 
retary of  State;  Hon.  E.  C.  McFetridge,  State  Treasurer,  and  Hon. 
Alexander  Mitchell,  Life  Director. 

CURATORS,  ELECTIVE. 

For  one  year — Gen.  G.  P.  Delaplaine,  Hon.  R.  Bunn,  Hon.  S.  U,  Pinney, 
Dr.  Jo&  Hobbins,  Hon.  E.  W.  Keyes,  Hon.  S.  D.  Hastings,  Geo.  Ray- 
mer,  Hon.  M.  M.  Jackson.  S.  Klauber,  Hon.  J.  C.  Gregory,  Hon.  Philo 
Danning,  and  Hon.  F.  A.  Flower. 

FortiDO  years  —  Gen.  L.  Fairchild,  J.  H.  Carpenter,  LL.D.,  CoL  W.  F. 
Vilas,  Hon.  B.  J.  Stevens,  Prof.  W.  F.  Allen,  Hon.  D.  K.  Tenney, 
Hon.  A.  B.  Braley,  Maj.  F.  W.  Oakley,  Prof.  R.  B.  Anderson, 
Dr.  Wm.  Jacobs,  W.  A.  P.  Morris,  and  Wayne  Ramsay. 

For  three  years  — J,  D.  Butler,  LL.D.,  Hon.  B.  E.  Hutchinson,  Hon. 
J.  D.  Gurnee,  N.  B.  Van  Slyke,  Gen.  C.  P.  Chapman,  Hon.  H.  H. 
Giles,  Prof.  J.  B.  Parkinson,  Hon.  J.  A.  Johnson,  Hon.  G.  B.  Bur- 
rows, Pres,  J.  Bascom,  LL.D.,  Prof.  J.  C.  Freeman,  and  ^  Qi , 
Thwaites, 


)  2  WiscoiJSiN  State  Historical  Society. 


ST  ANDING  COMMITTEES. 

Library  —  Draper,  Thwaites,  Butler,  Alien  and  Parkinson;  ex  officio^  Rusk, 
Timme  and  MnFetridge. 

Finances  —  Mills,  Carpenter,  Van  Slyke,  Tenney  and  Chapman. 

Auditing  Accounts  —  Hastings,  Mills,  Morris,  Allen  and  Carpenter. 

Printing  and  Publication  —  Draper,  Butler,  Atwood,  Thwaites  and  Bash- 
ford;  ex  officio,  Timme  and  McFetridge. 

Art  CkxUeryand  Cabinet  — Bobbins,  Fairchild,  Delaplaine,  Stevens  and 
Bunn. 

Contrilmtions  and  Endowments — Fairchild,  Johnson,  Tennej,  Keyes  and 
Burrows. 

Literary  Exchanges  —  Durrie,  Braley,  Freeman,  Flower  and  Oakley. 

Natural  History  —  Burrows,  Parkinson,  Gregory,  Van  Slyke  and  Bunn. 

Historical  Narratives,  Lectures  and  Essays— Orion,  Plnney,  Vilas,  Giles 
and  Braley. 

Nomination  of  Members — Bashford,  Jackson,  Braley,  Main,  Jacobs  and 
Ramsay. 

Pre-Bistoric  Antiquities  and  Indian  History  —  Butler,  Rice,  VUas,  Dun- 
ning and  Klauber. 

Obituaries  ->  Atwood,  Jackson,  Plnney,  Draper  and  Bashf ord. 


■ 


SYNOPSIS  OF  ANNUAL  REPORTS 


OF  THB 


EXECUTIVE      COMMITTEE 


TWENTY-NINTH  REPORT— JANUARY  2,  1883. 

The  managers  and  friends  of  the  Society  should  be  thank- 
ful that  better  and  safer  apartments  are  being  provided  by 
the  State  for  its  large  and  rapidly  augmenting  collections. 
While  we  do  not  get  all  we  asked  for,  yet  what  we  do  get 
is  a  decided  step  in  advance.  In  our  memorial  a  year  ago 
to  the  Legislature,  we  plead  for  a  separate  and  isolated 
building,  with  ample  grounds  for  future  building  expansion, 
as  the  exigencies  of  the  Society  should  from  time  to  time 
require. 

Had  the  whole  of  the  south  wing  been  designated  for  the 
Society's  use  and  occupancy,  it  would  have  been  none  too 
much  for  our  present  and  future  wants.    We  should  then 
have  been  less  crowded  in  the  internal  arrangements,  with 
more  shelving  space  and  more  reading  room  accommoda- 
tions.   As  it  is,  with  two  stories  assigned  us  for  Library  and 
reading  room  purposes,  and  yet  another,  the  upper  story, 
with  its  sky-light  provision,  for  our  Picture  Gallery  and  Cab- 
inent,  wo  shall  have  considerably  more  than  double  the  shelv- 
ing capacity  we  now  have;  and  hence,  apparently,  provision 
for  some  twenty  years  accretions  to  the  Library,  supposing 
our  growth  should  be  no  greater  than  the  average  of  the 
past  few  years. 

This,  however,  is  not  a  proper  guide;  for  we  have  reason 
to  believe,  as  other  great  public  Libraries  are  frequently  re- 
ceiving large  book  and  money  bequests,  bo  out  ^oc\^\»7  \% 


14  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SocmTY. 

destined  to  be  the  recipient  of  valuable  acquisitions  from 
many  a  thoughtful  friend.  If  similar  Societies  at  the  East 
are  generously  endowed,  why  should  not  liberal  things  be 
devised  by  public  spirited  men  of  Wisconsin,  for  our  noble 
institution  —  confessedly  the  peer  of  all  its  sister  associa- 
tions of  the  West?  Wisconsin  has  a  goodly  number  of  gen- 
erous sons  who  will  not  dishonor  their  adopted  or  native 
State,  but  will,  in  time,  make  liberal  provision  for  such  an 
institution  as  ours,  that  it  may  never  flag  in  its  career  of 
usefulness  as  a  great  public  educator  of  the  people. 

Could  the  entire  south  wing  have  been  set  apart  for  the 
Society,  we  should  then  have  had  accommodations  for  some 
forty  years.  When  the  time  comes  —  as  it  surely  will 
come  —  that  still  ampler  accommodations  will  be  requisite 
for  the  growth  and  needs  of  the  Society,  we  may  well  trust 
to  the  wisdom,  foresight  and  liberality  of  the  next  genera- 
tion to  make  the  needful  provision.  Architects  assure  us 
that  the  present  new  wings  can  never  be  enlarged  without 
too  seriously  impairing  the  symmetry  of  the  building,  and 
making  yet  greater  encroachments  on  the  beautiful  grounds 
of  the  Capitol.  So  the  Society  must  eventually  look  outside 
of  the  Capitol  grounds  for  its  future  permanent  home.  With 
the  steady  growth  of  the  State,  no  doubt  the  rooms  assigned 
the  Society  in  the  new  south  wing  will  be  eventually  needed 
for  public  purposes,  and  what  the  State  and  Society  may 
most  deplore  is  that  an  ample  plot  of  ground,  which  could 
now  be  had,  may  not  in  all  probability  be  obtainable  of 
convenient  access  and  suitable  location  some  twenty 
years  hence. 

GENERAL  AND  BINDING  FUNDS. 

The  receipts  of  the  year  into  the  General  Fund  have  been 
the  annual  appropriation  of  $5,000,  and  the  disbursements 
4,991.79  —  leaving  an  unexpended  balance  of  $8.21 

To  the  Binding  Fund  the  following  additions  have  been 
made:  Donation,  Geo.  Plummer Smith,$5; Hon.  D.  K.  Tenney, 
Hon.  Mortimer  M.  Jackson,  and  Hon.  John  A.  Johnson,  $20 
each  for  life  memberships;  accrued  interest,  $561.92;  duplicate 
books  sold,  $166.69;  annual  niembership  dues  $120.00  — thus 


Twenty-Ninth  Report— January  2, 1883.  15 

showing  an  increase  from  these  several  sources  of  $012.51, 
and  making  the  present  amount  of  this  important  fund  $10>- 
279.96. 

LIBRARY  ADDITIONS. 

The  additions  to  the  Library  during  the  past  year,  have 
been  2,856  volumes;  of  which  2,087  were  by  purchase,  and 
769  by  donation  and  binding  of  newspaper  files;  and  2,333 
pamphlets  and  documents,  of  which  577  were  obtained  by 
purchase,  and  1,756  by  donation.  Of  the  book  additions  391 
were  folios,  and  239  quartos,  increasing  the  number  of  folios 
in  the  Library  to  3,381,  aijd  the  quartos  to  4,127,  and  both  to- 
gether to  7,508.  The  grand  total  of  volumes  and  pamphlets 
now  in  the  Library  is  100,189. 

The  strength  of  the  library  is  best  shown  by  reference  to 
the  number  of  volumes  in  several  of  our  important  depart- 
ments of  collection:  Bound  newspaper  files  4,091;  British 
Patent  Reports  3,952;  American  Patent  Reports  356  —  both 
collections  of  Patent  Reports  together  4,308;  atlases  and  maps 
887;  genealogy  and  heraldry,  807;  Shakespereana  bound  vol- 
umes, 329;  pamphlets  50  —  together,  379,  including  Halli- 
well's  magnificent  work  in  sixteen  folio  volumes,  and  the 
Shakespeare  Society  publications  in  twenty  volumes.  To 
the  flourishing  department  of  county  histories,  to  which  one 
hundred  and  eighty -eight  volumes  had  been  the  gathering 
of  the  precedmg  four  years,  59  volumes  have  been  added. 

Bound  Newspaper  Files  —  The  following  additions  indi- 
cate their  number,  and  the  period  of  their  publication: 

Years,     Vols. 

London  Chronicle  and  Poet 1765  1 

Salem,  Mass.,  Gazette  and  Boston  Gazette 1784-5  1 

New  Haven  Gazette 1786-7  1 

Walpole,  N.  H.,  Farmers'  Museum 1798-1801  1 

Miscellaneous  newspapers 1801-19  1 

Boston  Magazine  and  Ladies^  Visitor 1805-7  1 

Boston  Times 1807-8  1 

Northampton,  Mass.,  Republican  and  Spy,  and  New- 

buryport  Statesman 180S-9  1 

Boston  Patriot  and  Independent  Chronicle 1809-17  9. 

Philadelphia  Weekly  Aurora 1811-12  1 

Boston  Independent  Chronicle  and  Hancver,N.  H., 

American 1814-16  1 

Richmond,  Va.,  Enquirer ..  1818-26 

Salem,  Mas&,  Essex  Register 181^^  \ 

Boston,  Howard  Gazette  and  Herald l^'it'^A  \ 


16 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


OinciDnati  National  Republlcau 

Washington  National  Intelligence 

New  York  Mercury 

Cincinnati,  O.,  Chronicle    

New  York  Literary  World 

Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated  Newspaper 

London  Diplomatic  Review  and  f{«e  Press 

New  York  Momus 

Virginia  Newspapers 

Richmond,  Va.,  Presbyterian 

New  York  Independent 

Wadsworth,  O.,  Enterprise 

The  South,  (N.Y.) 

New  York  Weekly  Sun 

Staunton,  Va.,  Spectator 

Harrisburg,  Va.,  Commonwealth 

Richmond,  Va.,  Standard 

Chicago  Scandinayian 

Washington,  D.  C. ,  Capital 

Washington,  D.  C,  Congressional  Record  and  Index. 

The  Virginias,  (Staunton,  Va) 

Chicago  Standard 

Chicago  Lumberman 

Chicago  Railway  Age 

Chicago  Northwestern  Miller 

New  York  Nation 

New  York  World 

New  York  Tribune 

Chicago  Times 

Chicago  Tribune 

Wisconsin  daily,  weekly  and  semi- weekly  papers  .... 


Years, 

VoU. 

182IMS 

9 

1826-7 

2 

1829-81 

1846-9 

1847-52 

10 

1855-68 

26 

1855-77 

14 

1860 

1865-82 

1869-82 

1875-81 

1876-9 

1876-81 

1876-81 

1877-81 

1878-81 

187&-81 

1878-81 

1878-81 

1880-1 

1880-1 

1880-1 

1881 

1881 

1881 

1881 

1881-2 

1881-2 

1881-2 

1881-2 

1878-82 

188 

819 

These  additions  make  the  total  number  of  bound  newspa- 
per files  oE  the  seventeenth  century,  65  volumes;  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  474;  of  the  present  century,  3,562;  grand 
total,  4,091.  The  Society  receives  regularly  14  daily  news- 
papers, 228  weekly,  3  semi-monthly,  and  17  monthly  —  total, 
:^52,  of  which  238  are  Wisconsin  papers.  Sixteen  periodicals 
are  also  received. 

LIBRARY  ADDITIONS  — SUMMARY. 


American  Patents 14 

British  Patents 65 

American  History  and  Travel • 98 

American  Local  History 1 58 

American  Revolutionary  War  History 23 

American  Indians 30 

State  Histories  and  Documents 120 

United  States  Documents  and  Surveys 80 

Slavery  and  Civil  War 50 

Canada 27 

Magazines  and  Reviews 168 

Historical  and  Learned  Societies 24 


Twenty-Ninth  Report— January  2, 1883.  I'i 

American  Biography 135 

Foreign  Biography 71 

Qeoealofry  and  Heraldry 61 

Foreign  History 160 

Antiquities  and  Archaeology 129 

G.  Britain  History  and  Biography 250 

Cyclopedias  and  Dictionaries 91 

Language  and  Philology 81 

Bibliography 24 

Social  Science 43 

English  Literature 193 

Religious  History,  eic 97 

Education 19 

Science 148 

Drama ' 18 

Dictionaries 25 

Almanacs  and  Registers 9 

Voyages  and  Travels 24 

Bound  newspaper  files 819 

Atlases  bound 9 

Shakespereana ■, 41 

Fine  Arts 51 

Politics  and  Gk>yemment 50 

Miaoelianeous   38 


3,856 


AUTOGRAPHS. 

Autograph  letters  of  John  Blair  and  Nathaniel  Gorham, 
signers  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  1785,  and 
Robert  R.  Livingston  1776;  also,  of  Elihu  Burritt  1845,  John 
G.Whittier  1838,  Gerrit  Smith  1844,  Geo.  H.  Stuart;  1338, 
Rev.  Geo.  Storrs  1839,  Joshua  Leavitt  1840,  John  E.  Moyne 
1841,  Alvan  Stewart  1838,  T.  D.  Weld  1838,  M.  McMichael 
1841,  written  to  and  presented  by  Hon.  S.  D.  Hastings;  ori- 
Kinal  manuscript  commission  of  Gov.  Haldimand  of  Canada 
to  Chawanon,  grand  chief  of  the  Menomonees,  in  English 
and  French  1787,  taken  with  the  medal  therein  referred  to 
from  the  Menomonees  Aug.  1,  1864,  at  Keshena,  Wisconsin, 
by  Dr.  M.  M.  Davis,  Indian  agent;  also  a  warrant  of  esteem 
'rom  Maj.  Rogers  at  Mackinaw,  issued  1787  to  Okimasay,  a 
ifenomonee,  taken  up  by  Dr.  Davis,  and  presented  by  him; 
commission  of  Nathaniel  F.  Hyer,  as  Postmaster  at  Jeffer- 
son, Wisconsin,  May  27,  1837,  signed  by  Amos  Kendall, 
Postmaster  General;  also  a  commission  to  the  same  as  post- 
niaster  at  Dunkirk,  Wisconsin,  May  22, 1847,  signed  by  Cave 
Johnson,  Postmaster  General,  from  Mr.  Hyer. 


18  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socdety. 

ANTIQUITIES. 

Copper  spear  head  with  socket,  three  inches  long,  found 
on  town  8,  range  8,  Waukesha  county,  Wisconsin,  near 
North  Lake,  from  John  Rice;  a  similar  one  found  three 
miles  south  of  Sun  Prairie,  Wisconsin,  near  Koshkonong 
Creek,  from  John  A.  Dodge;  copper  spear,  five  inches  long, 
found  on  the  farm  of  Thomas  Coughlin,  town  of  Fort  Winne- 
bago, Columbia  county,  Wisconsin,  in  1882,  from  Mr.  Cough- 
lin, through  C.  C.  Britt,  of  Portage  City;  stone  chisel,  found  in 
town  of  Strong's  Prairie,  Adams  county,  Wisconsin,  by 
C.  Swarthout,  from  O.  Ostrander,  Bristol,  Dane  county,  Wis- 
consin ;  fragments  of  brick,  from  Aztalan,  Wisconsin,  from 
Professor  J.  D.  Butler,  LL.  D.;  plaster  cast  of  a  large  stone 
pipe,  with  carved  human  face,  which  was  found  on  section 
2,  town  6,  range  14  east,  in  town  of  Jefferson,  Wisconsin, 
presented  by  Colonel  G.  W.  Burchard. 

COIN  AND  currency. 

One  cent,  Republic  of  Uruguay,  18C0,  from  W.  C.  Wy- 
man;  half  skilling,  Danske,  1771,  copper,  from  B.  H. 
Burnson;  $1,  $5,  $50,  $100,  Virginia  treasury  notes, 
Richmond,  Virginia,  1861-1862,  signed  but  not  circulated, 
from  Hon.  F.  Broughton,  Hamilton,  Ontario;  $5,  Bank  of 
Wisconsin,  Green  Bay,  March  1, 1837,  signed  by  M.  L.  Mar- 
tin, President,  and  H.  Stringham,  Cashier,  from  A.  T.  Glaze; 
$10,  $20  and  $50  Confederate  bank  notes,  February  17,  1864, 
and  ten  two,  and  thirteen  five  cent,  Confederate  postage 
stamps,  from  Hon.  J.  Marshall  McCue;  twelve  copper 
tokens  and  Harrison  log  cabin  medal,  from  Mrs.  Ruth  M. 
Davis;  a  large  silver  medal  found  near  Prairie  du  Chien 
about  the  year  1860  in  an  Indian  grave,  presented  by  Hon. 
Horace  Beach;  thirty-two  English,  French,  Belgian,  and 
Italian  silver  and  copper  coins,  1850-1877,  from  General  Lu- 
cius Fairchild;  five  United  States  fractional  currency,  ten 
and  twenty-five  cents,  from  same. 

NATURAL  HISTORY  SPECIMENS. 

Fossil  shell  (ammonite  from  the  Yellowstone,  Montana 
Territory,  from  Hon.  M.  W.  McDonnell;  specimen  of  cop- 


Twenty- Ninth  Report— January  2, 1883.  19 

per  ore  from  Lake  Superior,  150  feet  below  the  surface, 
from  J.  C.  Fresvold;  specimens  of  caloeifce,  galenite,  native 
copper,  etc.,  from  J.  W.  Livingston;  collection  of  agates  and 
mineral  specimens,  from  Black  river,  Wisconsin,  from 
Mrs.  Arthur  Bradstreet;  skull  of  a  small  lynx,  from  Isador 
Hengen. 

PAINTINGS  AND  PHOTOGRAPHS. 

A  fine  oil  portrait  of  Christopher  Columbus  procured  by 
Ex-Gov.  Fairchild  in  Spain,  a  copy  of  the  Yanez  portrait, 
deemed  by  Spaniards  to  have  the  strongest  claims  to  authen- 
ticity of  any  picture  in  the  peninsula,  presented  to  the  So- 
ciety by  Gov.  Fairchild. 

An  oil  portrait  of  Jas.  S.  Buck, an  early  settler  of  Milwau- 
kee, painted  by  Alvin  Bradish,  gilt  frame,  from  Mr.  Buck; 
crayon  portrait  of  the  late  Hon.  J.  Allen  Barber,  of  Platte- 
vllle.  Wis.,  drawn  by  J.  R.  Stuart,  handsomely  framed,  from 
Mrs.  Barber. 

Photographs  of  members  of  the  Virginia  Senate  and  House 
of  Representative,  1857-8,  mounted  on  two  card  boards,  folio, 
from  Hon.  J.  Marshall  McCue;  photographs  of  Edward  and 
Alonzo  Maxwell,  known  as  Ed.  and  Lon  Williams,  despera- 
does, from  Hon.  Miletus  Enight;  group  of  members  of  the 
Wisconsin  Assembly,  1881,  from  Hon.  Ira  B.  Bradford; 
groups  of  the  clerical  force  of  the  chief  clerks  of  the  Senate 
and  Assembly,  1882,  and  the  Assembly  employees— sergeant's 
force,  1882,  presented  by  the  parties,  and  neatly  framed,  by 
A.  C.  Isaacs;  lithographic  birds-eye  view  of  the  city  of 
Janesville,  Wis.,  from  Hon.  Jas.  Sutherland. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Biographical  and  manuscript  notes  of  Virginia  House  of 
Delegates,  1859-60,  from  Hon.  J.  Marshall  McCue;  a  silver 
watch  found  at  Monmouth,  N.  J.,  by  the  father  of  the  late 
Maj.  Geo.  Anderson,  of  Madison,  Wis.,  after  the  battle,  June 
28th,  1778;  also  a  pair  of  steel  spurs  taken  from  the  boots  of 
a  British  grenadier  by  the  same,  presented  by  Sinclair  Bot- 
kin;  also  a  silver  hilted  dress  sword,  worn  by  the  grandfather 
of  Maj.  Geo.  Anderson  in  Scotland ;  MSS.  papers  and  letters 
of  the  late  I.  A.  Lapham,  LL.  D.,  from  his  da\igYv\.eT,^\^% 


20  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Julia  A.  Lapham;  survey  of  a  portion  of  the  county  of 
Green,  Wis.,  made  by  the  late  Gen.  Jas.  Biggs,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  second  Wisconsin  Constitutional  convention; 
Mexican  MS.  documents  of  Bustamente,  Santa  Anna  and 
others,  from  Dr.  C.  C.  Blan chard;  snow  shoes  presented  to 
the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Alfred  Brimson  by  the  Chippewas  at  La 
Pointe,  Lake  Superior,  in  1843,  from  his  family;  Egyptian 
corn,  grown  by  L.  R.  Seely,  Waterloo,  Wis.^  from  J.  A.  B. 
Whitney;  portion  of  a  brass  chain  found  near  Hellenville 
station,  near  Jefferson,  Wis.,  seven  feet  below  the  surface, 
from  G.  Snyder. 

Since  our  last  annual  meeting,  our  Society  has  lost  its  hon- 
ored president.  Gen.  C.  C.  Washburn.  He  lived  a  life  of 
great  industry,  and  great  usefulness;  and  has  left  behind 
him  a  name  and  memory  that  will  not  soon  be  forgotten. 

His  life  and  services  have  been  fittingly  commemorated.by 
our  Society,  as  will  be  seen  in  our  forthcoming  volume  of 
Collections. 


THIRTIETH  REPORT  — JANUARY  4, 188i. 

In  making  the  thirtieth  report  of  the  Society's  growth  and 
condition,  showing  an  average  annual  increase  of  the 
Library  of  3,500  books  and  pamphlets,  thus  aggregating 
nearly  105,000,  some  might  inadvertantly  suppose  that 
the  book  market  was  well  nigh  exhausted,  and  that 
we  have  little  need  of  further  accretions  to  our  literary 
collections.  Of  the  millions  of  volumes  that  have  been  is- 
sued from  the  press  since  the  invention  of  printing,  Mr.  Jus- 
tin Winsor,  the  Librarian  of  Harvard,  intimates  that  not 
more  than  one-half  of  one  per  cent,  are  in  the  combined 
Libraries  of  this  country.  But  among  this  small  number  in 
our  American  collections,  are  some  of  the  choicest  gems  of 
literature  —  so  rare  that  even  European  scholar^}  have  been 
known  to  cross  the  Atlantic  to  consult  them.  Such  visits 
will,  in  all  probability,  be  yet  more  frequent  in  the  coming 
years,  when  learned  antiquaries  will  institute  exhaustive 
researches  into  the  origin,  migrations,  habits,  customs  and 


Thirtieth  Report— January  4, 1884.  21 

obscure,  mysterious  history  of  our  Indian  races.  Every 
treatise^  tract  and  frafirment  on  the  subject  will  then  be 
called  in  requisition.  In  this  age  of  culture  and  science^ 
similar  investigations  will  be  made  in  every  department  of 
human  inquiry — hence  the  necessity,  so  far  as  our  ability 
will  permit,  that  our  Society  should  keep  pace  with  these 
steadily  increasing  demands  for  light  and  knowlege. 

It  is  only  within  the  past  thirty  years  that  American  Libra- 
ries fairly  entered  upon  a  career  of  earnest  endeavor  to  pro- 
vide adequate  means  to  meet  the  growing  wants  and  literary 
tastes  of  the  country.  Millions  of  dollars  have  been  ex- 
pended in  this  direction  —  largely  from  the  bounty  of  enlight- 
ened and  generous  benefactors.  Hitherto  the  East  has  fur- 
nished the  Astors,  the  Lenoxes  and  others,  who  have  founded 
and  endowed  noble  Libraries,  worthy  alike  of  the  age  and 
the  givers.  Such  examples  should  not  be  lost  upon  the  West. 
'We  begin  to  see,  in  a  small  way,  some  of  the  fruits.  Mr. 
James  McMillen,  of  Detroit,  recently  gave  the  Michigan 
University  Library  $6,500  for  the  purchase  of  a  Shakespeare 
collection  of  2,500  volumes;  while  another  gentleman,  too 
modest  to  allow  his  name  to  be  associated  with  his  gener- 
osity, contributed  $4,000  to  the  same  library  for  the  pro- 
curement of  books  on  history  and  political  science.  Would 
that  such  rare  examples  might  be  multiplied  a  hundred  fold, 
^d  our  Society  share  liberally  in  their  distribution. 

FINANCIAL  CONDITION  —  GENERAL  FUND. 

The  receipts  of  the  year  into  the  General  Fund,  including 
the  small  balance  on  hand  as  shown  by  the  treasurer's  re- 
port of  Jan.  3, 1883,  have  been  $5,008.21;  and  the  expenditures 
the  same. 

THE  BINDING  FUND. 

The  Binding  Fund  has  been  augmented  from  the  usual 
sources  —  accrued  interest,  $590.52;  sale  of  duplicate  books, 
♦261.33-  annual  membership  dues,  $126;  Hon.  Alexander 
Mitchell, donation,  $100;  Samuel  Marshall,  donation, $50;  rent 
^f  Tex*\s  land,  $6.40  —  aggregating  from  all  these  sources, 
♦1^34.25,  and  making  the  present  amount  of  the  fund  $11,- 
414.21. 


22  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

LIBRARY  additions. 

Most  of  the  departments  of  our  Library  have  been  much 
increased  during  the  past  year  —  notably  those  of 
American  and  local  history,  genealogy^  American  and 
foreign  biography,  magazines  and  reviews,  and  our 
rapidly  increasing  collection  of  Shakespereana.  The  growth 
of  the  Shakespeare  department  has  been  more  than  double 
that  of  any  preceding  year  —  including  28  volumes  of  issues 
of  the  New  Shakespeare  Society.  The  increase  in  our  bound 
newspaper  files  [has  been  very  limited,  having  had  none 
bound  during  the  year;  but  the  purchased  additions  include 
several  rare  volumes  of  the  last  century.  A  valuable  atlas 
of  American  and  European  maps  of  1738,  etc.,  has  been 
added  to  our  map  and  atlas  collection.  Our  department  of 
genealogy  and  heraldry  has  been  increased  80  volumes; 
while  we  have  secured  30  volumes  of  the  Bibliotheca  Sacra, 
and  28  volumes  of  the  second  series  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Geological  Reports. 

Our  Society  has  been  fortunate,  after  thirty  years  efforts, 
in  securing  a  copy,  with  its  ancient  map,  of  that  exceed- 
ingly rare  volume  —  Thevenot's  Collection  of  Voyages,  pub- 
lished at  Paris  in  1681,  giving  an  account  of  Marquette's 
travels  through  Wisconsin  —  the  first  white  traveler  who 
penetrated  our  soil,  via  the  Wisconsin  river  te  the  Mississ- 
ippi, and  the  first  printed  chronicle  of  that  pimitive  explor- 
ation. We  have  secured,  by  importation,  a  valuable  work 
of  a  similar  character,  though  of  modern  print,  Gabriel 
Qravier  on  the  Discovery  of  America  by  the  Normands,  in 
the  tenth  century,  Paris,  1874,  4to.  Another  rare  volume  se- 
cured is  '  A  Letter  to  a  Friend, '  relative  to  Braddock's  De- 
feat, published  at  Boston  in  1758. 

The  additions  to  the  Library  during  the  past  year  have 
been  1,983  volumes;  of  which  1,418  were  by  purchase,  and 
565  by  donation;  and  2,496  pamphlets  and  documents,  of 
which  564  were  obtained  by  purchase,  and  the  remainder, 
1,743,  were  by  donation,  together  with  189  by  mounted  news- 
paper cuttings.  Of  the  book  additions,  55  were  folios,  and 
267  quartos,  increasing  the  number  of  folios  in  the  Library 


TmRTiETH  Report— January  4, 1884.  2« 

to  3,436,  and  the  quartos  to  4,394,  and  both  together  to  7,830. 
The  total  strength  of  the  Library  is  now  104,668  volumes  and 
pamphlets. 

In  their  several  departments,  the  strength  of  the  Library 
is  thus  shown:  Bound  newspaper  files,  4,118;  British  and 
American  Patent  Reports,  4,321;  maps  and  atlases,  897;  ge- 
nealogy and  heraldry,  887;  Shakespeareana,  591;  county 
histories,  370. 

LIBRARY  ADDITIONS  — SUMMARY. 

American  Patents « 13 

American  History  and  Travel 101 

American  Local  History 143 

American  Revolutionary  War  History 5 

American  Indians 9 

State  Histories  and  Documents 187 

United  States  Documents  and  Surveys 190 

Slavery  and  Civil  War «0 

Canada 24 

Ifta^^zines  and  Reviews 156 

Historical  and  Learned  Societies 13 

Amfrican  Biogrraphy 78 

Foreign  Biography 26 

Genealogy  and  Heraldry 80 

Foreign  History 66 

Antiquities  and  Arcbseology 4 

O.  Britain  History  and  Biography 112 

Cyclopedias  and  Dictionaries 19 

Language  and  Philology 4 

Bibliography ...     19 

Social  Science 7 

ESn^lish  Literature 65 

Bebgious  History,  etc 69 

Education 12 

Science. 69 

Drama 4 

Directories 26 

Poetry  and  Fiction 8 

Almanacs  and  Registers 12 

Voyages  and  Travels 18 

Bound  newspaper  files 27 

Atlases  and  Maps .' 10 

Sbakespereana 212 

Fine  Arts 86 

Iftfloellaneous 18 

Medical 4 

ClassicsL. 64 

Politics  and  Government 27 

Political  Economy 6 

Law 17 

1,988 

NEWSPAPER  ADDITIONS  —  BOUND. 

Years.       Vols. 

Boston  Gazette 1758-59  1 

Boston  Post  Boy  and  Advertiser ^''55"5I  ^ 

Borton  Chronicle 11«8-ft^  'Jl 

Emez,  Masa,  Gazette \rVlA%         \ 


24  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Years,    Vt 

Boston  Gazette  and  Poet  Boy 1774r-75 

Gloucester,  England,  Journal 1775-99 

Alexandria,  D.  C,  Times  and  Advertiser 1799-1803 

Gloucester,  Eagland,  Journal 1800-5 

Northampton,  Mass.,  Hive 1804 

Gloucester,  England,  Journal 1813-10 

Washington,  D.  C,  Telegraph 1828-29 

Cincinnati  Sentinel 1829-81 

Fond  du  Lac,  Wis.,  Freeman 1854-56 

Mt  Vernon  Record 1858-59 

Scrap  Book  (U.  8.  avil  War) 1859-66 

Scientific  American 1865 

Of  these  twenty-seven  volumes,  fourteen  were  publish 
in  the  last  century,  embracing  a  part  of  the  old  French  w 
and  one  file  covering  the  whole  period  of  our  Revolutions 
war.  The  bound  newspaper  files  of  the  seventeenth  centv 
number  sixty-five  volumes;  of  the  eighteenth  century,  4 
of  the  present  century,  3,565  —  grand  total,  4,118. 

The  Society  receives  regularly  16  daily  newspapers,  i 
weekly,  3  semi-monthly,  and  5  monthly  —  total,  246, 
which  233  are  Wisconsin  publications.  Twenty  periodic 
are  also  received. 

Art  Gallery. —  Oil  portrait  of  Hon.  Enoch  Chase,  of  K 
waukee,  in  handsome  gilt  frame,  painted  by  C.  W.  He] 
Presented  by  Mr.  Chase. 

Oil  portrait  of  Hon.  Cyrus  Woodman,  of  Cambrid] 
Mass.,  painted  by  Fred.  W.  Vinton.  Presented  by  I 
Woodman  in  exchange  for  one  returned  to  him. 

Oil  portrait  of  Hon.  A.  R.  R.  Butler,  of  Milwaukee,  elefi:a 
gilt  frame,  painted  by  C.  W.  Heyd.  Presented  by  5 
Butler. 

Oil  portrait  of  Hon.  Theodore  Prentiss,  of  Waterto^ 
Wis.,  painted  by  A.  F.  Brooks,  in  elegant  gilt  frame.  P 
sented  by  Mr.  Prentiss. 

Oil  portrait  of  ex- President  James  Madison,  painted 
George  Catlin  from  life,  in  Virginia,  in  1827.  Presented 
Dr.  A.  H.  VanNorstrand. 

Oil  portrait  of  Hon.  Moses  M.  Strong,  painted  by  J. 
Stuart— and  elegantly  framed,  from  Mr.  Strong. 

Oil  portrait,  large  size,  of  Hernando  De  Soto,  copied  frc 
a  portrait  in  Madrid,  Spain.  Presented  by  Gen.  Luci 
Fairchild. 


Thirtieth  Ai^ual  Report.  35 

Oil  portrait  of  8.  M.  Brookes,  a  pioneer  artist  of  Chicago 
and  Milwaukee,  now  of  San  Francisco.  Presented  by  him- 
self. 

TwoStransparencies  of  Keokuk,  Sauk  chief,  and  Es  en-se 
or  Little  Shell,  a  Chippewa,  or  Turtle  Island,  Dakota.  Pho- 
tographed on  glass.  Large  cabinet  size,  framed;  from  Jas. 
C.  Pilling,  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Photograph  of  the  State  Senate  of  Wisconsin,  of  1883,  from 
A.  C.  Isaacs,  rosewood  frame;  same  of  the  clerical  force  of 
j  Aasembly  of  1883,  from  I.  T.  Carr,  chief  clerk,  with  rosewood 
frame,  from  Mr.  Isaacs;  same  of  the  south  capitol  extension 
;  building,  showing  the  disaster  of  November  8,  1883,  three 
views,  and  of  the  capitol  building  enlarged— purchased.  Also 
photograph  of  the  Dane  county.  Wis.,  Bar  of  1859— pur- 
chased. 

Steiel  engraved  portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  C.  F.  Robertson,  Bishop 
of  Missouri,  from  Bishop  Robertson. 

CABINET  ADDITIONS. 

Antiquities  —  A  small  copper  hatchet,  two  and  one  hulf 
.     inches  long,  one  inch  wide,  found  on  the  North  Branch,  of 
Crawfish  river,  Jeflferson,  county.  Wis.,  from  Frank  Wintt^r. 
ling,  of  Jefferson,  Wis.;  copper  chisel  with  tang,  flvoi  nchi^H 
long  and  one  and  three  eights  of  an  inch  wide,  found  on  .1  cihn 
son's  Creek,  Jeflferson  county.  Wis.,  H.  <-  McMlllmj;  cu.pprr 
needle,  six  and  a  half  inches  long,  a  copper  npimr  ttvn  iiimI 
a  quarter  inches  long,  and  an  iron  arrow   h-md  two  iiimI  ii 
quarter  inches  long,  found  on  the  bank  of   th«   WI«i!oH«ni 
river,  near  Richland  City,  presented  by  Alfred  Hork  with,  of 
•  Gotham,  Richland  county.  Wis  •  a  stone  implem<^nt,  polni..i| 
(sjenite),  nineteen  inches  long,  six  inches  in  circumf«'TMhii. 
weighing  three  and  a  quarter  pounds,  plowed  up  in  Vi,i  „.,„ 
county.  Wis.,  in  1880,  from  Henry  Casson,   Jr.,  of  Viro^i.!,,^ 
Wis.;  copper  spear  with  socket,  five   and    a   half  Uii:\n,, 
lonir,  fine  specimen,  found  near  Rice  Lake,   Barron  /-^/.jniy^ 
Wis.,  from  John  H.  Knapp,  Menomonee,  Wis.;  copp*.r  W^f  ,^ 
three  and   seven -eighths    inches  long,    found    i**-4ir    V/,,., 
paca.  Wis.,  from  Dr.  P.  T.  Hanson,    of  Waup«^'<i,  V/ ,.      ^ 
copper  spear,  six  and  three  quarteiB  inclaeB   VCrn^t,  ^ ^  . 


26  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Prairie  Lake,  near  Rice  Lake,  Barron  county.  Wis.,  in  1880, 
from  Mr.  Leonard. 

Autographs  and  Manuscript  —  An  autograph  letter  of 
Stephen  Hopkins,  signer  of  the  declaration  of  independence, 
dated  July  17,  1758;  manuscript  article  on  the  Peckatonica 
battle,  1832,  by  Hon.  Peter  Parkinson,  of  Fayette,  Wis.,  from 
Mr.  Parkinson;  sketch  of  Hon.  C.  C.  Washburn,  by  Hon. 
E.  B.  Washburne;  memorial  of  members  of  Wisconsin  Ter- 
ritorial Legislature,  1837,  to  President  Van  Buren,  recom- 
mending Hon.  John  Catlin  as  Register  or  Receiver  of  Land 
Office  in  Wisconsin,  from  Hon.  M.  M.  Strong;  check  on  Mil- 
waukee National  bank,  June  22, 1882,  a  relic  of  the  Newhall 
House  fire,  January  10, 1883, from  M.  M.  Schoetz,  Milwaukee. 

Natural  History  Specimens  —  Section  of  a  tree  petrified, 
found  in  Monroe  county.  Wis.,  presented  by  A.  W.  Durkee; 
quartz  crystal  and  coral  formations,  found  in  Portland, 
Wis.,  from  John  J.  Wilsey,  of  Portland;  a  'fine  specimen  of 
coral  formation,  found  on  town  28,  range  9,  Marathon  county, 
Wis.,  from  Hon.  John  Ringle;  Markesan  granite,  sample 
from  Pine  Bluff,  Green  Lake  county.  Wis.,  from  S.  Barter; 
drift  copper,  found  on  the  farm  of  Wallace  Gate,  of  Muk- 
wanago,  Wis.,  froni  Col.  E.  B.  Gray;  specimen  of  rock  salt, 
from  the  salt  mines  of  Cheshire,  Eng.,  from  Thos.  Hadkin- 
son,  Black  Earth,  Wis.;  rattle  snakes'  rattles,  from  R.  A. 
«and  F.  F.  Morgan,  Eagle  Valley,  Buffalo  county.  Wis. 

Miscellaneous  —  War  mace  presented  by  James  Bardon, 
of  Superior,  Wisconsin,  given  him  by  a  Roman  Catholic 
priest,  who  received  it  from  ^'Sitting  Bull,"  who  said  it 
was  used  in  the  fight  where  Caster  and  all  his  command 
were  killed,  presented  through  Professor  J.  D.  Butler^ 
LL.  D.;  gun  lock  from  the  Newhall  House  fire,  from 
Jas.  McCoy,  Milwaukee;  also  fused  type  and  a  small 
earthen  dish  from  same,  from  T.  Coughlin,  Mil- 
waukee; a  fiintlock  gun  used  by  Jacob  Senior,  late 
of  Benton,  Lafayette  county,  Wisconsin,  used  by  him 
at  the  surrender  of  Detroit,  Michigan,  and  subse- 
quently in  the  war  of  1812-14,  from  W.  W.  Gillette,  of  Ben- 
ton,  Wisconsin;  specimen  of  spindle  of  cotton,  made  at 
Beaver  Dam,  Wisconsin,  Factory,  from  H.  F.  Marsh,  Sun 


Thirtieth  Annual  Report.  27 

Prairie;  one  of  the  first  tacks  made  in  Wisconsin,  by 
C.  W.  Dean,  1883,  at  Evansvilie,  Wisconsin,  from  Mr.  Dean, 
with  his  photograph;  a  framed  looking  glass,  eleven  by 
seventeen  inches,  formerly  owned  by  Isaac  Brooks,  of  Fair- 
field, Connecticut,  buried  in  the  ground,  in  July,  1779,  for 
preservation  when  the  place  was  burned  by  the  British  at 
that  time,  presented  by  his  grandson,  W.  B.  Patterson,  of 
Evansvilie,  Wisconsin;  a  southern  pike,  made  in  Baltimore, 
Maryland,  in  1861,  called  the  "Marshal  Kane  pike,"  with  a 
photograph  of  Confederate  pikes  and  lances  used  in  the 
civil  war  in  1861-5,  collected  by  Captain  W.  McK.  Heath,  Phil- 
adelphia, Pennsylvania,  presented  by  him  a  copy  of  Vicks- 
burg  Daily  Citizen,  of  July  2, 1862,  on  wall  paper  —  the  last 
issue  before  the  surrender  of  the  place,  from  J.  J.  Donnellon, 
Chicago,  Illinois. 

The  Society  has  made  a  purchase  of  950  numbers  of 
English  and  American  periodicals,  to  complete  the  sets  in 
the  Library.  Bishop  C.  F.  Robertson,  of  St.  Louis,  donated 
22  volumes  of  the  "  Spirit  of  Missions, "  to  complete  the  set 
in  the  Library;  and  General  E.  E.  Bryant,  3  copies  "  Wiscon- 
sin Bar  Association  Proceedings,  188  L."  A  complete  set  of 
proof  specimens  of  the  several  series  of  postage  stamps 
issued  by  the  United  States  Government  from  18i7  to  1883; 
also  specimens  of  the  current  series  of  stamped  envelopes, 
presented  by  the  United  States  Postoffice  Department. 
Copper  coin.  Island  of  Guernsey,  one,  two,  and  eight 
doubles,  1830  and  1834,  from  Peter  Ozann,  Somers,  Kenosha 
county,  Wisconsin. 

The  ninth  volume  of  our  Society's  Collections,  which 
should  have  appeared  in  1882,  was  delayed,  for  the  sake  of 
perfecting  its  papers,  till  early  in  1883.  It  contains  a  diver- 
sity of  articles  on  our  antiquarian  and  more  modern  history, 
notably  that  of  Mr.  Peet,  on  the  Emblematical  Mounds  of 
Wisconsin,  and  the  narrative  and  journal  of  Capt.  Thomas 
Q.  Anderson,  touching  events  in  this  country  at  the  begin- 
ning of  this  century. 

During  the  year,  the  usual  Library  work  has  been  per- 
formed by  the  Librarian  and  his  assistants,  attending  to  the 
wants  of  visitors,  and  preparing  for  the  new  calaVogviei  \.o 


28  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socncry. 

be  issued  during  the  present  year.  Mr.  Isaac  Lyon,  now  in 
his  eighty-ninth  year,  continues,  voluntarily  and  without 
recompense,  to  superv^ise  the  Cabinet  department,  with  the 
same  intelligent  zeal  and  interest  as  in  former  years. 

The  Society  has  sustained  a  serious  loss  in  the  death  of 
Hon.  Andrew  Proudfit,  long  one  of  its  life  members,  and 
for  the  past  thirteen  years  an  honored  member  of  the  Exec- 
utive Committee.  He  was  a  liberal  contributor  to  the 
Binding  Fund,  and  befriended  the  Society  both  in  and  out 
the  Legislature.  His  benevolent  deeds  and  honored  name 
will  long  be  held  in  grateful  remembrance. 


THIRTY-FIRST  REPORT,  JANUARY  2, 1885. 

Library  organizations,  as  well  as  States  and  individual^'' 
have  their  epochs.    After  three  years  of  abortive  eflEort^# 
the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin,  originally  suflf ' 
gested  by  Richard  H.  Magoon,  was  organized  January  SOtJ^* 
1849,  having  received  its  baptismal  name  from  Gen.  Wm.  f*- 
Smith.    During  the  ensuing  five  3'ears,  the  Society  receiv^^ 
from  Frank  Hudson  two  volumes  of  Transactions  of  tJM^^ 
American  Ethnological  Society,  also  an  original  drawing  o^ 
a  lizard  shaped  mound  discovered  by  him,  in  1842,  neai-^ 
Third  or  Monona  lake,  Madison;   a  bibliographical  volunL^ 
on  the  Literature  of    American  Local  History,  from  th^ 
author,  Herman  E.  Ludwig,  of  New  York;  a  patent  deed  o^ 
land  in  New  York;  signed  by  Gov.  George  Clinton,  1794^^ 
from  Dr.  J.  W.  Hunt;  a  set  of  Territorial  and  State  Legisla  ^ 
tive  Journals,  from  Gov.  Far  well,  in  behalf  of  the  State;  anc^ 
an  unbound  file  of  five  years  of  the  Weekly  Wisconsin,{ronM^ 
Wm.  E.  Cramer.    The  whole  did  not  exceed  fifty  volumes^ 
and  they  only  partially  filled  a  small  book-case,  three  and 
a  half  by  four  feet  in  size,  which  the  Society  preserves  as  a 
memento  of  this  primitive  epoch  of  its  history  —  an  epoch  of 
" helpless  infancy,"  as  significantly  expressed  by  our  late 
worthy  associate.  Dr.  Lapham. 

During  the  last  of  these  years,  1853,  the  late  Rev.  Charles 
Lord,  the  then  Recording  Secretary,  and  the  present  Corre- 


•   Thirty  First  Annual  Report.  29 

sponding  Secretary,  carried  on  a  newspaper  discussion  as  to 
the  best  policy  of  such  a  Society —  the  latter  contending  for 
an  association  open  to  all  who  would  unite  in  its  efforts^ 
holding  frequent  meetings,  and  keeping  its  aims  and  pur- 
poses constantly  before  the  people.     Mr.  Lord  rather  de- 
fended the  old  management;  and  thus  a  diversity  of  opinion 
was  engendered,  and  nothing  that  year  was  accomplished. 
The  late  Dr.  Conover  at  length  suggested,  that  as  these 
differences  were  not  serious,  all  the  friends  of  the  Society 
audits  worthy  objects  had  best  work  harmoniously  together. 
So,  in  January,  1854,  the  Society  was  re-organized.  Gen.  W. 
R-  Smith  chosen  president,  Lyman  C.  Draper,  Corresponding 
Secretary,  Rev.  Chas.  Lord,  Recording  Secretary,  O.  M.  Con- 
over,  Treasurer,  and  Dr.  J.  W.  Hunt,  Librarian.    The  second 
epoch  of  the  Society  was  now  commenced.    A  charter  of  in- 
corporation, and  an  annual  appropriation  of  8500  were  ob- 
tained from  the  Legislature.   The  little  book  case,  which  for 
two  or  three  years  had  occupied  a  corner  in  the  Governor's 
office,  was  now  removed  to  the  Secretary  of  State's  office,  in 
which  Dr.  Hunt,  the  Librarian,  held  a  position;  but  so  large 
were  the  additions  by  purchase  and  donation  that  year,  1,000 
▼olumes  and  as  many  pamphlets,  that  the  Corresponding 
Seoretary  was  obliged  to  devote  a  small  room  in  his  private 
residence,  where  W.  M.  Rasdall  now  lives,  to  store  away 
tliese  accumulations.    The  next  year,  1855,  a  small  room  in 
tile  south-east  corner  of  the  basement  of  the  Baptist  church 
'^^s  secured,  which  from  time  to  time  was  enlarged,  as  the 
^Ocessities  of  the  Library  required,  during  a  period  of  eleven 
years,  until  the  whole  basement  was  occupied. 

In  January,  1866,  the  Society  fairly  entered  upon  its  third 

^Poch,  removing  into  the  rooms  assigned  it  by  the  Legisla- 

*^ii*€,  in  the  then  new  Capitol  building,  with  its  twenty-one 

thousand  books  and  pamphlets.    During  these  twelve  years 

succeeding  the  Society's  re  organization,  the  average  annual 

increase  of  books  and  pamphlets  was,  in  round  numbers, 

1,750;  and  during  the  nineteen  years  since  removing  into  th« 

Capitol,  the  total  increase  has  been  88,000  or,  an  average  of 

over  4,600  annually. 

With  A  Library  of  over  100,000  books  and  pamp\v\©te  ^  ^ 


30  Wisconsin  Statk  Historical  Society. 

now  eater  upon  our  fourth  epoch,  having  durinf(  the  past 
month,  removed  into  our  present  comparatively  safe  and 
commodious  apartments  in  the  new  south  wing  of  the  capi- 
tol.    This  epoch  will  probably  extend  to  the  period  when 
the  annual  expansions  of  the  Society's  collections  willneces- 
state  another  removal.    It  will  remain  for  others  in  the  no'fe 
very  distant  future,  to  record  its  strength  and  progresa; 
and  we  may  well  judge,  that,  having  passed  its  infancy  and 
entered  upon  its  vigorous  manhood,  that  the  Society  will 
never  be  less  prosperous  than  it  has  been  during  its  pas  *& 
career. 

FINANCIAL  condition — GENERAL    FUND. 

The  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  General  Fund  ha^^ 
been  the  same — $5,000. 

THE  BINDING   FUND. 

This  fund  has  received  but  two  donations  during  the  ye 
—  one  from  W.  H.  Metcalf,  of  Milwaukee,  of  $50,  hnd  ot^ 
from  E.  N.  Foster  of  50  cents.    From  other  sources,  the 
ceipts  have  been  as  follows:   Accrued  interest,  $788.16; 
of  duplicates,  $181.00;  Hon.  B.  J.  Stevens  and  Wayne 
sey,  life  memberships,  $40;  annual  membership  dues,  $141 
making  the  increase  of  the  year  $1,201.62. 

This  makes  the  total  amount  812,615.83,  to  which  we  expect 
eventually  to  add  SI,00(),  the  bequeit  of  the  late  Hon.  Stephe 
Taylor,  not  yet  available;  and  probably  fully  another  thou 
sand  from  the  sale  of  a  section  of  land  in  Texas,  the  gif 
of  the  late  Hon.  John  Catlin.  The  pressing  wants  of  th^^^ 
Society,  in  consequence  of  an  accumulation  of  long  neglecteC^^^ 
binding,  the  constant  accretion  of  pamphlets,  magazines 
and  manuscripts,  together  with  many  hundreds,  if  not  thou 
sands,  of  volumes  that  from  age  and  use  need  re-binding 
call  loudly  for  the  crowding  up  of  this  fund  to  not  less  than.--' 
$20,000,  so  that  the  income  may,  for  all  time,  perform  th 
important  work  expected  of  it. 

Commenced  in  1866,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Binding  Fund^ 
has  not  made  the  growth  that  its  importance  demands  — 
averaging  only  about  $700  a  year.    Had  such  an  institution 
as  ours  been  located  in  New  York,  Boston^  or  Chicago,  it 


THiRTYFiRST  Annual  Report.  31 

* 
would  have  received  many  a  generous  donation ;  while  wit  h 

08,  a  whole  twelve-month  passes  by,  with  scarcely  an  added 

gift  to  its  needy  Binding  Fund. 

It  has  been  over  eighteen  years  since  Hon.  John  Catlin 
made  the  first  donation  to  this  Fund.  Its  growth  h&s  been 
slow,  while  the  needs  of  the  Society  are  increasing  with 
each  additional  year.  Several  of  the  aged  managers  of  the 
Society  would  be  rejoiced  to  see  this  Fund  made  available 
before  they  go  hence.  We  should  make  a  pressing  appeal 
to  the  friends  of  the  Society  in  behalf  of  this  Fund.  If 
pledges  could  be  secured,  payable  one-third  yearly,  without 
interest,  for  three  years,  the  aggregate  would  probably  go 
far  towards  completing  the  needed  amount. 

The  several  donors,  with  the  full  amount  of  their  contri- 
butions, have  been  as  follows: 

Hoa  Alexander  MitcheU $850  00 

Hoaa  C.  Washburn 800  00 

Sjunnel  Marshall 260  00 

Hon.  Cyrus  Woodman 160  00 

5BV.R.M.  Hodges,  D.  D 140  00 

Hon.  John  Catlin 100  00 

Hon.  G.  W.  Allen 100  00 

Charles  Fairohild 100  00 

Hon.  Andrew  Proadfit 100  00 

Hon.  PhUetus  Sawyer 100  00 

Hon.  James  Sutherland 75  00 

Hon.  John  F.  Potter 50  00 

Hon.  Stephen  Taylor 50  00 

Hon.  James  T.  Lewis 50  00 

Col.  Richard  Dunbar 50  00 

TerriU  Thomas 5«  00 

gen.  J.  J.  G  uppey 5000 

Hon.  M.  H.  Carpenter 50  00 

Hon.G.  W.  Bradford 50  00 

Hon.  John  A.  Rice 50  00 

f'  a  Metcalf 50  00 

*  Alofson • 25  00 

W.  a  Champion 20  00 

T.  Uidier 20  00 

^  ThoB.  Reynolds 20  00 

^.  C.  P.  Chapman 20  00 

Hon.R.  H.  Baker 20  00 

Hon.  Gerrit  Smith 20  00 

Hon.  Wm.  Plocker 20  00 

A  Friend" 20  00 

Hon.  E.  D.  Holton 20  00 

I';  H.  Carpenter,  LL.  D 20  00 

i,ol-  C.  C.  G.  Thornton 20  00 

*»J.  F.  W.  Oakley 20  00 

gon.  J.  G.  Thorp 20  00 

gon.  D.  K.  Tenney 20  00 

gon-  H.  M.  Jackson 20  00 

tion.  John  A  Johnson 'il'ti  V^ 


32 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


Hon.  B.  J.  Stevens 90  00 

Wayne  Ramsey 20  OO 

Hon.  Philo  White 12  50 

Gen.  John  Lawler 10  00 

Hon.G.  H.Paul 10  00 

Miss  Clara  M.  Stevens 5  OO 

Mrs.  L.  M.  Thomas 5  00 

Geo.  Piumer  Smith 5  90 

W.F.Sanders , 2  00 

Hon.  Gea  Gary 2  00 

J.B.  Holbrook 2  00 

C.  M.  Thurston 1  50 

Hon.  E.N.  Foster 1  50 

F.  T.  Haseltine 1  00 

H.M.  Nicholson..; 1  00 

Dr.A.aMcDill '            *^^ 

Donations $3,309  ^ 

Accrued  interest,  1867-84 5,850  ^ 

Duplicatw  books  sold,  1867-1884 2,864  ^^ 

Membership  fees,  net,  1867-1884 1,184  ^% 

Rent  of  Texas  land 6  ^^ 

Total $12,615 


The  annual  increase  of  the  Binding  Fund  since  its  incep 
tion  in  1867,  is  shown  by  the  following  table: 


Jan.  1867. 
Jan.  186M. 
Jan.  1809. 
Jan.  1870. 
Jan.  1871. 
Jan.  1872. 
Jan.  1873. 
Jan.  1874. 
Jan.  1875. 
Jan.  1876. 
Jan.  1877. 
Jan.  187S. 
Jan.  1879. 
Jan.  1880. 
Jan.  1881. 
Jan.  1882. 
Jan.  1883. 
Jan.  1884. 
Jan.  1885. 


Date. 


Increase. 


$8  10 
64  63 
195  79 
89  55 
198  31 
173  43 
973  78 
921  02 

1,;U3  82 
731  98 
795  10 
928  98 
920  73 
888  67 

1,033  56 
912  51 

1,134  25 

1,201  62 


Total 


$100  00 

108  10 

172  73 

868  52 

458  07 

656  88 

829  81 

1,808  59 

2,724  61 

4,068  48 

4, 800  41 

5, 595  51 

6, 524  49 

7,445  22 

8,838  89 

9, 867  45 

10,279  96 

11.414  21 

12,615  83 


LIBRARY  ADDITIONS. 


The  additions  to  the  Library  during  the  past  year  have  been 
2,546  volumes,  of  which  1,606  were  by  purchase,  and  940  by 


TfflRTY- First  Annual  Report.  33 

donation  and  binding  of  newspaper  files.  Also  1^845  pamph- 
lets and  documents,  of  which  310  were  obtained  by  pur- 
chase, and  the  remainder,  1,475,  were  by  donation^  and  60  by 
mounted  newspap  er  cuttings.  Of  the  book  additions  2G6 
were  folios,  and  290  quartos,  increasing  the  number  of  folios 
in  the  Library  to  4,702,  and  the  quartos  to  4,684,  and  both  to- 
gether to  9,386. 

Among  these  Library  additions  have  been  quite  a  number 
of  valuable  and.  rare  English  county  histories,  in  folio  and 
quarto;  the  Hakluyt  Society  publications,  47  volumes;  Mer- 
cure  de  France,  various  years  from  1605  to  1776, 29  volumes, 
tod  16  other  bound  newspaper  volumes  preceding  this  cen- 
tury; Schlozer,  Epistolary  Correspondence,  in  Germany,  relat- 
^^8  to  our  Revolutionary  war,  1776-81,  10  volumes;    Royal 
Microscopical  Journal,  28  volumes;  30  volumes  of  American 
historical  atlases,  together  with  large  additions  to  the  sev- 
^^^  departments  of  our  collection,  as  may  be  seen  by  the 
following  table  of  summary  additions  to  the  Library. 

^e  can  best  realize  the  strength  of  the  Library  by  citing 

^^atof  a  few  of  the  departments:    Bound  newspaper  files, 

*>583;  British  and  American  Patent  Reports,  4,308;  genealogy 

^Xid  heraldry,  954;  Shakespearean  literature,  642;  maps  and 

Atlases,  957. 

LIBRARY  ADDITIONS— SUMMARY. 

American  Patents 11 

British  patents 76 

American  history  and  travel 76 

American  local  history 99 

American  Revolutionary  war  history 18 

American  Indians 25 

State  Histories  and  Documents 81 

United  States  Documents  and  surveys 197 

Slavery  and  Civil  War 88 

Canada 45 

3fagazine8  and  Reviews 320 

Historical  and  Learned  Societies 71 

American  Biography 65 

Foreign  Biography 25 

(Genealogy  and  Heraldry 63 

Foreign  History 63 

Antiquities  ana  Archaeology 35 

G.  Briiian,  History  and  Biography 105 

Cyclopedias  and  Dictionaries 33 

Language  and  Philology. 9 

Bibliography 38 

Social  Science 11 

English  Literature 37 

Beligipus  History,  etc ^% 


31 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


Eduoation 

Science S^ 

Drama 7^ 

Directories 2S 

Poetry  and  Fiction IS 

Almanacs  and  Registers 57 

Voyages  and  Travels 11 

Bound  Newspaper  files 465 

Atlases    45 

Shakespereana  ¥^ 

Fine  Arts 1ft 

Miscellaneous 25 

Medical 8 

Classics 5 

Political  History 16 

Law  Literature 6 

Secret  Societies 8 


9,546 


PROGRESSIVE   LIBRARY  INCREASE. 

The  past  and  present  condition  of  the  Library  is  shown  in 
the  following  table: 


Date. 

Volumes 
added. 

DocuQientB 

and 
Pamphlets. 

Both 
together. 

Total  in 
Library. 

ifiM,  Jafi,  1 

50 

1,000 

1,065 

IjOO-S 

1,024 

1,107 

1,800 

837 

610 

544 

248 

620 

368 

928 

5,462 

2,838 

923 

1,970 

1,211 

2,166 

1,852 

1,045 

50 
2,000 
8,065 
1,805 
1,988 
1,607 
2,528 
1,971 
1,821 
2,917 
604 
746 
1,174 
3,784 
6,505 
8,520 
7,168 
8,842 
5,000 
3,694 
3,030 
»,181 
4,615 
5,156 
•    6,908 
4,041 
6,077 
4,591 
4,227 
5,189 
4,479 
4,891 

50 

1855,  Jan.  2 

1,000 

2,000 

800 

959 

500 

723 

1,134 

711 

2,873 

356 

226 

806 

2,811 

1,043 

682 

6,240 

1,372 

3,779 

1,528 

1,178 

1.186 

2,050 

1850.  Jan.  1 

5,115 

1857,  Jan.  6 

e,490 

1858,  Jan.  1 

8,40t 
10,010 

1859,  Jan.  4 

1860,  Jan.  8 

12,688 

1861,  Jan.  2 

14,504 

1862,  Jan.  2 

1863,  Jan.  2 

15,825 
18,748 

1864,  Jan.  2 

19,846 

1865,  Jan.  3 

20,008 

1866,  Jan.  2 

1867,  Jan.  8 

21,866 
85,600 

1868,  Jaa  4 

81,605 

1869,  Jan.  1 

85,085 

1870,  Jan.  4 

48,188 

1871,  Jan.  3 

1872,  Jan.  2 

46,680 
60,580 

1873,  Jan.  2 

64,884 

1874,  Jan.  2 

67,864 

1875,  Jan.  2 

60,885 

1876.  Jan.  4 

2.851     '          1,764 
2,820               2,336 
1,818              5,090 
2,214              1,827 
2,050    1          3,027 
1,884               2.707 

65,000 

1877,  Jan.  2 

70,166 

1878,  Jan.  2 

77,064 

1879,  Jan.  3 

1880,  Jan.  6 

81,106 
86,188 

1881.  Jan.  3 

90,778 

1S82.  Jan.  3 

2,741 
2,856 
1,983 
2,546 

1,486 
2, 333 
2,49« 

1,845 

95,000 

18H3,  Jan.  2 

100,189 

1884,  Jan.  2 

1885.  Jan.  2 

104,668 
109,069 

Total 

53,231 

55,828 

109, 059 

TfliRTY-FiBST  Annual  Rkpobt. 


35 


ound  Newspaper  Files — The  following  additions  indi- 
I  their  number^  and  the  period  of  their  publication: 

ure  de  France 1605-1776  29 

on  Swedish  Intelligencer 1683-83  1 

on  Journal  and  British  Joumsl 1720-28  1 

in  Gazette 1768-5©  1 

aurgh  Chronicle 1759-60  2 

•n  Post- Boy  and  Advertiser 1766-67  2 

1,  Essex  Gazette 1 76&-70  1 

.n  Chronicle 1769  1 

1.  Essex  Gazette  1770-78  2 

•n  Gazette 1 774-5  1 

Haven  Gazette  and  Magazine 1786-8  8 

ly  Centinel,  Register  and  Gazette 1800  1 

on  Balance  and  Columbian  Repository 1808  1 

»n  Independent  Chronicle 1804  1 

ury  N.  England  Republican,  etc 1804-5  1 

nore  Telegraph  and  Advertiser 1805  2 

York  Weekly  Inspector 1806-7  2 

dngton  Expositor 1808-9  2 

on  Packet 180&-9  1 

t  Newspapers 1808  1 

►n  Palladium 7 1812  1 

m  Yankee 1814-15  1 

yiTtnh  Recorder 1822  1 

Haven  Register  and  Cc.  papers 1822-27  6 

ecticut  Papers 1825  1 

delphia  Album 182^27  1 

ford  Literary  Casket 1837  1 

)kee  Phoenix 1828-81  1 

YorkAtlas 1828-29  1 

1 1829-81  1 

York  Free  Enquirer 1829-87  1 

York  American 1881-85  2 

in  Penny  Journal 1882-88  1 

York  Christian  Intelligencer 1882-88  2 

York  &  Richmond  Co.  Free  Press 1888-84  1 

York  Ladies  Morning  Star 1886  1 

ie's  Literary  Omnibus 1886-37  1 

nnatti  Literary  Examiner 1889  1 

ly  Rough  Hewer  &  Argus 1840-41  2 

York,  New  World 1841-42  8 

lington  Campaign 1848-49  1 

le  Constitution alle  Blatte 1850  1 

lem  Literary  Gazette 1852  1 

lulu  Friend 1852-81  4 

ibers  Edinburgh  Journal 1855-63  9 

Kfort  Commonwealth 1860  1 

on  Pall  MaU  Gazette 1867-78  28 

on  Scientific  Opinion 1868-79  8 

on  Spectator 1870-80  11 

on  Templar 18TI-79  5 

on  Pall  Mall  Budget 1873-75  4 

on  Saturday  Review 1874,-77-78  5 

.go  Advance 1875-88  9 

on  Good  Templars  and  Watch  Word 1876-7  1 

•n  Woman^s  Journal 1877  1 

►n  Union  Signal 1877  1 

ers  Weekly 1877-88  7 

hester  Alliance  News 1878-83  6 

din  New  Zealand  Herald 1879-^^2  1 

onsin  newspapers 1870-^  ISCk 


36  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Melbourne  Temperance  News 1878-1888  1 

Chicago  Dial 1880-82  1 

Hartford  Christian  Secretary 1880-83  1 

Chicago  N.  West  Lumberniaa 1888-83  2 

Minneapolis  N.  Western  Miller 1882-83  2 

New  York  Baldwin's  Monthly  j 1882-83  1 

Chicago  Rail  Road  Age 188^-83  2 

New  York  Nation   1883-88  3 

ChicagoTimes •. 1882-84  8 

Chicago  Tribune 1882-84  10 

New  York  World 1882-84  7 

New  York  Tribune 1882-84  8 

Chicago  Standard 1882-83  1 

Chicago  Weekly  Magazine 1882-84  2 

San  Francisco  Rescue 1882-83  1 

Philadelphia  S  School  Times 1882-83  2 

Washington  Congressional  Record '. .  1883  5 

465 


Of  this  unusually  large  newspaper  addition,  11  volumes 
wera  published  in  the  seventeenth  century,  34  volumes  in 
the  eighteenth,  and  the  remainder  in  the  present  century. 

Our  newspaper  department  ranks  among  the  very  best  in 
the  country  —  there  can  be  but  one  or  two,  if  any,  exceeding 
it  in  variety  and  extent  —  covering  a  period  of  almost  three 
centuries.  Of  the  seventeenth  century,  our  bound  files 
number  76  volumes;  of  the  eighteenth,  522  volumes;  of  the 
present  century,  3,985  —  making  a  grand  total  4,583. 

ART   GALLERY, 

An  oil  portrait  of  the  late  Col,  Geo.  H.  Walker,  of  Milwau- 
kee, Wisconsin,  painted  by  C.  W.  Heyd,  with  heavy  gilt 
frame,  presented  by  C.  F.  Ilsley  for  estate  of  Mrs.  Q.  H. 
Walker;  oil  portrait  of  Col.  Henry  Gratiot,  early  settler  of 
La  Fayette  county,  Wisconsin,  copied  from  a  miniature  by 
J.  R.  Stuart,  gilt  frame,  presented  by  Mrs.  E.  B.  Washburne, 
of  Chicago;  oil  portrait  of  Samuel  Marshall,  of  Milwaukee, 
gilt  frame,  painted  by  C.  W.  Heyd,  of  Milwaukee,  presented 
by  Mr.  Marshall;  large  cabinet  photograph  of  Gen.  A,  C. 
Dodge,  of  Burlington,  Iowa,  gilt  frame  from  Rev.  Dr.  Wm. 
Salter,  of  Burlington;  crayon  portrait  of  Rev.  S.  A.  D  winnell, 
late  of  Reedsburg,  Wisconsin,  framed,  from  Mrs.  Dwinnell; 
large  colored  lithograph  of  the  Battle  of  Gettysburg,  gilt 
frame,  from  McCormick  Harvesting  Manufacturing  Co. 

The  oil  and  crayon  paintings  now  in  the  Art  Gallery  num- 
ber 129,  besides  many  photographs  and  engravings. 


Thirty-First  Annual  Report. 

Coin  and  Currency — Specimen  metric  gold  stella,  goloid 
dollar  and  metric  silver  dollar  —  presentation  pieces  from 
United  States  Mint  to  members  of  congress  1879^  valued  in 
coin  $6.10  per  set,  presented  by  W.  H.  Wyman,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio;  two  tl  Confederate  notes,  two  $100  interest  notes,  one 
$50  note,  two  $20  notes,  two  $10  notes,  two  $5  notes  and 
one  $20  note  of  State  of  Georgia,  from  Tennessee  Historical 
Society  by  Q.  i^.  Thurston,  Nashville,  Tenn. ;  two  dollars  Ber- 
rien county,  Michigan,  note,  February,  1838,  from  M.  Mullen, 
Prairie  du  Chien,  Wisconsin;  25  and  50  cents  blank  business 
script  of  Astor,  Wisconsin  Territory,  from  J.  H.  Hickcox, 
Washington,  D.  C;  copper  piece  Louis  XVI.,  1791,  copper 
token,  Coalbrook,  England,  1792,  Wainfleet  half  penny  1795, 
token  Isaac  Newton,  1793;  token  reform  bill  1832,  ten  cen- 
times Napoleon  1, 1802,  from  Mathew  Croft,  Edgerton,  Wis- 
consin; Spanish  quarter  of  a  dollar  1786,  found  in  Necedah, 
Wisconsin,  and  presented  by  Wm.  Perault,  Necedah;  5  cents 
note  of  Blue  Ridge,  Turnpike  Co.,  Va.,  Jan.  18, 1862,  25  cent 
note  of  Farmers'  Savings  Bank,  Richmond,  Va.,  1862,  50  cent 
note  of  Confederate  bank,  Wmchester,  Va.,  Feb.  1, 18G1,  and 
$2  note  of  corporation  of  Richmond,  Va.,  April  19, 1861,  from 
Mrs.  A.  A.  Meredith,  Madison,  Wisconsin. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

A  wheelbarrow,  wheeled  from  Waterloo,  Wisconsin,  25 
miles,  to  Madison,  December  6, 1884,  by  A.  J.  Roach,  on  an 
agreement  with  A.  J.  Hutchinson,  that  he  would  do  so  if 
Cleveland  was  elected  President,  —  the  latter  if  Blaine  was 
elected  —  from  Mr.  Roach;  cannon  ball  that  killed  My  run 
Gardiner,  of  Company  B,  Second  Wisconsin  Volunteers, 
July  18, 1861;  he  was  the  first  three  years'  soldier  from  Wis- 
consin, killed  by  the  Confederates  in  the  civil  war  1861-1865, 
deposited  by  Captain  W.  H.  Harris,  of  Caledonia,  Minnesota; 
a  gun  received  by  the  Society  from  River  Falls,  Wisconsin, 
donor  and  history  unknown;  a  sword,  two  feet  in  length, 
taken  from  a  cannon  of  the  First  New  Orleans  Battery 
at  Shiloh,  April  7,  1862,  from  Geo.  F.  Winter,  of  Baraboo, 
Wisconsin,  formerly  of  the  Fourteenth  Wisconsin  Infant- 
ry; specimens  of  the  maro,  or  covering  of  the  lom^,  ws>^^ 


38  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

by  natives  of  Tahiti,  Hawaiian  Island,  of  both  sexes,  usually 
their  only  garments,  from  Professor  E.  S.  Holiien,  Madison, 
Wisconsin;  also  from  the  same,  Massachusetts  Daily  Gazette 
and  Boston  News  Letter,  May  30, 1771;  the  Saltillo,  Mexico, 
Picket  Guard,  April  14,  1848;  a  relic  of  Mexican  war,  from 
Hon.  L.  W.  Barden,  Portage,  Wisconsin;  a  Mexican  news- 
paper, February  9,  1844,  Monterey,  Mexico;  American 
Pioneer  of  April  19  and  May  2,  1847,  and  Washington,  D.  C, 
National  Republican,  August  3, 1862,  from  Mrs.  A.  A.  Mere- 
dith. 

Antiquities  —  Stone  gorget,  green  variegated,  six  and  a 
half  inches  long,  fine  specimen,  found  in  town  of  Lavalle, 
Sauk  county,  Wisconsin,  in  1884,  plowed  up  on  new  un- 
broken land,  from  B.  Q.  Parrott,  Lavalle,  Wisconsin;  large 
stone  spear,  fine  specimen,  four  by  ten  inches,  plowed  up  on 
section  16,  town  11  north,  range  3  west,  in  townof  Kickapoo, 
Vernon  county,  Wisconsin,  from  W.  N.  Carter,  Viroqua, 
Wisconsin;  piece  of  iron  (spike?)  taken  from  Father  Mar- 
quette's grave,  1877.  from  Father  Edward  Jaker,  Hancock, 
Michigan;  plaster  cast  of  large  stone  pipe,  having  a  man's 
face  on  the  upper  side,  from  W.  P.  Clark,  Milton,  Wiscon- 
sin; iron  ax,  cut  out  of  a  white  oak  tree,  in  town  of  Fulton, 
Rock  county,  Wisconsin,  tree  two  and  a  half  feet  in  diame- 
ter, and  found  in  the  center,  from  Matthew  Croft,  Edgerton, 
Wisconsin. 

Natural  History  Specimens  —  Fossil  clam  —  large  size, 
found  near  Edgerton  Creek,  Rock  county,Wis.;  two  specimens 
of  float  coppar,  found  near  Edgerton,  Wis.;  petrified  wood 
and  obsidian,  from  Yellowstone  Park,  from  Matthe  w  Croft, 
Edgerton,  Wis.;  mummied  cat,  found  in  a  building  at 
Stough  ton.  Wis.,  between  two  walls,  when  taken  down,  in 
1883,  from  Dr.  Chas.  Sether,  Stoughton,  Wis.;  two  specimens 
of  fossil  fish,  found  in  digging  a  well  near  Appomatox, 
Potter  county,  Dakota,  fifty  feet  below  the  surface,  from 
John  Fallows. 

Maps  and  Atlases  —  A  valuable  collection  of  fifty-two 
early  charts  and  maps  of  America,  in  sheet  form,  1650-1778, 
purchased;  forty-five  bound  volumes  of  Atlases.  This 
makes  the  total  number  of  Maps  and  Atlases  in  the  Library, 


Thirty-First  Annual  Report.  39 

057,  many  of  them  of  great  historic  rarity  and  value  in 
tracing  early  American  settlement,  and  primitive  geograph- 
ical nomenclature.  The  additions  this  year,  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  are  chiefly  of  French  publications,  at  a  per- 
iod when  France  was  especially  enterprising  in  her  explora- 
tions and  cartology  of  Canada  and  New  France,  including 
the  region  around  and  west  of  the  Great  Lakes  —  hence 
their  great  value  to  the  historian  and  investigator  of  the 
Northwest. 

|i  Autographs  and  Manuscripts  —  An  autograph  document, 
signed,  of  John  Hart,  a  signer  of  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, purchased;  autograph  letters  of  Edward  Everett  to 
W.  S.  Johnson,  dated  July  25,  Nov.  22,  Dec.  9,  and  Dec.  25, 
1830,  also  two  letters  of  Mrs.  Everett  to  same,  Sept.  30  and 
Dec.  26, 1830,  from  Mrs.  A.  A.  Meredith;  Rev.  S.  A.  Dwin- 
nell's  manuscripts  of  his  early  history  of  Walworth  Co., 
Wis.,  from  Mrs.  S.  A.  Dwinnell,  Reedsburg,  Wisconsin;  deed 
of  land  near  Dortmund,  Westphalia,  Germany,  on  parch- 
ment, bearing  date  1447,  from  Carl  Klingsholz,  Manitowoc, 
Wisconsin; manuscript  record  bock  of  claims  to  land  in  Mil' 
waukee  and  other  counties  in  Wisconsin,  kept  at  Milwaukee 
1837,  from  James  S.  Buck,  Milwaukee;  manuscript  copy  of 
roster  of  employ ees  of  American  Fur  Co.,  1818  and  1819,  from 
D.  H.  Kelton,  U.  S.  A.;  powers  of  attorney  of  Elisha  Konkapot, 
of  Detroit,  Feb.  5, 1837,  and  Lucy  Konkapot  of  Madison  Co., 
New  York,  Mar.  18, 1837,  to  Robert  Konkapot,  of  Green  Bay, 
Wisconsin,  to  sell  certain  lands,  with  certificate  of  Henry 
R.  Schoolcraft  acting  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs,  De- 
troit, Mich.,  from  Dr,  M.  M.  Davis  of  Baraboo,  Wis. 

Letter  of  R.  F.  Rising  of  Madison,  Wisconsin,  dated  Oct. 
25,  1837,  to  B.  Shakelford  of  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin,  in  re- 
gard to  a  survey  of  road  from  Fond  du  Lac,  Wisconsin,  to 
Madison;  a  letter  from  Franklin  Hatheway,  of  Astor,  Wis- 
consin, to  Hon.  J.  D.  Doty,  relative  to  a  survey  at  Madison, 
Wisconsin,  and  of  a  route  from  Madison  to  Mil  waukee,  via. 
Fox  Lake,  dated  Oct.  5,1837,  with  receipts  for  work  performed ; 
also  receipts  of  Eben  Peck,  of  Madison,  to  F.  Hatheway  for 
board,  Sept.  14,  1837;  R.  F.  Rising  and  Hiram  Penoyer  to 


40  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

same  for  survey iog,  September  19,  1837,  from  Charles  Doty, 
Alton,  111. 

Besides  the  usual  Library  work  of  the  year,  the  sixth  vol- 
ume of  the  Library  Catalogue  is  nearly  through  the  press. 
It  not  only  shows  the  steady  growth  of  the  Library,  but 
proves  a  ready  guide  to  all  students  and  investigators  in 
their  researches  after  truth  and  knowledge.  The  removal 
of  the  Library  into  our  new  quarters  has  been  a  tedious  and 
laborious  work  —  yet  one,  in  its  accomplished  results,  most 
gratifying  to  all  interested  in  such  a  collection  of  literature 
in  all  its  diversified  branches. 

We  can  but  record,  with  sincere  expression  of  regret,  the 
death,  within  the  year,  of  two  of  our  worthy  associates  and 
coadjutors,  O.  M.  Conover,  LL.  D.,  who  has  been  officially 
connected  with  the  Society,  and  one  of  its  most  intelligent 
and  unflagging  workers  ever  since  the  Society  has  had  an 
existence,  and  whose  career  and  worth  are  deservedly  set 
forth  in  this  volume;  and  the  venerable  Mr.  Isaac  Lyon,  in 
his  ninetieth  year,  who  has  for  nearly  fourteen  years  served 
as  Cabinet  Keeper  for  the  Society  voluntarily,  as  a  labor  of 
love.  He  will  long  be  kmdly  remembered  by  many  thou- 
sands of  the  people  of  our  State  for  his  unwearied  attentions 
in  exhibiting  to  them  the  various  objects  of  curiosity  and 
interest  in  the  Cabinet. 


JEAN  NICOLET. 


Hv   F.   IL  GARNEAU  and  Rev.  J.  B.  FERLAND,    with   Notes  By 

BENJAMIN  SULTE.1 

Translated  by  Hon.  Horace  Ruhlee, 


[From  the  Journal  de  Quebec,  April  20,  1854] 

Mb.  Editor: — Your  readers  should  thank  Mr.  Ferland  for 
the  publication  of  his  Notes  on  the  Registers  of  Notre  Dame 
of  Quebec.  It  diverts  us  from  our  political  discussion3,and  car- 
ries us  back  towards  the  glorious  times  when  our  fathers  were 
laying  the  foundations  of  a  new  empire.  I  shall  neverthe- 
less venture  some  remarks  on  the  danger  of  exaggeration. 
These  remarks  came  into  my  mind  as  I  read  what  Mr.  Fer- 
land reports  of  Jean  Nicolkt/  a  coureur  de  hois,  and  later 
an  Indian  interpreter.  In  his  first  function^  Nicolet  belonged 
to  that  class  of  men  concerning  whom  the  complaints  of  the 
chief  of  the  Colony  were  never  exhausted.  They  were  in- 
deed of  a  kind  outside  of  latv,  and  irrepressible.  They  were 
encountered  everywhere  from  Hudson's  Bay  to  Lake 
Superior. 

Mr.  Shea^  in  his  History  of  the  Discovery  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, has  fallen  into  an  error  through  preconceived  ideas, 
though  with  a  purpose  very  laudable,  as  I  admit.    It  suffices 

>  This  trio  of  antiquaries  are  confessedly  among  the  ablest  who  have 
made  investigations  into  the  early  history  of  New  France;  and  this  discus- 
sion by  such  distinguished  writers  regarding  the  primitive  history  of 
Wisconsin,  well  merits  preservation  in  the  Collections  of  our  Society^ 
Reference  to  it  and  to  Mr.  C.  W.  Butterfield*s  work  on  Nicolet,  not  then 
issued,  bnt  which  subsequently  appeared,  is  made  in  Wis.  Hist.  Colls 
Tiii,  188.  L.  C.  D. 

*  In  NicoIet*s  time  there  were  no  courenrs  de  bois.    It  was  only  after 
16S7,  or  even  1670,  that  this  class  began  to  appear.     Nicolet  was  directly 
under  the  orders  of  Champlain  —  B.  Sclte. 
C. 


42  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

to  read  in  the  Relations  des  Jesuites,  and  the  manuscripts  in 
the  Library  of  the  Societe  Litteraire  of  this  city,  and  in  that 
of  the  Canadian  Parliament,  what  is  there  found  touching 
^geographical  discoveries,  to  be  able  to  appreciate  at  its  just 
value  the  part  of  each  in  the  extension  made  year  by  year 
to  the  limits  of  New  France.* 

Father  Vimont,  Superior  of  the  Jesuits  of  Canada  from 
1639  to  1645,  and  charged  in  that  capacity  with  preparing 
the  relations  of  his  subordinates  {ses  Peres)  reports,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Shea  himself,  "that  the  Sieur  Nicolet,  who  pene- 
trated farthest  into  those  distant  countries,  says  that  if  he 
had  gone  three  days  more  up  a  great  river  that  leads  out  of 
Green  Bay,  he  would  have  reached  the  ^Qreat  Waters.' "  It 
was  thus  the  savages  designated  the  Mississippi.  The  river 
that  empties  into  Green  Bay  is  the  Fox  river,  the  source  of 
which  is  near  that  of  the  Wisconsin,  which  runs  in  an 
opposite  direction,  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi. 

According  to  this,  Nicolet  did  not  even  reach  the  Wiscon- 
sin; but,  assuming  the  most  liberal  interpretation,  I  will 
admit  that  this  traveler  ascended  the  Fox  to  its  source,  that 
he  re-crossed  the  high  lands  that  separated  that  river  from 
the  Wisconsin,  and  that  he  descended  the  latter  within 
three  days  distance  of  the  Mississippi.* 

But  this  does  not  mean  that  he  discovered  or  saw  that 
river.  It  was  doubtless  on  the  report  of  the  Indians  that  he 
estimated  that  he  was  at  that  distance  from  the  grand  trib- 
utary of  the  ocean,  glorified  under  the  name  of  the  Great 
Waters  by  the  natives,  who  for  a  long  time  had  announced 
it  to  the  French.* 

In  such  matters,  precise  evidence  is  demanded;  and  that 
cited  in  favor  of  Nicolet  proves  that  he  did  not  go  to  the 
Mississippi,  though  Mr.  Shea  takes  it  upon  himself  to  assert 

'  For  the  discoveries  of  Champlain,  and  those  of  Nicolet,  see  my  Milangt9^ 
428-25—R  SULTR. 

'  We  have  as  yet  found  no  proof  that  Nicolet  had  seen  the  Wisoonsia 
river— B.  Sulte. 

*The  natives  could  not  have  announced  the  existence  of  the  MissisBippi 
^'  for  a  long  time/*  since  all  that  had  occurred  before  1684  Is  condensed  in 
what  I  have  said  of  it,  pp.  420,  427-28  of  my  Melangea,—  B.  Sultb. 


Jean  Nicohst.       »  43 

the  contrary.     I  share  the  opinion  of  Bancroft  and  other 
historians  who  have  written  on  this  subject. 

For  the  rest  I  am  convinced  that  if  Nicolet  had  reached 
this  river  in  1639/  the  sensation  would  have  been  as  great  as 
it  was  when  Joliette  and  Marquette  discovered  it  in  1673^  and 
that  the  memory  of  it  would  not  have  been  lost  at  the  latter 
epoch.  I  do  not  hesitate  either  to  believe  that  the  two  cele- 
brated travelers  would  never  have  been  willing  to  have 
allowed  honors  to  be  attributed  to  them  which  were  not 
legitimately  due  them. 

Mr.  Ferland  is  then  wrong  in  blushing  for  having  been 
anticipated  in  tlie  tardy  homage  that  should  be  given  Nico- 
let^ to  whom  there  always  remains  the  honor  of  having  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  extension  of  our  discoveries;  but  it  is 
known  that  for  want  of  a  nail  the  horse  was  lost^  and  in 
the  present  case  the  point  is  capital. 

F.  X.  Qarneau.' 

Quebec,  18  April,  1854. 


[From  the  Journal  de  Quebec,  2M  April,  1851.] 

Sib —  In  the  little  corner  that  I  occupy  with  my  feuilleton 
in  your  Journal,  I  iiavo  often  felicitated  myself  at  being 
sheltered  from  the  political  tempests  that  I  hear  rage  above 
my  head.  Thus  it  is  with  a  certain  hesitation  that  I  leave 
the  humble  earth-surface  to  mount  for  an  instant  to  the 
highest,  and  I  promise  to  descend  from  it  as  soon  as  possible. 

Your  number  of  the  20th  inst.  contains  some  observations 
by  M.  Qameau,  apropos  of  the  encomium  rendered  to  Jean 
Nicelet  by  Mr.  John  Qilmary  Shea  in  his  work  entitled: 
*' Discovery  and  Exploration  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  " 
The  disapprobation  of  M.  Garneau  seems  to  relate  chiefly  to 
the  two  following  passages:  ''  It  is  certain  that  to  Nicolet 

>  See  my  Melanges  485-36,  489.  Garneau  speaks  constantly  without  tak- 
ing into  account  the  difference  of  the  times.  Between  163 i  and  1673  there 
is  a  whole  world!  (tout  un  monde),—B.  Sultb. 

'  (Garneau  wrote  a  very  good  history  of  Canada,  but  seldom  touches  any 
point  in  detail—  B.  Sultb. 


4i  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

is  due  the  honor  of  having  been  the  first  who  reached  the 
waters  of  the  Mississippi."  ♦  ♦  *  ♦  ^^  We  give  a  short 
sketch  of  the  life  of  a  man  too  httle  known^  although  he 
occupied  an  important  place  in  the  early  history  of  Canada.'' 

"  I  will  admit/'  says  M.  Garneau,  *'  that  this  traveler  as- 
cended the  Fox  river  to  its  source,  that  he  crossed  the  high 
lands  separating  that  river  from  the  Wisconsin,  and  that  he 
descended  the  latter  to  within  three  days'  distance  of  the 
Mississippi.  But  that  do3s  not  mean  that  he  discovered  or 
that  he  saw  that  river."  Mr.  Shea  must  have  reached  the 
same  conclusion,  since  he  gives  to  Joliet  and  Marquette  the 
honor  of  having  discovered  the  Mississippi,  (pp.  LXXVIII 
and  LXXX),  and  cites  the  words  of  P.  Vimont,  "  If  he  had 
journeyed  (navigue)  three  days,"  etc. 

Mr.  Shea  remarks,  nevertheless,  that  Nicolet  was  the  first 
to  reach,  not  the  Mississippi,  but  the  waters  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. Having  sailed  upon  the  Wisconsin,  a  tributary  of  the 
Great  River,  Nicolet  was  able  to  say  that  he  had  seen  the 
waters  of  the  Mississippi,  as  an  inhabitant  of  the  banks  of 
the  river  Niagara  may  say  that  he  sees  the  waters  of  the  St. 
Lawrence.  Such  at  least  is  the  sense  which  I  attach  to  the 
words  of  the  American  writer. 

Did  Nicolet  occupy  a  sufficiently  important  place  in  the 
early  history  of  Canada  that  his  name  should  not  be  for- 
gotten by  us? 

If  we  search  the  annals  of  New  England  we  shall  find 
there,  preciously  preserved,  the  history  of  men  regarded  as 
remarkable,  because  they  first  dared  to  advance  fifty  or 
sixty  leagues  from  the  sea-coast.  With  us  the  name  is 
hardly  known  of  a  Frenchman  of  Canada,  who  in  the  first 
years  of  the  Colony,  had  already  penetrated  very  far  into 
the  unknown  regions  of  the  West. 

Nicolet  did  not  amuse  himself,  like  the  English,  in  grop- 
ing around  the  European  settlements;  embarking  upon  a 
frail  bark  canoe,  he  ascended  the  rapids  of  the  Ottawa, 
penetrated,  by  means  of  the  small  rivers,  lakes  and  portages, 
as  far  as  Lake  Huron,  which  he  crossed,  and  visited  a  part 
of  the  Lake  of  Illinois  —  now  Michigan  —  of  Green  Bay 
where  he  was  environed  by  restless  and  unknown  tribes;  he 


Jean  Nicolet.  45 

pursued  his  route  toward  the  West,  ascended  the  Fox  river, 
passed  by  a  short  portag^e  to  the  Wisconsin,  and  thus  passed 
upon  the  waters  that  belong  to  the  vast  basin  of  the  Missis- 
sippi.* He  rested  about  forty  leagues  from  the  Fort  of  Que- 
bec, after  having  seen  the  northern  coast  of  Lake  Huron, 
and  a  part  of  the  countries  which  compose  the  States  of 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin.  This  voyage  and  these  discov- 
eries would  have  sufficed  to  make  the  reputation  of  five  or 
six  traders  among  our  neighbors. 

The  Governors  had  on  divers  occasions  to  complain  of  the 
coureurs  de  hois;  this  class  nevertheless  served  to  discover 
the  greater  part  of  North  America,  for  our  voyaguers  of  the 
upper  countries  were  the  successors  and  substitutes  of 
the  former.  If  some  of  these  men  brought  shame  upon 
the  French  name,  others  succeeded  in  establishing  the  good 
opinion  that  the  savage  tribes  long  held  for  all  that  belonged 
to  France. 

The  talents  and  capacity  of  Nicolet  were  highly  appreci- 
ated by  the  Governors,  since  on  three  occasions  he  was 
charged  with  negotiating  peace  between  the  French  and 
the  savages,  first  with  the  Iroquois,  then  with  the  tribes 
about  Lake  Michigan,  and,  finally,  in  company  with 
P.  Raguenau,  with  the  Iroquois  at  the  fort  of  Three  Rivers. 

As  an  interpreter,  he  was  of  the  rank  of  the  founders  of 
several  of  the  first  families  of  the  country.  Charles  Le 
Moyne,  since  Lord  of  Longueil,  as  well  as  others,  acquired 
their  titles  of  nobility  by  the  services  they  rendered  in  this 
capacity.  The  handwriting  of  Nicolet,  as  well  as  his  nom- 
ination to  the  position  of  commissaire,'  which  demanded  an 
aptitude  for  accounts,  prove  that  he  had  received  a  good 
education. 

Moreover,  his  marriage  with  the  daughter  of  Guillaume 
Couillard,  the  title  of  Honorable  given  him  in  several  docu- 
ments, the  marriage  of  his  daughter  with  a  member  of  the 

^  We  haTe  no  proof  of  this.    Ferland  neTor  saw  anything  on  the  subjec 
except  the  text  of  Perre  Vimont  cited  above.  —  B .  Sulte. 
•  Nicolet  was  never  comm  i  Eeaire.    See  my  Melanges,  44a  —  R  Sulte. 


46  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

noble  family  of  Le  Gardeur  de  Repentigny,  show  the  import- 
ance which  Nicolet  enjoyed  in  the  Colony. 

I  have  therefore  regretted  that  a  man  so  generally  es- 
teemed in  his  time,  and  who  rendered  such  important  serv- 
ices to  his  country,  should  have  remained  almost  unknown 
among  us.  We  should  not  have  to  express  this  regret  if  we 
had  had  a  number  of  men  like  M.  Garneau,  devoting  them- 
selves with  ardor  and  success  to  the  study  of  the  history  of 
Canada.  J.  B.  F.  Ferland,  Priest 

Note  on  Nicolet. —  I  have  learned  from  the  President  of  the  Societe 
Academique,  of  Cherbourg,  France,  that  the  Nicolet  family  existed  in  that 
pliace  during  the  sixteenth  century;  and  that  at  the  time  that  our  Nicolet 
was  bom,  there  were  several  branches  of  the  family  in  and  around  Cher- 
bourg. There  are  at  the  present  time  no  less  than  thirty-seven  families  of 
the  Nicolets  in  the  commune  of  Hainneville  alone,  a  place  of  nine  hun- 
dred souls,  four  miles  from  Cherbourg,  aside  from  those  in  Cherbourg  and 
elsewhere.  The  village  of  Delamer,  which  forms  a  part  of  Hainneville  has 
no  other  inhabitants  than  the  Delamer  families  —  the  name  of  the  mother  of 
our  Nicolet  was  Margaret  Delamer. 

Father  Vimont's  writings  are  invaluable.  I  suspect  that  he  "  pumx>ed  " 
Nicolet  for  information.  In  one  of  his  annual  letters  —  that  of  1612  — lie 
nearly  declares  the  fact — B.  Sulte. 


DE  LINGERY'S  EXPEDITION  AGAINST  THE  FOXES,  1728. 


By  rev.  EMANUEL  CRESPEL. 

In  the  fifth  volume  of  our  Society's  Collections,  Crespers  account  was 
f^iyen  as  translated  by  the  late  Gen.  Wm.  R.  Smith;  but  as  it  was  not  com- 
plete, it- is  deemed  proper  to  give  the  reverend  Father's  full  text  as  fur- 
nished by  theEugllsh  translation  of  his  travels,  published  in  London  in 
1797. 

Father  Crespel  was  a  Flemish  Missionary,  after  the  order  of  Recollects. 
He  came  to  Canada  in  1724;  and  for  his  narrative  of  the  Fox  expedition 
of  1738;  in  which  he  served  as  a  chaplain  to  the  French  forces,  all  lovers 
of  Wisconsin  history  must  feel  grateful  to  him,  accompanied  with  the  re- 
gret that  he  had  not  preserved  many  more  details.  On  his  return  to  France, 
the  ship  on  which  he  sailed  was  wrecked  in  November,  1786,  on  the  desert 
island  of  Anticosti,  on  the  borders  of  Labrador,  where  he  and  his  compan- 
ions spent  the  ensuing  Winter,  enduring  much  suffering  and  privation.  In 
June  following,  he  returned  to  Quebec,  and  to  France  in  1738.  He  did  not 
probably  long  survive,  as  his  work  was  published  under  the  editorship  cf 
his  brother,  Louis  Crespel,  first  in  German,  at  Frankfort  and  Leipzig,  in 
1751,  and  then  an  edition  in  French,  at  Frankfort,  in  1752,  and  another  at 
Amsterdam,  in  1757  —  thus  including  the  English  translation,  we  have  four 
editions  of  this  little  work.  L.  C.  D. 

I  was  drawn,  in  1728,  from  my  curacy  to  go  as  chaplain 
to  a  party  of  four  hundred  French,  which  the  Marquis  de 
Beauhamois  commanded,  and  who  were  to  be  joined  by 
eight  or  nine  hundred  Indians  of  several  nations,  particu- 
larly Iroquois,  who  inhabited  the  south  of  the  river 
St.  Lawrence,  between  the  English  and  French  colonies,* 
by  the  Hurons  and  Nipissings,  and  the  Outawahs,  who  lived 
on  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  those  names.  To  these,  M.  Peset, 
a  priest,  and  Father  Bertonniere,  a  Jesuit,  acted  as  chaplains. 
The  whole,  under  the  command  of  M.  de  Lignerie,  were  dis- 

'^'Note  by  the  English  translator:  "M.  Crespel  does  not  say  what  induced 
the  French  Qovemment  of  Canada  to  undertake  this  expedition;    and  it 
cannot  escape  observation,  that  this  Christian  priest  talks  of  destroying  a 
whole  nation  of  innocent  Indians  with  great  coolness  and  composure^" 


48  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Societt. 

patched  with  orders  to  destroy  a  nation  of  Indians,  called  by 
the  French  the  Fox  Indians;  but  in  their  own  language  the 
Outagamies,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan,  about  four  hundred 
and  fifty  leagues  from  Montreal. 

The  Iroquois  Indians  inhabit  the  south  side  of  the  river 
St.  Lawrence,  between  the  English  and  French  colonies,  and 
are  the  most  powerful,  warlike  and  politic  people  among  the 
natives  of  North  America.  They  consist  of  six  confederate 
nations,  and  their  form  of  government  somewhat  resembles 
that  of  the  Swiss  Cantons.  Many  of  these  Iroquois  are  set- 
tled in  the  interior  of  the  French  Colony  in  villages^  are 
converted,  and  as  submissive  to  the  French  government  as 
Indians  can  be  made.  They  have  rendered  us  good  services, 
particularly  in  war  tim^. 

The  Hurons  are  situated  between  Lakes  Huron,  Erie 
and  Ontario.  The  Nipissings,  to  the  northeast  of  Lake 
Huron. 

We  set  off  the  5th  of  June,  1728,  and  ascended  the  great 
river  which  bears  the  name  of  the  Outawahs,  and  is  full  of 
falls  and  carrying  places.  We  quitted  it  at  Mata wan,  to  en- 
ter a  river  which  leads  into  Lake  Nipissing;  the  length  of  this 
river  is  about  thirty  leagues,  and,  like  that  of  the  Outawahs, 
full  of  falls  and  carrying  places.  From  this  river  we  entered 
the  Lake,  whose  breadth  is  about  eight  leagues;  after  cross- 
ing which,  the  river  of  the  French  carried  us  quickly  into 
Lake  Huron,  into  which  it  falls,  after  having  run  a  course 
of  thirty  leagues  with  great  rapidity. 

As  it  was  not  possible  that  so  many  persons  could  go 
down  these  small  rivers  together,  it  was  agreed,  that  tbose 
who  pafssed  down  first,  should  wait  for  the  others  at  the 
entrance  of  Lake  Huron,  in  a  place  called  La  Prairie,  which 
is  a  very  fine  situation.  Here  for  the  first  time,  I  saw  a 
rattle-snake,  whose  bite  is  said  to  be  mortal,  but  none  of  us 
received  any  injury. 

The  26th  of  July  we  were  all  assembled  together,  and  I 
celebrated  mass,  which  I  had  hitherto  deferred.  Next  day 
we  departed  for  Michilimakinac,  a  post  situated  between  the 
Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan.     Although  the  distance  was 


Djb  Ling£by's  Expedition  Against  the  Foxsa       49 

one  hundred  leagues^  we  ran  it  in  less  than  six  days.  Here 
we  retnained  some  time  to  repair  what  had  been  damaged 
in  the  falls  and  carrying  places;  and  here  I  consecrated  two 
pairof  colours,  and  interred  two  soldiers  who  were  carried 
off  by  fatigue  and  illness. 

Michilimakinas  is  a  post  aivanta:?eously  situated  for 
trade,  with  three  great  lakes  —  Michigan,  which  is  three 
hundred  leagues  in  circuit;  Huron,  which  is  full  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty  leagues  in  circumference;  and  Lake  Superior, 
which  is  full  five  hundred  leagues  round,  all  three  naviga- 
ble for  the  largest  sort  of  boats,  and  the  two  first,  separated 
only  by  a  small  strait,  which  has  water  sufficient  for  small 
▼essels,  which  can  sail,  without  any  obstacle^  over  Lake 
Srie,  to  the  post  of  N  iagara.  '«» 

The  10th  of  August,  we  left  Michilimakinac,  and  entered 
Lake  Michigan.  As  we  had  contrary  winds  for  two  days, 
our  Indians  had  time  to  hunt,  and  they  brought  in  two  elks 
and  a  caribou,  and  were  generous  enough  to  offer  us  a  part. 
We  made  some  difficulties  in  receiving  their  favor,  but  they 
forced  us,  and  told  us  that  since  we  had  shared  with  them 
the  fatigues  of  the  journey,  it  was  just  we  should  partake 
of  the  comforts  it  had  procured,  and  that  they  should  not 
^teem  themselves  men  if  they  did  not  act  thus  to  their 
hrethren.  This  answer,  which  was  spoken  in  French,  af- 
footed  me  sensibly.  What  humanity  among  those  we  call 
^vagesl  and  how  many  should  we  fiod  in  Europe  to  whom 
that  title  might  be  more  properly  applied! 

The  generosity  of  our  Indians  deserved  a  lively  sense  of 
gratitude  from  us.  Several  times,  when  we  had  not  been 
able  to  find  places  for  hunting,  we  had  been  obliged  to  live 
0^  salt  meat.  The  flesh  of  the  elks  and  caribou  removed 
^^Q  distaste  we  began  to  entertain  for  our  ordinary  food. 

The  orignal,  or  elk  of  Canada,  is  as  large  as  a  horse,  and 
1^8  horns  as  long  as  those  of  a  stag,  but  thicker  and  more 
^'icliniug  over  the  back,  the  tail  short,  and  his  skin  a  mix- 
*ttre  of  light  gray  and  reddish  black.  The  caribou  is  not  so 
^  and  shaped  more  like  the  ass,  but  equals  the  stag  in 
^'^ftness. 


60  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

The  14th  of  the  same  months  we  continued  our  route  as 
far  as  the  strait  of  Chicaj^ou,  and  passing  from  thence  to 
Cape  La  Mort,  which  is  five  leac^ues,  we  encountered  a  Rale 
of  wind  that  drove  several  of  our  canoes  on  shore^  who 
could  not  double  the  cape  and  shelter  themselves  under  it; 
several  were  lost,  and  the  men  distributed  among  the  other 
canoes,  who  by  great  good  fortune  escaped  the  danger. 

The  15th  we  landed  among  the  Malomines,  with  a  view  to 
provoke  them  to  oppose  our  descent;  they  fell  into  the  snare 
and  were  entirely  defeated.  These  Indians  are  called  by  the 
French  FoUes  Avoines  or  Wild  Oat  Indians,  probably  from 
their  living  chiefly  on  that  sort  of  grain.  The  whole  nation 
consists  only  of  this  village,  who  are  some  of  the  tallest  and 
handsomest  men  in  Canada. 

The  next  day  we  encamped  at  the  entrance  of  a  river 
named  La  Gasparde;  our  Indians  entered  the  woods  and 
brought  back  several  deer,  a  kind  of  game  very  common  in 
this  place,  and  which  supplied  us  with  provisions  for  some 
days. 

We  halted  on  the  17th  from  noon  till  evening,  to  avoid  ar- 
riving at  the  post  of  La  Baye  before  night,  wishing  to  sur- 
prise our  enemies,  whom  we  knew  to  be  in  company  with 
the  Saguis,*  our  allies,  whose  village  lay  near  Fort  St.  Fran- 
cis.   We  advanced  in  the  evening,  and  at  midnight  reached 
our  fort  at  the  entrance  of  the  Fox  river.    As  soon  as  we 
had  arrived,  Monseur  de  Lignerie  sent  some  Frenchmen  to 
the  commandant  to  know  for  certain  if  there  were  any  ene- 
mies in  the  village,  and  being  assured  there  were,  he  sen^ 
all  the  Indians  and  a  detachment  of  the  French  across  tlt^ 
river  Le  Bur,  round  the  habitations,  while  the  rest  of  th^^ 
French  entered  by  the  direct  way.    However,  we    had  en-  — 
deavored  to  conceal  our  arrival,  the  enemies  had  infomuB*-- 
tion,  and  all  the  inhabitants  escaped  except  four,  who  wer^^ 
delivered  to    our    Indians;    and    they,  after    having  Ion; 
amused  themselves  with  tormenting  them,  shot  them  wi 
arrows. 

I  was  a  painful  witness  of  this  cruel  transaction,  and  ooul< 

*  Saguis— Sauks.    L.  C.  D. 


Dk  Likqery's  Expedition  Against  the  Foxes.       51 

lot  reconcile  the  brutal  pleasure  they  took  in  tormenting  these 
infortunate  people^  and  making  them  suffer  the  pain  of 
iwenty  deaths  before  they  deprived  them  of  life,  with  the 
a^enerous  sentiments  expressed  by  these  same  savages  a  few 
lays  ago.  I  wished  to  have  asked  them,  if  they  did  not  per- 
ceive the  stHking  contrast  in  their  conduct,  and  to  point  out 
v^hat  I  thought  reprehensible  in  their  proceeding;  but  as  all 
>ur  interpreters  were  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  I  was 
)bliged  to  postpone  my  enquiries  till  another  time. 

After  this  affair  we  ascended  the  Fox  river,  which  is 
nuch  troubled  with  rapids,  and  whose  course  is  nearly  forty 
eagues.  The  24th  of  August  we  arrived  at  the  village  of 
she  Puans  Indians,  whose  name,  in  their  language,  does  not 
bear  the  same  signification  as  in  the  French,  but  from  their 
vicinity  to  the  waters,  and  they  may  therefore  be  more 
properly  called  the  maritime  Indians.  Our  people  were  well 
disposed  to  destroy  such  men  as  they  should  find  there,  but 
the  flight  of  the  inhabitants  saved  them,  and  we  could  only 
bum  their  huts,  and  destroy  the  harvest  of  Indian  corn,  on 
which  they  subsist. 

We  afterwards  crossed  the  little  lake  of  the  Foxes,  and  en- 
camped at  the  end.    The  next  day  being  St.  Lawrence,  we 
had  mass*,  and  entered  a  small  river  which  led  us  to  a 
fliarshy  ground,  on  the  borders  of  which  was  situated  the 
chief  settlement  of  those  Indians  of  whom  we  were  in  search. 
Pheir  allies,  the  Saguis,  had  given  them  notice  of  our  ap- 
^I'oach;  they  did  not  think  to  wait  our  arrival,  and  we  found 
i  their  village  some  women  only,  whom  our  Indians  made 
l^^v^es,  and  an  old  man,  whom  they  burned  by  a  slow  fire, 
ithout  manifesting  the  least  repugnance  for  committing 
)  barbarous  an  action. 

This  cruelty  appeared  to  me  more  atrocious  than  that  they 
^^  exercised  on  the  four  Saguis.  I  seized  this  opportunity 
>  satisfy  my  curiosity  on  the  subject  I  before  mentioned, 
.mong  our  Frenchmen  we  had  one  who  spoke  the  Iroquois 
"iguage,  whom  I  desired  to  tell  the  Indians  that  I  was  sur- 


* -Vote  by  English  translator:    "How  easy  does  this  pious  missionary 
•*  from  havoc  and  destruction  to  devotion." 


52  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society.  j 

prised  to  see  them  with  so  much  apparent  pleasure  inflict 
such  a  cruel  death  on  an  unfortunate  old  man;  that  the 
laws  of  war  did  not  extend  so  far,  and  that  it  appeared  to 
me  that  such  barbarity  gave  the  lie  to  all  those  good  princi- 
ples they  pretended  to  entertain  towards  mankind.  One  of 
the  Iroquois  answered,  that  if  any  of  them  should  fall  into 
the  hands  of  the  Foxes  and  Saguis,  they  would  experience 
still  more  cruel  treatment,  and  that  it  was  a  custom  with 
them  to  treat  their  enemies  as  they  should  be  treated  by 
them  if  they  were  taken. 

I  wished  much  to  have  been  acquainted  with  the  language 
of  this  Indian,  to  have  shown  him  what  was  blameable  in 
his  answer;  but  was  obliged  to  content  myself  with  desiring 
my  interpreter  to  represent  to  him,  that  nature  and  religion 
still  more  required  that  we  should  be  humane  towards  eacb. 
other,  and  that  moderation  should  guide  us  in  all  our  actions; 
that  pardon,  and  a  forgiveness  of  injuries,  were  virtues,  tlx€ 
practice  of  which  was  expressly  commanded  by  heaven 
that  I  conceived  it  would  not  be  safe  for  them  to  spare  tlx< 
Fox  or  Saguis  Indians,  but  that  if  they  put  them  to  death,  i 
should  be  as  foes  to  their  nation,  and  not  as  private  enemies 
that  such  revenge  was  criminal,  and  that  to  exercise  suol 
excesses  as  they  had  toward  the  five  unfortunate  men  th^I 
had  put  to  death  with  such  cruel  torments,  in  some  d^ 
gree  justified  the  barbarity  with  which  they  reproach^^ 
their  enemies;  that  the  laws  of  war  only  permitted  them  "fc 
take  the  life  of  their  enemy,  and  not  to  glut  themselves  wit>^ 
his  blood,  or  drive  them  to  despair  by  destroying  them  iJ 
any  other  way  than  by  combat  and  arms!  In  fine,  th^ 
they  ought  to  set  the  Foxes  and  Saguis  that  example  o 
moderation  which  is  the  proof  of  a  good  heart,  and  whic  J 
makes  the  Christian  religion  and  those  who  profess  it,  s-^ 
much  loved  and  admired. 

I  do  not  know  whether  my  interpreter  explained  my  sent£ 
ments  clearly,  but  the  Indian  could  not  be  brought  to  coa. 
fess  that  he  acted  on  a  false  principle.  I  was  proceeding  tC 
urge  further  reasons,  when  orders  were  given  to  advance 
against  the  last  post  of  the  enemy,  which  was  situated  ou 
a  little  river  which  runs  into  another  river  that  communis- 


DE  LiNQEBY'S  EXFEDITION  AGAIKST  THE  FOXES.  63 

cateswith  the  Mississippi.  We  did  not  find  any  Indians^ 
and  as  we  had  no  orders  to  advance  further,  we  employed 
some  days  in  laying  waste  the  country,  to  deprive  the  ene- 
my of  the  means  of  subsistence.  The  country  hereabouts  is 
beautif ul,  the  land  fertile,  the  game  plenty  and  good,  the 
nights  were  very  cold,  but  the  days  extremely  hot. 

After  this  expedition,  if  such  a  useless  march  deserves 
that  name,  we  prepared  to  return  to  Montreal,  from  which 
we  were  now  four  hundred  and  fifty  leagues  distant.  In 
our  passage,  we  destroyed  the  fort  at  La  Baye,  because 
being  so  near  the  enemy,  it  would  not  afford  a  secure 
retreat  to  the  French  who  must  be  left  as  a  garrison .  The 
Fox  Indians,  irritated  by  our  ravages,  and  convinced  that 
we  should  scarcely  make  a  second  visit  into  a  country 
where  we  were  uncertain  of  meeting  with  any  inhabitants, 
might  have  blockaded  the  fort,  and  perhaps  have  taken  it. 
When  we  arrived  at  Michilimakinac,  our  commander  gave 
permission  to  every  one  to  go  where  he  pleased.  We  had 
now  three  hundred  leagues  to  travel,  and  our  provisions 
would  have  fallen  short  if  we  had  not  exerted  ourselves  to 
make  a  quick  passage.  The  winds  favored  us  in  crossing 
Lake  Huron;  but  we  had  continual  rains  while  we  were  on 
the  river  of  the  French,  while  crossing  Lake  Michigan,  and 
on  the  river  Matawan,  which  ceased  as  we  entered  the  river 
of  the  Outawahs.  I  cannot  describe  the  swiftness  with 
^hich  we  descended  this  great  river,  of  which  imagination 
^^ly  can  form  an  idea.  As  I  was  in  a  canoe  with  some  laejD 
^hom  experience  had  taught  how  to  descend  the  rapids,  I 
^^s  not  one  of  the  last  at  Montreal,  where  I  arrived  th«  ^btb 
^f  September,  arid  remained  there  till  the  Spring,  whai^  J 
'Gc^ived  orders  to  proceed  to  Quebec. 


FRENCH  FOKTIFICATIOXS  NEAR  THE  MOUTH  OF  THE  WIS- 

COXSIX.    ''HOLD  THE  FORT!" 


By  prof.  JAMES  D.  BUTLER,  LL.  D. 

A  prominent  historian  of  Wisconsin  thus  writes:  "Ther^ 
was  never  within  the  boundaries  of  Crawford  county  ^ 
French  miHtary  post  of  any  kind^  while  France  held  domit*.^ 
ion  over  this  region.  No  traveler  mentions  any  fortiftcatiaX3- 
there.  No  official  French  document  has  ever  been  disco^^ 
ered  giving  any  account  of  any  fort  there.  Yet  as  early 
1820,  a  map  was  published  by  the  United  States  on  which  i 
delineated  a  famous  fortification  —  huge  walls  with  the! 
salient  projections,  all  shown  as  if  some  mighty  militar 
genius  had  planned  its  construction."* 

Such  is  the  language  of  a  recent  historian,  who  furth^ 
declares  belief  in  any  French  fort  near  Prairie  du  Chien 
be  "  one  of  the  mock  pearls  in  Wisconsin  history."  Beli^  ^ 
in  such  a  post  is  dear  to  me  as  adding  something  to  th.^ 
length  of  our  annals,  and  yet  I  would  not  hold  to  a  delusiors-- 
The  real  existence,  however,  of  at  least  one  French  military 
post,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  still  seems  to  n^^ 
pretty  well  proved. 

The  point  was  one  where  a  stronghold  would  naturally  1>^ 
built.  It  was  the  northern  limit  of  the  lUinois  tribes,  and  & 
starting  point  for  raids  against  the  Iroquois,  who  had  estate - 
lishments  near  Chicago.'  It  was  the  starting  point  for  auH 
expeditions, —  either  up,  down  or  beyond  the  Mississippi.  C^b 


*  History  of  Crawford  countj,  Wisconsin,  p.  829,  edited  by  C  W 
field,  and  a  paper  read  before  the  Madison  Literary  Club  by  Mr.  Butterft^^^ 
S.  J.  Clarke,  the  publisher  of  the  History  of  Crawford  county,  diflclffk3fl^ 
any  share  or  responsibility  for  the  statements  made  by  Mr.  Butterfield* 

L.a 

*LaPotherie.  ii.  p.  138. 


French  Fortifications.    '*Hold  the  Fort."        55 

Jeffreys'  map  of  1776^  a  line  is  drawn  from  Prairie  du  Chien 

to  Omaha,  and  inscribed  ''  French  route  to  the  Western  In- 
dians." 

In  1721,  in  a  report  to  the  British  King  from  the  Governor 

of  Pennsylvania,  it  was  mentioned  as  one  of  the  three  great 

routes  from  Canada  to  the  Mississippi/  and  in  subsequent 

reports,  it  was  remarked,  that  "  since  the  peace  of  Aix-la- 

Chapelle,  1748,  the  French  had  greatly  increased  the  number 

of  forts  on  the  rivers  which  run  into  the  Mississippi."  * 

Concerning  Prairie  du  Chien,  Captain  Carver,  who  was 
there  in  1766,  thus  writes: 

''This  town  is  a  great  mart,  where  tribes  from  the  most 
remote  branches  of  the  Mississippi  annually  assemble,  bring- 
ing with  them  their  furs  to  dispose  of  to  traders." 

This  traflSc  was  even  then  no  novelty.  It  had  been  going 
on  there  four  score  years  before.  As  early  as.  1680,  La  Salle 
had  purposed  to  send  traders  to  that  point.* 

If,  then,  French  forts  were  early  built  anywhere,  one 
might  well  be  looked  for  at  such  an  emporium  as  early  roee 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Wisconsin  and  Mississippi.  But  in 
our  primitive  period  forts  abounded.  They  were  common 
among  Indians,  even  before  the  coming  of  the  white  men/ 

La  Salle  on  a  march  usually  at  night  set  a  rude  stookadf; 
about  his  camp.'  In  1679,  having  to  wait  a  few  days  on  ttM; 
St.  Joseph  for  a  party  of  his  men,  he  built  a  fort  at  Ibe 
mouth  of  the  river.*  In  1682,  he  built  another  fort  wetar 
Memphis,  on  a  blufl,  where  he  halted  only  six  dajfl,  M#C 
where  he  expected  to  make  a  still  shorter  sojourn.*  Kor  du«R 
his  custom  of  rearing  a  stronghold  wherever  be 
appear  to  have  been  unusual  among  French  pi< 

Every  trading-house   was   fortified   so  far 
Oadot's,  at  the  Sault,  is  called  a  fort,  by  Carver* 


>  Ck>lonial  Records  of  New  York,  V,  p.  621. 

*  Colonial  History  of  New  York,  II,  p.  608. 

*  Parkman,  p.  268. 

*  La  Potherie,  II,  p.  96;  Parkman*s  La  Salle,  p.  206; 

*  ParkmaD,  dOa 

*  Idem,  p.  140. 
^  Idem,  p.  277. 


56  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

lishment  of  Solomon  Juneau^  at  Milwaukee,  bore  the  same 
name.    Witness  a  pioneer  poem,  which  runs  thus: 

'*Juneau*8  palace  of  logs  was  a  store  and  a  fort, 
Though  surroonded  by  neither  a  ditch  nor  a  moat, 
For  often  this  lonely  and  primitive  place, 
Was  sorely  beset  by  that  blood-thirsty  race 
With  whom  Juneau  had  mercantile  dealings." 

Still  better  may  the  name  fort  have  befifcted  the  structure 
which  must  have  arisen  for  such  an  entrepot  as  Prairie  du 
Chien. 

Marquette  •was  a  man  of  peace^  but  his  mission-house  was 
palisaded.'  The  Jesuits,  though  non-combatant  black 
gowns,  in  general  fortified  their  missions.  They  also  taught 
the  Indian  how  to  improve  his  strongholds,  by  changing 
circles  to  squares,  and  adding  flanking  towers  at  the  cor- 
ners." Thus  improved,  aboriginal  stockades  were  not  a  whit 
inferior  to  the  Fort  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  as  shown  on  the 
United  States  map  of  1820. 

The  representation  of  the  fort  on  that  map,  which  has 
been  derided  by  our  anti-fort  investigator,  is  a  square  with 
four  smaller  squares  at  its  corners.  This  was  the  conven- 
tional sign  or  printer's  mark  for  every  military  work  with- 
out any  reference  to  its  magnitude. 

That  there  was  really  a  French  fort  near  the  junction  of 
the  Wisconsin  with  the  Grand  River,  appears  the  more  likely 
when  we  consider  the  nature  of  such  posts.  What  was  it? 
Lewis  and  Clark,  on  Sept.  22, 1804,  came  to  what  they  call  a 
French  fort,  almost  due  west  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  near 
Council  Bluffs.  In  their  notice  of  it  they  say:  **The  estab- 
lishment  is  sixty  or  seventy  feet  square,  picketed  in  with 
red  [cedar,  with  sentry-boxes  at  two  of  the  angles.  The 
pickets  are  thirteen  and  one -half  feet  above  the  ground.* 
Soon  afterwards.  Pike,  going  up  the  Mississippi  from  Prairie 
du  Chien,  records  that  the  fort  at  Sandy  Lake  was  one  hun- 
dred feet  square,  with  two  bastions  pierced  for  small  arms 

1  Park  man's  La  Salle,  p.  40. 

*  Ibid.,  pp.  63,  99,  288;  Parkman's  Jesuits,  page  898. 

*  Lewis  &  Clark's  Travels,  i,  p.  100;  Gass'  Journal,  p.  42. 


French  Fortifications.    "  Hold  the  F'IK.  '        * ' 

~ the  pickets  about  one  foot  in  diameter^  and  aqiar^i    *: 
the  outside.' 

It  was  no  long  labor  to  build  such  a  defence.    In  ITi"  '-!•* 
missionary.  Father  Guignas,  voyaging  up  the  Misai^iOO* 
passed  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  made  an  establishment  oii  v^^ 
north  shore  of  Lake  Pepin.    He  wrote  in  his  diary :    *"  Tza 
day  after  landing  we  put  our  axes  to  the  wood.     On  "v* 
fourth  day  following,  the  fort  was  entirely  finished."  * 

On  the  thirteenth  of  March,  1G82,  La  Salle's  men,  iit^' 
the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas,  "  threw  up  a  rude  fort  of  f ^.>^C 
trees  in  less  than  an  hour."  ' 

Lest  it  should  be  thought  that  Prairie  du  Chien  i»  Vj^  iw 
west  for  us  to  expect  to  discover  a  French  f ortiflcatien  \iU*st^. 
let  it  be  noted  that  before  1724,  Fort  Orleans  had  beeL  uuii 
hundreds  of  miles  up  the  Missouri,  near  the  moadi  of  Crratt' 
River.* 

On  the  whole,  every  one  familiar  with  the  habxte  of  ?•  rri^v  ■ 
pioneers  in  the  wide  West,  will  admit  that  mBSXj  f€iiv»is:afc 
have  been  thrown  up  by  them  in  emergeuck*.. 
have  perished  without  their  names  ever  being  put 
*•  They  had  no  poet,  and  they  died." 

Even  in  the  absence  of  all  evidence  then,  it 
a  bold  assertion  that  there  was  never  any 
post  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  unl 
French  document  can  be  discovered  giviDK 
such  work,  or  some  traveler  mentions  it/' 

But  is  all  evidence  of  a  French  fort  at  F: 
lacking?    By  no  means. 

In  the  Avierican  State  Papers  regardioif 
we  read  that  on  February  25th,  1818,  Hen- 
son,  from  the  Committee  on  Public  Landfc 
House  of  Representatives,  that  "  in  the 


*  Pike*8  TravelH,  App.  p.  3a 
*Shea*8  Early  Voyages  Up  and  Dovcn  the  M 

'  Parkman's  La  Salle,  278. 

*  Davis  &  Durrie'8  Hist.  Missouri,  pp.  11-12; 
in  America,  p.  190. 

» Vol.  iii,  p.  841. 
5— H.C. 


fiS  Wisconsin  State  Historical 

ernmiat  of  Prance  established  a  military  post  near  tL 
mouth  of  the  Wiaconain." 

The  report  to  Congress  was  based  on  information  give 
by  a  Government  agent  who  had  visited  Prairie  duChiei 
and  gathered  up  testimony  on  the  spot.  According  to  thi 
oldest  inhabitants,  some  of  whom  had  resided  there  wel 
nigh  from  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  it  wasonlj 
during  that  contest  that  the  French  fort  was  burned. 

It  is  argued  by  our  sceptical  annalist  that  this  fort  was  ai 
ordinary  log  house.  It  seems  to  me  more  properly  named  i 
fort.  It  was  80  named  by  almost  everbody  known  to  hav* 
been  acquainted  with  those  who  had  seen  it.  Among  it 
stores  were  no  less  than  three  hundred  and  sixty  bales  o; 
fur,  and  as  a  rule  every  fur  factory  was  fortified.  It  wai 
defended  by  a  body  of  armed  men,  as  forts  are  wont  to  be 

But,  says  our  slieptic,  it  was  built  on  the  site  of  a  prebia 
toric  fort,  and  the  works  of  mound-builders  passed  forthos* 
of  the  French.  Such  a  site  was  fitly  preferred,  and  sucl 
works  became  French  when  used  as  foundations  by  th< 
French,  and  incorporated  into  works  of  their  own.  Baptiw 
an  old  Jupiter,  and  he  becomes  Jew  Peter  straight- way. 

Early  tradition  at  Prairie  du  Chien  reported  a  French  for 
burned  there.  Skeptics  concerning  the  existence  of  such  e 
fort  hoid  that  this  tradition  grew  out  of  the  burning  of  * 
certain  log  house  there.  But  there  is  no  evidence  that  th< 
house  in  question  was  burned  at  all.  Their  only  witness  in 
the  matter  simply  says  that  certain  bales  of  fur  which  had 
been  stored  there  were  burned.  The  storehouse  was  occu 
pied  by  friends  of  those  who  are  supposed  to  have  s-A  it  oi 
fire.  Such  an  incendiary  supposition  is  unreasonable.  0 
the  log-house  may  have  been  fortified,  and  so  styled  a  fort 

J.  Long,  traveling  in  177S,  north  of  Lake  Superior,  says 
"The  house  of  Shaw,  a  trader  on  Lake  Manontoye,  migh 
very  properly  be  styled  a  fort,  being  secured  by  high  picl 
ets." ' 

But  evidence  is  at  hand  of  French  forts  near  Prairie  d 
Chien  before  1755. 


'  Long's  Travels,  p.  65. 


J 


French  Fortifications.    **Hold  the  Fort."        59 

Early  in  the  eighteenth  century,  the  Indians  of  the  North- 
west, as  the  Canadian  Colonial  Company  were  informed, 
were  endeavoring  to  open  commerce  with  the  English  on 
the  lower  Mississippi.    Thus  the  directors  of  this  Company 
were  led,  in  1701,  to  dispatch  agents  to  Callieres,  the  Cana- 
dian Gk)vemor,-in  Montreal,  with  a  plan  to  thwart  this  trade. 
This  plan  consisted  in  establishing  posts  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio,  on  the  Wisconsin,  and  further  up  the  Mississippi, 
among  the  Sioux.    It  was  argued  that  if  the  Indians  found 
in  these  places  something  to  satisfy  their  needs,  and  the* 
French  whom  they  loved,  they  would  abandon  the  thought 
of  going  amoDg  strangers.  The  necessity  and  usefulness  of 
such  establishments  were  clear  to  the  Governor,  and  though 
he  felt  forbidden  by  a  royal  order  to  licence  their  organiza- 
tion, yet  he  declared  3ome  such  measure  to  be  urgently  de- 
manded, and  the  authorities  in  France  were  so  informed.* 
They  may  have  followed  his  advice.    But  there  is  reason 
to  think  that  even  before  the  opening  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  forts  had  been  erected  by  the  French,  near  Prairie 
du  Chien. 

Regarding  an  earlier  post  there,  one  of  my  authorities  is 
La  Potherie,  who,  before  the  year  1702,  had  completed  a 
work  in  four  volumes  concerning  New  France.    The  portion 
concerning  Canada  he  wrote  first,  and  that  from  personal 
knowledge,  and  desired  to  penetrate  six  hundred  leagues 
into  the  interior.    ''  Lacking  health  and  leisure  for  sucli  an 
enterprise,  he  mg-de  the  most  careful  inquiries,"  as  the  mis- 
Monary  Bobe,  his  contemporary,  testifies,  *'  from  the  Indian 
chiefs  who  came  from  all  quarters  to  Montreal  to  dispose  of 
their  furs,  and  was  informed  about  whatever  he  relates  ^witla 
the  utmost  accuracy  and  thoroughness,  by  Nichplas  Perrot, 
who,  for  more  than  forty  years  before,  had  been  the  princi- 
pal actor  in  all  that  had  taken  place  among:  the  aborigines 
)f  the  Far  West." » 
The  narrative  of  La  Potherie  is  that  [in  1685?"]  the    MLi- 

'Margry,V..  pp.  175,863. 
*La  Potherie,  iv.,  p.  268. 
■Tailhan,  p.  803. 


aniifi,  Whose  villages  lay  a  few  leagues  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Wisconsin,  came,  forty  strong,  to  Green  Bay  where 
Nicholas  Perrot  had  arrived  as  Gfovernor  of  the  JJorth-West. 
"  They  begged  him  to  set  up  his  establishment  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  near  the  Wiaconain,  in  order  that  they  could 
sell  their  furs  there," 

For  gaining  his  consent  they  brought  him  presents,  a 
beautiful  specimen  of  lead  from  their  region, — and  each  of 
the  forty  gave  him  four  beaver  skins.' 

The  Miamis  had  undertaken  this  embassy  because  they 
had  previously  been  forced  to  sell  peltry  cheap,  and  pay 
dear  for  French  goods  to  the  Pottawatomies,  who  had 
hitherto  been  their  middlemen.  The  result  was  that  Perrot 
agreed  to  establish  himself  —  within  twenty  days — just 
where  they  desired  him  —  a  little  below  the  WiBConsin.' 
In  accordance  with  this  promise,  "the  establishment  of 
Perrot  was  made  below  the  Wisconsin,  in  a.  situation  very 
strong  against  the  assaults  of  neighboring  tribes." ' 

The  fact  that  the  establishment  of  Perrot  was  "  fixed  in  a 
situation  that  was  very  strong  against  the  assaults  of  neigh- 
boring tribes,"  indicates  that  it  stood  in  a  dangerous  place, 
and  that,  therefore,  it  must  have  been  fortified.  When  we 
expect  a  burglar,  we  bar  the  door. 

At  this  post,  six  sub-tribes  of  the  Miamis  gathered  when 
the  ice  in  the  rivers  would  bear  them,  and  made  a  treaty 
with  Perrot.  That  officer  was  soon  called  north  near  the 
Chippewa  River,  and  played  the  part  of  grand  pacificator 
between  the  Sioux  and  more  southern  tribes.  He  returned 
to  his  southern  establishment,  gave  orders  to  other  tribes 
who  were  waiting  for  him  there,  and  he  also  discovered  and 
tested  the  lead  mine,  twenty  leagues  below  which  for  agei 
after  was  called  by  his  name,* 

■Vol.  II.  p.  361. 

'  La  Potherie,  ii,  S60. 

'  On  leur  promit  de  a'etablir  dtiDB  vingt  joura  au  dessous  de  la  nviere 
d'OuiskoDcbe. 

'  L'etabliBtwmetit  de  Perrot  se  fit  au  deesoua  d'Ouisboncbe,  dans  une  situ- 
ation fort  avantause  centre  lee  insuItB  des  nations  voieines. —  La  Potheris 
ii,  p.  260. 

'La  Potberie,  ii,  p,  370.  ' 


French  Fortifications.    "Hold  the  Fort."        61 

Again,  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  was  the  point  where 
he  agreed  to  meet  different  tribes  in  the  month  when  a 
truce  he  had  made  between  them  would  expire.  This  place 
was  his  strategic  base  of  operations,  launching  the  nortnern 
tribes  against  the  southern  Iroquois. 

It  would  not  be  strange  if  no  further  notice  should  occur  in 
Perrot's  career  of  his  post  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin; 
for  that  oflBcer,  soon  after  the  council,  was  transferred  to  a 
post  on  the  Marameg,  on  the  east  of  Lake  Michigan,*  be- 
tween the  Black  and  Grand  Rivers. 

It  so  happens  that  Perrot's  post  on  the  Wisconsin,  in  the 
narrative  of  La  Potherie,  is  called  "  establishment,"  and  not 
fort.  Tet  it  was  no  doubt  fortified,  not  only  as  all  trading 
factories  were  wont  to  be,  but  more  strongly  than  some 
others,  being  of  special  military  as  well  as  commercial  import- 
ance. Moreover,  the  word  "  establishment "  as  used  by  La 
Potherie  to  describe  Perrot's  Wisconsin  post,  is  explained  by 
Perrot's  French  editor,  Tailhan,  to  mean  fort.  Concerning 
Parrot's  return  from  the  land  of  the  Sioux  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Wisconsin,  Tailhan  says,  that  returning  "  from  his  old  fort  he 
regained  the  fort  which  he  had  recently  erected." '  The  old 
fort  of  Perrot,  and  even  the  post  on  Starved  Rock  —  the 
Illinois  Gibraltar  —  are  each  also  called  by  La  Potherie  an 
**  establishment."  The  phrases  already  quoted  from  La 
Potherie,  that  the  establishment  of  Perrot  **  was  in  a  very 
advantageous  situation  as  against  the  attacks  of  neighbor- 
ing tribes,"  is  also  a  proof  that  it  was  a  fortified  post. 

The  early  existence  of  a  fort  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wis- 
consin, is  further  attested  by  early  maps.  At  that  point  we 
read  the  words  Fort  St.  Nicholas  inscribed  on  the  map  pre- 
pared in  1G88  by  J.  B.  Franquelin  for  presentation  to  the 
French  King.  This  work,  made  in  Quebec  by  the  King's 
hydrographer,  was  certified  by  the  Qontemporary  Canadian 
Governor  as  "  very  correct,"  and  is  pronounced  by  Park  man 
the  most  remarkable  of  all  the  early  maps  of  the  interior  of 

'  Perrot,  276;  Tailhan,  328. 

^  Son  ancien  fort  Perrot  regagna  le  fort,  qu'  il  avalt  recemment  eleve. 
Sef  Perrot,  p.  32a 


Wisconsin  State  Histohical  Society. 

North  America.'  Why  should  we  reject  its  testimony,  —  es- 
pecially after  observing  it  to  be  in  keeping  with  the  history 
of  La  Potherie,  which  was  indubitably  based  on  conversa- 
tions with  Pi='rrot  himself?  What  name  would  Perrot  have 
been  more  likely  to  bestow  on  his  fort  than  that  of  his  pat- 
ron saint,  which  was  Nicholas? 

No  map-maker  was  ever  more  eminent  than  the  French- 
man D'Anville  (Hj!)7-178.i )  He  is  credited  by  the  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica  "with  a  complete  geographical  reform 
—  banishing  the  custom  of  copying  blindly  from  preceding 
maps,  and  never  fixing  a  single  position  without  a  careful 
examination  of  all  authorities.  By  this  process  he  detected 
many  serious  errors  in  the  works  of  his  most  celebrated 
predecessors,  while  his  own  accuracy  was  soon  attested  by 
travelers  and  mariners  who  had  taken  his  works  as  thsir 
guide.  Hisrprinciples  also  led  him  to  another  innovation, 
which  was  that  of  omitting  every  name  for  which  there 
existed  no  sufficient  authority.  Vast  spaces  which  had  be- 
lore  been  covered  with  cities,  were  thus  suddenly  reduwd 
to  a  perfect  blank,  —  but  it  was  speedily  perceived  that  this 
was  the  only  accurate  course.  " 

Beading  these  words,  and  a  still  higher  eulogy  of  D'An- 
Tille  in  Gibbon.  I  was  eager  to  inspect  his  large  map  of  our 
Northwest,  published  in  November,  1755.  On  looking  at  the 
mouih  of  the  Wisconsin,  as  there  delineated,  I  read  words 
which  I  cannot  but  translate  Old  French  Fort  of  St.  Nicho- 
ins — "  Ancien  Fort  Francais  de  S.  Nicholas.  " 

In  1755,  M.  Bellin  published  at  Paris  "  Remarks  on  a  maP 
of  North   America,    between  the  'iHth  and  7'ind  degrees  of 
latitude,  anda  Geographical  Description  of  those  Regions. 
One  of   his  remarks   is  in  these  words:  "Nicholas  Perrot 
built  a  fort  named  St.  Nicholas  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wiscon- 

'  The  title  of  the  map  is:  Carle  de  rAmerique  Sejitentrionale  drestit  paf 
J.  B.  Frajiquelin  dans  IGSS pour  iHre  pregentve  a  Louis  XIV. 

*  Remarque^  turla  carte  deC  Amerique  Septentrtonale  comprise  tntrt  " 
28e  e(  le  72e  degrf  de  latitude,  avee  une  Description  Otographique  de  «• 
parties.  4to  Faria.  1755,pp.  131.  Didot.  TbiB  map  is  in  the  LibrMJ  ol 
Harvard  LTniTeraitj. 


French  Fortipications.    "Hold  the  Port."        63 

iul''  Two  years  later  at  that  point  the  Amsterdam  Atlas 
of  Covens  and  Mortier  shows  the  words  Ancien  ForV 

In  addition  to  what  has  been  adduced  from  La  Potherie  and 
FraDquelin,  the  testimony  of  a  noted  English  map-maker 
should  be  considered.  In  1762^  a  map  entitled  '^Canada  and 
ft«  northern  part  of  Louisiana,  by  Thomas  Jeffreys,  geo- 
grapher to  his  Majesty"  [George  III.]  was  published.  On 
this  map,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Wisconsin  and  Missis- 
sippi, we  read  these  words:  *'Fort  St.  Nicholas  destroyed" 
Again,  in  the  Geography  published  by  Bankes  in  London 
about  a  century  ago,  a  folio  of  992  pages,  in  a  map  opposite 
page  464, 1  find  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  the  words 
''Fort  St.  Nicolas."  There  is  never  much  smoke  without 
fire,  and  it  is  hard  to  hold  the  witness  of  so  many  a  map 
to  be  all  lies  made  out  of  whole  cloth. 

The  considerations  which  have  now  been  presented  may 
be  strongly  re-enforced  by  local  traditions  and  ruins,  but  they 
seonto  need  no  confirmation.  If  they  do  not  enable  us  to 
hold  fast  our  faith  in  any  French  fort  whatever  near  Prairie 
du  Chien,  we  must,  if  consistent,  become  as  skeptical  regard- 
ing most  of  our  early  history  as  agnostics  are  regarding  re- 
ligion. I  say,  then  — "Hold  the  fortl  Why  not  hold  the 
fortr« 

'Mb.  letter  of  Judge  C.  C.  Baldwin,  of  the  Westeru  Reserve  HiBtorical 
Society. 
Thoa  good  historical  authorities  point  out  the  establishment  of  Perrot's 
'    Fort  St.  Nicholas,  in  1685,  just  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  accord- 
ing to  Franqueiin  and  D*Arville,  or  just  below,  according  to  La  Potherie* 
It  had,  very  likely,  but  a  brief  existence.    Another  fort  w^  established 
in  1755,  at  what  is  called  the  Lower  Town  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  the  par- 
tiealar  locality  of  which  is  designated  in  volume  ninth  of  the  Wis.  Hist, 
CoULj  pp.  286-01.    It  may  be  added,  that  Dr.  Neill,  one  of  the  very  ablest 
historical  investigators  in  the  North-West,  locates  Perrot*s  establishment 
ct  1685,  *'at  Prairie  du  Chien.*' — Hist.  Minnesota,  fourth  revised  edition, 
1882,  p.  799.  L.  C.  D. 


TAY-CUO-PE-RAH  -  THE    FOUR    LAKE    COUNTRY  -  FIRST 

WHITE  FOOT-PRIXTS  THERE. 


By  Prof.  JAMES  D.  BUTLER,  L.  L.  D. 

The  firat  mention  of  the  name  Tay-cho-pe-rah  in  print 
which  I  have  been  able  to  discover,  dates  from  1837.  In 
May  of  that  year,  the  English  traveler,  Featherstonhaugh, 
was  shown  in  Mineral  Point,  a  plan  of  seven  paper  cities 
situated,  in  his  own  words,  "near  Ty-cho  be-rah"  [he  omits 
the  letter  a  before  y.]  **or  the  Four  Lakes."  The  conjunc- 
tion  or  is  ambiguous.  It  may  imply  either  that  Four  Lakes 
is  a  translation  of  the  word  Taycho-pe-rah,  or  that  is  an- 
other name  of  a  different  signification.  It  happens  to  be  in 
my  power  to  remove  this  ambiguity. 

I  was  imformed  both  that  Tay-cho  pe  rah  was  the  collec- 
tive Indian  name  for  the  Four  Lakes,  and  that  the  name 
itself  also  signifies  Four  Lakes,  by  Gov.  Doty  in  i>er8on,  and 
he  was  on  their  shores  earlier  than  anv  other  pioneer  of  our 
race  save  one  or  two. 

But  was  not  Gov.  Doty  mistaken?  Several  .of  our.  oldest 
settlers  and  explorers,  notably  Messrs.  Moses  M.  Strong, 
Darwin  Clark,  and  G.  P.  Delaplaine,  as  well  as  Jefferson 
Davis,  never  heard  the  name  of  Tay-cho-pe-rah;  and  when  a 
witness  testified  that  he  saw  an  Irishman  steal  a  pig,  Paddy 
thought  it  a  good  defence  to  produce  two  witnesses  ready  to 
testify  that  they  did  not  see  him  steal  the  pijj. 

The  statement  of  Governor  Doty,  however,  tallies  with 
the  independent  testimony  of  William  Deviese,  and  of  Mor- 
gan L.  Martin  in  a  recent  letter,  in  which  it  is  also  added 
that  the  name  Tay-chope-rah  is  a  Winnebago  word.  It  is 
also  in  keeping  with  the  memory  of  Simeon  Mills,  that  at 
the  time  of  his  arrival  in  Madison  the  region  was  called  by 
natives  Tay-shope.  No  further  witness  was  needed,  and 
yet  I  was  eager  for  more  —  at  leaat,  for  ascertaining  what 


TayCho-Pe-Rah— The  Four  Lake  Country.       65 

part  of  the  word  Tay-chope  rah  simplifies  lake,  and  what  part 
four.  With  this  view  I  wrote  half  a  dozen  letters,  and  looked 
throusch  more  volumes  in  vain;  but  have  at  last  found  what 
I  sought  in  Gallatin's  Synopsis  of  the  Indian  Tribes.  In 
that  work,  the  Winnebago  stands  number  thirty-three  in  a 
synoptical  table  of  leading  words  in  some  three  score  abori- 
ginal tongues;  and  the  Winnebago  name  for  lake  is  tah- 
hah,^  and  the  name  for  four  is  tshopiwi.  These  elements 
readily  combine  in  Tay-cho-perah. 

Qallatin's  book  was  written  half  a  century  ago,  and  his 
authority  was  a  Winnebago  vocabulary  in  the  Washington 
War  Office,  which  had  been  sent  thither  by  an  Indian  agent 
named  Nicholas  Boilvin."  We  must  secure  a  complete  copy 
of  that  vocabulary,  if  extant^  which  has  never  been  pub- 
lished. Printed  in  our  Historical  Collections,  it  will 
prove  a  monument  more  lasting  than  brass  or  marble,  of  the 
race  who  here  preceded  us.  It  will  also  be  more  significant. 
Language,  a  bond  lighter  than  air,  is  yet  stronger  than  iron 
to  draw  the  earliest  ages  into  acquaintance  and  communion 
iTvith  the  latest. 

Next  to  indifference  to  aboriginal  language,  I  now  regret 
my  neglect  of  their  legends,  but  have  saved  one  of  them. 
It  is  an  odd  Winnebago  myth,  told  by  one  of  the  tribe  in 
1885,  which  had  its  local  habitation  on  Fourth  Lake.  Many 
centuries  ago  two  Winnebagoes,  near  the  ford  of  the  Catfish, 
noticed  the  track  of  a  coon  which  they  followed.  It  led 
them  to  the  cliflf,  for  many  years  called  McBride's  Point, 
and  now  known  as  Maple  Bluff.  It  led  them  to  a  hollow 
tree  on  that  promontory.  In  the  tree  they  discovered  a  cat- 
fish which  they  had  caught.  One  of^the  Indians,  moved  by 
some  superstitious  scruple,  refused  to  eat  the  fish;  but  the 

»p.  334. 

^  Bollvio  became  Indian  agent  at  Prairie  du  Chien  before  1814,  and  contin- 
ued so  until  his  death  in  1824.  Hist.  Coll  II.,  132;  III.,  273;  IX.,  286.  We 
owe  his  list  of  Winnebago  words  to  Humboldt,  who  urged  the  importance 
of  such  collections  in  a  letter  to  Gallatin.  Gallatin  induced  the  Secretary 
of  War  to  order  Indian  agents  to  send  such  vocabularies  to  Washington. 
Inquiries  at  Washington  thus  far  fail  to  discover  this  precious  vocabulary 
of  BoilvJD. 


$6  'WiscoKsm  State  Histohical  Societt. 

other,  being  very  hungry,  made  a  hearty  meal  on  his  c 
ture, — indeed,  devoured  it  altogether.  But  bis  appetite  ^ 
no  Booaer  satisfied  than  he  became  fearfully  thirsty, 
betook  himself  to  the  springs;  but  the  more  he  drank  thd 
more  thirsty  he  grew.  His  agony  became  so  intense  thai 
in  desperation  he  waded  into  Fourth  Lake.  Then  behold  i 
new  wonderl  As  soon  as  the  water  rose  above  his  middltf 
his  thirst  ceased,  but  returned  the  moment  he  ventured 
where  the  lake  was  more  shallow.  The  truth  was  he  had 
become  a  fishified  man.  —  and  was  never  known  to  draw 
near  the  shore  again.  Strange  noiafie,  however,  heard  on 
the  bluff,  were  for  ages  regarded  by  the  Ked  Men  as  made 
by  their  fishiSed  brother — at  mid-night  beating  his  w^ar 
drum  in  the  deep  water  off  Maple  Bluff.  The  last  of  thef 
nocturnal  manifestations  was  coincident  with  the  first  settl 
ment  of  whites  in  the  Maple  Grove. 

How  early  the  aboriginal  name  had  been  translated  i 
Four  Lakes  by  our  pioneers,  I  can  not  ascertain.     In  ISlS^ 
the  name  "  Four  Lakes  "  was  already  in  uae.    In  that  yeari* 
Maj.  S.  H.  Long,  in  the  midst  of  a  voyage  up  the  Mississippi, 
in  a  six-oared  skiff,  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  writes,  in  a 
volume  first  published  in  ISGO;    "Rock  river  in  high  water 
is  navigable  about  three  hundred  miles  to  what  are  called 
the  Four  Lakes.''    The  name  must  then  be  older  than  1R17, 
albeit  it  is  not  set  down  on  Melish'-s  large  map,  five  feet  by 
three,  of  the  year  before.     It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  word 
Pour   Lxkes  will  turn  out  to  be  a  translation  of    the  old. 
French  name.    Rock  River  certainly  is,  appearing  on  otti 
old  naps  (1750)  as  Riviere  de  la  Roche.     Rock  river  waj 
called  by  the  Algonquins  Sin-sepe,  and  by  the  Winnebagof 
We-ro-sha-na-grd.    Both  these  Indian  terms  have  the  sam 
meaning  with  the  English  name.    A?  the  whites  adopts 
an  aboriginal  name  for  the  river,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  th^ 
obtained  from  the  same  source  their  collective  name  for  tlu 
group  of  lakes  on  its  head  waters. 

Although  the  name  Four  Lakes  was  mentioned  by  Lonj 
in  1817,  it  m  ly  not  have  been  much  used.  In  the  minutl 
account  of  his  march  in  1S33,  in  a  direct  line  from  Chicaj 
to  Prairie  du  Chien,  striking  Rock  River  at  the  mouth  i 


Tay-Cho-PeRah— The  Four  Lake  Country.       67 

the  Cottonwood  or  Kishwaukee^  Long  says  nothing  about 
the  Four  Lakes.'  Nor  is  the  name  mentioned  by  Morse, 
father  of  the  telegraphic  inventor,  who,  in  1820,  was  at  Prai- 
rie du  Chien,  and  there  heard  from  Law,  an  Indian  trader, 
that  the  Rock  River  country  abounded  in  small  lakes,  one 
of  them  called  Koshkonong. 

No  one  of  the  names  by  which  we  now  designate  the 
Four  Lakes  can  be  traced  back  any  further  than  1849.  In 
that  year  Frank  Hudson,  a  surveyor,  suggested  the  names 
Mendota  and  Monona,  the  former  being  said  to  signify 
great,  and  the  latter  beautiful.  These  names  appeared  so 
proper  that  they  soon  came  into  common  use.  About  six 
years  later,  Waubesa  meaning  swan,  and  Kegonsa,  meaning 
fish,  were  proposed  by  Lyman  C.  Draper.  In  1855,  on  Feb- 
ruary 14th,  a  bill  passed  the  Legislature,  legalizing  all  these 
Four  Lake  names. 

It  is  pleasant  to  know  that  the  meanings  assigned  to  the 
present  names  of  the  Four  Lakes,  rest,  in  part  at  least,  on 
good  authority.  Mendota  really  signifies  Great  Lake  in 
Dakota,  a  tongue  of  the  same  family  with  Winnebago.  In  the 
excellent  Dakota  dictionary  by  the  Missionary  Riggs,  mde  is 
the  word  for  lake,  and  ota  for  grjeat.  The  primitive  mean- 
ing of  mde  is  probably  water,  for  the  two  elements  when 
combined  often  mean  a  confluence.  Thus  the  meeting  of 
the  St.  Peter's  river  with  the  Mississippi,  was  called  Men- 
dota by  the  Dakotas. 

The  word  Monona  I  have  sought  in  a  good  many  Indian 
vocabularies  without  success,  yet  I  still  trust  Mr.  Hudson 
had  reason  to  say  that  its  import  i^  beautiful.  No  word 
whatever  for  beautiful  was  set  down  in  tho  list  of  words 
which  the  Government  agent  among  the  Winnebagoes  drew 
up  by  order  of  the  War  Department.* 

In  Chippewa,  Wabese  or  Waubesie  is  the  name  of  a  swan, 
and  Eigonsee,  for  fish  in  general.    Dr.  Draper's  authority  is 

'  Long*8  Travels,  i,  p.  184. 

'  The  best  Winnebago  scholar  known  to  me,  says  that  Monona  in  that 
tongue  means  lost,  and  then  as  things  are  so  often  lost  through  stealing,  its 
chief  meaning  was  stolen. 


68  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Sociktt. 

the  Miscellanies  of  Col.  Do  Peyster,'  who  was  the  British 
officer  in  command  at  Mackinaw  in  1774  and  five  years  after. 
This  work  was  published  anonymously,  but  the  author  wrote 
his  name  in  a  copy  which  he  presented  to  Lady  Dungannon, 
and  which  has  been  for  more  than  thirty  years  treasured  by  ( 
Dr.  Draper,  One  other  copy  of  this  work  is  known  to  be  ex-fS 
tant  in  America  and  one  abroad.  ' 

The  United  States  survey  of  the  Four  Lakes  was  noteie- 
cuted  till  ISaa.  The  officer  who  performed  this  work.  Cap- 
tain Cram,  of  the  Engineers,  speaka  of  them  as  then  well 
known  by  tbe  numbers  of  one,  two,  threo  and  four.  The 
official  figures  respecting  Fourth  Lake  are:  Length,  six 
miles,  breadth  four,  area  fifteen  and  sixty-five  one-hun- 
dredths  miles,  circumference  nineteen  miles  and  one-fourth. 

Five  years  before  this  date,  the  Government  land  survey 
took  place,  and  the  surveyor  marked  the  lakes  on  his  plo^  , 
"First,  Second,  Third  and  Fourth,"  as  if  their  names  were* 
then,  in  1834,  as  well  established  as  that  of  Rock  river  itself.'J 
On  Chandler's  map,  however,  which  was  made  in  Qaleoa, 
only  five  years  earlier,  in  182f>,  the  lakes  have  no  numbers, 
although  there  are  several  inscriptions  about  them,  as  "Fine 
farming  land  around  these.lakes,"  "  Canoe  portage  two  hun- 
dred  yards,"  "  Winnebago  village."  etc. 

No  record  has  met  my  eye  as  to  why  the  numeration  of 
the  Four  Lakes  began  from  the  south  rather  than  from  the 
north.    Seeking  for  the  reason  may  be  thought  as  vain  a 
search  as  that  for  the  difference  between  tweedledum  and  , 
tweedledee.     Yet  that  reason  seems  to  me  clear.     Explorft' 
tion  has  usually  been  made  by  ascending  rivers  from  th^ 
mouths  and  their  peculiarities,  if  recurring  in  a  series,  i 
naturally  classed  in  the  order  of  discovery.    Thus,  on  th^l 
Nile,  the  cataracts,  as  you  go  up  that  river,  are  nuraberc 
before  you  reach  Khartoum  from   first  to  sixth,     Accorc 
ingly,  I  am  inclined  to  think  tbe  first  English-speaking  pio^ 
neers  who  came  upon  the  Four  Lakes,  were  acquainted  witlll 
the  custom  of  numbering  up  stream,  and  followed  it,  ntti 
matter  from  what  quarter  they  had,  in  fact,  approacheAl 


i, 

e 


Tay-Cho-Pe-Eah— The  Four  Lake  Country.       69 

those  waters.  In  1829,  a  treaty  was  concluded  with  the  Win  - 
nebagoes^  in  which  the  water  now  known  as  Fourth  Lake  is 
mentioned.  It  is  called,  however,  '^  the  most  northern  of  the 
four  lakes,"  as  if  it  was  not  yet  known  by  its  number. 

It  is  a  pity  that  our  pioneers  designated  the  Four  Lakes 
by  numbers.  If  they  had  not,  we  should  now  know  their 
original  Indian  names,  and  the  meaning  of  those  names. 
Dead  Lake  was  not  numbered,  and  so  J.  A.  Noonan,  a  land- 
hunter  here  in  1837,  heard  its  name  as  Wingra,  and  ascer- 
tained  that  Wingra  means  duck.*  We  may  fairly  conclude 
that  but  for  usurping  numbers  Mr.  Noonan  would  have 
heard  the  aboriginal  appellations  of  all  the  Four  Lakes,  and 
"would  have  transmitted  them,  as  he  did  Wingra,  to  the  art 
preservative  of  all  arts. 

The  birth-year  of  Madison  is  commonly  considered  to  have 
been  1837;  but  fully  five  years  earlier,  there  was  at  least  one 
house  built  here,  and  that  by  a  French  builder.  In  1832,  on 
the  15th  of  October,  two  deserters  from  Fort  Winnebago 
ivere  arrested  near  what  we  call  Johnson  street,  at  the  trad- 
ing-house of  a  Frenchman,  Oliver  Armel. 

Armel's  christian  name  is  printed  ''Louis"  in  the  books; 
but  I  write  it  Oliver  on  the  authority  of  Simeon  Mills.  His 
testimony  is  more  credible  than  any  book,  for  he  was  the 
j  ustice  to  whom  Armel  afterwards  came  for  marriage,  and 
he  heard  him  called  Oliver  for  years.' 

Armel  was  in  the  Four  Lake  country  at  least  as  early  as 
18:29.    In  August  of  that  year,  in  passing  Third  Lake,  he 

» WU.  Hist  CoUa.,  vii,  p.  410. 

'In  Dr.  Chapman's  sketch,  Wis,  Hist  Colls,,  iv.  847,  the  name  Louis 
Armel  is  given,  followed  by  Durrie's,  and  Park's,  Histories  of  Madison. 
In  the  treaty  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  in  1829,  thirty  years  before  Dr.  Chapman 
wT«te,  we  find  the  orthograghy  *'  Oliver  Armell,"  whose  two  children, 
Catharine  and  Oliver,  each  received  a  section  of  land  from  the  Winneba- 
goes — evidently  because  their  mother  was  of  that  tribe.  At  the  treaty 
with  the  Pottawotamies  at  Chicago,  in  Sept,  1883,  a  claim  of  |300  was 
alloweil  to  "  Oliver  EmmelL"  De  La  Ronde,  WU.  Hut  CoUs,,  VIII,  860, 
writes  "  Oliver  Arimell;"  and  Noonan,  in  same  volume,  410,  has  it  "  Ar- 
melL"  The  Illtutrated  History  of  Dane  County,  gives  the  'name  as  "  Oli- 
ver Emell,"  pp.  867,  869,  40:;$. 


10  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

saw  a  horse  that  had  been  stolen  by  Indians  two  weeks  be- 
fore^ from  Major  Deviese  at  his  Diggings  in  Exeter.  On  his 
way  to  the  place  where  he  then  lived,  which  was  near  Beloit, 
he  gave  the  Major  such  information  as  enabled  him  to  re- 
cover his  horse.  He  had  come  from  Fort  Winnebago  to 
inform  the  Indians  of  a  council  to  be  held  at  that  t^ort  on 
the  twelfth  of  August . 

In  1836  Armel  was  still  a  resident  on  the  site  of  Madison^ 
and  joined  John  De  La  Ronde  who  had  come  from  Portage 
to  buy  deer  skins,  and  seven  other  Frenchmen  in  celebrating 
the  Fourth  of  July.'  Independence  Day,  then,  was  here  first 
commemorated  by  eight  foreigners.  The  next  year  Armel 
was  living  on  the  east  shore  of  First  Lake. 

The  written  story  of  Armel  as  established  within  the  lim- 
its of  Madison,  we  owe  to  Dr.  Chapman.'  He  seems  to  have 
derived  it  from  James  Halpin,  one  of  the  soldiers  who 
arrested  the  deserters,  and  who  was  years  afterwards  an 
employe  in  the  Capitol. 

The  soldiers  had  ran  away  from  the  Fort  in  order  to  buy 
rum,  and,  as  their  post  was  forty  miles  distant,  could  hardly 
ha^^e  know  about  Armel's  saloon,  had  it  not  been  an  estab- 
lishment of  some  Ipermanence.  Another  fact  points  the 
same  way.  Five  hundred  Indians  had  resorted  to  the  same 
point  with  the  thirsty  soldiers,  and  that  for  the  same  pur- 
pose. 

In  some  cities  the  first  thing  built  has  been  a  temple,  or 
altar,  or  palace,  or  hospital,  or  fort;  but  our  first  building 
was  a  grog-shop  —  a  humiliating  confession  —  albeit  a  thou- 
sand places  must  make  the  same.  One  is  reminded  of  Dar- 
winians tracing  man  up,  or  down,  to  the  monkey^ 

An  American  cent  of  1798,  and  several  Spanish  silver 
coins,  picked  up  in  1880  in  Sorenson's  garden,  may  have  been 
lost  by  the  intoxica'ted  soldiers,  and  possibly  mark  the  very 
spot  where  Armel  had  fixed  his  market  with  the  abori- 
gines.' 

»  Wis,  HUt  ColU,  Vll. ,  380. 

« Ibid,  iv.,  p.  847. 

'  Madison  State  Journal,  April  26,  1880. 


Tay-Cho-Pb  Rah— The  Four  Lake  Country.       71 

It  is  noteworthy  that  our  earliest  knowledg^e  of  the  Madi- 
soman  locality  is  connected  with  a  military  establishment. 
Capt.  Low  and  the  privates  who  there  seized  the  run-aways^ 
came  from  a  United  States  post. 

The  relation  of  the  army  to  the  progress  of  settlement  has 
not  been  appreciated.  In  1883,  when  the  Northern  Pacific 
was  opened,  army  oflBcers  in  the  wide  West  bitterly  com- 
plained to  me  that  everybody  was  extolled  to  the  skies  ex- 
cept the  military. 

"  Yet,"  said  Gen.  Morrow,  chief  marshal  at  Portland, "  the 
army  downward  from  Capts.  Lewis  and  Clark,  in  180^,  ex- 
plored and  conquered  the  whole  country  from  the  Alleghan- 
ies  to  the  Pacific.  The  army  has  surveyed  routes,  constructed 
military  roads,  protected  railroads  engineers  and  workmen, 
given  them  medicines,  surgeons,  refuge  in  forts;  in  every 
way  it  has  been  an  entering  wedge, —  sword  and  shield  to 
civilians.    Its  emblem  is  St.  George  slaying  the  dragon." 

A  similar  boast  might  be  made  by  military  men  regarding 
the  founding  of  Wisconsin.  Government  forts  heralded  its 
birth,  and  cradled  its  infancy.  In  1816,  forts  were  establish- 
ed at  Chicago  and  Prairie  du  Chien,  the  next  year  at  Green 
Bay,  in  1310  at  Rock  Island,  in  1822  near  St.  Paul,  and,  in 
1828,  at  the  portage  between  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  Rivers. 
Thus  string-holds  and  soldiers,  north,  south,  east  and  west, 
were  pillars  of  cloud  by  day  and  of  fire  by  night,  to  guide, 
cheer,  and  save  pioneers  into  the  terra  incognita  of  Wis- 
consin. 

The  frontier  services  of  the  army  have  been  undervalued; 
but  the  fault  may  lie  with  frontier  officers.  Had  half  those 
£;entlemeni[>een  as  careful  to  write  out  their  experiences  as 
Lewis  and  Clark  were,  even  when  drenched  with  rain,  or 
when  ink  was  freezing,  the  world  would  have  known  by 
heart  the  merits  of  the  military.  The  pen  is  mightier  than 
the  sword. 

Armel  was  a  fur- trader.  What  but  furs  could  the  Indians 
bring  him  which  he  could  send  to  the  whisky  market,  and 
obtain  the  supplies  he  most  needed  for  sale?  But  the  furs 
which  Armel  sought  must  always  have  abounded  in  Madi- 
sonian  regions;  and  one  Frenchman,  John  Nicolet,  \iaA'^0^ssL«>.» 


73  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

trated  to  Wisconsin  in  quest  of  furs  as  early  as  1634.  Tberf 
is  then  nothing;  incredible  — perhaps  notbiug  improbable-- 
in  the  assertion,  that  Bome  Frenchmen  must  have  reachei 
Madison  and  built  fur-factories  there  a  century  ago,  or  a  cea 
tury  before  Armel  arrived  there.  That  point  must  have  beei 
the  more  attractive,  thanks  to  fish  from  the  lakes,  sugar 
trees  on  their  shores,  and  a  short  portage  by  way  of  Pheas 
ant  Creek  or  Branch,  to  the  WisconBin  river.  Canoes  of  t6l 
neeeded  no  portage  between  those  waters,  as  Gov,  Dod« 
was  informed. 

Regarding  the  attractiveness  of  the  Four  Lake  country  to 
Frenchmen  long  ago,  I  have  met  with  an  unexpected  fact 
which  countenances  my  theory,  that  Frenchmen  made  their 
way  to  this  nook  of  paradise  at  a  very  early  date.    Since 
commencing  this  paper  I  have  fallen  in  with  the  name  of 
one  Frenchman  who  was  no  doubt  on  the  Four  Lakes  before 
Armel  was  born,  and  possibly  made  his  home  here.    This 
man's  name  was  Le  Sellier,  the  French  for  Saddler,  an  old 
IPrench  engage ,  who  was  enlisted  by  Maj.  Long  aa  a  guide 
in  1S33,  from  Chicago  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  "  because  he  bad 
lived  over  thirty  years  with  the  Indians,  had  taken  a  Win- 
nebago wife,  and  settled  on  the  head-waters  of  Rock  riverA 
Le  Sellier's  dwelling   is  as  likely  to  have  been  on  Mendot 
as  on  KoshkoDong' —  and  that  one  hundred  years  ago.     It  I 
more  than  sixty  years  since  he  served  as  Long's  guide,  an 
he  had  already  been  in  this  country  more  than  thirty  yean 
In  the  lowest  deep  I  hope  for  a  lower  deep. 

But,  however  it  may  have  been  with  French  ad venturerfl 
no  man  with  Anglo-Saxon  blood  has  been  discovered  t 
have  planted  himself  in  the  Four  Lake  country,  so 
as  the  Frenchman  Armel,  and  few  are  known  to  have  ti 
eled  it  before  his  era. 

The  first  of  those  few,  so  far  as  I  know,  was  Ebenezi 
Brigham,  the  earliest  known  Yankee  inhabitant  of  Dane 
county.    The  lead  mine  which  he  opened  in  ISiS,  was  near 
its  western  boundary.  In  that  same  year  he  made,  with  two 
companions,  an  expedition  to  Portage.    The  object  of  this 


Tay-Cho-Pe-Rah— Thb  Four  Lake  Country.       73 

journey  was  to  ascertain  whether  he  could  not  export  lead^ 
as  ^well  as  procure  the  flour  and  other  things  he  needed^  to 
better  advantage  in  Portage  than  in  Galena.  His  route 
thitbier^  that  is  to  Fort  Winnebago^  ran  to  the  north-west  of 
Foiarth  Lake^  and  he  obtained  from  the  army  sutler  a  modi- 
ourrk  of  breads  pork  and  powder.  His  return  course  was 
moT'e  southerly,  so  as  to  striko  the  Indian  trail  which  ran 
bet^ween  Third  and  Fourth  lakes,  crossing  both  the  Capitol 
and  the  University  hills.  Mr.  Brigham's  visit  to  Portage 
mu8t  have  been  late  in  1828,  for  the  fort  there  was  not  estab- 
lished till  the  7th  of  October  in  that  year.  Possibly,  how- 
eve:r,  his  discovery  of  the  Madisonian  site  did  not  occur  till 
the  jear  following,  1829.  His  account-books  show  that  his 
mining  begun  on  June  23rd,  1838. 

^le  made  the  following  statement  as  early  as  1845,  to  H.  A. 
Texiney,  who  has  furnished  it  to  me  in  writing:  ''He 
I'estohed  the  hill  on  which  Madison  is  mainly  located,on  the 
afternoon  of  the  day  he  left  the  Fort,  and  set  up  his  tent  of 
blsixikets  within  the  limits  of  the  present  Capitol  park,  near, 
as  lie  pointed  out  to  me,  the  eastern  gate- way,  as  nearly  as 
he  oould  recall  the  spot.  The  site  was  at  that  time  an  open 
prairie,  on  which  grew  a  few  dwarf  oaks,  while  thickets 
^"^ered  the  lower  grounds.  Struck  with  the  strange  beauty 
^f  tilie  place,  he  predicted  that  a  village  or  a  city  would  in 
timi.^  grow  up  there,  and  it  might  be  the  capital  of  a  State. 
Tl^i^,  he  informed  me,  was  in  May,  eight  years  before  Wis- 
^^■=^»in  became  a  Territory  in  1836." 

It  is  easy  to  see  why  the  Four  Lake  country  was  not 
^^^Xier  visited,  by  whites,  although  tho  Wisconsin  river 
^^"^vnward  from  the  voyage  of  Marquette  had  been  a  tbor- 
^^iSWare.  The  truth  is,  that,  at  first,  canoes  were  the  only 
^^^^Teyances  known.  It  was  some  generations  after  Mar- 
9^^tte'B  mission,  before  the  Indians  of  the  North- West  ob- 
^i^^ed  ponies  of  the  Spaniards.  Wisconsin  way-f arers,  who 
'^^^  no  canoes,  afterward  walked  near  the  old  water-route; 
^'^^  there,  too,  the  first  military  road  from  the  Fort  at  Port- 
^^  to  Prairie  du  Chien  was  laid  out. 

r.  Brigham  died  in  Madison,  and  lies  buried  in  its  Forest 

a 


71  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Sociry. 

Hill  cemetery.  I  love  to  think  of  him  as  closing  his  eyes 
on  earth  amid  the  lovely  lakes  he  had  been  perhaps  the 
first  of  his  race  to  discover^  thirty-three  years  before,  and  as 
boried  on  a  hill  which  overlooks  the  church  for  building 
which  he  gave  the  first  thousand  dollars,  and  the  city  that, 
as  a  member  of  the  Territorial  Council,  he  did  so 
much  to  found.  As  he  was  a  Puritan  Pilgrim,  his  monu- 
ment is  with  special  fitness  a  massive  and  monolithic-obe- 
lisk of  granite  from  his  native  Massachusetts.  A  gun 
carried  by  one  of  his  ancestors  in  King  Pnilip^s  War,  is 
among  the  relics  in  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society. 

After  Brigham*s  turning  aside  to  the  Four  Lakes  in  1828^ 
I  know  of  no  other  white  visitors  till  May  in  the  foUowins- 
year.    At  that  time  Judge  Doty,  who  had  in  each  of  th^ 
four  previous  years  passed  from  Green  Bay  to  Prairie  di«^ 
Chien   by  water,  made  the  same  journey  on  horse  back.* 
His   companion  was   Morgan   L.  Martin.    They  had 
them  a  Menomonee  Indian  guide  with  a  pack-horse,  and 
young  half-blood   Menomonee.    They  were  conducted  o 
their  return  between  Second  and  Third  Lakes,  and  the 
between  Wiugra  and  Third,  and  so  west  and  north  to  Por 
tage.'    They  had  heard  of  the  Lake  country,  and  desired 
inspect  it.' 

Hero  Doty  by  locating  the  capital  of  a  future  State,  wi 
to  perpetuate  his  memory.    In  Saint  Paul's  at  London,  ami 


'Tiio  iuuorary  of  the  Vmv  explorers  will  always  grow  in  interest 
wa«  Ajt  follows:  Oa  tho  ean  »ide  of  Fox  Rirer  and  Like  Winnebago 
an  Indian  villa«^»  on  tho  pivwnt  site  of  Fond  dii  Lac;  thenca  to  anofch< 
»uoh  villa^^  on  K  vk  K.ver  near  Waupun:  to  another  on  Green  Li 
prairie;  to  another  on  the  «\i8t  side  of  Third  Lake,  and  so  to  McCrarjr  ^ 
farna.v  svuith-we^t  of  Rlue  MsHinA^.  Returning  they  ca'ne  from  Dli^^* 
Mounds  to  Fourth  I. "ike,  t!ie:uv  by  wav  of  Fort  Winnebago  to  Bjtted« 
Morts.  Forrusi  over  the  Fox  Kiver  there,  and  swimaing  their  horses^  thi 
folio wt\l  on  the  west  side  of  l.iike  Winneha^  the  trail  to  G.een 
Sn,^  sxaies  a  M^  U'tter  of  M  ^r^s^ix  I.  NUrtia.  in  1$S5. 

•  Mr.  l>urrit\  in  hi*  Hi^forj/  o/  JU.j»rA»ri.  p,  17,  supposed  that  Henry  ^* 
I^lrd  oauie  to  the  aile  of  M^di^Mi  with  Put  and  Miurtin.  He  must^ho  '^^' 
erer.  have  Uvti  misiuiVr:u«Kl.  an  I  have  a  statement  ftom  ICartin  hims^^^ 
that  E^ird  was  uo*.  with  hau  ou  h  •  iu*st  visit  to  the  Four  Lakes. 


Tay-Cho-Pe-Rah— The  Four  Lake  Country.       76 

statuary  and  bass-reliefs  without  number^  I  look  at  nothing 
^  long  as  at  the  narrow  tablet  over  the  north  side-door 
inscribed  with  the  name  of  the  architect  of  the  pile,  and 
the  words  which  have  become  world-famous,  namely  — 
^^Lector,  si  monumentum  requiris,  circumspice  T ' — Reader, 
if  you  seek  his  monument,  look  around.  However  carefully 
Saint  Paul's  may  be  guarded  from  Irish  dynamiters,  it  must 
at  least  crumble  and  tumble,  its  very  stones  gray  and  death- 
like old;  but  long  after  that  catastrophe,  when  strangers 
here  ask  for  Doty's  monument,  it  will  be  answer  enough  to 
say— Loofc  around! 

North  of  Fourth  Lake,  and  south  of  Third,  the  Doty  band 
saw  Winnebago  villages;  but  none  between  those  waters. 
Not  one  white  face  was  met  between  Green  Bay  and  Blue 
Mounds. 

The  next  visitor  at  the  site  of  Madison  appears  to  have 
befln  Jefferson  Davis.    Mr.  Davis  writes  me  as  follows: 

"While  on  detached  service  in  the  summer  of  1829, 1  think 
I  encamped  one  night  about  [on  J  the  site  of  Madison.  The 
nearest  Indian  village  was  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake. 
Nothing,  as  I  think,  was  known  to  the  garrison  of  Fort 
Winnebago  about  the  Four  Lakes  before  1  saw  them.  In- 
<Jeed,  sir,  it  may  astonish  you  to  learn,  in  view  of  tlie  [now] 
densely  populated  condition  of  that  country,  that  I  and  the 
^^  of  soldiers  who  accompanied  me  were  the  first  white 
^^Tx  who  ever  passed  over  the  country  between  the  Portage 
^f  "the  Wisconsin  and  Fox  rivers,  and  the  then  village  of 
Chicago.  Fish  and  water-fowl  were  abundant;  deer  and 
pbe^sants  less  plentiful.  The  Indians  subsisted  largely  on 
Inctiim  corn  and  wild  rice.  When  sent  out  on  various  expe- 
ditions, I  crossed  Rock  river  at  different  points;  but  saw  no 
®^ffxx  of  settlement  above  Dixon's  Ferry."  '  That  point  had 
*^®^i:i  occupied  by  a  white  man  only  one  year. 

^^^  August,  1829,  William  Deviese,  already    mining  at 
E^^ter,  near  the  south  line  of  Dane  county',  in  quest  of  the 

^  ^  18  odd  that  the  last  of  the  Latin  words  means  sotnethfaig  in  Eng  lish. 
*^^turally  forms  four  English  words,  namely — **8ir-come  Bpy-seeT 
^8.  ktter,  BeauToir,  MiES.,  28d  Feb.,  lS85b 


76  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SociETr. 

horse  stolen  from  him  by  Indians,  as  already  mentioned, 
was  near  the  site  of  Madison^  What  he  sought  he  found, 
on  the  west  side  of  Third  or  the  '^  upper"  lake  as  he  terms 
it  —  surviving  to  tell  the  story  in  1885. 

Within  two  years  after  the  Green  Bay  men  came  hither 
prospecting,  though  not  as  miners,  Abel  Rasdall,a  Kentuck- 
ian,  coming  from  Galena  in  1831,  commenced  his  trading 
adventures  around  the  Four  Lakes.  His  cabin  was  on  First 
Lake,  on  the  eastern  shore,  about  half  a  mile  north  '  of  its 
outlet.  His  wife  was  a  squaw,  who,  some  years  afterward, 
when  her  tribe  went  west,  decided  to  go  with  them.  So  she 
and  her  husband  concluded  an  amicable  separation  in  less 
time  than  is  needed  even  when  the  proclamation  is,  ''Twenty 
minutes  for  dinner  and  Chicago  divorces."  Rasdall  and  his 
partner  cut  a  blanket  in  two,  and  each  kept  half  of  it.  Thus 
were  they  put  asunder.  This  blanket-cutting  recalls  the 
English  custom  at  betrothals  and  hand-fasts,  of  breaking  in 
two  a  bit  of  money,  each  party  retaining  a  portion.  So  in 
Scott's  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  the  troth-plight  of  the  Master 
of  Ravens  wood  and  Lucy  Ashtoa  "  ended  in  the  emblematic 
ceremony  of  their  breaking  betwixt  them  a  thin  broad  piece 
of  gold." 

Another  Indian  trader,  Wallace  Rowan,  was  established 
at  the  head  of  Fourth  Lake,  at  the  out-break  of  the  Black 
Hawk  war  in  1832.  It  is  not  impossible  that  he  was  trading 
there  before  the  coming  of  either  Rasdall,  or  even  ArmeL 
His  wife  was  a  white  woman,  and  the  first  one  known  to 
have  pilgrimed  into  this  new  country.  In  1835,  Rowan 
entered  fifty-two  acres  of  land  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Mo- 
nona—  a  fractional  farm  which  included  Squaw,  or  Straw- 
berry Point. 

As  early  as  183%  Rowan's  trading  post,  about  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  north  of  the  village  of  Pheasant  Branch,  had 
passed  into  the  hands  of  Michel  St.  Cyr,  a  Canadian  half- 
breed.  This  frontiersman,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  sequd, 
proved  a  link  that  could  not  well  have  been  spared  in  the 
chain  of  events  which  drew  Madison  in  its  train. 

'  I  write  northt  though  Durrip,  p.  24,  says  south.      My  informant 
Si'meou  MillSt  who  had  often  visited  the  dv9«\\\n^  ol  BAsdoIL 


Tay-Cho-Pe-Rah~Thb  Four  Lake  CSountby.       77 

Near  the  abode  of  Rowan  and  St.  Cyr^  Col.  Dodge^  and 
Henry  Qratiot,  Indian  agent,  backed  up  by  fifty  armed 
borsemen  from  the  Mines,  on  the  25th  of  May,  1832,  held  a 
council  with  the  Winnebagoes,  and  induced  that  tribe  to 
pledge  themselves  to  remain  neutral  in  the  impending  con- 
tost.  That  site  is  also  memorable  for  other  events  to  be 
mentioned  hereafter,  and  Capt.  Brown's  Illinois  Rangers  lay 
encamped  there  some  days  in  the  summer  of  1 833. 

The  last  spot  where  Black  Hawk's  force  halted  was  on  the 
Bite  of  Madison,  and  they  are  said  to  have  thrown  up  a 
brush  or  log-breast-work  on  University  Hill.  But  they  re- 
treated towards  the  Wisconsin  River  as  soon  as  they  ascer- 
tained that  the  Americans  were  advancing  from  Kosh- 
konong.  The  main  camp  of  the  whites  on  the  night  of  July 
20th,  1832,  was  ten  miles  east  of  Madison.  Their  advance- 
guard  pushed  ahead  seven  miles  further,  and  passed  the 
night  ''about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  north  of  the  north-east  end  of 
Third  Lake."*  The  next  morning,  starting  early,  they  crossed 
the  Catfish  near  where  the  WillianMon  street  bridge  now 
stands,  before  eight  o'clock.  Pushing  on  they  discovered  a 
solitary  savage  seated  near  the  shore  of  Third  Lake,  a  little 
east  of  the  foot  of  King  street.  Suspecting  him  to  be  con- 
nected with  some  ambush,  they  shot  him  at  once.  This  pre- 
cipitation they  afterwards  regretted,  and  the  more  since 
they  observed  that  he  was  lying  on  an  Indian  grave.  The 
main  American  army  was  but  two  miles  behind,  and  tra- 
versing Madison  from  east  to  west,  "almost  precisely  over 
the  ground  that  the  capitol  now  stands  upon,"  overtook  no 
enemies  in  force  till  they  approached  the  Wisconsin  River. 

A  man  who  was  passing  two  months  afterward  to  that 
river  from  Fourth  Lake,  says  the  trails  of  the  Indians  were 
still  distinct,  sometimes  they  would  all  converge  into  a 
broad  and  plain  path,  and  then  radiate  in  different  direc- 
tions dwindling  to  a  mere  trace.^  This  method  of  travel 
was  adopted  in  order  to  deceive  pursuers  in  regard  to  their 
true  route,  and  also  to  help  them  escape  in  case  of  attack. 

1  Mt.  leMer  of  Peter  ParkioBon,  one  of  the  advanoe. 
*He9perian,  U,  pu  2S9. 


78  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society.       / 

In  1835,  Thomas  W.  Sutherland,  a  young  Philadelphia 
lawyer,  floated  down  the  Mississippi  from  the  Falls  of  Si 
Anthony,  in  a  skiff,  to  the  mouth  of  Rock  River,  and  paddled 
up  that  stream  and  the  Catfish,  to  the  spot  where  Madison 
is  now  built.  His  father,  through  the  United  States  sur- 
veyor, had  secured  lands  in  the  vicinity.  Young  Suther- 
land spent  some  time  in  an  Indian  camp  at  Winnequah,  on 
the  east  side  of  Lake  Monona — opposite  the  capitoL  He 
became  an  early  settler  in  Madison,  and  was  elected  the 
first  President  of  the  village  council,  and  the  first  Secretary 
of  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society. 

Ot  the  first  comers  to  the  Four  Lakes,  Armel,  St.  Cyr,  and 
other  half-breeds,  or  French  of  their  type,  would  have 
roamed  or  reveled  there  all  the  same  had  the  old  French  re- 
gime that  ended  in  1763  still  continued. 

It  was  otherwise  with  Anglo-Saxon  pioneers  like  Rasdall, 
and  especially  Brigham,— men  who  removed  hither  in  or- 
der to  develop  the  country  by  persistent  toil,  in  farming, 
mining  or  other  occupations  of  civilized  life.  Movements 
or  events,  favoring  the  entrance  of  such  settlers  into  the 
North- West,  may  be  traced  back  a  long  way,  and  they  are 
worth  tracing. 

Downward  from  1783,  the  region  was  by  treaty  a  piart 
of  the  United  States;  but  the  forts  —  which  were  its  keys  — 
were  not  delivered  up  by  the  British  till  near  the  close  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  in  1796.  Then  treaties  with  Indians 
were  needed.  Six  of  them  were  made  within  three  decades^ 
in  the  years  1804,  1816,  1825,  1827,  18'<>8,  and  1829.  It  was 
necessary  to  enforce  these  compacts  by  war  with  Red  Bird, 
and  especially  afterward  with  Black  Hawk,  before  a  settler 
could  open  a  farm,  and  yet  not  lose  his  scalp. 

The  earliest  Anglo-Saxon  adventurers  to  Wisconsin,  how- 
ever, were  not  farmers  but  miners.  Lead  mines,  near  the 
corner  where  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  Iowa  meet  together. 
were  known  to  the  early  French.  They  were  worked  after 
a  fashion  by  the  Indians.  They  remain  to  this  day  the  seat 
of  air  lead  mining  in  the  United  States,  except  Leadville 

^  United  States  Census  Compendium,  p.  1,238. 


Tay-Cho-Pe-  Rah— The  Four  Lake  Country.       T9 

and  places  like  it^  where  lead  is  a  subordinate  element  in  the 
ore.  Mines  of  a  metal  so  important,  and  those  so  nearly 
unique^  were  naturally  a  strong  attraction. 

This  industry  took  a  swift  expansion  as  soon  as  steamers 
bad  free  course  on  the  Upper  Mississippi.  It  was  in  1824, 
that  the  first  steam-paddles  reached  Prairie  du  Chien;  and 
in  the  fifth  year  thereafter,  1829,  the  lead  harvest  at  Galena, 
-where  seven  years  before  only  one  house  was  standing, 
amounted  to  twelve  million  pounds.  The  Diggings  of  Mc- 
Nutt,  afterwards  called  Kemp  and  Collins,  and  those  of 
Brigham, —  both  in  or  near  Dane  county  —  had  been  started 
in  1828,  the  very  next  year  after  the  capture  of  Red  Bird 
had  made  prospectors  safe  there. 

Miners  need  food  and  shelter.  Those  from  Southera Illi- 
nois went  home  to  winter;  those  from  the  east  could  not, 
but  dodged  the  cold  in  such  dug-outs  as  they  could  hurry  up. 
The  eastern  men  were  hence  nicknamed  Badgers,  as  if  bur- 
rowing in  similar  holes  with  those  animals.  This  jocose  ap- 
pellation became  the  b£kdge  of  all  the  Wisconsin  tribe;  and  it 
will  remain  indelible  forever.'  Farmers  and  lumbermen  soon 
sprang  up.  Natives  became  jealous  and  hostile.'  An  irre- 
pressible conflict  ensued.  The  result  was  the  survival  of 
the  fittest.  Lead,  lurking  in  the  mine,  killed  the  Indians  as 
inevitably  as  it  ever  did  when  moulded  into  rifle  bullets. 

*  Regarding  the  sobriquet,  Badger,  there  is  a  ludicrous  etymological 
blunder  in  Meyer's  Oennan  Hand-Book,  though  it  is  in  the  main  a  most 
trust-worthy  Gazetteer.  Meyer,  aware  that  the  badger  hoards  grain,  and 
mentioning  that  the  anin^'s  Latin  name  is  Frumentarius^  that  is,  the 
com  commissary,  says  that  Wisconsin,  being  fertile  in  corn,  is  called  the 
Badger  State,  because  farmers  there  lay  up  corn  after  the  manner  of  the 
badgers.  Had  Meyer  moved  among  Wisconsin  pioneers,  he  would  have 
heard  them  styled  Badgers  before  they  had  begun  to  rattie  corn.  There  is 
a  simUar  anchronism  in  saying,  as  many  do,  that  Dane  county  was  so 
named  because  the  Scandinavian  element  is  there  so  large.  The  truth  is, 
that  county  was  called  Dane  before  one  single  Dane  had  made  his  home 
upon  its  acres. 

*  WUliam  Deviese,  while  prot^pecting  or  mining  near  the  south  line  of 
Dane  county,  in  1839  and  onward,  had  six  or  seven  horses  stolen  from  him 

.  hj  Indians,  and  also  many  mining  tools.    Yet  he  did  not  think  that  the 
natfyes  had  any  more  dislike  to  him  than  to  others  of  his  class* 


80  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

The  long  and  short  of  the  Black  Hawk  war  was  chasing 
that  chief  and  his  four  hundred  braves^  who  had  crossed  the 
Mississippi  from  Iowa»  near  the  mouth  of  Rock  river,  up 
that  water  to  Eoshkonong,  and  thence  by  way  of  the  Four 
Lakes  and  the  Wisconsin  river,  back  to  Iowa.  In  this 
chase^  the  whites  —  mainly  farmers'  boys  —  each  picked  out 
for  himself  a  good  farm.' 

As  80on  as  soldiering  was  over^  many  a  youth  made  haste 
to  break  up  his  land^  bringing  with  him  or  soon  af  ter,  the 
girl  he  had  left  behind  him  when  he  marched  to  the  fron- 
tier. Such,  in  a  nutshell,  is  the  Genesis  and  Exodus, —  the 
rise  and  progress  —  the  whole  history  of  Wisconsin. 

Eastern  men  are  said  to  come  west  with  a  view  to  grow 
up  «with  the  country.  Some  of  them  thus  migrated  in  the 
hope  of  carving  out  States  in  quite  another  form  than  that 
now  existing.  About  1825,  enterprising  settlers  had  planted 
themselves  in  Green  Bay,  sanguine  that  a  vast  State,  called 
Superior,  was  about  to  be  born,  with  Green  Bay  as  its 
natural  capital.  Such  anticipations  were  a  *'  hatching  of 
vain  empires."  But  they  would  have  been  reasonable,  h€ui 
not  Congress,  robbing  Peter  to  pay  Paul,  transferred  the 
grand  Northern  Peninsula  to  Michigan,  and  thus  kept  her 
from  fighting  with  Ohio  for  the  swamps  around  Toledo. 

Roads  were  demanded  to  facilitate  settlement.  A  military 
road  from  Prairie  du  Chien  to  Portage  was  laid  out  by  Gov. 
Doty,  as  United  States  Commissioner  in  1830;  and  soldiers 
in  the  garrisons  at  both  places  were  set  at  work  for  construct- 
ing that  thorough-fare.  Thu^  the  road  raising  army  brought 
more  civilization  into  Wisconsin  by  plow-shares  than  by 
swords.  In  the  day  of  small  things,  its  high- ways  were  as 
invaluable  as  any  rail  way  has  been  since.  The  track  of  the 

'  The  discovery  of  excellent  prairies  an  i  oak  opening^  through  all  tlie 
breadth  of  Wisconsin  was  a  surprise  to  the  volunteers.  It  had  long  been 
reported  by  fur  traders,  whose  interests  were  adverse  to  agricQltare»  that 
Wisconsin  was  in  the  m  dn  a  f^resLt  Dismal  Swamp,  aod  so  the  myth  oon* 
cerning  a  great  American  Desert  still  found  its  local  liabitation  od  the  east 
Bide  of  the  Mississippi  It  was  long  the  purpose  at  Washing^ton  to  rceerto 
the  region  now  Wisconsia  for  an  Indian  Territory.  With  this  view  ▼arlottB 
tribes  were  removed  thither  from  New  York. 


Tay-Cho-Pk-Rah— The  Four  Lake  Cotintry.       81 

Northwestern  Rail-wco^  west  ward  from  Mount  Horeb  station 
from  twenty  miles  or  more,  is  now  laid  on  the  line  of  the  Doty 
military  road. 

Traversing  rough  regions  on  military  causeways^  I  have 
crften  said,  as  the  Irishman  did  concerning  the  officer  who 
made  the  Scotch  highlands  carriageable— 

'*  If  you  had  seen  these  roads  before  they  were  made, 
Yoa  would  lift  up  both  hands  and  bless  Oeneral  Wade." 

The  United  States  survey  of  the  Four  Lake  country  was 
not  accomplished  till  the  last  days  of  the  year  1834.  The  field- 
notes  of  the  surveyors  are  still  preserved  in  the  vault  of  the 
^  Land  Office  in  the  capitol.  In  a  little  volume,  Ne.  8^,  about 
six  inches  by  four  —  a  stoutly  bound  pocket-book  —  I  have 
examined  the  field  notes  regarding  the  then  unsuspected  site 
of  State  Government-  a  plot  of  ground  described  as  T.  7, 
R.  9  K,y  of  4  P.  M.  —  that  is,  township  seven  north  of  south 
State  line,  and  range  nine  east,  of  the  fourth  principal  merid- 
ian. When  Madison  has  an  illustrated  history,  the  survey- 
or's plotting  will  be  reproduced  in  fac  simile. 

Friday  ought  never  to  be  counted  a  day  of  ill  omen  in 
Madison,  ior  on  that  day  the  work  of  surveying  was  begun 
there.  That  Friday  was  the  fourth  of  December,  1834.  The 
measurment  of  what  is  now  the  Capitol  Square  was,  how- 
ever, made  on  Sunday.  The  surveyor  was  Orson  Lyon.  On 
one  of  his  pages,  Third  and  Fourth  Lakds  are  plotted.  Be- 
tween Third  and  Wingra,  called  a  pond,  a  line  is  drawn  and 
inscribed  ("Indian  trail.")  It  runs  northwest  to  Fourth 
Lake,  striking  it  in  section  eighteen. 

North-west  of  Fourth  Lake,  the  military  road  appears  with 
the  legend '^  Mitchell's  field,  14  chains;  dwelling  and  trading- 
house."  The  name  "  Mitchell "  perplexed  me  not  a  little,  till 
Dr.  Draper  suggested  that  it  was  the  surveyor's  name  for 
St.  Cyr,  whose  Christian  name  I  found  to  be  Michel,  the 
French  form  of  Michael. 

The  surveyor  notes  that  he  set  a  post  on  the  nort  side  of 
Third  Lake,  between  sections  twenty- three  and  twenty-four, 
with  bearing-trees,  a  hickory  eighteen  inches  in  diameter, 
north  thirty  degrees,  east  fifty-two  links,  and  a  burr-oak  of 


82  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

eleven  inches^  north  fifty-three  west,  forty-six  links.  Two 
years  afterwards  this  section- post  became  historic.  Still 
more  notable  was  the  post  where  sections  fourteen,  fifteen, 
twenty-four  and  twenty-three  corner,  for  it  stood  just  be- 
neath the  main  western  threshold  of  the  present  Capitol  of 
Wisconsin.  Its  bearing-trees  were  a  white  oak  of  twenty- 
two  inches  diameter,  seventy-eight  degrees  southeast,  sixty- 
one  links  and  a  burr  oak  seventeen  inches  diameter,  forty 
degrees  south-werft,  sixty -nine  links.  Far  nobler  were  these 
monarchs  of  the  forest  than  any  that  now  survive  there. 

The  surveyor's  Madisonian  remarks  are:  ''Land  rolling 
and,  except  marsh,  second  rate,  timbered  with  white,  black 
and  burr-T)ak,  under-growth  the  same.  The  lakes  shallow, 
the  larger  with  one  perpendicular  bluff  about  sixty  feet 
high,  and  about  two  hundred  acres  of  sugar  trees." 

The  surveyor's  impressions  of  the  region  were  more  fav- 
orable than  those  of  Wakefield,  the  Illinois  soldier,  who  two 
years  before  had  passed  through  it  in  chase  of  Black  Hawk, 
and  who  wrote: 

"If  these  Lakes  were  any  where  else  except  in  the  coun- 
try they  are,  they  would  be  considered  among  the  wonders 
of  the  world.  But  the  country  they  are  situated  in  is  notfit 
for  any  civilized  nation  of  people  to  inhabit.  It  appears 
that  the  Almighty  intended  it  for  the  children  of  the  for^ 
est." 

Our  rectangular  surveys,  with  measurements  as  certain 
as  the  courses  of  the  stars,  stand  in  strange  contrast  with 
the  uncertainties  of  all  past  ages  concerning  metes  and 
bounds.  Owing  to  such  uncertainties,  English  parishes 
were  perambulated  every  Spring  on  the  so-called  gang-day. 
Magistrates,  priests  and  people,  girls  bearing  gang-flowers, 
walked  in  procession  along  boundary  lines.  Psalms  were 
chanted.  Beneath  gospel  trees,  so  styled.  Holy  Writ  was 
read.  If  disputes  arose  as  to  any  boundary,  the  point  was 
decided  by  the  dignitaries  present,  a  land- mark  wasset^and 
frequently  a  boy  was  flogged  on  the  spot,  to  the  end  that  his 
memory  of  it  might  become  more  tenacious.  Something 
was,  however,  paid  to  such  a  mnemonic  sufferer.    Four  shil- 


TayCho-Pe-Eah— The  Four  Lake  Country.       83 

lings  of  such  smart-money,  I  see,  to  have  been  paid  in  one 
parish,  in  the  year  1679.  In  1651  Capt.  Keen  and  seven 
others  were  chosen  to  pfo  "  the  bounds  of  Boston  in  peram- 
bulation betwixt  it  and  the  towns  around.'" 

Judp^e  Doty  has  already  been  described  as  prospecting 
upon  Second,  Third  and  Fourth  lakes  in  1829,  as  early  as 
May, — that  is  more  than  five  years  before  the  Government 
survey  of  that  land  took  place.  The  land  office  at  Green 
Bay  was  opened  in  1835.  In  October  of  that  year,  Doty  en- 
tered one  hundred  acres  in  T.  7,  R.  9,  S.  E.  i  of  section  12. 
He  thus  became  owner  of  the  water  power  on  the  Catfish, 
the  value  of  which  he  over-rated.  The  Government  price 
of  Itod  was  then  $1.25  per  acre. 

In  January  following,  be  was  trying  to  organize  a  com- 
pany of  twelve,  each  pai  tner  contributing  a  hundred  dollars, 
for  purchasing  land  on  the  Four  Lakes  in  order  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  water  privileges.  Early  in  the  same  year  he 
raised  his  aims  higher,  and  in  Gov.  Mason,  of  Michigan,  he 
found  an  associate  with  money.  Thus  he  was  enabled,  on 
the  sixth  of  April,  1836,  to  enter  on  the  Madison  site  about  a 
thousand  acres  for  Mason,"*  and  two  hundred  and  sixty- one 
for  himself.  He  was  empowered  by  Mason  and  another 
buyer  in  the  same  tract,  to  use  and  dispose  of  their  land  as 
should  seem  to  him  best.  He  thus  became  the  plenipoten- 
tiary over  a  sort  of  blind  pool  covering  more  than  two 
square  miles  between  Third  and  Fourth  lakes. 

He  was  not  without  rivals.  In  June  or  July  of  this  same 
year,  1836,  the  so  called  "City  of  the  Four  Lakes"  was 
founded  near  Livesey's  Spring,  on  the  site  of  the  trading  post 


'  Record  Commissiony  Doc.  46,  p.  106. 

*  Stevens  Thompson  Mason,  born  in  Virginia  in  1811  —  at  the  age  of 
twenty  was  appointed  by  President  Jackson,  Secretary  of  the  Territory  of 
Michigan,  which  then  included  Wisconsin  —  and  in  Avgust  of  the  same 
year,  1831,  he  became  Acting  Qovernor  over  that  vast  region,  on  the  trans- 
fer of  Gov.  Cass  to  the  War  Department  in  Washington.  He  continued 
in  this  office  until  Michigan  became  a  State  in  1837,  and  was  then  unani- 
mously elected  its  first  Governor,  and  was  re-elected.  He  is  celebrated  in 
law  books  as  an  "  infant "  office-holder,  and  deserves  fame  on  the  higher 
ground  of  having  an  old  head  on  his  young  shoulders. 


81  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SochstS'. 

then  occupied  by  St.  Cyr,  and  before  him  by  Rowan.  It  was 
laid  out  not  only  on  paper,  hat  on  terra  firma,  by  the  sur- 
veyors of  L.  M.  Martin  and  Col.  W.  B.  Slaughter.  But,  as 
it  turned  out,  all  investors  there  were  laid  out  too,  and 
that  so  cold  and  stiff  that  they  never  rose  again.  The  earth 
hath  bubbles  as  tha  water  hath^  and  Four  Lake  City  was 
of  them  —  the  baseless  fabric  of  a  vision. 

In  the  Autumn  of  183G,  Doty  proceeded  to  commence  a  city 
on  the  land  of  which  he  had  acquired  controL  For  this 
purpose  he  was  on  the  ground  early  in  OctoDer.  He  brought 
little  baggage,  except  a  green  shawl  and  a  shot-gun.  He 
was,  however,  accompanied  by  a  surveyor,  with  chain  and 
compass.  The  twain  —  a  modern  Romulus  and  Remus — 
were  assisted  in  the  day  and  lod;^ed  at  night  by  the  half 
breed  St.  Cyr.  In  the  course  of  three  days  they  had  com- 
pleted all  the  meanders  And  measurements  that  were 
necessary  for  drawing  the  plat  of  the  embryo  city — a  site 
which  Doty  began  at  once  to  talk  of  to  his  engineer  as  bound 
by  manifest  destiny  to  become  the  Wisconsin  capitaL 

As  soon  as  meager  field-notes  had  been  finished  at  the 
Four  Lakes,  Doty  hurried  sixty  miles  west  to  Belmont,  where 
the  Territorial  Legislature  was  already  in  session.  His  plan 
of  a  capital  —  borrowed  in  some  particulars  from  that  of 
Washington  —  and  embodying  all  the  characteristic  features 
of  Madison  to-day,  was  soon  in  readiness.  Every  hamlet  in 
Wisconsin  was  its  own  first  choice  for  the  metropolis,  as 
every  Greek  ofiicer]voted  for  himself  as  having  done  the 
best  service  against  Xerxes;  and  the  claims  of  a  dozen  sites, 
not  yet  settled  at  all,  were  urged  by  land  speculators,  of 
whom  Doty  was  chief.  He  came  off  conqueror  over  all 
competitors.  His  success  was  largely  due  to  his  ''one  man 
power,"  or  absolute  control  over  all  the  acres  he  would  have 
the  Legislators  delight  to  honor.  When  he  took  them  up 
into  the  mount  of  temptation,  showing  them  corner  lots 
with  the  glory  of  them,  and  saying,  "  All  these  things  will  I 
give  you!"  it  was  well  known  that  his  were  not  the  prom- 
ises of  the  Father  of  Lies.  His  chain  of  title  was  perfect^ 
and  his  title  deeds  beyond  suspicion,  needing  no  warranty. 


Tay-Cho-Pe-Rah— The  Four  Lake  Country.       86 

Some  rivals  may  have  had  as  liberal  souls  as  his  was;  but 
none  of  them  had  as  much  soil  to  give. 

President  Hayes  is  charged  with  loving  his  enemies  bet- 
ter than  his  friends.  Being  sure  of  friends,  he  used  patron- 
age to  make  Fur»»  of  enemies.  This  policy  has  an  awkward 
resemblance  to  that  of  a  certain  religious  sect,  the  Yezidees, 
who  worship  only  Satan,  and  that  to  disarm  his  enmity. 
Doty  lived  before  the  reign  of  Hayes,  and  probably  knew 
nothing  about  the  devil-worshippers;  but  he  instinctively 
worked  upon  their  system.  He  lavished  everything  not  to 
reward  friends  —  he  was  sure  of  them — but  to  win  over 
foes,  believing,  with  Walpole,  that  they  had  their  price.  His 
advances  were  re- buffed  by  Gen.  Dodge;  but  perhaps  not  by 
the  General's  son.  At  all  events  they  were  in  general  gra- 
ciously received.  Accordingly  the  majority  took  the  Doty 
lots,  and  did  his  bidding.  They  were  well  paid,  one  of  them 
receiving  the  whole  block  on  which  the  State  Bank  stands. 

If  disturbed  by  compunctious  visitings  from  within  or 
from  without,  our  Solons  may  have  defended  themselves 
like  Lord  Bacon,  who,  when  convicted  of  taking  bribes,  cried 
out,  "I  have  sold  justice  —  not  injustice."  So  our  bribe- 
bought  Legislators  might  plead  that  they  fixed  our  capital 
in  the  best  possible  place,  and  that  the  wisdom  of  their 
choice  is  demonstrated  by  a  half  century  of  experience. 
The  profit  which  they  found  while  making  the  best  choice 
would  have  lain  in  their  path  whatever  choice  they  had 
made;  and  they  may  have  compared  that  streak  of  luck  to 
the  strange  good  fortune  of  the  mother  of  Moses,  when  she 
was  paid  wages  for  nursing  her  own  child  by  Pharaoh's 
daughter.' 

It  was  on  the  28th  of  November,  J  836,  that  the  final  vote 

*  The  facts  regarding  Ihe  location  of  the  Wisconsin  seat  of  government 
at  Madison,  I  have  endeavored  to  state  as  I  find  them  in  histories,  as  Our- 
rie,  p.  46,  and  the  Western  Historical  Company's,  p.  666,  as  well  as  in  the 
stories  of  some  lookers-on  in  Belmont  who  still  survive.  I  would  like  to 
believe  that  Doty  in  his  lobbying,  while  daring  to  do  all  tbat  might  become 
a  man  and  a  statesman,  dared  do  nothing  more.  Whether  h^  did  or  did 
not,  is  a  question  on  which  it  would  be  idle  to  hope  that  partisans  can  ever 
agree. 


85  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Sooiett. 

was  passed  which  settled  the  Territorial^  and  hence  the  State, 
Capitol^  on  its  present  site;  or,  in  the  words  of  the  act,  which 
was  carried  by  a  majority  of  fifteen  to  eleven,  "  the  seat  of 
government  was  located  and  established  in  the  township  of 
Madison,"  on  the  corners  of  four  specified  sections. 

It  is  in  this  Legislative  act  that  the  name  Madison,  so  far 
as  I  know,  appears  for  the  first  time.  That  name  was  no 
doubt  picked  out  by  Doty,  and  inscribed  on  the  paper  plan 
of  that  city  of  the  future  with  which  he  had  captivated  and 
captured  the  ruling  powers  of  the  region, —  a  territory  which 
at  that  time  showed  a  population  of  11,683.  * 

Had  two  of  the  Legislative  majority  cast  their  ballots 
otherwise,  the  vote  would  have  stood  thirteen  to  thirteen. 
It  would  seem  then,  that  Doty  was  economical  after  all,  and 
tampered  with  only  one  or  two  more  voters  than  were  need- 
ful for  carrying  his  point.  It  was  remarked  that  scarcely 
one  of  the  bribed  members  ever  made  much  money  by  sell- 
ing either  himself  or  the  Doty  lots,—  a  fact  which  may  be 
construed  as  a  Providential  rebuke  of  official  corruption. 

The  first  visitor  known  to  me  at  the  spot  which  had  thus 
been  constituted  the  local  habitation  of  Territorial  govern- 
ment^ was  Moses  M.  Strong.  His  first  arrival  at  the  site 
where  Madison  was  to  stand,  I  do  not  discover  on  record  in 
any  book,  but  I  relate  the  story  as  it  came  to  me  from  his 
own  lips: 

Soon  after  New  Year's  in  1837,  Mr.  Strong  was  returning 
from  Milwaukee  to  Mineral  Point.  The  direct  route  lay 
south  of  the  Four  Lakes;  but  he  with  two  friends  turned 
aside  with  a  view  to  inspect  the  spot  which  had  just  been 
fixed  upon  as  the  Wisconsin  head-center.  Having  lodged 
and  eaten  muskrat  and  squaw-bread  at  a  French  trader's  on 
First  Lake,  they  pushed  on  north,  crossed  Third  Lake  on 
the  ice,  tied  their  horses,  and  sought  for  a  section  post.  As 
they  had  brought  with  them,  if  not  a  copy  of  the  surveyor's 
field-notes,  at  least  a  sectional  map,  they  were  not  long  in 

^  It  does  not  appear  that  Qov.  Docy  ever  met  President  Madison;  bat  be 
knew  his  widow  very  well,  and  spoke  of  her,  Madam  Dolly,  with  so  muoh 
love  and  admiration  that  he  may  be  thought  to  have  given  Madison  its 
name  through  a  desire  to  do  her  honor. 


Tay-Cho-Pe  Rah— Thk  Foub  Lake  Country.       87 

finding  the  bearing-trees,  the  hickory  ami  the  burr-oak 
already  mentioned,  and  which  guided  them  to  the  square 
four  inch  post  they  were  seeking. 

The  compass, —  the  vade  mecum  of  every  pioneer,  —enabled 
the  prospectors  to  follow  the  blazed  trees  on  the  surveyor's 
course  from  the  section  post  up  the  Capitol  Hill  along  the  line 
of  the  future  King  street,  till  they  arrived  at  the  post  mark- 
ing the  corners  of  sections  thirteen,  fourteen,  twenty-three 
and  twenty -four, —  a  monument  which  a  classical  writer 
would  style  the  Milliarium  aureum  of  Wisconsin.  A  wisp 
of  hay  twisted  around  the  limb  of  a  tree  showed  that  some 
human  pilgrim  had  halted  there  already,  and  wished  to  leave 
a  trace  of  his  presence.  No  man  or  mortal,  beast  or  bird, 
was,  however,  visible.  The  day  was  cold,  the  snow  deep. 
So,  after  a  brief  halt,  the  explorers  went  on  across  Fourth 
Lake  on  the  ice,  purposing  to  spend  the  night  at  the  cabia 
of  St.  Cyr.  But  it  was  very  dark  before  they  reached  the 
shore,  and  no  sign  could  be  detected  of  the  haven  of  their 
hope,  or  even  of  the  military  road.  Coming  at  length  where 
an  oak  had  been  blown  down,  they  kindled  a  tire  of  the  dry 
branches,  between  two  huge  limbs  and  rolled  themselves 
each  in  his  blanket,  beside  its  trunk.  They  passed  the  night, 
one  of  the  three  being  up  all  the  time,  and  at  work  with  the 
hatchet  to  keep  the  fire  agomg.  They  lay  without  shelter 
or  food,  save  a  remnant  of  bread  and  pork,  but  no  water  or 
even  whisky. 

Day-light  revealed,  after  two  hours'  wandering,  the  way 
to  Blue  Mounds,  where  they  felt  at  home.  Houseless  wan- 
derers find  the  earth  a  cold  bed  in  Winter.  One  experiment, 
sometimes  tried  by  Strong,  gave  him  what  he  needed.  After 
supper  he  i\ould  push  his  camp-fire  a  rod  away  from  where 
it  had  been  built.  By  this  change  of  base  he  secured  a  dry 
and  warm,  though  fire  blackened,  mattress  for  spreading  his 
blankets.    No  warming  pan  could  be  better. 

The  next  month,  February,  1837,  Mr.  Strong  and  John 
Catlin  were  employed  to  survey  and  stake  out  the  lots  around 
the  Capitol  square.  They  came  from  the  west  in  a  sleigh 
with  a  driver.  Their  base  of  operations  was  the  log  cabin 
of  St.  Uyr.    Deep  snow  and  snow-storms  sometimes  drove 


88  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Sooirt. 

them  back  there  from  their  field  of  labor^  for  forage,  pota- 
toes, salt  and  shelter.  For  these  supplies  they  paid  their 
entertainer  thirteen  dollars  and  a  half.  Yet  their  camping 
ground  was  usually  among  the  ridges  between  Wing^a  and 
Third  Lake.  In  about  a  week  —  that  is  on  Feb.  26th,  1837, 
the  task  of  meandering  and  lot-staking  was  done,  so  far  as 
it  was  practicable  on  deep  snow,  and  ground  frozen  still 
deeper. 

The  last  night  of  this  survey,  Mr.  Strong's  party  lodged 
near  where  the  steam  boat  landing  on  Fourth  Lake  now  is. 
They  had  no  tent,  but  lay  in  blankets;  and  thanks  to  a  tre- 
mendous snow-fall,  were  buried  more  than  a  foot  deep.  The 
storm  still  continuing  in  the  morning,  they  gave  up  further 
work  as  fruitless,  and  drove  off  in  their  sleigh  on  the  Lake. 
The  air  was  thick  with  snow  —  nothing  could  be  seen  in  any 
direction  —  the  driver  lost  his  head  and  his  way.  But  at 
starting,  Mr.  Strong  had  observed  that  the  wind  had  struck 
his  right  cheek  when  the  horses  were  headed  as  the  com- 
pass showed  they  ought  to  go.  Hence,  taking  the  reins,  he 
turned  the  horses  till  the  wind  struck  his  face  as  in  the  be- 
ginning. Thus  with  no  other  guide  than  the  way  the  wind 
came,  he  at  length  brought  his  team  and  passengers  to  the 
half-breed  hut,  then  the  only  refuge  within  possible  reach. 

Thus,  the  Four  Lake  country  gave  place  to  Madison,  and 
here  the  task  assigned  me  also  finds  its  conclusion.  You 
all  know  what  has  followed  here  in  the  fifty  years  save  two 
which  have  since  elapsed. 

If  I  were  to  cross  the  Madisonian  threshold,  I  should  be 
led  on  so  far,  that  you  would  compare  my  paper  to  the  end- 
less rope  which  an  Irishman  pulled  and  pulled  till  he  was 
tired,  and  then  broke  out  with  an  oath,  svirearing  the  other 
end  of  the  pesky  thing  had  been  cut  ofi*. 

It  may  be  worth  adding,  that  the  foregoing  sketch  is  based 
upon  conversations  with  Gov.  Doty,  Gen.  Mills,  Hon.  Moses 
M.  Strong,  Dr.  L.  C.  Draper,  and  others;  on  the  standard  his- 
tories of  Madison  or  Dane  county  by  Durrie,  Park,  Western 
Historical  Company,  and  Smith;  on  correspondence  with  D. 


Tay-Cho-Pe-Rah— The  Four  Lake  Country.       8i> 

J.  Pulling,  Morgan  L.  Martin,  Jeff  erson  Davis,  HoUis  Crocker, 

H.  A,  Tenney,  Peter  Parkinson,  G.  W.  Jones;  and  on  glean- 

iiigs  from  various  maps,  books  and  newspapers   in   the 

Library  of  the  State  Historical  Society,  and  especially  the 

lune  volumes  of   its  Historical  Collections^  the  works  of 

Featherstonhaugh,  Wakefield,  Keating,  etc. 

7-aa 


LAWE  AND  GRIGNON  PAPERS,  1794-1821. 


These  interesting  old  documents  were  presented  to  the  Society  by  Col. 
James  M.  Boyd  and  Mrs.  Ursula  M.  Grignoa,  of  Green  Bay.  They  give 
some  inklings  of  the  customs,  doings,  trade  and  commerce  of  early  Wis- 
consin times;  and  exhibit  undeniable  evidence,  that  Judge  Reaome  had 
more  system  in  his  legal  proceedings,  and  more  impartiality  *in  dispens- 
ing justice,  than  some  of  the  old  anecdotes  about  him  would  imply.  They 
also  go  to  show  that  Judge  Reaume  served  as  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  in 
1805,  1809, 1816,  and  1817.  The  fact  that  he  was  made  a  Judge  of  Brown 
Ck)unty  Court,  when  the  county  was  organized  in  1818,  is  another  proof 
that  Judge  Reaume  must  have  possessed  some  merit  and  fitness  for  the 
position.  L.  C.  D. 

SALE  OF  LAND   MADE    BY    THE  INDIAN    NATION,    8TH    AUGUST, 

1794. 

Be  it  known  to  all  the  world  that  may  look  upon  this, 
that  we,  the  undersigned,  chiefs  of  the  Nation  of  savages 
named  the  Phalavoines,  [Folles  Avoines,  or  MenomoneesJ, 
acting  for  the  Nation  at  large,  have  given,  granted  and. 
confirmed,  and  by  these  presents  give,  grant  and  oonfirm, 
to  Jacob  Franks,^  his  heirs,  executors  and  assigns,  and  each 
of  them,  all  our  titles,  claims  and  demands  upon  a  tenement 
(holding)  or  piece  of  land,  with  all  the  appurtenances  what- 
soever, containing  three  arpents  in  front  by  a  hundred 
arpents  in  depths  situated  at  The  Bay  in  Upper  Canada,' 
bounded  in  front  by  the  Fox  River,  on  the  north  by  a  piece 
of  land  granted  to  Dominique  Ducharme,  and  upon  all  other 
sides  by  the  lands  not  granted  —  for  the  term  of  nine  hun- 
dred and  ninety-nine  years,  clear  and  free  from  all  firifts, 
grant8,rents  or  incumbrances  whatsoever,  for  value  received. 

In  testimony  whereof,  we  have,  in  the  presence  of  the 
undersigned  witnesses,  set  beneath  our  hands  and  seals  at 
The  Bay,  this  eighth  day  of  August,  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  ninety -four. 


Uncle  of  Judge  La  we,  of  Green  Bay.  *  Qreen  Bay, 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1794-1821.  91 

Also  a  piece  of  land  upon  the  other  bank  of  the  said  river^ 
containing  nine  arpents  in  front  by  a  hundred  arpents  in 
depths  clear  and  free  like  the  aforesaid  tenement  upon  the 
other  bank  of  the  river. 
Witnesses: 

L.  FILY. 

GEORGE  GILLESPIE. 


JEAN  ECUYER, 

ALEX.  KENNEDY,    X 

mark 


L.  LAGOTERIE. 

his 
ATTAWOINABL  X 

mark 


< 


his 

CLAUDE    X    CARRON. 

mark 

his 

THOMAS    X     CARRON. 

mark 

totem 
CHICTATCHE     ANGUIN 

turtle 


A  Canoe  Clearance,  1802. 

Clearance  of  one  canoe,  the  property  of  Rocheblave  and 
Porlier,  conducted  by  Louis  Grignon,  bound  for  the  Missis- 
sippi, having  on  board  the  following  cargo,  viz.:  Six  bales, 
one  keg  of  powder,  six  kegs  of  sundries,  seven  bags  of  corn, 
two  bags  of  flour  and  necessary  sea  stores. 

District  and  port  of  Michilimackinac: 

These  are  to  certify  that  Rocheblave  and  Porlier  have  en- 
tered and  cleared  their  said  canoe  according  to  law. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  at  the  Custom  House,  this 
20th  day  of  July,  1 80 i.  David  Duncan, 

Corr. 


Judgment  Against  Michael  Bartrand,  1805. 

Declarations  of  the  arbitrators  who  were  appointed  to  in- 
spect the  damages  done  to  the  house  of  Francis  St.  Rock 
and  Pierre  Charon,  demanding  an  investigation  and  justice. 

Complaint  made  by  the  said  St.  Rock  and  Pierre  Charon. 
After  their  bouses  were  forced  and  opened  tYiTOWft\i  ^  ^\i\i^»' 


92  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

ter,  and  after  I  had  heard  the  complaint  of  the  two  men,  not 
being  willing  to  take  upon  myself  to  judge  without  having, 
sent  [some  one]  to  inspect  the  break  made,  I  determined  to 
name  four  persons  to  inspect  said  house,  and  I  named  M.  M. 
Pierre  Willrick/  Pierre   Carboneau,  Louis  Moineaux  and 
Joachim  La  Gape,  who  had  themselves  carried  [to  the  spot] 
in  accordance  with  said  commission,  and  have  made  their 
report  as  follows:  They  have  discovered  that  Michael  Bar- 
trand,  who  had  sent  an  iron  fork  through  a  window,  into  a 
garret  of  the  house,  without  having  had  any  permission  to  do 
so,  the  said  fork  having  been  seen  by  the  said  Sb  Rock  and 
Charon  exposed  and  near  the  window,  that  some  one  bad 
afterwards  carried  it  away;  they,  [St.  Rock  and  Charon]  put 
it  in  the  middle  of  their  garret^  [so  that  it  was]  impossible, 
According  to  the  report  of  the  arbitrators,  that  it  should  have 
been  carried  off  through  the  same  window  through  which 

it  had  been  sent.   The  said  Bartrand  having  been  to  recover 
his  fork,  came  and  declared   himself  to  St.  Rock  that  be 
had  been  to  recover  [his  said  fork,  and  that  he  had  ^had 
much  difficulty,  and  that   he  had  made  use  of   a  stone, 
and   that   finally  he   had   succeeded   in   carrying  it  off, 
having   sought,  v^ith   the   aid  of   St.  Rock,  Charon  and 
Joseph  Beligore,  everywhere  in  the  prairie,  (meadow)  and 
about  the  house,  if  he  could  find  there  hooks  or  other 
suitable   implements    in    order   to    get    it.     In   hunting 
about   said  house,  they  [the  arbitrators]   perceived   that 
a  window  shutter   had  been   bent  [pried  open],  and  that 
his  only  means  of  getting  possession  of  his  fork  was  by  en- 
tering by  the  window,  and  ascending  to  the  garret.    And, 
having  examined  their  goods,  [those  of  St.  Rock  and  Charon  ] 
it  being  apparent  that  something  had  been  taken  from  them, 
it  was  found  to  be  a  coat  of  brown  cloth,  nearly  new,  a 
pound  of  tobacco,  a  pound  of  soap,  a  pound  of  powder  and 
of  lead,  a  large  chopping  axe  belonging  to  Charon;  and  he 
[Bartrand]  had  thrown  down  a  large  vessel  of  cream,  aft  €r 
having  eaten  part  of  it,  and  had  drank  some  of  the  mU  k 
which  he  had  found  in  their  pantry.    There  upo  n  the  Ic)E€iik 

'A  Dutchman  — Hollander—  who  lived  on  Dut  ch  ttsn'e  Cicclr. 


Lawe  and  Gbignon  Papers,  1794-1821.  93 

the  said  St.  Rock  and  Charon^  accused  the  said  Bartrand 
andJaques  Laurent  of  having  broken  into  the  house^  and 
of  having  taken  their  goods.  And  these  arbitrators  declare 
that  it  was  no  other  than  these  two  mentioned,  fas  appears] 
by  the  iron  fork  which  they  [St.  Rock  and  Charon]  had  put 
in  the  middle  of  the  garret,  with  other  goods,  which  would 
hinder  and  prevent  their  seeing  it  otherwise. 

The  said  St.  Rock  and  Charon  having  summoned  Bartrand 
to  surrender  their  goods  or  be  sued,  and  the  said  Bartrand 
haying  suffered  himself  to  be  sued,  has  been  condemned  by 
the  arbitrators,  and  seeing  himself  in  fault,  not  wishing  to 
let  the  matter  go  farther,  has  demanded  of  St.  Rock  to  set- 
tle the  matter,  and  has  paid  by  his  notes. 

Done  before  me,  the  undersigned,  at  Green  Bay,  the  27th 
of  January  of  this  present  year,  eighteen  hundred  and  five. 

(Signed:)  CHARLES  REAUME, 

Justice  of  the  Peace, 


Contract   between   Alexander   Gullorie    St.  DUxMONd 

AND  ACHOABEME,  NoV.   20,  1809. 

Before  the  undersigned.  Justice  of   the  Peace  of  Green 

Bay,  there  residing,  were  present  Alexander  Gullorie  St.  Du- 

Diond  and  the  Indian  named  Achoabeme,  who  have  entered 

uitothe  following  agreement,  to-wit:   That  St.  Dumond  has 

Pl^ed,andby  these  presents  places,  an  Indian  woman  whom 

^^  has  as  a  concubine  at  board  with  the  said  Indian  until 

^l^e  time  when  the  sugar  trees  shall  stop  running;  for,  and 

^^  condition,  that  the  said  Dumond,  who  has  promised  and 

Promises  for  payment  of  the  said  board  of  the  said  Indian 

^oman,  and  the  said  Dumond  binds  himself  to  make  and 

Put  up  a  stone  chimney  with  mortar,  from  the  ground  to  the 

^^ing  plate;  then  the  said  Indian  binds  himself  to  furnish 

*^e  stone  and  the  mortar  at  the  place  for  the  said  chimney, 

^^d  to  serve  him  or  cause  him  to  be  served  all  the  time  that 

*^^  shall  work  at  the  said  chimney;  and,  moreover,  the  said 

^^^tractor  has  undertaken  and  undertakes  to  comp\e\i^  \\)  \»o 


94  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

the  height  that  the  said  Indian  shall  require  of  him,  on  con- 
dition that  the  said  Indian  send  him  a  keg  of  fine  sugar, 
well  ground,  and  the  keg  shall  be  of  nine  gallons,  which 
shall  be  for  complete  payment  of  the  said  imdertaking. 
The  keg  of  sugar  shall  be  put  into  the  hands  of  the  under- 
signed to  be  delivered  to  the  said  St.  GuUorie  when  the  said 
chimney  shall  be  completed  according^to  their  agreement. 

At  Green  Bay,  20th  November,  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  nine.  The  said  Dumond  having  declared  that  he 
could  not  sign  his  name,  has  made  his  usual  mark,  with  the 
said  Indian,  after  it  had  been  fully  explained.  Before  the 
undersigned,  after  reading  made  in  words,  with  nothing 
omitted. 

his 
ACHOABEME     I 

mark. 

his 
ALEXANDER  GULLORIE    X 

mark. 
CHARLES  REAUME, 

J,  a  pax. 


MiCHiLiMACKiNAC,  September  8, 1812. 
Dear  Sir  —  On  the  28th  ult.,  Mr.  Robert  Livingston  ar- 
rived from  Detroit  with  dispatches  from  Maj.  Gen.  Brock, 
giving  us  an  account  of  the  surrender  of  that  place  to  our 
arms  —  Gen.  Hull  and  his  three  thousand  men,  all  prisoners 
of  war.  Gen.  Brock  had  Hull  and  his  army  embarking  for 
Presqu'  Isle  on  the  17th.  Detroit  surrendered  the  16th. 
Capt.  Hanks  was  cut  in  two  by  a  cannon  ball  fired  from  our 
battery  erected  opposite  to  Detroit.  The  place  surrendered 
as  soon  as  our  forces  reached  the  town,  and  articles  of  capit- 
ulation similar  to  those  of  this  place.  It  appears  that  G^n. 
Hull  disavowed  the  capitulation  of  this  place,  and  Living- 
ston was  imprisoned.  Capt.  Ruff  was  not  permitted  to  proceed 
with  his  vessel  during  the  short  time  that  Hull  fiourished. 
Livingston  further  reports  that  Capt.  Dobbins  took  an 
active  part,  and  armed  his  seamen  to  fight  against  us,  and 
Capt.  Ruff  maintained  his  neutrality  to  the  last.  Capt. 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1194-1821.  95 

of  the  Fortieth  Be^'t,  was  wounded  in  the  lef?.  Lt.  Sym- 
mings  of  the  same  regiment,  received  a  bullet  through  the 
mouth  and  died  of  his  wound.  Total  amount  of  our  loss  is 
ten  whites  killed  and  wounded,  and  seventeen  Indians.  The 
Americans  lost  two  hundred  and  fifty  killed  and  wounded 
at  the  different  skirmishes  at  the  river  Au  Canard,  Mow- 
guaw-gon-nang,  and  Coulee  de  Mourisseauz.  The  Indians 
who  take  this  were  at  the  different  engagements.  Messrs. 
Berthelot  and  La  Croix,  who  arrived  with  the  boats,  have 
given  us  accounts  of  the  whole  transaction,  that  is  to  say, 
what  has  come  to  their  knowledge,  which  corresponds  with 
Livingston's  account,  and  the  six  Canadians  who  were  in 
the  different  skirmishes,  and  the  taking  of  the  place.  The 
bearers  hereof  appear  to  have  got  their  share  of  the  booty, 
for  they  have  rifles,  etc.,  etc. 

Capt.  Roberts  writes  you  by  this  opportunity  respecting 
the  flour,  etc. .  Mr.  Lawe  was  so  obliging  as  to  permit  me 
to  enter  your  house,  and  to  make  an  office  of  it  until  your 
peasure  would  be  known.  I,  therefore,  have  to  request  you 
will  be  pleased  to  signify  to  me  if  it  meets  your  approba- 
tion. Also  should  be  glad  to  have  the  use  of  the  shed  or 
store,  with  the  stable  adjoining.  Should  an  opportunity 
offer  of  transmitting  intelligence  to  Mr.  Rolette's  place,  I 
request  you  will  be  pleased  to  give  him  an  account  of  our 
happy  success,  also  that  I  firmly  believe  that  Niagara  is  in 
our  possession. 

An  express  arrived  from  Montreal  the  2a  inst.  Our  forces 
on  the  lines  were  forty  thousand,  exclusive  of  twelve  hun- 
dred regulars  just  arrived  from  home.  The  Forty-Ninth  Reg't 
Brunswickersand  Fencibles,  were  on  their  way  up  from  Que- 
bec. Col.  Baynes  had  just  returned  with  a  flag  of  truce 
from  Albany.  Was  well  received  by  Gen.  Dearborn,  who 
declared  his  [sentiments]  against  the  war,  and  wishes  to  re- 
sign his  command.  Frequent  riots  in  Baltimore,  at  one  time 
twenty-eight  lost  their  lives.  The  Yankee  s  have  already 
lost  a  great  number  of  their  vessels.  Capt.  Byron,  of  t  he 
Belvidere  frigate  of  thirty-six  guns,  was  attacked  by  Com. 
Rodgers^  and  with  three  frigates  and  two  sloops  of  war 
near  Long  Island,  at  a  time  that  Byron  had  no  intelligence 


96  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socncrr. 

of  the  declaration  of  war.  However^  he  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  beat  them  off;  and  afterwards  took  three  rich  Amer- 
ic€kn  prizes  into  Halifax.  Lt.  Darrag:h  has  resigned,  and  to 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance — so  says  Mr.  Berthelot;  also  to 
be  here  this  Autumn  for  certain  purposes.  My  compliments 
to  Mrs.  Lawe.  Mrs.  Askin  joins  me  in  best  wishes  for  your 
health  and  prosperity,  and  am,  dear  sir. 

Yours  most  faithfully, 
•  Jno.  Askin,  Jb. 

Mr.  J.  Franks,  Merchant, 

La  Baye. 


MiGHiLiMACKiNAC,  September  8, 1812. 

Dear  Franks :  — Detroit  was  taken  by  Gen.  Brock  on  the 
10th  of  last  month.  Gen.  Hull,  with  two  thousand  four  hun- 
dred men,  laid  down  their  arms.  The  American  regular8 
are  all  gone  to  Quebec;  but  the  Kentucky  militia  have  been 
allowed  to  go  home.  Our  batteries  across  the  river  did  great 
execution  a  little  before  Detroit  surrendered.  Four  officers 
and  a  private  were  killed  by  one  ball.  Poor  Hanks,  having 
been  detailed  by  Hull,  was  cut  in  two  and  died  instantly. 
Col.  Proctor,  of  the  Forty -First,  commands  at  Detroit  Gen. 
Brock  staid  only  twenty-four  hours  there,  and  is  gone  to  at- 
tack Niagara. 

Two  regiments,  the  S^ots  Royal,  and  Oae  Hundred  and 
Third,  are  come  up  there.    D^odinique  Ducharme  came  here 
express  from  Montreal  ten  days  ag:o,and  is  returned.    There 
has  been  no  blow  struck  yet  in  Canada.  Troops  are  arriving 
daily  from  England,  and  all  are  marching  to  the  lines — every 
one  in  high  spirits.  Independent  of  the  Indian  goods  coming 
by  Detroit,  six  caaoes  are  oming  up  the  Grand  river  wifli 
Indian  presents.    We  eipe?:  them  daily.    Wee-nu  sate  with 
his  party  of  Folles  Avoiaes  behaved  well,  and  rendered  mnch 
service.    Gen.  Brock's  force.  Indians,  militia   and  regolan^ 
did  n.n  exceed  dfteea  h'-iadred.    He  was  ready  to  storm  be- 
fore he  was  perceived.    A  large  re-inforce  ment  of 
coming  to  Detroit,  with  one  hundred  and  seventy 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1794-1821.  97 

irere  also  included  in  the  capitulation.  Gen.  Brock  has  ac- 
c]uired  much  Rlory,  and  the  Americans^  after  their  vain  boast- 
ing, are  covered  with  disgrace. 

Ten  sail  of  the  line,  and  ten  frigates,  have  arrived  at  Hal- 
ifax.   The  fleet  on  that  station  are  sweeping  everything  be- 
fore them.  Dispatches  from  Madison  to  Bonaparte  had  been 
intercepted  at  an  early  period,  which  put  John  Bull  on  his 
guard. 

There  has  been  a  terrible  affair  at  Baltimore.  A  general, 
two  captains^  and  thirty  or  forty  individuals,  have  been 
killed  by  the  mobs.  All  the  States  are  in  a  great  ferment. 
Berthelot  and  La  Croix  arrived  two  days  ago.  We  expect 
the  other  boats  with  the  Nancy  in  two  or  three  days.  On 
their  arrival  I  will  send  a  boat  to  La  Baje  with  what  is  nec- 
essary to  assist  you  and  the  others.  Mr.  Lawe  will  proceed 
with  it  to  the  Mississippi  until  he  meets  Mr.  Aird,  and  they 
will  arrange  for  his  wintering.  Mr.  Anderson  will  want 
many  articles,  and  it  is  proper  he  should  be  well  supplied,  as 
the  best  peltries  come  from  that  quarter.  I  have  eight  kegs 
high  wines,  and  two  kegs  spirits  here,  with  two  hundred 
pounds  tobacco.  I  will  send  two  or  three  mangeurs  de  lard, 
or  pork  eaters,  in  the  boat,  and  engage  passengers  if  possi- 
We.  At  latest  I  think  she  will  be  at  La  Baye,  26th  inst.  I 
will  then  write  Mr.  Lawe  with  the  others. 

The  two  cartel  vessels.  Rough  and  Dobbin,  were  detained 
hyGen.  HuU,  and  although  Gen.  Brock  gave  them  a  pass- 
port, they  were  not  allowed  to  proceed,  but  detained  until 
Detroit  surrendered.  I  understand  they  now  run  some  risk 
of  confiscation.  If  this  should  happen,  I  am  sorry  for  How- 
ard  and  Hone. 

^our  sells  at  Detroit  for  four  dollars  —  pork  and  whisky 
l^gh— whisky  a  dollar  per  bottle. 

Please  give  my  respects  to  Mr.  Lawe  and  Mr.  Jacobs. 
Wishing  you  health,  I  remain,  dear  Franks, 

Yours  truly, 

R.  DICKSON. 

f.  8.— Wilmot  is  still  here.  We  have  learned  that 
"•  McQiU  is  inclined  to  make  an  honorable  cap\tu\aX\OTL 


98  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

with  us.  At  all  events,  you  may  depend  on  me  for  coming 
to  a  settlement  some  way  or  other>  as  it  is  impossible  to  go 
on  any  longer  without  it.  R.  D. 

MR.  JACOB  FRANKS, 

La  Baye. 

Per  Wee  nu-sate,  with  good  news. 


MiCHiLiMACKiNAC,  September  8, 1812. 

Dear  Sir — Ten  days  ago  we  learned  by  Mr.  LiviDgston 
that  Detroit  had  surrendered  to  Gen.  Brock  on  the  16th  of 
last  month.  Gen.  Hull,  after  all  his  vaunts,  was  obliged  to 
deliver  up  his  sword  and  two  thousand  seven  hundred  of 
their  troops  to  Gen.  Brock.  They  have  all  left  Detroit 
Gen.  Proctor,  of  the  Forty-First  Reg't  commands  there;  and 
Gen.  6/ock  has  departed  in  order  to  attack  Niagara. 

M.  Ducharme  arrived  eight  days  ago  from  Montreal  by 
express.  British  troops  daily  arrive  at  Quebec,  and  are  at 
once  dispatched  to  the  line.  Thus  far  no  fighting.  The 
Americans  are  collected,  and  all  ready,  but  they  do  not  at 
all  wish  to  fight. 

M.  Berthelot  and  La  Croix  have  come  from  Detroit.  *  * 
*    *    *    Five  canoes  on  the  way  from  Felix. 

My  opinion  is  that  peace  will  come  very  soon,  and  I  hope 
that  all  things  will  be  well. 

The  Indians  [couriers?]  are  in  a  hurry  to  start;  but  I  will 
write  you  more  fully  by  the  first  opporbunity. 

Wishing  health  to  you  sls  well  as  to  your  family,  I  am , 
my  dear  sir. 

Your  humble  servant, 

R.  DICKSON. 

Lieut.  Louis  Grignon,  La  Baye. 


Winnebago  Lake,  November  14, 1813. 
Dear  Sir, —  This  will  be  handed  to  you  by  Mr.  Chandonnet. 
whom  I  send  to  La  Baye  in  order  to  expedite  the  boatSt 
which  have  been  left  in  the  small  lake  below  this.     No  ex- 
pense must  be  spared,  as  without  a  supply  of  provisions  the 


Lawe  akd  Gmgnon  Papers,  lY9i-1821.  99 

firanison  at  Mackinac  will  be  out  by  the  month  of  February. 
I  think  that  we  shall  still  have  fine  weather  towards  the  end 
of  the  moon.  I  have  very  little  provision,  but  trust  to  a 
kind  Providence.  I  think  that  Jean  Vieux  will  be  the  most 
proper  person  to  get  down  the  boats.  Keep  a  good  look-out, 
as  some  of  the  Michigan  Fencibles  are  great  thieves,  and 
have  threatened  to  kill  animals  at  La  Baye.  If  they  do  so, 
put  them  in  irons  immediately.  Give  Mr.  Chandonnet  a 
guide  to  return,  when  the  boats  are  got  off  at  Mackinac.  I 
am,  dear  sir. 

Yours  truly, 
R.  DICKSON. 
Lieut.  John  Lawe,  La  Baye. 

Per  Lieut.  Chandonnet. 


MiCHiLiMACKiNAC,  December  — ,  1813. 

"■  Dear  Sir:—  We  have  intelligence  of  Gen.  Proctor's  defeat. 
It  appears  that  our  army  retreated  to  the  river  Thames 
after  Amherstburg  and  Detroit  were  evacuated.  Tecumseh, 
with  his  party  —  some  Ottawas,  Chippewas,  Delawares, 
Sauks,  FoUe  Avoines,  and  some  Hurons  followed.  That  as 
soon  as  the  Americans  reached  Detroit,  a  number  of  Cana- 
dians and  Indians  joined  the  army,  and  pursued  our  people 
to  the  river  Thames,  where  an  engagement  toek  plaoe  one 
mile  below  the  Moravian  Village,  which  lasted  for  two 
hours,  when  our  army  was  compelled  to  make  a  precipitate 
retreat  towards  Queenstown,  leaving  all  their  baggage  be- 
hind. Our  loss  is  said  to  be  two  subaltern  officers  and  one 
hundred  privates  killed,  two  interpreters,  and  twenty -two  In- 
dians. Capt.  Muir  and  one  hundred  privates  of  the  Forty- 
First  regiment  prisoners;  also  one  hundred  and  fifty  Dela- 
ware women  and  children  which  the  enemy  took.  I  am 
sorry  to  say,  that  Antoine  Brisbois,  and  Lewis  Campau,  in- 
terpreters, and  Tecumseh,  are  among  the  number  slain. 
The  latter  fought  bravely  to  the  last,  sword  in  hand;  the^ 
enemy  skinned  him  after  he  was  slain.  Gen.  Proctor  and 
the  remains  of  the  army  are  at  St.  David's.  These  two Folles 


100  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Avoines  were  in  the  engaj^ement,  and  will  be  able  to  give 

you  a  circumstantial  account  of  the  affair.     Sir  James  Yeo 

has  taken  one  of  the  enemy's  large  vessels  on  Lake  Ontario, 

and  sunk  another. 

Provisions  of  every  kind  are  scarce  and  dear  here^  com 

selling  at  six  dollars  per  bushel.    We  expected  that  some  of 

the  boats  that  took  out  Indian  presents  would  have  returned 

long  ere  this  with  beef  and  flour  from  your  place.    We  have 

not  more  than  five  months  provisions  in  store,  I  am  told. 

All  have  long  faces,  but  when  reduced  to  half  rations  they 

will  be  much  longer.  Yours  most  truly, 

Jno.  Askin,  Jr. 
Mr.  Louis  Grignon,  Green  Bay. 

Endorsed:    "  Received  January  4, 1814." 


MiCHiLiMACKiNAC,  28th  January,  1814. 

Sir:  —  Your  favor  of  the  10th  inst.  I  have  to  acknowledge, 
and  am  happy  to  find  you  returned  from  the  Prairie  du 
Chien  without  encountering  the  cold  blasts  of  January  on 
your  route. 

I  note  what  you  say  respecting  Gen.  Cass.  I  have  to  ob- 
serve that  had  the  enemy  come  to  attack  the  place  last  Au- 
tumn, and  effected  a  landing,  they  could  not  have  remained, 
unless  they  had  brought  an  abundant  supply  of  provisions. 
Starvation  stairs  us  in  the  face.  The  old  residents,  who 
were  well  supplied  with  horned  cattle,  and  versed  in  the  art 
of  fishing,  may  do  well  enough,  and  all  those  married  peo- 
ple, attached  to  the  garrison,  who  draw  extra  rations  for 
their  wives  and  children;  but  as  one  ration  only  is  allowed 
me  to  feed  my  family,  consisting  of  six  persons,  I  find  it 
very  hard,  especially  as  no  provisions,  except  fish,  can  be 
purchased.  The  lower  class  of  people  subsist  solely  on  the 
fish  they  daily  get  from  their  nets;  and  when  the  ice  goes 
away,  they  must  leave  the  country,  or  starve. 

By  an  arrival  from  Saguina,  I  am  informed  by  the  Sa- 
guina  Indians,  that  a  band  of  their  nation  went  to  Detroit 
and  made  peace  with  Gen.  Cass  or  Harrison. 


Law£  and  Gbignon  Papers,  1791-18  21.  101 

The  Ottawa  chief s,  One-gue-gand  and  Nay-o  ke-maw,  of 
the  river  Au  Sable,  accompanied  by  their  followers,  went 
last  Fall  to  Detroit,  and  joined  Gen.  Hai risen,  as  they  were 
avowed  Yankees,  and  did  not  take  an  active  part  with  their 
brethren.    Nothing  less  could  be  expected  from  them. 

Mr.  Michel  Cadot  left  this  on  the  18th  inst.,  with  dis- 
patches for  York  [Toronto],  and  will  not  be  back  before  the 
Ist  of  next  month.  When  he  arrives,  we  may  hear  of  some- 
thing having  been  done  near  the  lines,  of  Lower  Canada, 
that  being  the  quarter  that  was  threatened  by  the  enemy. 

I  observe  what  you  say  respecting  the  different  Indian 
tribes,  and  am  of  your  opinion  as  far  as  regards  the  Winne- 
bagoes,  who  will  be  staunch  to  the  last. 

Be  pleased  to  inquire  of  the  Menomonees,  who  had  Gen. 
Cass's  permit,  what  is  become  of  the  enemy's  fleet,  whether 
laid  up  at  Detroit,  Amherstburg,  Presqu'  Isle,  or  the  river 
Rouge,  and  let  me  know  by  the  first  opportunity  what  he 
says  on  the  subject.  Also  what  did  the  enemy  do  with  the 
0-bay-nah-ga  women  and  children,  taken  at  Es-kay-nay-Se- 
pe;'*and  what  became  of  Capt  Muir  and  his  party,  and  all 
the  rest  of  the  prisoners  of  war? 

Mrs.  Askln  joins  me  in  best  wishes,  and  am,  dear  sir. 

Your  most  obd't  serv't, 

Jno.  Askin,  Jr. 
Lieut.  Levis  Grignon, 

Indian  Department,  La  Bay. 


WiNNBBAGO  Lake,  February  10, 1814. 
Dear  Sir  —  I  received  yours  last  night,  and  have  for  some 
time  past  been  aware  of  the  intelligence  you  communicate, 
and  it  was  one  of  the  reasons  that  prevented  me  going  to 
LaBaye.  Ducharme  was  rather  late  with  his  information, 
although  I  can  hardly  think  that  the  Pottawatomies  will  be 

'  ReferriDg,  doubtlefls,  to  the  Delaware  woinen  .and  children  captured 
by  the  Americans,  mentioned  in  Mr.  Askin's  preceding  letter.  O-bay-nah- 
ga  seems  to  have  been  the  Ottawa  name  for  the  Dela wares,  and  Ee-kay- 
nay-Se-pe  for  the  river  Thamea  \u  ^.  \^. 


102  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

so  rash  as  to  attempt  anything  against  us;  still  I  am  com- 
pletely on  my  guards  and  will  take  the  further  necessary 
precautions  to  prevent  a  surprise.  I  would  not  stir  a  peg 
from  this  if  I  was  sure  we  would  be  attacked  to-morrow. 
If  they  come  here  with  hostile  intentions  they  may  get  a 
drubbing  they  are  little  aware  of. 

I  enclose  you  the  letter  I  send  Chandonnet  for  your  per- 
usal. You  will  please  get  Collish  and  Jean  Vieux,  two 
brothers-in-law,  to  goto  Milwaukee  with  the  letter;  and  they 
will  proceed  to  where  Le  Sallien  is  and  bring  him  here. 
They  must  inform  the  Indians  that  I  want  Le  Sallien  to  tell 
him  the  news  to  carry  back  to  them  at  some  time.  Tou 
will  instruct  the  Indians  to  listen  to  all  that  is  going  on 
where  they  pass,  and  bring  me  a  faithful  report.  These  two 
Indians  are  related  to  La  Farine  and  another  chiefs  and 
they  are  the  most  fit  to  be  entrusted  with  the  commission. 
They  must  also  request  a  FoUe  Avoine  Indian  named  Opa- 
hoh  to  come  with  them,  as  Thomas'  wants  much  to  see  him 
here;  and  I  request  that  you  send  as  many  sleighs  as  will 
bring  up  the  wheat,  as  with  provisions  I  can  assemble  a 
force,  if  found  requisite.  If  you  cannot  find  beef  when  you 
journey  have  resource  to  Mascar's  oxen,  which  I  wish  to  re- 
serve until  Spring. 

Mr.  Brisbois  will  tell  you  all  that  is  going  on  here.  I  have 
one  reason  for  not  sending  the  Gazette  at  present  —  it  is  of 
no  great  consequence;  but  you  will  be  satisfied  with  it  when 
I  see  you. 

With  best  wishes  I  remain,  dear  sir. 

Yours  truly, 

R  Dickson. 

Endeavor  to  get  the  Indians  for  Milwaukee  to  set  out  as 
soon  as  you  can. 

Lieut.  John  Lawe,  La  Baye. 


Winnebago  Lake,  Feb.  11,  1814. 

« 

Dea?'  Sir. —  Mr.  Qrignon's  man  going  to  La  Baye,  by  him 
I  send  this.    I  have  to  acquaint  you    with  six    Indians, 


*  ThcjnaB  CaTTon,  or  Tcmah,  the  Menomonee  cMef. 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1794-1821.  103 

mostly  Pottawatomies,  having  arrived  here  yesterday.  I 
immediately  on  their  arrival  suspected  them  to  be  spies  from 
the  enemy^  or  the  advanced  party  of  a  greater  number.  I 
asked  them  what  they  were;  and  told  them  in  a  stern  man- 
ner if  they  were  Pottawatomies,  they  should  walk  off  im- 
mediately. On  this  they  presented  two  letters  from  Mr. 
Chandonnet,  informing  me  of  all  the  traders  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Lake  [Michigan]  having  been  taken  by  the 
Americans,  and  carried  to  Detroit.  The  six  Indians  did  not 
deny  this,  but  wished  and  seemed  anxious  to  have  us  think 
that  there  were  no  Indians  employed  in  this  business. 

They  say  John  Bapt.  Chandonnet.  and  Burnet,  were  the 
leaders;  and  that  there  were  only  six  Frenchmen  in  all  who 
took  the  traders.  I  suspect  the  truth  to  be  that  a  strong 
party  of  Pottawatomies  were  employed  in  this  business;  and 
that  the  other  Indians  were  either  unable,  or  perhaps  unwill- 
ing, to  prevent  them.  Chandonnet  is  alarmed,  and  with 
much  reason.  I  now  enclose  you  a  letter  for  him  to  come 
to  La  Baye  with  the  powder  and  ball  remaining.  The 
Folles  Avoines  are  mostly  assembled  here,  and  will  not  hes- 
itate to  give  battle  should  a  party  appear.  The  moment  we 
find  that  these  six  men  are  scouts  for  a  party,  their  accounts 
will  be  settled.  After  the  traders  having  been  carried  ofF, 
we  must  act  with  severity.  Be  on  your  guard  at  La  Baye 
against  the  Milwaukee  Indians.  There  are  a  great  many 
scroundels  among  them,  and  I  have  heard  something  lately 
that  gives  me  strong  suspicions  against  them. 

I  shall  detain  the  six  Indians  until  after  tomorrow.  If 
no  party  appears  during  that  time,  I  shall  send  them  off 
clothed,  on  account  of  their  doing  mischief  to  Chandonnet. 
I  cannot  learn  what  is  become  of  Le  Sallien.  Chandonnet 
has  not  seen  him  since  he  came  from  La  Baye. 

I  shall  inform  the  Pottawatomies,  that  in  the  first  place  I 
have  no  goods  for  them,  and  forbid  them  coming  here;  and 
if  they  persist,  I  shall  treat  them  as  enemies.  So  much  for 
these  villains.  Inform  Mr.  Grignon  and  the  gentlemen  of 
La  Baye  of  what  has  passed.  I  trust  no  time  will  be  lost  in 
sending  up  the  wheat,  as  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  weather 


104  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socibty. 

will  soon  be  soft.    The  roads  are  now  fine  and  we  must  not 
lose  the  opportunity. 

James  Burnet  must  be  an  infernal  villain  after  having 
been  commissioned  as  a  Lieutenant^  and  taken  the  oath  of 
allegiance  and  fidelity.  I  hope  that  one  day  he  may  be  re- 
warded by  a  halter. 

With  best  wishes  for  your  health, 

I  am,  dear  sir. 

Yours  trulY, 

R.  Dickson. 

P.  S.  I  hope  that  the  enclosure  will  be  in  time  to  go  by 
the  Indians  you  were  to  send.  If  they  are  gone,  send  after 
them  with  the  letter. 

Lieut.  John  Laws,  La  Baye. 


Winnebago  Lakb,  February  16, 1814. 

Dear  Sir.  —  I  received  yours  with  the  express  from  Mack- 
inac this  morning.  There  is  nothing  nisw,  except  that  two 
hundred  Americans  had  gone  up  the  river  Trenche,  and  had 
been  cut  off  by  our  troops.  This  is  only  Indian  report;  but 
I  believe  it,  as  it  was  so  likely  they  would  attempt  a  thing 
of  this  kind.  They  are  not  so  badly  off  for  provisions  at 
Mackinac  as  we  supposed,  having  fiour  enough  to  last  until 
June. 

Depend  on  it,  we  shall  have  good  news  by  Montreal  ex- 
press.   Dr.  Mitchell '  did  not  expect  it  before  the  20th  of  this 

'  Dr.  David  Mitchell  was  a  native  of  Edin burgh,  ScotUnd,  where  he  wu 
educated,  and  entered  the  British  army  as  a  surgeon.    He  married  Wm 
Elizabeth  Bertrand,  at  Montreal,  in  July,  1776.    He  seems  to  have  been 
eontinuously.' connected  with  the  army,  and  when  the  British  captored 
Mackinaw  in  1812,  he  became  a  resident  there  with  his  family;  and,  as  we 
see  by  CoL  Dickson's  letter,  he  had  been  assigned  to  the  Indian  aervioe 
in  1818-14,  on  Lake  Winnebago;  and  was,  no  doubt,  at  that  period  the  only 
physician  between  Mackinaw  and  the  Mississippi.  After  the  peace  of  1816^ 
he  retired  with  the  British  troops  to  Drummond's  Island,  leaving  Mn« 
Mitchell  at  the  homestead  in  Mackinaw,  carrying  on  quite  an  extenaive 
business  in  the  fur  trade.  She  was  a  great  lover  of  floriculture,  and  henoe 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  179^-1821.  105 

month.  Lieut.  Grignon  will  tell  you  what  news  is  here;  and 
on  Thomas'  return,  I  will  try  to  pay  you  a  visit  for  a  day,  as 
I  intend  sending  two  Indians  to  Mackinac.  I  send  you  by 
Mr.  Lanchevier  [Longeyin?]  a  few  strouds,  and  one  pair  two- 
point  blankets,  having  no  more  unbaled,  and  being  hurried. 
I  thank  you  for  the  beef,  and  for  the  muskalonge,  which  is 
superb.  I  send  to  La  Prairie  in  a  day  or  two,  and  remain, 
sir,  Yours  truly, 

R.  Dickson, 
Lt.  John  Lawe,  La  Bay. 


Winnebago  Lake,  Feb.  27, 18U. 
Gentlemen: — As  it  is  very  probable  that  we  shall  soon  be 
attacked  by  the  Pottawatomies.  I  send  to-morrow  to  secure 
the  ammunition  at  Beauprez's  house.  Thomas  begs  of  you  to 
Worm  all  the  Indians  near  La  Baye,  that  they  hold  them- 
selyes  ready  to  march,  as  he  and  the  others  of  his  nation,  in 
the  event  of  hostilities,  are  determined  to  follow  the  Potta- 
watomies to  their  lodges,  and  they  hope  to  be  able  to  destroy 
the  whole  party.  I  am  getting  ehoes  made  that  all  may  be 
ready.  AH  volunteers  from  the  white  inhabitants  will  be 
willingly  accepted,  and  compensation  will  be  made  them  for 
their  services. 
I  have  the  honor  to  be,  gentlemen. 

Your  very  h'mble  servant, 

R.  DICKSON, 
Agt,  and  Siip't,  Western  Xati07i,s. 
LiEUTs.  Lawe  &  Grignon, 

La  Baye. 

*®  Indians  gave  her  a  name  which  in  tlieir  language  signified  Queen  of 
%  flowers, 

^  the  army  retired  from  Drummond's  Island  to  Penetanguishine,  Can- 

^  he  accompanied  them,  and  died  at  that  place  of  cholera,  in  1832,  aged 

*^t  eighty-five.    He  had  quite  a  library,  was  well  read,  a  man  of  iron 

^U],  and  so  hating  the  Yankee  race  that  he  would  not  remain  on  their  soil 

^^Q  Mackinaw  was  surrendered  to  the  Americans  on  the  peace  of  1815. 

^  left  a  family  of  twelve  children  —  the  late  Wm.  Mitchell,  of  Green 

^Tt  who  died  three  years  since,  was  the  youngest  and  last    Mrs.  Mary  C. 

**^eU,  the  widow  of  Wm.  Mitchell,  has  furnished  the  data  for  this  note. 

8H.  C.  1..  C.\). 


IOC  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


Winnebago  Lake^  Feb.  28, 1 814. 

Dear  Sir: —  I  was  glad  to  see  Jean  Vieux,  and  to  find  that 
our  people  at  Milwaukee  were  all  safe.    They  are  in  that 
place  quite  ignorant  of  all  that  is  passing  elsewhere.    It  is 
true,  a  number  of  the  reports  may  be  false;  but  you  may 
rest  assured  that  the  Pottawatomies  do  not  meditate  any- 
thing good  to  us,  else  they  would  never  have  given  hostages 
to  the  Americans  for  their  good  behaviour,  nor  would  they 
so  industriously  have  concealed  this  circumstance  from  the 
other  Indians.    The  general  tenor  of  the  reports  circulated 
are  with  the  view  of  detaching  the  Indians  from  our  inte^ 
est.    I  am  as  much  as  ever  on  my  guard  against  them,  and 
my  firm  determination  is  to  shew  all  the  Indians  that  we 
are  not  to  be  trifled  with.     The  Pottawatomies  by  what  I 
have  held  out  to  them,  will  probably  be  prevented  from  go- 
ing the  lengths  they  otherwise  might  have  gone.    La  Batte 
is  a  very  proper  person  to  carry  the  express.    Tell  them  to 
use  all  possible  expedition.   I  send  you  some  sugar,  but  have 
not  a  pound  of  grease.    Lieut.  Grignon  can  perhaps  furnish 
a  little.    I  can  only  get  one  pair  snow-shoes.    Jean  Vieuxis 
in  a  hurry.    Please  inform  Lieut.  Grignon  of  the  contents, 
of  this  letter.    I  expect  Messrs.  Acyaster  and  Bonneture  to- 
day.  I  thank  you  for  the  tobacco.   Nothing  more  at  present. 

Yours  trulv, 

R  Dickson. 

Lieut.  Lawe,  La  Baye. 
Per  Jean  Vieux. 


MiCHiLiMAC'KiNAC,  March  1, 1814. 
Dear  Sir,—  On  the  24th  ult.,  Robert  Livingston  arrived 
from  York,  and  brought  us  the  agreeable  information  and 
•official  accounts  of  the  enemy  having  abandoned  Fort 
Oeorge  on  the  12th  of  December,  and  Fort  Niagara  was 
carried  by  storm  on  the  19th  same  month  by  the  One  Hun- 
dreth  Reg't,  part  of  the  Forty-First  and  Eighth  royalB, 
under  the  command  of  Col.  Murray.  The  enemy  had  sixty- 
five  killed,  fifteen  wounded  and  three  hundred  and  fif^ 


Lawe  ANT)  Grignon  Papers,  1704-1821.  107 

made  prisoners.  During  Col.  Murray's  operations  at  Fort 
Niagara,  Gen.  Riall,  with  some  troops  and  about  eight  hun- 
dred Indians  crossed  over  to  Lewiston,  but  the  yell  of  the  In- 
dians on  hearing  of  the  success  against  Niagara,  frightened 
away  all  of  the  force  that  was  at  Lewiston,  so  that  Gen- 
Riall  found  no  resistance. 

As  soon  as  preparations  could  be  made.  Gen.  Drummond 
attacked  the  enemy  at  Black  Rock  with  five  hundred  men 
and  some  Indians.  The  enemy'siorce  was  sixteen  hundred, 
who  gave  our  people  a  warm  reception  for  fifteen  minutes 
and  then  gave  way,  leaving  one  hundred  prisoners  in  our 
possession.  The  Indians  pursued  the  stragglers  in  the 
woods,  and  killed  about  two  hundred  and  fifty.  Our  people 
pursued  to  the  village  of  Buffalo,  where  they  found  great 
quantities  of  merchandise  and  public  stores  of  every  descrip- 
tion; and  soldiers  and  Indians  brought  away  as  much  goods  as 
they  could  carry.  As  the  enemy  had  burned  every  house  in 
the  town  of  Niagara,  Gen.  Drummond  ordered  that  every 
building  in  Buffalo,  and  from  there  to  Niagara  should  be 
burned,  which  was  done.  There  were  four  fine,  large,  armed 
schooners  at  Buffalo,  which  shared  the  fate  of  the  town. 
The  public  stores  taken  in  Niagara  will  amount  to 
£100,000. 

Gen.  Wilkinson,  with  an  army  of  four  thousand  six  hun- 
dred men,  was  descending  the  Long  Sault,  to  form  a  junc- 
tion with  Gen.  Hampton  on  the  11th  of  November  last,  for 
the  purpose  of  invading  Lower  Canada:  but  Col.  Morrison, 
with  a  part  of  the  Forty-Ninth  Reg't  and  the  Eighty-Ninth 
Reg't  and  a  division  of  gun-boats,  attacked  him,  killed  one 
hundred,  took  a  hundred  prisoners,  and  put  one  thousand 
more  hors  du  combat.  Our  loss  was  trifling.  The  party  that 
defeated  Wilkinson  was  from  Kingston,  so  that  our  Cana- 
dians of  Montreal,  who  were  prepared  to  give  the  Yankees 
a  good  dressing,  were  quite  disappointed  to  find  that  the 
business  had  been  [accomplished!  by  their  friends.  The  in- 
vading army  is  gone  into  Winter  quarters  at  Plattsburg, 

etc. 
An  expedition  was  in  agitation  when  Livingston^^lef t  York, 


108  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

for  the  reduction  of  Detroit.  The  accounts  of  the  decisive 
defeat  of  Bonaparte,  on  the  IGth,  18th  and  19th,  October  last, 
has  come  to  hand;  he  lost  in  these  three  engagements  eight}'- 
\wo  thousand  men,  and  one  hundred  and  eighty  pieces  of 
cannon.  Two  large  ships  of  thirty-five  and  fifty-six  guns 
are  in  great  forwardness  at  Kingston,  which  will  give  Sir 
T.  L.  Yeo  the  superiority  of  Lake  Ontario. 

The  bearers,  A  gou-ah-beme  and  comrade,  are  sent  express 
for  Mr.  Dickson's  letters,  and  both  are  required  to  return  to 
this  place.  I  intend  to  send  two  more  Indians  to  your  quar- 
ter as  soon  as  the  York  courier  returns,  who  is  expected  in 
three  or  four  days,  with  Michel  Cadot,  w^ho  left  this  the  18th 
January  last.  I  send  a  few  newspapers,  which  you  will 
please  forward  to  Robert  Dickson,  Esq. 

Wishing  you  health  and  happiness,  I  am,  dear  sir. 

Your  most  obedient  servant, 

Jno.  Askin,  Jr. 

Lieut.  Louis  Grk^non,  La  Baye. 


Remarks  on  the  Bad  Intentions  of  the  Pottaw atomies, 

March  2,  1814: 

1.  My  having  been  advertised  by  different  Indians  of 
their  bad  dispositions. 

2.  Their  having  said  if  Thomas*  and  his  relations  were 
the  only  Indians  with  me,  that  they  would  cut  us  off. 

3.  Their  manner  of  arriving  here  with  a  few  women 
and  no  children  as  usual. 

4.  Coming  to  council  completely  armed. 

5.  The  Grand  Puant  when  called  to  council  was  not  to 
be  found,  and  on  two  young  men  having  been  sent  to  look 
for  him,  they  returned  without  giving  themselves  any 
trouble. 

G.  Watcho  giving  us  no  information  respecting  the 
Main  Poque's  parole,  which  he  had  lately  received  frona 
Detroit. 


'  Thomas  Carron,  or  Old  Tomah. 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  179^1821.  109 

7.  Watcho  and  the  Grand  Puant  being  painted  in  the 
manner  as  when  going  to  strike  their  enemies. 

8.  The  discourse  of  the  Grand  Puant  to  Watcho,  while 
I  was  in  council  with  the  Renards  or  Foxes,  and  which  was 
overheard. 

9.  Their  requesting  to  dance  at  the  house,  which  I  re- 
fused; we  have  since  been  informed  that  at  this  time  they 
were  to  strike. 

10.  Their  never  mentioning  that  the  Pottawatomie 
chiefs  had  gone  to  St.  Louis,  of  which  they  were  not 
ignorant. 

11.  Their  having  promised  to  go  to  war  last  Fall,  and  put- 
ting it  off  under  different  pretexts  from  time  to  time. 

12.  The  Grand  Puant  having  asked  the  Indians  on  the 
event  of  my  death,  who  was  to  get  the  goods. 

13.  The  Grand  Puant  having  said  to  several  Indians  that 
he  would  quarrel  with  me. 

14.  The  very  ungracious  manner  in  which  they  received 
the  presents,  not  returning  thanks. 

15.  Their  not  giving  me  the  hand  on  leaving  this. 

17.  The  Grand  Puant  and  Watcho  surprised  while  whis- 
pering to  each  other  at  night. 

18.  The  woman's  reporf,  at  La  Baye,  of  their  intention  of 
killing  me  if  they  were  refused  presents. 

19.  The  discourse  held  by  Petite's  son. 

20.  Their  having  held  council  to  kill  Beaubien,  and  to 
take  his  goods. 

21.  The  number  of  idle  reports  in  circulation,  but  all  with 
an  intention  to  injure  our  cause. 

22.  Having  demanded  of  the  Grand  Puant  on  his  arrival 
whether  any  of  the  Indians  with  him  had  been  here  before, 
be  denied  that  any  had  been  here,  and  we  afterwards  dis- 
covered five  or  six  who  had  already  received  presents. 

23.  The  Grand  Puant,  previous  to  his  leaving  his  village, 
had  sent  tobacco  to  the  young  men  at  Milwalkie  inviting 
them  to  come  here  with  him.  On  their  saying  that  they 
had  already  been  here,  he  said  let  them  come -7- it  wa«  to 
dance. 

24.  The  arrival  of  the  six  Pottawatomie^ 


110  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

their  not  delivering  Mr.  Chandonnet's  letters  until  threat- 
ened. 

25.  Their  forcibly  seizing  our  traders  and  carrying  them 
to  Detroit. 

26.  Their  denying  Mat-tat-tass  having  e^one  to  see  the 
Main  Poque  at  Detroit. 

27.  Their  having  made  peace  with  the  Americans,  and 
agreeing  to  take  up  the  hatchet  against  all  Indians  attached 
to  the  English,  and  their  giving  hostages  in  consequence. 

28.  The  Elourneau '  informed  me  that  four  of  their  chiefs, 
during  the  course  of  last  Summer,  gave  information  to  the 
enemy  of  all  our  motions,  and  for  this  service  were  loaded 
with  presents. 

29.  When  the  late  Mr.  La  Saussaye  arrived  last  Spring 
on  the  south  side  of  Lake  Michigan,  the  Main  Poque  had 
just  come  from  the  Americans,  and  was  seen  with  four 
horses  which  he  had  received  from  them,  by  the  Little 
Forgeron  and  his  party.  The  Little  Forgeron  mentioned 
this  circumstance  to  the  Grand  Soldat,  and  was  desired  by 
him  to  conceal  it. 

30.  When  the  Little  Forgeron  and  his  party  went  to  war 
from  Detroit,  after  their  having  passed  the  river  Raisin, 
discovered  two  tracks,  which  they  took  for  Americans,  but 
afterwards  found  them  to  be  Pottawatomies,  who  gave  in- 
formation to  the  Fort,  on  which  a  body  of  cavalry  sallied 
out,  and  in  consequence  a  Folle  Avoine,  or  Menomonee,  was 
killed.  He  again  informed  the  Grand  Soldat  of  this  circum- 
stance, and  was  again  dedired  by  him  to  conceal  it. 

31.  The  Main  Poque  informed  the  FoUes  Avoines  of  that 
party,  that  he  would  go  to  the  English;  but  would  keep 
behind,  and  see  what  was  going  on;  that  it  was  his  deter- 
mination not  to  fight, 

'  This  refers  to  Leturneau— the  I  in  Elourneau  liavini^,  doubtless,  been 
intended  for  a  t,  the  crossing  of  which  was  neglected.  He  was  an  Ottawa, 
whose  wife  was  a  Pottawatomie,  and  he  was  chosen  a  chief  in  this  latter 
tril)e.  He  resided  somewhere  south-west  of  Chicago.  His  name  was 
Sig-ge-nauk,  or  Blackbird:  but  better  known  among  the  early  settlers  of 
Illinois  as  L?turneau .  Ia  G.  D. 


Lawe  and  Grignox  Papers,  1794-1821.  Ill 

32.  The  Pottawatomies  did  not  arrive  at  Fort  Meigs  until 
two  days  after  we  were  there. 

33.  On  the  attack  at  Sandusky,  the  Main  Poque  ascended 
a  tree,  and  called  out  to  his  young  men  that  they  should  not 
advance  until  they  saw  the  white  flag  hoisted,  and  that 
then  they  would  rush  into  the  fort. 

3 1.  On  our  leaving  Sandusky,  the  Main  Poque  remained, 
and  did  not  come  to  Detroit  until  fifteen  days  after  our  ar- 
rival. He  had  four  men  of  his  nation  with  him,  one  of 
whom  was  Kenzie's  great  friend,  named  Kee-pou-tah,  from 
St.  Joseph's. 

After  such  a  concatenation  of  events,  there  is  no  doubt  in 
my  mind  of  the  hostile  intention  of  the  Pottawatomies  to  us. 

R.  Dickson. 

Winnebago  Lake,  March  2, 1814. 


Winnebago  Lake,  March  15, 1814. 

Dear  Sir:  —  This  goes  by  the  old  Is-kee-ken-aibe,  who,  on 
coming  here,  upset  in  a  canoe,  and  lost  his  gun.  If  you 
h,ave  one,  let  him  have  it,  as  I  do  not  wish  to  let  the  Indians 
here  see  him  get  one.  I  do  not  know  what  the  old  fellow 
walks  about  for.  I  believe  it  is  hunger  drives  them  all  here. 
If  you  can,  give  him  half  a  bushel  of  wheat.  I  shall  be 
obliged  to  take  every  precaution  to  bring  a  greater  quan- 
tity of  flour  from  the  Prairie.*  No  news  from  that  place  as 
yet.  I  think  that  the  people  have  imprudently  left  their 
snow-shoes,  and  will  most  probably  die  with  hunger.  An 
old  man  and  a  young  girl  died  of  hunger  and  cold,  on  their 
way  here,  about  four  miles  from  Bauprez.  A  scoundrel  Puant 
passed  by  them,  and  without  making  a  fire,  left  them  to 
perish.  A  woman  and  two  children  were  saved,  and  are 
now  at  Bauprez's,  but  they  are  all  insane,  and  will  hardly  re- 
cover. 

I  have  not  had  less  than  fifty  people  per  day  here  for 
these  ten  days  past.  They  have  "eaten  me  even  to  the 
nails.''    I  have  only  two  bushels  of  wheat  remaining.    The 

'  Prairie  du  Chlen. 


112  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

t 

weather  continues  cold,  but  I  hope  that  it  will  soon  break. 
The  express  retards  much  from  Mackinac;  but  the  weather 
has  been  very  bad.    As  it  comes  late  I  trust  that  we  shall 
have  good  news.    It  will  require  strong  measures  in  the 
Spring  to  keep  matters  right.    The  Sauteurs  of  the  Ouiscon- 
sin  have  sent  me  word  by  the  Lievre  —  The  Hare  —  that 
they  are  all  ready  when  the  river  opens;  and  all  the  Folles 
Avoines  c*re  well  disposed.    If  the  Indians  from  any  quarter 
circulate  bad  reports,  please  inform  them  that  I  will  punish 
them.    Keep  a  list  of  their  names. 

Beauprez  is  just  arrived  with  the  cry  of  hunger;  the  fam- 
ily at  his  house  are  dying.  I  send  you  a  list  of  the  articles 
stolen  from  his  house.  I  am  heartily  tired  and  sick  of  this 
place.  There  is  no  situation  more  miserable  than  to  see  ob- 
jects arouad  you  dying  with  hunger,  and  unable  to  give 
them  but  little  assistance.  I  have  done  what  I  could  for 
them,  and  will  in  consequence  starve  myself.  With  best 
wishes.  Yours  truly, 

R  Dickson. 

P.  S. —  Mr.  Chandonnet  might  as  well  have  passed  the 
Winter  with  His  Holiness,  the  Pope,  at  Rome.  He  did  net 
procure  intelligence  from  St.  Joseph,  for  which  I  sent  him. 
His  reason  for  his  failure  is  unsatisfactory.  I  would  not 
give  two  pence  a  dozen  for  such  people.* 

Lt.  Lawe,  La  Baye. 


'  J.  B.  Cbandonnai  was  a  half-breed — son  of  a  Frenchman,  and  Ghip- 
pe-wa-(iua.  a  Pottawatomie  woman,  and  was  probably  a  native  of  the  St 
Joseph's  region,  Michigan,  and  born  as  early  as  1770.    He  was  employed 
by  Wm.  Burnett  an  early  trader,  in  that  quarter,  from  1792  to  1799,  and,  it 
may  be,  earlier  and  later.    When  the  war  of  1812  commenced,  Robert  For- 
syth, tlie  elder,  was  sent  with  a  party  from  Detroit,  among  them  Chan' 
donnai,  as  emissaries  to  the  Pottawatomies;  and,  at  the  same  time,  John 
Cliandonnai,  an  uncle  of  the  object  of  tins  notice,  was  sent  by  the  British 
at  Mackinaw,  with  a  party  of  some  thirty  Indians,  to  conciliate  the  Pot- 
tawatomies and  apprehend  young  Chandonnai  for  his  attachment  and 
sympathies  for  the  Americans.     The  uncle  and  nephew  meetinij:,  the 
former  made  known  his  errand,  when  the  latter  warned  liis  uncle  if  he 
persisted  in  his  object,  and  over-stepped  a  designated  line,  he  would  ahoot 
liim;  but  the  uncle  drew  his  sword  and  advanced,  and  paid  the  forfeit  of 
Jiis  life.    The  British  Indian  party,  near  by,  hastened  to  the  spot;  to  whom 


Lawe  ANT)  Grignon  Papers,  1794-1821.  113 


Winnebago  Lake,  March  20, 1814. 

My  Dear  Sir:  With  the  greatest  joy  and  satisfaction  have 

I  received  your  letter,  with  the  express  from  Mackinaw; 

also  the  packets  of  news-papers  which  had  been  forgotten. 

'Never  has  so  much  good  news,  and  that  so  unexpected,  come 

at  the  same  time. 

I  wrote  Lt.  Lawe,  in  conjunction  with  you,  to  assemble 
the  people,  and  Indians  for  a  bon-tire ;  and  at  the  same  time 

young  ChandoDDai  expressed  his  regret  for  having  killed  his  uncle,  but 
that  he  did  it  in  self-defense^  as  he  dared  not  trust  himself  in  the  hands  of 
hiB  enemies;  and  cautioned  them,  if  they  attempted  to  cross  the  line  he 
had  marked,  he  should  not  hesitate  to  kill  as  many  of  them  as  he  could 
with  his  double-barreled  gun.  They  beat  a  parley,  and  agreed  to  desist 
from  their  purpose,  and  return  home,  if  Chandonnai  would  give  them  ten 
gallons  of  whisky,  which  he  did. 

At  the  time  of  the  Chicago  massacre,  in  August,  1812,  Chandonnai  was  act- 
ing as  a  clerk  for  John  Kinzie,  a  noted  Indian  trader  at  that  place;  and  Mr. 
Kinzie  committed  his  family  to  his  charge,  aided  by  two  friendly  Indians, 
upon  whose  fidelity  he  could  rely,  intending  himself  to  assist  the  American 
ga  rrison  in  their  intended  retirement  to  Fort  Wayne.  While  Kinzie's  family 
was  protected  by  these  Indians,  the  treacherous  attack  was  made  on  the 
retiring  garrison,  Chandonnai  rushed  out,  interceded  for,  and  ransomed 
the  wounded  Mr&  Heald  from  her  captor,  and  conveyed  her  and  her  hus- 
band, Capt.  Heald,  to  St  Joseph's.  From  there  in  November  following, 
Chandonnai  and  a  friendly  Indian  conducted  the  Kinzie  family  to  Detroit. 
He  was  one  of  the  United  States  interpreters  at  the  treaty  of  Greenville 
in  1814,  and  at  Portage  des  Sioux  and  Spring  Wells,  in  1815.  During  the 
period  1818—19,  and  perhaps  longer,  he  was  engaged  as  an  Indian  trader 
in  the  Chicago  region.  At  the  treaty  of  Chicago  in  1821,  he  was  granted 
two  sections  of  land  on  the  St.  Joseph's.  He  was  a  witness  to  the  Chicago 
treaty  of  1882:  and  at  the  treaty  there  in  September,  1833,  he  was  allowed 
a  claim  of  $1,000. 

It  is  said  that  he  drew  a  pension  from  the  United  States  for  8er\ices 
in  the  war  of  1812;  but  from  CoL  Dickson's  letters,  it  would  seem  that 
Chandonn&i  was  a  soldier  of  fortune,  and  served  wherever  his  interests 
dictaUd.  L.  C.  D. 

*  Mrs.  Charlotte  Harteau  and  Peter  B.  Grignon,  of  Green  Bay,  though 
young  at  the  time,  remember  that  Col.  Dickson's  wintering-place  was  on 
the  beautiful  Island,  since  known  as  Doty's,  now  Neenah.  It  liad  from 
time  in;memcrial  been  the  locality  of  a  prominent  Winnebago  village 


114  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

to  drink  the  health  of  his  Majesty,  the  Prince  Regent,  and 
Sir  George  Prevost. 

I  am  sorry  to  have  detained  the  Indians  so  long  a  time; 
but  I  am  [very]  tired  of  the  Winnebagoes  and  Foxes.  The 
last  messenger  left  Mr.  Dease  at  the  Sauk  village  on  the 
Wisconsin. 

At  the  moment  I  write  this,  no  news  of  consequence  comes 
in.  Provisions  are  ready  for  a  start;  the  canoes  also  [are 
ready]  to  come  to  the  Portage. 


Here  Carver,  in  1766.  found  the  Winnebago  queen,  Ho-po-ke-o-kaw,  or 
Th^  Glory  of  the  Morning,  holding  sway.    She  was  the  widow  of  the  elder 
De-Kau-ray.    It  was  known  for  many  years  aft  Four  Leg*8  Village.    This 
chief  *s  Winnebago  name  was  Hoo-tshoap-kau;  known  among  the  Henon 
onees  as  Ne*o-kau-tah;  and,  for  a  period,  he  claimed  tribute  from  the 

.  Americans  who  passed  his  village.    There  are  other  traditions  that  C6L 
Dickson  spent  the  Fall  and  Winter  of  1813-14  on  Doty's  Island. 
After  the  capture  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  in  July,  1814,  Ck>l.  Dickson  returned 

^  to  Mackinaw  for  a  supply  of  ammunition  and  Indian  goods;  but  in  conse- 
quence of  the  American  attack  on,  and  blockade  of,  Mackinaw,  the  ani^sl 
of  the  usual  Indian  supplies  there  was  so  delayed,  tliat  Dickson  and  hift 
loaded  barges  were  c;iught  by  cold  weather,  and  frozen  in,  when  they 
reached  Garlic  Island,  where  the  Winneoago  chief,  Pe-shea,  or  The  WHd 
Cat,  had  a  village,  and  was  compelled  to  remain  there  till  well  into  De- 
cember, when  he  was  able  to  proceed  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  where  he  arrived 
early  in  January,  1815,  after  many  difRculties,  to  the  great  relief  of  the 
Indians  in  that  quarter,  who  relied  on  these  annual  supplies  to  carry  them 
through  the  Winter. 

Grignon,  in  Wis,  Hist.  Colls.,  iii,  239,  speaks  of  Dickson's  being  caught 
by  freezing  weather  at  Crarlic  Island;  but  erroneously  places  it  in  1818-18. 
Capt.  Wm.  Powell  and  L.  R  Porlier  also  mention  it    C.  J.  Coon,  an  early 
Indian  trader,  and  a  pioneer  settler  at  Oshkosh,  states  that  Dickson  win- 
tered at  Black  Wolf's  village,  at  Black  Wolf's  Point,  half  way  between 
Odhkosh  and  Fond  du  Lac.    He  may  have  spent  a  portion  of  the  time  thei& 
Maj.  Charles  Doty  communicates  an  extract  from  the  journal  of  his  mothsr, 
Mrs.  Jame^  D.  Doty,  of  August,  1828,  when  accompanying  her  husband 
on  his  way  to  hold  court  at  Prairie  du  Chien:  '*We  coasted  along  the  west 
shore  of  Lake  Winnebago  to  Garlic  Island,  on   the  opposite  point  to  which 
is  a  Winnebago  village  of  fine  permanent  lodge.-*,  and  fine  com-fieldSi    In 
the  Fall  of  1814,  the  late  CoL  Dickson  was  stopped  here  by  the  ioe,  and 
compelled  to  remain  durinc:  the  Winter.     He  was  on  his  way  to  Prairie  du 
Chien  to  engage  the  Indians  for  the  British,  with  seven  boats  loaded  with 
goods  for  presents.    He  cleared  the  land  now  cultivated  by  the  ladiana*^ 

1*0.  IX 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1794-1821.  115 

Thanks  for  sending  me  your  letters.  In  a  day  or  two  I 
rill  send  the  news-papers  to  you  and  to  Mr.  Lawe,  and  will 
iso  write  you  more  fully.  But  I  should  be  more  glad  to 
>ee  you  as  soon  as  possible,  for  I  have  many  things  to  tell 
you.    You  will  try  to  send  by  express  as  soon  as  you  can. 

I  think  the  Indians  are  very  impatient  to  return  to  Mack- 
inac.   While  I  hope  for  the  pleasure  of  seeing  you  very 
soon,  accept  my  wishes  for  your  health,  and  your  family's. 
I  am,  dear  sir,  your  very  humble  servant, 

R.  Dickson. 

I  have  sent  you  several  letters  for  McKinac  and  La  Baye. 

Lieut.  Grignon,  La  Baye. 


Winnebago  Lake,*  March  20, 1814. 
Dear  Sir  —  On  the  17th  inst.,  I  perceived  the  flag  waving 
on  the  lake  —  the  omen  of  favorable  news,  and  which  far 
exceeded  my  most  sanguine  expectations.  Nothing  can  be 
niore  glorious  to  our  country  than  the  late  brilliant  achieve- 
nients,  and  will  be  attended  with  the  most  [happy]  conse- 
quences. On  the  receipt  of  this,  with  Lt.  Grignon,  you  will 
assemble  the  people  and  Indians  to  fire  a  salute,  and  to 
drink  the  King's  health,  the  Prince  Regent's  and  Sir  George 
Prevost's.  I  have  a  great  deal  of  private  news  independent 
of  public,  but  I  have  been  so  pestered  with  Puants,  Renards, 
etc.,  for  these  three  days  past,  that  it  is  out  of  my  power  to 
detail  them  at  present.  Mr.  Dease,  with  three  men,  were 
left  at  the  Village  de  Sauk,  on  the  Ouisconsin,  six  days  ago, 
on  their  way  here.  They  are  a  set  of  bunglers  —  no  snow- 
Jhoes  nor  provisions.  I  am  afraid  they  are  dead  by  this 
iime.  I  send  oflf  to  look  for  them  to-day. 
I  have  requested  Mr.  Grignon  to  endeavor  to  keep  the  In- 
ians  [from]  going  to  Mackinack  a  day  or  two  longer,  to 
:ive  the  news  from  the  Mississippi,  in  hopes  of  Mr.  Dease's 
rrival.  I  will  send  you  the  newspapers  in  a  day  or  two.  I 
ave  hardly  looked  at  them  yet.  Mr.  McGill  died  after  an 
Ines  of  only  four  days.  I  sincerely  regret  him.  He  was  a 
rorthy  man.  My  brother  William  is  arrived  from  cap- 
ivity.    He  has  had  both  his  houses  and  furmt\iTe\)\iTtL\i»WidL 


IIG  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

his  wife  and  family  turned  out  in  the  snow,  almost  naked^ 
by  the  villains  who  have  already  paid  for  it.  Your  brother 
must  also  have  been  exchanged,  as  I  see  his  name  in  the 
list.  We  ought  to  be  grateful  to  Providence  for  what  has 
taken  place,  and  so  unexpectedly.  The  Indians  that  are 
here,  the  FoUes  Avoines  I  mean,  are  quite  happy.  I  have 
told  the  Sauks  and  Renards  that  they  sleep  too  long.  If 
they  do  not  get  up,  that  I  shall  rouse  them  with  the  hatchet^ 
and  that  Britain  suffers  no  neutrals. 

Mr.  Askins  sending  to  L.  Grignon's  the  express  is  of  no 
consequence  I  know,  to  you;  but  I  will,  if  I  live,  overhaul 
that  g'^.ntleman.  He  has  all  along  acted  with  the  greatest 
impropriety.  This  is  a  horrid  scrawl,  but  I  will  shortly 
make  up  for  it  by  sending  you  a  volume  of  news.  I  shall 
soon  be  on  the  move.  I  beg  you  not  to  give  a  needle  to  any 
Indian  on  the  Milwaukee  side.  I  am  determined  to  punish 
those  rascals. 

With  best  wishes,  I  remain,  dear  sir. 

Yours  truly, 
R  Dickson. 

Mr.  Dease  is  just  arrived,  almost  starved  —  four  days 
without  eating.  I  will  get  a  sufficiency  of  provisions  at  the 
Prairie  *    No  news  of  any  consequence. 

Lt.  John  Lawe,  Ind.  Dept,  La  Baye. 


Fox  River,  April  19, 1814. 
Dear  Sir: — I  received  your  separate  favors  of  11th,  and 
that  by  the  express,  which  brings  us  glorious  news  from 
Europe.    I  send  you  a  Montreal  Oazette,  but  not  the  latest. 
I  have  given  Lt.  Pullman  a  short  detail  of  the  European 
news.    In  Canada  all  is  activity  and  bustle.    Jonathan  in- 
tends doing  great  things  before  the  war  ceases,  and  we  must 
all  exert  ourselves  to  keep  him  out  of  the  country.    We  are 
to  be  strongly  reinforced  at  Mackinac.  Officers  of  the  Royal 
Navy  marines,  artillery  and  regulars,  and  in  all  upwards  of 
five  hundred  men.    I  have  directed  Lt.  Pullman  to  wait  Mr. 


^Prairie  du  Chien. 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1794-18*21.  117 

Grignon's  arrival  from  the  Portage,  which  will  be  at  latest 
on  the  27th;  nor  do  I  think  the  Lake  practicable  before  that 
ime.  He  will  be  strongly  manned,  and  have  two  good 
boats.  I  trust  the  provisions  are  ready.  I  wish  as  many 
Indians  as  can  be  got  to  accompany  him,  as  it  will  be  a  sav- 
ing of  provisions.  You  will  please  exert  yourself  to  effect 
this. 

I  shall  not  lose  a  moment  as  I  trust  to  be  at  La  Baye  by 
the  6th  or  7th  May.  It  is  impossible  for  me  to  do  otherwise 
without  sacrificing  the  country;  nor  am  I  able  to  collect  a 
force  before  that  time.  I  shall  write  you  from  the  Portage, 
which  I  think  to  reach  on  the  22d.  We  must  use  all  dili- 
gence to  get  into  Mackinac  lest  the  Americans  should  be  be- 
fore-hand with  us  —  keep  this  secret. 

Get  five  or  six  bark  canoes  if  you  can,  and  [two  or  three 
words  cannot  be  made  out.]  We  have  had  great  difficulty 
to  pass  the  Lake;  the  ice  is  still  a  colid  body  and  no  appear- 
ance of  its  breaking  up.  I  shall  write  you  fully  by  Lt. 
Grignon.  Gen.  Wilkinson's  camp  had  been  abandoned  at 
French  Mills.    All  their  heavy  cannon  left,  and  four  hun 

dred  sleigh  loads  of  stores,  etc.,  brought  off.    Col.  Morrison 

•  ■  

IS  gone  with  four  thousand  regulars  to  attack  Plattsburgh . 
The  expedition  to  Detroit  has  not  yet  taken  place;  but  wo 
shall  hear  soon  more  of  that.    Hondez  will  leave  the  house 
to-morrow.    He  will  give  his  boat  to  Lt.  Pullman. 
With  best  wishes,  ±  remain,  dear  sir. 

Yours  most  truly, 

R.  Dickson. 
Lt.  Lawe,  La  Baye. 

Per  Le  Goupe. 


McKiNAc,  May  1, 1814. 
Sir: —  Being  assured  that  you  will  learn  the  good  news 
which  we  have  received  by  the  couriers  from  York,  I 
do  not  [trouble  myself]  to  inform  you  of  them.  The  reason 
i«,  that  having  an  opportunity,  I  communicate  them  to  Mr. 
Dickson,  who  cannot  fail  to  make  them  known  to  you. 


88  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

I  have  to  inform  you  that  we  flatter  ourselves  that  we  can 
hold  our  Fort —  thanks  to  the  success  we  have  had  in  the  re- 
gion of  Niagara,  as  well  as  through  the  re-enforcement  we 
expect  this  Spring  of  two  hundred  men^  one  [cannon],  and 
thirty-two  barges  laden  with  provisions,  followed  by  two 
gun-boats  netted  [barricaded]  in  case  of  need. 

I  beg  you  to  forward  my  baggage,  if  you  have  a  good  op- 
portunity; or,  if  you  have  not,  to  take  charge  of  it  yourself, 
for  I  suppose  we  -shall  have  the  pleasure  of  seeing  you.  My 
compliments  to  Messrs.  Pierre  and  Augustin  Grignon,  and 
Mr.  Lawe. 

Meantime  I  am,  with  consideration,  Sir, 

Your  very  humble  sert^ant  and  friend. 

J.  B.  Berthblot. 

Mk.  Louis  Grignox,  La  Baye. 


Fort  McKay,  28th  July,  1814. 

Sir: —  Deeming  it  appropriate  after  the  restoration  of  Fort 
Shelby  to  the  arms  of  His  Majesty  under  my  command,  to 
send  my  dispatches  for  Michilimackinac,  it  is  for  you  to 
transmit  them  by  an  express  canoe.  For  the  expenses  in- 
curred, [if  exorbitant?]  I  shall  hold  you  responsible. 

It  is  with  great  pleasure  that  I  inform  you,  that  the  con- 
duct and  services  of  Lieut.  Porlier,  your  son,  have  been  far 
beyond  what  I  dared  to  hope  in  a  young  man;  and  if  his 
future  conduct  does  not  disappoint  appearances,  he  will  be 
an  honor  to  the  Canadian  nation,  and  a  useful  man  to  bis 
country. 

Awaiting  the  pleasure  of  seeing  you,  I  am. 

Your  obedient  servant, 

Wm.  McKat,  Lt.  CoL 

James  Porlier,  Green  Bay. 


Instructions  for  Lieut.  Grignon,  of  the  Indian  Depart- 
ment. 

You  will  consider  your  station  at  La  Baye,  as  an  intenne- 
diate  point  of  communication  between  Fort  McKay,  on  the 


Lawe  and  Qrignon  Papers,  1794-1821.  IIU 

Mississippi,  and  this  Island,  making  it  your  study  to  do  every- 
thing you  can  for  the  general  good  of  the  service,  or  for  the 
particular  advantage  of  either  of  these  posts. 

You  will  be  ready  to  convey  to  the  officer  commanding 
at  Fort  McKay  such  dispatches  as  may  be  occasionally  for- 
warded to  him  from  this  place,  or  such  other  information  as 
may  conie  to  your  knowledge,  and  which  you  may  think  it 
necessary  that  he  should  know.  Should  you  also  find  that 
the  post  is  threatened  with  an  attack  by  the  enemy,  and  you 
called  upon  for  assistance  by  the  commandant  of  Fort 
McKay,  you  will  then,  with  the  most  indefatigable  exertion, 
collect  as  soon  as  possible,  as  many  of  the  FoUes  Avoines 
and  Winnebago  Indians  as  you  can,  and  repair  to  his  assist- 
ance, your  brother,  in  such  a  case,  supplying  the  necessary 
provisions. 

The  commandant  attaches  no  small  consequence  to  the  ex- 
ertions which  he  trusts  you  will  make  to  obtain  for  the  use  of 
this  garrison  every  barrel  of  fiour  that  can  possibly  be  fur- 
nished at  Green  Bay,  and  expects  that  you  will  spare  neither 
time  nor  trouble  in  obtaining  and  forwarding,  if  possible, 
these  supplies,  of  such  importance  to  us,  which  if  not  fur- 
nished all  in  fiour,  the  remainder  must  be  sent  in  wheat. 

lieut.  Col.  McKay  will  perhaps  be  able  to  arrange  with 
you  some  mode  of  contracting  for  and  forwarding  these  sup- 
plies, which  will  be  paid  for  at  this  place.  Should  any  of 
the  wive^  of  the  Indians  who  are  on  duty  at  this  Island  l>c 
in  want,  your  brother  may  occasionally  render  them  some 
assistance.  Your  utmost  exertions  will  be  required,  as  well 
as  those  of  your  brother,  to  hurry  off  the  Folle  Avoine 
Indians,  who  are  required  for  the  defense  of  this  Island,  with 
the  utmost  possible  expedition. 

.  Given  under  my  hand,  at  Michilimackinac,  this  2 1st  of 
Augt.,  1814. 

Rbt.  McDouAix,  Lt  Col,, 
Com'q  at  Michilimackinac. 


120  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socibty. 

Sale  of  Land,  by  Pierre  Coupi  to  Joseph  Duouf:, 

October  6, 1814. 

In  the  absence  of  a  notary,  before  the  undersigned,  wit- 
nesses were  present  —  Pierre  Coupi,  vendor  of  a  piece  of 
land  to  Joseph  Dug:ue,  purchaser;  said  land  containing  four 
arpents  of  front,  bounded  by  the  Ohaw(?)  river,  and  of 
such  depth  as  shall  be  determined  by  a  sworn  surveyor  or 
other  officer  appointed  by  the  Government;  joining  on  the 
lower  side  the  land  of  Jean  Marie  JPetel,  and  on  the  upper 
side  the  land  of  Francis  St.  Rock,  which  said  land  has  been 
sold,  and  is  sold,  for  the  price  and  sum  of  five  hundred  and 
fifty  pounds  of  money  of  the  country,  wiiich  shall  be  prairie 
w  heat  at  the  price  of  twenty-one  pounds,  which  shall  be  de- 
livered, ten  minots  on  the  first  demand;  and  the  remainder 
of  the  payment  shall  be  in  the  course  of  the  month  of  April, 
which  shall  be  paid  in  wheat,  or  money  of  the  country,  by 
the  said  purchaser,  who  has  said  that  he  has  frequently 
seen  and  visited  [the  land]  both  before  and  after  making 
the  purchase,  and  both  parties  have  said  that  they  are  con- 
tent and  satisfied.  There  is  some  work  to  be  completed, 
which  the  vendor  shall  cause  to  be  completed,  etc. 

For  thus,  etc.,  promising,  etc.,  renouncing,  etc.,  it  was  done 
and  transacted  in  the  house  of  the  said  undersigned  witness 
ti.  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  [in  the]  presence  [of]  two 
other  witnesses,  viz.,  Sr.  Hypolite  Grignon,  who  has  signed 
and  Francis  St.  Rock,  who  has  declared  that  he  is  unable  to 
do  so,  being  examined  on  that  [subject]  has  made  his  usual 
mark,  with  the  said  vendor  and  the  said  purchaser,  after 
reading  made.  And  the  said  purchaser  will  enter  into  pos- 
session of   the  said  land  and  house  in  the  course  of  this 

month  or  the  next. 

"I  Vendor 

At  Green  Bay  this  0th  of  October, 
of  the  present  year,  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  fourteen. 


his 
FRANCOIS  X  ST.  ROCK 


P'RE  COUPI 

his  X  mark. 

Purchaser 

his 

JOSEPH  X  DUGUfi 
mark. 


mark.  >•  Witnesses, 

CHLS.  REAUME,  ) 

[Hypolite  OrignoD,  for  some  reaaon,  failed  to  ^ittiefls  the  contract] 


Laws  and  Grignox  Papers,  1794-1821.  121 

X 

Mackina,  17th  October,  1814. 

Sir.— The  bearer  Corporal  Monan,  is  to  give  his  goods  into 
your  charge,  and  you  are  to  send  him  back  with  as  much 
expedition  as  you  can  possibly  make.  I  wish  you  and  Mr. 
Porlier,  to  send  back,  with  t)ie  two  boats,  about  one  hundred 
and  sixty  bushels  of  wheat,  or  as  much  as  you  have  ready,  tak- 
ing care  not  to  load  the  boats  too  much.  I  am,  however,  ex- 
ceedingly anxious  that  the  boats  should  set  off  the  day  after 
they  arrive,  for  fear  they  may  meet  with  bad  weather. 

Tell  Mr.  Porlier  I  have  stated  to  Government  the  losses 
that  the  Indians  have  occasioned,  and  that  his  wheat  is  paid 
for.  You  will  be  ready,  and  arrange  it  with  Mr.  Dickson  to 
come  here  with  the  FoUe  Avoine  and  Winnebago  Indians, 
the  very  instant  the  season  permits,  losing  not  a  moment. 
Such  women  as  they  leave  —  and  I  would  wish  but  few  to 
come—  Mr.  Porlier  must  give  some  provisions  to,  and  charge 
them  to  Government. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir. 

Your  most  obed't  serv't, 

Rbt.  McDouall, 
Lieut.  Grignon,  -Lf.  Col,  Commanding, 

Indian  Department,  Green  Bay. 


MiCHiLiMACKiNAC,  October  22d,  1814. 
■Mi/  Dear  Sir: —  Mr.  Pullman,  the  bearer  of  this  letter,  will 
inform  you  of  all  the  news.    Try  to  engage  the  people  of 
the  Bay  to  ascend  the  Rapids,  as  the  season  is  far  advanced, 
^d  you  will  benefit  your  settlement  by  helping  them. 

I  expect  to  canoe  from  Montreal,  as  it  ought  to  arrive  to- 
Uiorrow,  or  day  after  to-morrow;  I  also  made  as  good  a 
journey  as  I  could. 

^ly  respects  to  Mr.  Porlier  and  your  brothers.  Hoping  for 
the  pleasure  of  seeing  you 

I  am,  my  dear  sir. 

Your  very  obed't  servant, 
Lt  Grignon,  R.  Dickson. 

Indian  Department,  La  Baye. 

»-a  C. 


122  WiTX'ONsiN  State  Historical  Society. 

Prairie  du  Chien,  January  15, 1815. 

Dear  Sir  —  This  goes  by  La  Rose,  who  will  give  you  all 
the  news  in  detail.  We  have  been  very  busy  here  since  our 
arrival — Indians  arriving  every  day,  so  many  that  with  the 
expedition  I  send  to  the  Sauks,  I  have  almost  expended  the 
whole  of  the  goods  and  ammunition.  There  were  four  hun- 
dred pounds  gunpowder  entirely  lost  in  Pullman's  boats. 
We  had  much  difficulty  in  getting  here.  The  Mississippi 
was  shut  up  the  night  before  we  arrived  at  the  entry  of  the 
Ouisconsin.  I  received  your  letter.  I  am  glad  that  the  In- 
dians are  not  dissatisfied  with  me.  I  have  always  done  as 
much  as  in  my  power  for  them  —  if  they  were  not  better 
supplied  with  provisions  last  Summer  at  Mackinac,  I  did 
what  I  could  for  them  with  much  trouble  and  vexation  to 
myself. 

I  wish  I  could  have  got  the  keg  you  sent  after  me.  It 
contains  gun-flints,  of  which  article  I  am  much  in  want, 
and  also  gun-powder.    I  have  hardly  any  remaining,  and 
what  shall  we  do  in  the  Spring  if  not  timely  supplied?  Prob- 
ably there  may  be  some  come  to  La  Baye  by  this  time.   I 
have   been  obliged  to  bring  Mr.  Rolette  to  a  court  of  in- 
quiry.   I  accused  him  publicly  of  treasonable  practices,  and 
dangerous  and  illegal  conduct  to  the  Indians.    He  certainly 
occasioned  the  death  of  Champigny  and  Antoine  Dubois  by 
his  sending  gun-powder  to  disaffected  Indians  against  the 
positive  ordprs  of  the  commanding  officer  here.    There  are 
many  other  matters;  it  was  only  as  an  agent  for  the  British 
Government  that  I  preferred  the  charges  against  him.    I 
had  long  ago  forgiven  his  inveterate  malice  against  me.    In 
whatever  manner  it  may  end,  I  have  only  done  my  duty. 
La  Rose  will  tell  you  the  manner  in  which  the  Indian  was 
shot,  and  the  pains  I  took  to  get  him  apprehended.    It  was 
high  time  to  do  something  of  this  kind,  and  there  never  was 
a  more  proper  example,  which  I  hope  will  be  attended  with 
the  best  effects.' 

The  Micliigans,on  the  31st  of  December,  proceeded  to  open 

^  For  the  deaths  of  Cliampigny  and  Dubois,  and  execution  of  their  mur- 
derer, see  TDl.  IX,  Wis.  Hist  Colls.,  200-201,  273-75,  296-97. 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1794-1821.  12;^ 

mutiny  in  Fort  McKay,  but  were  checked  by  the  spirited 
exertions  of  Capt.  Bulger.  The  officers  of  the  department 
shewed  themselves  on  this  occasion  by  entering  the  Fort  on 
the  first  intimation  of  the  mutiny.  Three  of  the  most 
guilty  were  selected  for  punishment,  and  received  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  lashes,  each  of  which  they  well  merited.  It 
has  had  ajnost  surprising  effect  on  them,  and  they  begin  to 
look  like  soldiers. 

I  have  written  Mr.  Aird  twice  —  he  will  make  out  well 
this  year.  I  send  Joseph  Renville  up  to  his  house  to  remain 
until  Spring.  Duncan  Qraham  goes  down  to  the  Sauks. 
We  are  badly  oflf  for  provisions:  the  Indian  department  gets 
no  rations.  I  have  written  Sir  John  Johnson  to  cause  a 
proper  supply  of  goods  to  be  sent,  should  the  war  continue: 
Indian  goods  for  the  Western  nations,  at  least  five  hundred 
pair  strouds  assorted.  If  this  is  not  done,  we  shall  not  sup- 
port our  promises  to  the  Indians.  Our  supplies  have  been 
totally  insufficient  hitherto,  and  I  am  afraid  that  the  pa- 
tience of  numbers  will  be  exhausted.  I  shall  write  you  on 
another  subject  before  La  Rose  goes.  Remember  me  to 
your  little  family.  With  best  wishes  for  your  health  and 
prosperity,  I  remain.  Dear  Sir, 

Yours  truly, 

R.  Dickson. 

Lt.  John  Lawe,  Green  Bay. 


MiCHiLiMACKiNAC,  4th  March,  1815. 

Sir:— I  have  by  this  express  directed  Lieut.  Lawe,  to  bring 
in,  accompanied  by  yourself,  about  ninety  or  a  hundred 
FoUe  Avoineand  Winnebago  Indians;  and  if  I  have  formed 
a  proper  estimate  of  your  character,  I  doubt  not  but  you 
will  zealously  exert  yourself,  in  conjunction  with  him, 
in  conquering  any  little  difficulty  which  may  be  in  the  way 
of  our  obtaining  this  assistance,  which  is  so  necessary. 

Give  every  assistance  to  Mr.  Porlier  in  providing  what 
may  be  necessary  for  the  voyage;  and  it  is  absolutely  requi- 
site that  they  should  be  here  as  early  as  possible. 

All  that  is  required  is,  that  we  should  stand  out  ^jjcoxmdi. 


134  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

botli  here  and  at  Fort  McKay,  for  this  ensuing  campaigD, 
measures  being  in  contemplation  which  will  afford  us  here- 
after ample  support  and  protection.  I,  therefore,  doubt  not, 
but  that  the  loyal  inhabitants  of  Green  Bay  will  exert  them- 
selves to  the  utmost  in  supporting  both  posts  as  far  as  their 
means  will  admit. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir. 
Your  most  obedient  servant, 
Rbt.  McDouall,  Lieut.  Col., 
Commanding  ilichilimackinac  and  Dependencies ,  and  the 

Indian  Department  thereof. 
Lieut.  Qrignon. 


MiCHiLiMACKiNAC,  Gth  March,  1815. 

Dear  Sir: —  I  am  informed  that  Col.  McDouall  has  written 
you  and  Lieut  Grignon  to  bring,  at  the  opening  of  the  navi- 
gation, from  eighty  to  one  hundred  warriors;  and  as  you 
are  well  aware  of  the  difficulty  we  labored  under  last  Sum- 
mer from  the  instability  of  some  of  the  tribes,  who  made 
repeated  applications  to  be  dismissed  under  frivolous  pleas, 
I  trust  that  as  the  number  required  are  so  few,  you  will 
spare  no  pains  in  selecting  the  steadiest  and  bravest  men. 
The  commandant  intends  to  take  notice  of  all  the  warriors 
who  come  to  this  with  their  arms  in  good  repair,  and  is  to 
order  them  something  additional  at  the  delivery  of  presents. 
1,  therefore,  hope  that  your  people  will  appear  fully  accoutred 
after  the  hint  I  give  you.  La  Rose  has  been  detained  in 
expectation  that  the  York'  courier  would  arrive  to  enable  us 
to  give  you  the  news  from  below:  but,  as  the  season  is  far 
advanced,  and  we  had  had  two  days  of  uncommon  thawing 
weather,  the  commandant  has  thought  proper  to  send  him 
away  with  directions  for  his  making  ail  possible  diligence, 
so  that  the  dispatches  may  reach  the  Prairie  du  Chien  with 
as  little  delay  as  possible. 

La  Rose  received  his  payment  in  cash,  and  I  have  given 
him  an  additional  present  to  encourage  him  to  exert  him- 
self in  making  all  possible  haste.    The  Indians  also  received 


'  Little  York,  uow  Toronto. 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1794-1821.  125 

the  payment 'you  agreed  with  them.    Should  the  express 
arrive  before  to-morrow,  I  will  write  again. 

7th.  No  appearance  of  the  York  courier,  so  that  La  Rose 
must  go  to-morrow  morning.  And  before  I  close  I  take  the 
liberty  of  suggesting  to  you,  that  should  the  Indians  con- 
tinue to  commit  depredations  as  usual  in  killing  cattle,  the 
principal  chiefs  and  others  should  be  called  to  a  council,  and 
in  council  declare  that  you  will  make  known  to  the  com- 
manding officer  here,  and  the  head  of  the  Indian  Depart- 
ment, the  person  who  has  behaved  so  ill,  as  well  as  the 
name  of  the  chief  to  whose  band  he  belongs,  in  order  that 
their  Father  may  detain,  clothing,  etc.,  to  the  amount  of  the 
damage  done.  At  the  same  time,  not  forgetting  to  write  me 
their  names,  that  a  record  thereof  may  be  kept,  and  the 
King's  bounty  retained  from  them,  if  sanctioned  by  the 
officer  commanding.  And  for  you  or  any  officer  of  the  De- 
partment to  transmit  similar  returns  to  Fort  McKay  to  the 
Agent  and  Superintendent,  that  the  same  steps  may  be 
taken  to  check  such  devastations.  A  few  examples  will,  I 
hope,  put  a  stop  to  the  mode  those  gentry  have  taken  to  ruin 
your  settlement. 

I  enclose  for  your  and  Lieut.  Grignon's  in  formation,  a  copy 
of  a  general  order  dated  Kingston,  31st  October  last.  By  it 
you  will  perceive  that  the  officer  commanding  has  the  com- 
mand and  superintendence  of  all  the  Indian  Department. 
I  detain  Kay-po-di-yay,  alias  Cut  Nose,  until  the  York  cour- 
ier arrives.  Please  write  Mr.  Dickson  that  I  did  not  receive 
any  news-papers  by  the  courier  of  December  last,  conse- 
quently have  none  (for  the  present)  to  send  him. 

Mrs.  Askin  joins  me  in  best  wishes,  and  am,  dear  sir, 

Yours  truly, 

Jno.  Askin,  Jr, 
Lieut.  John  Law^e, 

Indian  Department,  Green  Bay. 


Michilimackinac,  7th  March,  1815. 
Dear  Sir: — I  have  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your 
sundry  letters,  and  should  have  answered  ttieixv  \i^  \w\,^x- 


126  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

preter  McGulpin,  had  I  not  reason  to  believe  that  our 
York  express  would  have  arrived  'ere  this  period,  to  enable 
me  to  give  you  the  news  of  Lower  Canada;  but  as  the  com- 
mandant is  apprehensive  that  the  seasojiis  too  far  advanced 
to  retard  him  any  longer,  he  is  ordered  to  proceed  with  all 
diligence. 

As  you  may  all  be  anxious  to  know  the  cause  of  the  tardi- 
ness of  the  York  mail,  I  will  relieve  your  anxiety  by  letting 
you  know  that  Wm.  Gruck,  with  some  Indians  arrived  in 
December  last,  and  as  the  season  was  uncommonly  mild, 
they  could  not  be  sent  back  before  February  —  consequently 
the  heads  of  departments  at  York  could  not,  in  my  opinion, 
think  of  sending  another  express  before  the  return  of  the 
one  they  sent. 

Lieut.  Cadot  was  sent  to  the  Grand  river  in  November 
last,  and  he  returned  in  January.  By  him  we  received  ac- 
counts of  a  body  of  Americans  that  went  from  Detroit  to 
attack,  or  rather  plunder,  some  of  our  farmers  on  the  river 
La  Trench  or  Thames.    A  body  of  our  troops  were  sent  from 

f 

Fort  George  to  meet  them;  and  the  result  was,  that  on  their 
meeting  with  our  advanced  guard,  they  commenced  a  fire, 
and  ran  away  without  giving  the  main  body  of  our  troops 
an  opportunity  of  giving  them  a  little  of  their  steel,  tt  is 
reported  that  our  people  are  building  a  twenty  gun  sloop  at 
Naw-tow-way-ging.  Fort  George  is  in  such  forwardness  as 
to  bid  defiance  to  any  attempts  the  enemy  may  make. 

As  Col.  McDouall,  who  commands  and  superintends  the 
whole  Indian  Department,  has  written  you  and  Lieut.  Lawe 
to  repair  to  this  [post]  at  the  opening  of  navigation^  with 
eighty  or  one  hundred  Indian  warriors,  I  hope  you  will  do 
your  utmost  to  bring  the  steadiest  and  bravest  men.  You 
are  well  aware  of  the  trouble  we  experienced  last  Sum- 
mer in  keeping  a  set  of  troublesome  fellows,  who  were 
making  frequent  applications  to  be  dismissed  under  frivo- 
lous pretexts.  Therefore  I  trust  you  will  select  staunch  and 
steady  warriors,  with  their  guns  in  good  condition,  as  the 
commandant  intends  to  order  something  additional  at  the 
delivery  of  presents,  to  those  whose  arms  want  no  repair. 
As  I  know  that  it  is  your  wish,  as  nvoW  a?>  lA^wt.  Lawe's,  to 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1794-1821.  127 

do  all  the  good  you  can  for  the  deserving  warriors,  I  hope 
you  will  both  encourage  them  to  keep  their  guns  in  such 
good  order  as  will  entitle  them  to  the  reward. 

Lieut.  Lawe  will  give  you  a  copy  of  the  General  Order  of 
the  3l8t  October,  18  U,  whereby  you  will  see  that  Lieut.  Col. 
McDouall  has  the  command  and  superintendence  of  us  all. 

No  doubt  McQulpin  has  informed  you  that  the  enemy 
were  compelled  to  evacuate  Fort  Erie  last  Fall,  so  that  the 
whole  of  Lower  and  Upper  Canada,  with  the  exception  of 
Amherstburg,  are  freed  from  the  American  yoke.  Mrs. 
Askin  joins  me  in  good  wishes. 

With  my  compliments  to  J.  Porlier  and  P.  Grignon,  Esqs., 

wishing  them  joy  on  their  appointments,  I  am,  dear  sir, 

yours  most  sincerely, 

Jno.  Askin,  Jr. 
Lieut.  Louis  Grignon, 

Ind'n  Deputy  Oreen  Bay. 


Prairie  du  Chien,  14th  March,  1815. 

Dear  Sir: —  Although  I  have  nothing  new  to  communicate, 
I  wish  to  profit  by  every  opportunity  going  your  way,  merely 
to  let  you  know  how  we  pass  our  time  in  this  desolate  part 
of  the  world.  I  arrived  from  below  the  23d  of  last  month. 
There  is  nothing  interesting  from  that  quarter.  There  were 
five  or  six  Missouri  Indians  with  the  Sauks  when  I  was  there, 
and  had  their  share  of  the  presents.  They  say  that  all  the 
Indians  on  the  river  lower  than  the  Mohawks  *  are  in  a  plot 
together  to  strike  on  the  Americans  this  Spring.  There 
were  likewise  some  of  the  lowas  who  left  the  rest  of  that 
nation  three  days  march  from  the  Mississippi  on  their  way 
to  join  the  Sauks. 

They  report  that  Julien  [Dubuque],  with  one  of  his  sons, 
and  three  or  four  men,  went  up  the  Missouri  last  Fall  to 
winter  with  them;  but  he  was  wretchedly  supplied  with 
goods.  He  told  them  that  he  was  afraid  they  would  all  per- 
ish together;  that  the  Americans  had  neither  guns  nor  am- 

*  As  there  were  no  Mohawks  on  the  MlsBissippl,  probably  reference  was 
made  to  the  Shawanoes,  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Miaaouxi.     1^,  Cli. 


128  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

munition,  nor  any  kind  of  goods  to  supply  them  with;  and 
that  it  was  only  their  English  Father  who  had  plenty  of 
these  articles;  and  that  he  purchased  a  number  of  horses. 
They  think  that  his  intention  was  to  come  this  way.    The 
Americans  probably  got  word  of   it.    A  number  of  men 
came  on  horse-back,  and  took  everything  he  had  from  him. 
They  were  at  this  time  a  day's  march  from  him.    About  ten 
or  twelve  days  afterwards  all  their  dogs  came  to  the  lowas* 
camp,  and  remained  there.    They  concluded  from  this  that 
he  and  his  men  must  have  been  killed;  for  had  they  taken 
them  prisoners,  the  dogs  of  course  would  have  followed 
them.    They  think  that  the  Americans  sent  a  party  of  In- 
dians in  their  interest  to  cut  them  off.    They  were  afraid  to 
go  to  his  house  to  know  exactly  what  passed;  and  all  this  is 
only  conjecture,  and  I  give  it  to  you  word  for  word  as  I 
had  it. 

The  Sauks  and  Foxes  that  were  on  ihe  Missouri  in  favoir" 
with  the  Americans,  with  four  other  nations  in  allianc 
with  them,  were  struck  upon  some  time  ago  by  the  Mo 
hawks  [?],  Pawnees,  and  other  nations  on  the  upper  part  o 
that  river.  The  Sauks  and  their  allies  lost  about  one  hundreds 
men,  and  this  they  attribute  to  the  treachery  of  the  Amer* 
icans.'  They  left  the  Missouri  and  have  by  this  time  joined 
their  friends  on  the  Mississippi,  if  not  altogether  satisfied 
with,  at  least  firmly  convinced  of  American  generosity,  a» 
they  were  reduced  to  the  point  of  making  knives  with  old 
iron  hoops.  All  the  Sauks,  Foxes,  Kickapoos  and  lowas  are 
now  collecting  to  make  but  one  village  at  the  Rock  river 
that  will  be  at  least  one  thousand  five  hundred  men  strong. 

The  only  news  those  that  came  from  the  Missouri  brought, 
was,  that  the  Americans  were  to  pay  us  a  visit  here  in  the 
Spring,  as  early  as  the  season  would  permit.  If  they  come, 
I  hope  they  will  be  well  supplied  with  provisions  —  in  that 
case  we  may  not  all  die  with  hunger.  Should  they  over- 
power us,  they  will  give  us  something  to  eat;  otherwise 


*  This  must  refer  to  Col.  Henry  Dodge's  expedition  up  the  Missouri,  in 
Sept,  1814,  against  hostile  Mianiies.  It  is  very  likely  that  there  were  Saaks 
and  Foxes  among  them.  Ia  Q  IX 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1704-1821.  V2\> 

hould  we  be  lucky  enough  to  repel  them,  they  will  find  it  a 
lifficult  job  to  get  off  with  their  provision,  as  I  candidly 
ihink  that  the  greatest  coward  in  the  country  will  be  an 
Alexander  or  a  Caesar  to  gain  a  piece  of  pork,  or  bottle  of 
whisky. 

Mr.  Faribault  has  been  up  to  the  river  Sfc.  Peter's,  and 
stayed  fifteen  days  at  Mr.  Alrd's.  There  is  nothing  more 
interesting  from  there  than  anywhere  else.  The  Indians 
were  not  come  out  yet.  Mr.  Aird  was  starving  according  to 
the  custom  of  that  second  Nipigon  [?]  fifty  lodges  of  Sioux 
went  off  last  Fall  with  only  ten  double  hands  full  of  pow- 
der. They  have  not  been  heard  of  since.  The  rest  of  the 
3ioux  think  they  perished  with  hunger.  Reports  of  the  same 
lature  come  daily  from  every  quarter,  of  Indians  dying 
vith  hunger  for  the  want  of  ammunition.  Let  a  person 
tim  his  head  what  way  he  will,  he  can  find  nothing  but 
ciisery,  famine  and  distress  in  all  their  various  shapes,  star- 
Ckg  him  in  the  face.  And  all  this  is  owing  to  the  shameful 
L^glect  on  the  part  of  the  Government  in  not  supplying  the 
OTintry  better  with  ammunition  in  proper  time.  It  is  easier 
ot  you  to  judge  than  for  me  to  describe  our  situation  here, 
^e  are  nearly  on  the  eve  of  seeing  upwards  of  two  thou- 
-^Jid  Indians,  and  not  a  pipe  of  tobacco,  nor  a  shot  of  powder 
o  give  them.  As  for  eating  it  is  but  of  question.  I  wish  to 
•^k  you  as  a  friend,  whether  you  would  wish  to  be  a  door- 
keeper in  hell,  or  be  concerned  in  the  Indian  Department  on 
*uch  footing?  I  am  sorry  to  say,  that  the  wretchedness  of 
this  place  has  been  augmented,  if  any  addition  could  be 
inade  to  its  calamity,  by  the  worst  of  evils  —  that  is  to  say, 
party  spirit;  and  that  too,  at  such  a  critical  period  when  the 
public  safety  would  require  union  and  good  understanding 
among  the  whole. 

Previous  to  my  departure  to  go  below,  notwithstanding 
every  gloomy  object  that  surrounded  us,  we  still  lived  on 
fernas  of  amity  and  friendship;  and  I  was  much  surprised 
^^  my  return  to  find  that  a  coolness,  or  rather  a  party  dis- 
position had  taken  place  between  the  gentlemen  of  the  gar- 
^"^^ori  and  the  [Indian]  Department.  I  do  not  pretend  to  say 
**  present  who  was  in  the  rif^hi,  or  who  waft  \n  V\\^  ^totv^. 


130  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SociBxr. 

All  that  I  can  say  is,  that  it  caused  Mr.  Dickson  more  trouble 
of  mind  than  anything  he  met  with  since  the  beginning  of 
the  war;  and,  to  my  certain  knowledge,  three  months  of 
this  Winter  have  made  him  look  ten  years  older  than  he  is. 

As  for  Capt.  Bulger,  I  have  the  same  opinion  of  him  that 
I  had  before.  I  think  him  a  just,  impartial  man,  and  in 
every  respect  a  gentleman.  But  still  it  is  a  prevailing  opin- 
ion here,  that  he  is  misled  by  flattery.  This  is  a  thing  I  will 
not  ascertain.  However,  should  it  be  the  case,  he  is  not  the 
first  one;  some  of  the  ablest  kings  that  ever  filled  a  throne 
have  been  misled,  even  to  the  block,  and  I  am  sorry  to  pe^ 
ceive  that  he  has  lost  the  greatest  part  of  that  attachment 
and  fondness  which  the  inhabitants  of  this  place  seemed  to 
have  for  him  in  the  begining. 

Since  my  return  from  below,  I   find  by  different  chan- 
nels not  to  be  questioned,  that  a  certain  person  —  and  that, 
too,  the  last  that  could  be  suspected  of  being  guilty  of  such 
low-lived,    dirty  actions  —  had,  during  the  whole  Winter, 
acted  not  only  the  part  of  a  busy-body  but  that  of  a  snake 
in  the  grass.    It  seems  that  this  corrupted  villain  has  been 
the  sole  author  of  all  this  misunderstanding.    This  perfid- 
ious wretch  has  long  been  sowing  the  seed  of  discord  eveiy- 
where.    Even  those  under  whose  roof  he  has  been  hospitably 
treated,  have  felt  the  effects  of  his  slandering  and  unmanlyi 
villainous  behavior.    It  appears  that  the  main  object  of  this 
sneaking  puppy  was  to  undermine  the  whole  [Indian]  De- 
partment.   He  is  an  aspiring  youth  at  everything  that  can 
be  obtained  by  flattery,  cringing,  creeping,  sneaking,  pin?)- 
ing,  by  which  means  he  has  got  into  favor.    But  I  hope  a 
little  time  will  bring  everything  to  light,  and  then  the  devil 
shall  have  his  due.    Excuse  me  for  not  giving  his  name  for 
the  present.    That  I  reserve  till  I  have  the  pleasure  of  see- 
ing you.    It  seems  there  was  more  than  one  concerned  in  all 
these  slanders,  I,  who  never  interfere  with  any  others'  busi- 
ness, could  not  be  exempted  from  calumniating  reports  to 
my  prejadire  while  absent.    They  were  of  that  natnrethat 
my  present  situation  could  not  pass  over  them  in  ^silence. 
On  findin;^-  out  the  author,  Mr.  Bouthelier,  I  obliged  him  to 
appear  bjtore  the  commandiag  oP&cot  iot  an  explajiation  of 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1794-1821.  131 

h  malicious  and  slandering  reports,  when  the  whole  mat- 
was  cleared  up  to  be  false  by  two  sworn  witnesses.  I 
>n  left  it  to  his  option,  either  to  sign  a  paper  I  made  out 
•  that  purpose,  acknowledging  himself  a  lying,  slander- 
?:  villain,  asking  pardon  in  a  humble,  public  manner;  or 
nthe  risk  of  what  would  follow.  Of  the  two  he  preferred 
e  former,  which  saved  me  the  trouble  of  anointing  his 
ick  with  the  oil  of  hickory. 

Capt.  B.'s  [Bulger's]  voyage  to  La  Baye  has  been  a  mat- 
ir  of  discussion  here  amongst  the  learned,  but  no  one  yet 
3«  been  able  to  surmise  its  real  object.  Ev^en  the  Indians 
:ive  their  opinion,  and  some  of  them  had  the  presumption 
)tell  me  to  my  face,  that  two  of  our  chiefs  ran  away  for 
5ar  of  the  Americans.  By  a  proclamation  issued  some 
me  ago,  all  the  inhabitants  of  this  place  are  requested  to 
Oliver  one  fourth  part  of  all  the  wheat  in  their  possession 
ibo  the  king's  store.  This  appears  to  be  a  hard  task  for 
lese  poor,  distressed  people,  as  these  orders  were  given  out 
fter  they  laid  by  what  they  could  spare  for  seed,  and  the 
retched  remainder  hardly  suflRcient  to  keep  soul  and  body 
>gether  till  next  harvest,  which  puts  it  out  of  the  power  of 
lany  of  them  to  sow  [anything.  I  believe  had  they  the 
leans  of  doing  it,  they  would  all  abandon  the  place.  Hard 
mes  —  two  ruffles  and  no  shirt  —  plenty  of  land  and  no 
heat.  But  necessity  knows  no  law;  it  is  the  fortune  of 
ar,  and  it  is  useless  to  complain. 

Here  we  are,  posted  since  last  Fall,  without  newsfro  m 
ay  quarter,  and  destitute  of  provisions,  sociability,  har- 
lony  or  good  understanding.  Not  even  a  glass  of  grog,  nor 
pipe  of  tobacco,  to  pass  away  the  time,  and  if  a  brief 
sriod  don't  bring  a  change  for  the  better,  I  much  dread  the 
nited  Irishmen's  wish  will  befall  this  place,  which  God  for- 
id  it  should  —  a  bad  Winter,  a  worse  Spring,  a  bloody  Sum- 
mer, and  no  king.  Owing  to  scarcity  of  provisions  here, 
gloom  appears  on  every  countenance;  and  if  ever  I  take 
tt  idea  to  resign,  I  mean  to  recommend  Mr.  Hurtibis  to  sup- 
'y  my  place,  as  I  think  him  the  properest  person  in  the 
^e  of  famine,  as  he  has  no  teeth.  But  Mr.  Myeren  ixv\%tL\» 
'oU  spsra  i2i722  one  of  his  fore  tusks,  wliicYi,  it  c\i\.  m  t^^- 


132  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

sonable  length,  might  fill  up  both  of  his  jaws.  As  these 
gentlemen  have  these  conveniences  from  one  extremity  to 
the  other,  they  might  make  some  arrangement  for  their 
mutual  advantage. 

I  must  conclude  this  long  and  useless  letter  after  having 
endeavored  in  vain  to  give  you  a  description  of  the  wretch- 
edness of  this  country  —  a  task  for  which  nature  has  not 
qualified  me.  To  give  it  in  its  true  light,  would  require  the 
pen  of  an  able  historian.  My  compliments  to  Powell,  Mr. 
Jacob,  and  Mr.  Grignon.  Please  make  them  a  share  of  this 
letter,  as  it  is  out  of  my  power  to  write  them  separately  for 
the  want  of  paper,  and  I  expect  a  few  lines  from  you  by  the 
first  opportunity. 

Mr.  Dease,  Mr.  Faribault,  Mr.  Honorie,  and  Mr.  Dickson's 
compliments  to  you. 

I  remain,  dear  sir,  your  sincere  friend,  well  wisher  and 
very  humble  servant.  D.  Graham 

Mr.  La  we. 


Michilimackinac,  25th  April,  1815. 

Sir: — I  am  commanded  to  inform  you  that  peace  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  has  been  concluded; 
and  in  the  event  of  your  being  still  at  Green  Bay,  you  will 
inform  the  Indians  that  their  services  at  this  place  are  not 
required  at  present.  That  their  Father  recommends  that 
they  plant  corn  so  to  enable  them  to  subsist  their  families 
next  Winter.  When  their  corn  is  planted,  they  can  then, 
if  they  wish,  visit  him,  and  receive  a  proportion  of  their 
Great  Father's  bounty,  which  will  be  here  about  the  month 
of  June. 

The  term^  of  peace  will  be  communicated  to  them  by 
some  officer  appointed  by  the  commandant.  You  will  in- 
form the  Indians,  that  they  are,  from  the  receipt  hereof,  to 
desist  from  any  hostilities  against  the  Americans.  I  am 
also  commanded  to  inform  you,  that  it  is  the  commandant's 
wish  that  you  will,  without  loss  of  time,  send  a  message  to 
Milwaukee,  to  tell  them  the  same  news,  and  to  prevent  their 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1794-1821.  13.5 

committing  any  hostile  act  against  the  Americans.  Lieut. 
Langlade,  of  the  Indian  Department,  is  the  bearer  of  these 
dispatches. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir. 

Your  most  obed't  serv't, 

Jno.  Askix,  Jr., 
Lieut.  Lawe,  Captain, 

Indian  Department, 

P.  S. — One  of  the  articles  of  the  treaty  stipulates,  that  the 
"whole  of  the  Indian  tribes  are  included. 

You  will  send  the  commandant's  letters,   etc.,  to  Capt. 
Bulger  with  the  utmost  expedition. 


Writ  Issued  by  Judge  Reaume,  in  181(5. 

By  authority  of  the  United  States,  etc. 

Pierre  Chalifoux,  constable,  [is]  authorized  by  the  United 
States  to  take  Andre  La  Chaine  with  him,  to  search  for  the 
property  which  Mr.  John  Dousman  left  at  Green  Bay,  car- 
ried away  from  the  house  of  Mr.  Reaume  by  Jean  B'te 
La  Borde,  and  transferred  to  different  houses  by  the  said 
La  Borde,  his  *  father-in-law.  Thereupon,  the  two  persons 
^who  shall  make  the  recovery  [of  the  property],  shall  cause 
it  to  be  brought  and  carried  to  the  house  of  the  undersigned, 
so  that  an  inventory  may  be  made  of  it,  and  that  it  may  be 
delivered  to  Mr.  John  Drew,  who  shall  have  it  put  aboard 
the  Mink.  The  present  [writ]  is  granted  to  be  executed  at 
Green  Bay,  on  the  10th    of  August  of   the    present  year, 

1816. 

Signed:  Chles  Reaume, 

Justice  of  the  Peace, 

Eighteen  miles  from  La  Baye,' 

November  25th,  1810. 
Dear  Latve: —  After  a  series  of  storms  and  diflBculties,  I 
have  got  so  far.    We  left  Mackinac         *  *         *         * 

*  Dousman's.    But  Mr.  La  Borde  was  in  fact  Mr.  Dousman's  brother-in- 
law, 

•  This  letter  is  endorsed  by  Judge  Lawe,  as  written  at  "  Red  River,' ' 
^which  is  a  southern  tributary  of  Green  Bay,  in  Kewaunee  county. 

\^.  C.  T>. 


134  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

and  found  the  ice  a  short  distance  from  this  place,    llaj. 
Taylor*  with  Capt.  Gray,  and  Lieut.  Hopkins  came  with  me. 
Maj.  Taylor  will  command  at  La  Baye  when  Col.  Chambers 
goes  away,  which  will  be  early  in  the  Spring.    I  have  much 
to  relate  to  you,  but  in  the  meantime  please  rent  the  mission 
house  for  the  Winter;  and  send  me  by  the  men,  if  you  can, 
fifty  pounds  of  pork,  &lty  pounds  of  flour,  one  bushel  hulled 
corn,  and  two  pounds  of  salt.    Please  furnish  the  men  with 
moccasins,  and  send  me  three  or  four  dressed  skins.    I  have 
here  my  baggage,  and  William  has  forty  packs  of  goods.   If 
practicable  for  horse- trains,  I  will  thank  you  to  send  them. 
It  is  not  light  when  I  write  this,  but  hope  that  you  may  be 
able  to  read  it.    My  kind  respects  to  your  family.    My  coDft- 
pliments  to  Mr.  Louis  Grignon. 

I  remain,  yours  truly, 

R.  Dickson. 


Judgment  of  Judge  Reaume  Rendered  in  1817. 

District       ) 
of  Green  Bay.  \ 

Dominique  Brunette  J  ^^^^^  ^^  j^^^.^^  ^^  ^^^  p^^^ 

''"     Demkndant  [pFff.]  \     ^^d^^'  '^^  ^''"^  ^P''^'  ^^''' 

Joseph  Boiverd,  )  The  Justice  of  the  Peace  having  heard 
Defendant. )  the  demandant,  [plaintiff  ]  in  his  de- 
mands, and  the  defendant  in  his  answers  [oppositions]  has 
condemned  the  demandant  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  court, 
and  to  be  barred  of  his  demands,  after  arbitrators  had  been 
offered  to  him,  in  the  presence  of  the  auditors,  who  would 
have  been  able  to  render  justice  to  the  two  litigants  in  case 
he  was  not  willing  without  reference  to  my  judgment;  al- 
iihough  the  said  demandant,  in  his  proceeding,  knew  well 
that  he  could  not  insist  upon  having  any  rights  upon  the 
subject  of  letting  the  pigs  run,  which  entered  several  times 
wrongfully  [on  defendant's  land  ?],  after  he  [plaintiff]  had 
been  several  times  warned  to  take  them  away;  and  it  hap- 
pened that  the  said  defendant  in  chasing  them,  killed  one  of 


'  Zacharj  Taylor,  since  President. 


Lawe  and  Qrigkon  Papers,  1794^1821.  135 

them.    Thereupon  the  said  defendant  has  been  condemned 
to  lose  his  pig,  and  pay  the  expenses  of  the  court;  which 
judgment  has  been  rendered  by  me  to  the  best  of  my  knowl- 
edge. 
(Signed)  Chles  Reaume, 

One  and  a  half  piastre.  Justice  of  the  Peace. 


Sault  St.  Mary's,  June  19, 1817. 

Dear  Lawe  —  I  have  been  at  this  place  six  days,  detained 
by  one  of  the  Commissioners,  who  will  not  allow  Lord  Sel- 
kirk's brigade'  to  proceed.  However,  I  go  off  in  a  light 
canoe  to-morrow,  with  Mr.  Gale,  a  lawyer  of  great  abilities, 
employed  by  his  Lordship.  It  is  impossible  to  convey  to 
you  an  adequate  idea  of  the  villainy  of  the  North  West 
[Fur  Company];  suflRce  it  to  say,  that  they  have  been 
guilty  of  every  crime  whose  black  catalogue  has  disgraced 
the  human  race.  Something  very  serious  is  still  appre- 
hended; but  I  trust  that  no  accident  may  befall  his  Lordship. 
Since  I  have  begun  this,  Mr.  Crooks  has  arrived,  and  from 
what  I  have  learned  from  him,  there  can  be  no  impediment 
to  your  going  into  the  country.  It  will,  therefore,  be  incum- 
bent on  you  to  proceed  with  all  celerity,  and  get  the  Indians 
to  accompany  you,  and  go  as  high  as  possible.  I  shall  get 
the  goods  I  want  at  Lake  Ouinipigue  [Winnipeg]  from  the 
Hudson's  Bay  [Company],  and  shall  lose  no  time  in  ascend- 
ing the  Red  River. 

I  hope  you  will  be  able  to  furnish  Faribault,  and  to  find 
Renville  what  he  requires.  Renville  will  meet  you  at  the 
entry  of  St.  Peter's.  For  heaven's  sake  be  expeditions.  I 
have  learned  much  respecting  the  country  from  people  well 
acquainted  with  it.  It  is  a  fine  country,  abounding  in  furs 
of  all  kinds.  I  think  that  you  had  becter  take,  if  you  can 
procure  them,  four  small  canoes — say  bark  canoes.  It  will 
enable  you  to  proceed  with  more  ease,  and  may  prevent 
others  from  following  you.  I  have  taken  care  that  Thomas 
and  his  people  will  be  well  treated  at  Drummond's  Island. 
I  enclose  this  to  you  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Abbot,  who  will  de- 

>  Brigade  of  boats  or  canoes. 


I'oC)  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

liv^er  it  into  your  own  hands.  I  will  write  you  on  my  arrival 
at  his  Lordship's  establishment  near  Fort  William.  Please 
pay  Dease  forme  seventy  or  seventy -three  dollars;  and  settle 
my  account  with  Mr.  Aird.  I  think  that  I  owe  him  sixty. 
This  is  all,  and  I  shall  reimburse  you  for  the  one  hundred 
and  twenty-five  pounds,  if  there  this  Fall.  I  got  my  bat 
[baggage]  and  forage  money,  which  is  of  service.  I  have 
sold  my  property  at  Mackinack.  Remember  me  to  the  Qrig- 
nons. 

I  shall  write  you  about  our  India^h  Department  oflBcers. 
Governor  Gore  is  gone  home.  I  think  if  you  have  fifteen  or 
twenty  pair  strouds  with  you  —  Faribault's  and  Williams' 
not  included,  it  will  be  sufficient —as  I  shall  have  an  excellent 
quantity  of  goods  should  no  accident  happen.  Goods  can 
be  furnished  at  the  Red  [river]  as  cheap  as  at  Montreal. 
You  will  see  the  advantages  that  are  to  be  obtained.  Lose 
no  time.  By  next  [opportunity]  I  shall  write  you  more  at 
large. 

With  best  wishes  for  your  health,  I  remain. 

Yours  most  truly, 

R.  Dickson. 
Mr.  John  Lawe,  Michilimackinac. 


LIST  OF   INHABITANTS  AT   GREEN   BAY,  SEPTEM- 
BER 14,  1818. 

By  J.  B.  S.  JACOBS,  Sr. 
With  Explanations  ))y  Hon.  M.  L.  Mahtin. 

WEST  SIDE  OF  FOX  RIVER 

Xa  mcs.  E.vplanations . 

NouMAX Aniable,  an  old  man,  related  to  tte  Grignona 

Lalond Believed  to  be  a  nickname— true  name  unkno^^** 

—tenant  of  L.  Grignon. 

Mr.  Pokliek Jacques  —  principal  trader,  and  farmer. 

GcARDEPiE Alexis  —  voyageur. 

C.  B.  Masca Nickname;  really  Dominique  Brunette,  Sr. 

Bell  .   Dennis  —  farmer  for  J.  Lawe. 

P.  Gru  JNON Paul,  son  of  Pierre  Grignon,  Sr. 


Lawe  and  Qrignon  Papers,  1794-1821.  i:37 

Mb.  Gravalle Louis — farmer  and  voyageur. 

Jean Jean  or  Jacques  Veaux,  father-in-law  of  Solomon 

Juneau,  traier. 

P.  Brunet Perische,  farmer  for  L.  Grignon. 

li.  Griqnon Louis,  son  of  Pierre  Grignon,  Sr.,  farm  on  west 

side. 

Widow  Liquier Widow  of  Jacques  Lequier,  or  Lacuyer,  a  trader, 

who  died  at  Portage  City. 

Col.  Bowyer Col.  John  Bowyer,  Indian  agent.    Two  mills  back 

of  Bowyer's,  on  Dutchman's  creek. 

P.  WiULRiCK Pierre  Ulrick,  called  "  Tne  Dutchman." 

AuoT.  TiBEAU Farmer  for  Lawe. 

Jean  Ven John  Baptist  Vine,   farmer,  son-in-law  of  Brisk 

Hyatt 

RiTCHARD Prichet,  a  discharged  soldier. 

BONTAIR Auguste  Bonteire,  voyageur. 

J.  DousHAX John  Dousman,  son-in-iaw  of  J.  K  Laborde,  tra- 
der and  farmer. 
P.  Grignon Perishe,  half    Winnebago,    son  of   Pierre  Grig- 
non, Sr. 
Charles  Reaume,  Esq.  .Lower  Kakolin. 

AuoT.  Grionon Big  Kakolin,  son  of  Pierre  Grignon,  Sr, 

Twenty-five  in  all,  with  large  families. 

east  side  of  fox  river. 

TAsl,  Longevine John  B.  Longevine,  husband  of  the  widow  of 

Pierre  Grignon,  Sr. 
P.  Grignon Pierre  Grignon,  Jr.,  one  of  the  principal  traders. 

Fortier Lament,  a  farmer,  died  only  a  few  years  ago,  at 

the  Bay  settlement. 

(^OURDEN Joseph  Jourdain.    His  house  was  standing  until 

destroyed  by  fire  in  1884. 

Hr  Lawe John  Lawe,  one  of  the  principal  traders  and  farm 

owners. 

^  Grignon Louis  Grignon,  son  of  Pierre  Grignon,  Sr.,  trader 

and  farm  owner. 

^*^  Rouse Lewis,  trader;  came  to  Green  Bay  with  the  troops 

in  1816. 

*^lx>Ow  Deroshez Widow  of  Amable  Derocher,  Sr.,  voyageur. 

^  Hock Basil  La  Rock,  farmer. 

^A.  Horn John  B.  Laborde,  Sr.,  farmer. 

^^^^arme Joseph,  one  of  the  principal  farmers. 

^'^t-lGOR John  B.  Pelligon,  farmer  for  J.  Lawe. 


138  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

St.  Rock Francis  Larock,  farmer  for  J.  La  we. 

Bourdon Lours,  farmer. 

Pruden Laoglois,  farmer. 

Bt.  Qrignon John  Baptiste,  son  of  Pierre  Grignon,  Sr., 

Prevoncklle Nickname;  really  Pierre  Carboneau,  ftu-mer; 

HouLLE Joseph  Houlle,  vojageur  and  farmer. 

P.  Prevoncelle Pierre  Carboneau,  Jr.,  farmer. 

Rapides  —  Mi.  Law^s  farm,  occupied  bj  a  tenant 
Mr.  J.  Jacobs J.  B.  S.  Jacobs,  school  teacher,  father  of  Jo 

Jacobs,  Jr. 
Widow  Chevalier Widow  of  Bartholomew  Chevalier,  and  mother— =•  i 

Mis.  Jacobs. 
J.  Dousman's  Distillery. 

[On  both  siLle3  of  the  river,  forty -seven  inhabitants  and  farmers,  besi^-  -d 
a  good  many  who  have  taken  up  lands  not  yet  cultivated. —  Note  by  ^^™^f 
Jacobs.] 


EXACT  LIST  OF    SETTLERS    AT  GREEN    BAY.   T=^£ 
GINNING  FROM  THE  LATE  ST.  LIEW.* 

ON  THE  NORTH  SIDE  OF  THE  FOX  RIVEK. 

Arnable  Normand,  3^arpents  [frontage?]. 

Jacque  Porlier,  li  arpents. 

Alexis  Guardepie,  1^  arpents. 

Widow  Macabe,  8^  arpents. 

Dominique  Brunette,  6  arpents. 

Joseph  Boivend  for  Domitelle  Grignox,  C  arpents. 

Hypolite  Grignon,  3  arpents 

Louis  Gravel,  6  arpents. 

Jacque  Vieau,  2|  arpents. 

Jean  Baptist  Brunet,  pere,  3  arpents. 

Prisque  Aillotte,  6  arpents. 

Widow  Emyen,  7  arpents. 

John  Boyer,  Esq.,  6^  arpents. 

Tierre  Ulrick,  pere,  about  8  arpents. 

AuGUSTiN  TiDAULT,  3  arpeuts. 

Jean  Baptist  Vaine,  4  arpents. 


'  Preserved  amon^  the  papers  of  Judge  Reaume,  and  presented  to  '^'^® 
Society  by  Frank  Til  ton,  Esq.,  of  Green  Bay.  It  is  unfortunately  with^''^ 
date,  but  presumably  relates  to  about  the  same  period  as  the  preceding  ^^ 
of  Mr.  Jacobs.  L.  C.  t^' 


\ 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1704-1821.  139 

AuousTiN  BoNNETERRE,  3  arpents. 
John  Dousman,  4  arpents. 
PiERiSHE  Grignon,  3  arpents. 
AuGUSTiN  Grignon,  at  Kakalin,  8  arpents. 

'Vithin  these  limits,  between  all  these  lots,  there  is  a  good  deal  of  land 
^ichisnot  occupied  at  all,  except  eight  or  nine  arpents  where  the  In- 
ins  make  their  descent  to  the  bank  of  the  river. 

ON  THE  SOUTH  SIDE  OF  THE  RIVER. 

Jean  Baptist  Langevin,  pere.  Jean  Baptist  La  Bord. 
Pierre  Grignon,  two  lots.  Louis  Bourdon. 
Augustin  Grignon.  Andr£  La  Chaine. 
John  Lawe,  for  Mr.  Frank.  Joseph  Roy. 
Joseph  Jourdain.  Jean  Baptist  Grignon. 
Louis  Grignon.  Pierre  Carbonneau. 
Pierre  Chalifoux.  Joseph  Houlle. 
McKail  Dousman,  two  lots.      .  Jean  Baphst  Jacob& 
Amable  Durocher.  Barthelemie  Chevauer. 
Basil  La  Rock.  Pierre  Ulrick,  Jr. 
John  Dousman,  two  lots.  Pierre  Carbonneau,  Jr. 
Joseph  Ducharme.  Jean  Baptist  Brodeur. 
Jacque  Porlier,  two  lots.  Louis  Dub^e. 
Joseph  Peligord  Jean  Baptist  Langevin,  Jr. 
Madround. 

To  this  Judge  Martin  adds:  The  Green  Bay  settlement 
1st  have  extended  a  very  trifle  from  1818  to  1827,  when  I 
3t  saw  it.  There  were  but  three  or  four  what  could  be 
lied  farms.  Most  of  the  inhabitants  had  small  log  huts, 
d  cultivated  small  patches  of  ground  around  them.  There 
)re  no  roads  —  a  wagon  road  was  unknown;  travel  in  the 
mmer  was  on  horseback,  and  in  Winter  with  trains  or 
rryalls  through  the  forests,  and  on  the  ice  of  the  river 
d  smaller  streams. 

Pierre,  Louis,  and  Auguste  Grignon,  Lawe,  Jos.  Ducharme, 
ratt  and  Porlier,  were  the  principal  farmers  —  some  of 
3ir  farms  were  occupied  by  tenants,  who  were  frequ(3ntly 
3se  who  wintered  with  their  employers  in  the  Indian 
iintry  engaged  in  trade  with  the  natives. 
Louis  Bauprez  was  a  trader  who  followed  up  the  Indians 
their  wintering  grounds;  in  Summer  was  with  his  family 
the  settlement.  His  hut  was  mid- way  between  the  mouth 
the  Fox  river,  and  the  Rapide  des  Peres,  around  which  he 
d  a  small  enclosure. 


I 


140  Wisconsin-  State  Historical  Societv. 

All  these  enclosures  of  men  more  or  less  employed  as  la- 
borers by  the  traders,  were  cultivated  by  their  women  whom 
they  called  wives,  but  roally  Indian  women  with  whom  they 
lived   after  the  Indian  custom. 

Ulrick  lived  on  the  north  sidQ  of  Dutchman's  Greet,  and      «!« 
Boyor'd  place  on  the  south,  running  back  to  the  stream  ptnC 
where  the  mills  were  lo^itsd,  which  belonged  to    Pierre 
Grignon,  Jr.,  occupied  by  a  tenant  —  I  think.  Tibeau. 

lu  the  preceding  list  I  have  in  the  name  of  "  Richard,"  fol- 
lowed the  suggestion  of  Sirs.  Harteau,  an  intelligent  and 
es^timable  lady  of  Green  Bay.  daughter  of  the  late  Louis 
Grignon.  she  thinking  that  Richard  Prichet  was  the  peraon 
referred  to.  who  lived  near  Col.  Boyer's,  I  learned  from 
Prichet  himself,  in  1S37.  that  he  was  born  in  Pennsylvania. 
and.  when  thirteen  years  of  age,  was  captured  by  the  Sha 
wanvte  Indians  on  Bear  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Alleghany 
rivor,  in  Armstrong  county;  and,  after  some  years,  was 
givon  to  the  Cbippewas,  by  whom  he  was  taken  to  or  near 
Mn'"kinaw  among  the  Oltawas,  Growing  to  man's  estate, 
he  married  a  Chippewa  woman,  and  became  a  government 
interpreter  at  Mackinaw;  and  subsequently  at  Green  Baj, 
having  removed  there  with  Col  Bjwyer,  in  ISIG,  when  the 
Indian  Agency  was  located  at  that  place.  While  in  my 
office,  in  isar,  Prichet  met  a  man  from  Ohio,  a  casual  trader, 
whose  mother's  maiden  name  was  Prichet.  It  appeared  on 
further  conversation,  that  the  Ohio  man  was  Prichefs 
nephew;  and,  on  his  invitation,  Prichet  visited  Ohio  that  Fall, 
and  there  found  several  members  of  his  family,  none  of 
whom  had  heard  anything  of  him  before  since  his  captivity. 
He  was  then  about  fifty  years  of  age,  and  died  a  few  years 
after,  leaving  a  family  of  several  children,  one  of  whom, 
Talbot  Prichet,  now  resides  in  Shawano  county,  a  few  miles 
from  Capt.  Poweirs. 


Lake  Traverse,  April  is.  1821. 
Dear  Sir :     Although  I  have  no  interesting  news   to   tell 
you,  I  have  the  pleasure  of  writing  to  you  these  few  lines  to 
inform  you  of  our  situation  at  this  place.    Since  we  have 


Lawe  and  Grignon  Papers,  1794-1821. 


141 


been  here,  we  have  always  lived  without  any  trade;  but  I 
believe  that  we  are  going  to  commence  this  year.  I  left  my 
father*  in  good  health  when  I  left  the  Red  river.  There  is 
every  kind  of  trade  at  the  Red  river.  There  is  an  associa- 
tion formed  this  year  there,  from  London,  for  [the  purchase 
ofj  buffalo  skins.  They  give  ten  shillings  sterling  per  hide. 
We  have  two  shares  in  this  company.  Mr,  Powell  [is]  with 
me  this  year  without  any  arrangement.  He  is  there  only 
to  live.  There  is  to-day  much  talk  and  complaint  against 
him  to  the  Governor,  through  the  misconduct  of  Mr.  Gra- 
ham. I  am  here  at  Mr.  Renville's  block-house.  I  am  to 
return  in  nine  days  from  this  time.  Mr.  Graham  is  [bound J 
for  the  North- West,  and  Mr.  Pullman  is  with  him  here. 

I  close,  wishing  you  good  health  and  all  sorts  of  prosper- 
ity.  Excuse  the  writing. 

Your  humble  servant, 

William  Dickson.' 

John  Lawe,  Esq.,  Green  Bay. 


'  GoL  Robert  Dickson. 

'This  Wm.  Dickson,  was  a  half -breei— son  of  Col.  Robert  Dickson  and  a 
SiOQx  woman.  His  letter,  wi  it  en  in  French,  evinces  some  scholarship. 
He  accompanied  en  Indian  delegation  to  visil  the  President  in  1824;  and 
^M  fitill  a  licensed  trader  at  Lake  Traverse  in  182tJ.  We  learn  from  Neill's 
^tnneaoto,  that  in  1836,  Mr.  Dickson,  styling  himself  General  of  the  Indian 
liberating  Army,  with  several  others,  appeared  in  the  Red  river  nettle- 
Jneiit,  endeavoring  to  enlist  the  settlers  in  a  project  to  unite  all  the  Indian 
nations  under  a  common  government,  of  which  he  was  to  be  the  head,  with 
the  title  of  Montezuma  the  Second.  His  officers  were  dressed  in  showy 
tttifonns  and  glittering  epaulettes.  The  cold  wf^ather  fet  iu  before  their 
wri?al  at  Red  river,  and  Dickson  had  his  toes  frozen  off,  which  crippled 
him  as  well  as  the  whole  enterprise.  L  C.  D. 


I'APEitS  OF  CAI'T.  T.  (i.  ANDERSON.  BRITISH  INDIAN  \C.m 


MlcniLlMACKlNAC,  21st  August,  1814.] 
Sir:  —  By  the  direction  of  Lt.  Col.  McDouall,  I  have 
acquaint  you,  that  should  Lt.  Col.  McKay  not  have  left 
you  instructions  fully  to  answer  the  necessity  of  providil 
the  garrison  of  Prairie  dt;s  Chiens,  that  you  will  adopt, 
early  as  possible  on  receiving  this  communication,  the  fol- 
lowing plan,  viz:     That  you  make  out  weekly  certificates  of 
the  number  of    the  garrison  under  your   command,   and 
which  you  may   be  authorized  to  provide  for  at  the  public 
expense;  and  grant  your  orders  in  confoimily  thereto,  on 
such  persons  as  will  provide  ilie  necessary  quantity  of  pro- 
visionri  at  the  most  reasonable  rate  —  which  orders,  when 
produced  at  this  post,  will  bf  settled  for  agreeably  to  the 
price  you  may  have  judged  proper  to  grant,  and  wlilch 
should  be  marked  on  your  weekly  certificates. 

Those  orders,  togjether  with  the  certificates  ^  which  latter 
you  will  please  forward  to  the  officer  coming  here  —  will  be, 
I  am  persuaded,  the  safest  and  easiest  mode  of  settling  for 
the  victualing  of  your  garrison. 

I  remain,  sir,  your  very  obt.  servant, 

G.  H.  Mo.KK. 
To  Capt.  AsoEKsos.  Mississippi  Volunteers, 
or  officer  commanding  at  Prairie  des  Chiens, 


At 


WiSNEBAGOES    AT   THE   PEACE   OF    1814. 

L  council  at  Mackinaw,  June,  3d,  1815,  between  £ 


sa-mau-nee.  Black  Wolf,  and  Ne-o-kau-tah  or  Four  I 
Winnebago  Chiefs,  accompanied  by  about  forty  warriotfj 
and  Lieut.  Col.  Robert  McDouall,  commanding  Mackinai 
and  its  dependencies,  and  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affaif 
and  Lieut.  Col.  Wm,  McKay,  Deputy  Superintendent  aC*-^ 
Agent  of  Indian  Affairs,  with  Lieut.  Jos,  Cadot,  Indian  I>^' 
partment,  and  Louis  Biirthe,  inlcrpTetev. 


1 


Papers  op  Capt.  T.  G.  Anderson.  14?    |l 

Sau-sa-mau-nee,  apparently.  Speaker: 

Father! —  Listen  to  your  children,  and  open  your  ears.     It     | 

the  voice  of  your  children,  the  Winnebagoes,  who  speak 
for  the  principal  part  of  the  Nation. 

Father! —  Last  Winter  and  this  Spring  your  Bpeeches. 
reached  us,  it  gave  us  pleasure  to  tind  that  you  invited  ue 
to  this  place  to  assist  in  defending  so  important  a  point. 
We,  the  Winnebagoes,  were  desirous  of  meeting  our  invet- 
erate enemy,  the  Big  Knives. 

Father.' — Shortly  after  your  invitation  reached  us,  we  re- 
ceived information  of  your  having  made  peace  with  those     ^ 
bad  people,  the  Big  Knives  —  which  intelligence  was  not     ,1 
pleasing,  for  we  hate  those  Big  Knives. 

Father.' — Since  our  arrival  here,  we  see  plainly  that  you 
have  actually  made  peace.  We  have  seen  your  young  men 
removing  your  big  guns  from  the  Fort  to  the  water  side, 
■•which  denotes  plainly  that  you  intend  to  give  up  this  Island 
' — this  important  post,  that  has  afforded  support  to  all  your 
red  children  to  the  westward. 

Father.'—  You  promised  us  repeatedly,  that  this  place 
*ould  not  be  given  up;  and  if  you  actually  intend  to  aban- 
don us  to  our  inveterate  enemy,  who  always  sought  our 
destruction,  it  would  be  better  that  you  had  us  killed  at 
once,  rather  than  expose  us  to  a  lingering  death.  It  is 
Jjrobable  that  the  Americans  may  not  at  first  show  their 
intentions  of  destroying  us  immediately;  but  we  are  fully 
persuaded  that  they  will  avail  themselves  of  the  first  op- 
lortunity  for  exterminating  us. 

Father!  — THie  peace  made  between    you    and    the    Big 
Hires,  may  be  a  lasting  one;  but  it  cannot  be  for  us,  for  we 
latethem:  they  have  so  often  deceived  us  that  we  cannot 
111  any  faith  in  them. 

Father!— We  assisted  you  three  years  ago  to  take  this 
land  from  the  Big  Knives;  and  as  you  toltl  us  to  consider 
wt  of  it  as  belonging  to  us  we  have  done  so.  and  inn  not 
iinkot  giving  up  our  part  to  the  Big  Knives. 
-foffcer.'-Our  Great  Father  beyond  the  Great  Lake  is  a 
Oder  parent:  but  when  he  agreed  to   give  up  this  place  to 


ii  V/:^.  ,.»iv  State  Ki-t  'Ei*  al  S-xtftt. 


thf:  h'z  Kriivifrs.  he  did  not  reSe?:  :hat  he  was  putting  us  in 

th*:  power  of  our  j^ea:  enemy. 

Fafl'^r' — O'lT  Xatiori  ha*  no:  yet  taken  the  Big  Knives  by 
the  f.and.  ani  i:  is  a  d^ib:  to  u?  here  Dresent.  if  our  breth- 
ren,  who  are  ir*  the  interior  of  the  country,  agree  to  bury 
the  hatohet.  For  our  part,  we  will  consider  what  we  intend 
to  do.  and  speak  a^ain  to  you  before  we  depart  for  our  re- 
spective liome??. 

()n  the  7th  of  June  following,  the  same  parties  met  again, 
when  young  Sau-sa-mau-nee  rcse  and  said: 

Fathfrr* — Your  children,  the  Winnebagoes.  addressed  you 
some  days  a^o,  and  told  you  that  they  would  again  speak  to 
you  before  they  would  take  their  leave  of  you. 

Father!—  Though  we  regret  much  that  this  Island  n^hich 
we  have  fought  for,  is  to  be  given  back  to  the  Big  Knives. 
yet  we  must  submit,  for  it  is  the  doings  of  our  Great  Fathff 
beyond  the  Big  Salt  Lake^  and  we  know  well  it  is  not  your 
fault.  We  believe  you  have  done  what  was  in  your  power 
to  prevent  it  being  given  up. 

Fnther!—  Our  Nation  has  al  wavs  been  considered  as  a  tor* 
buleiit  set;  it  is  owing  entirely  to  our  being  an  independent 
])eople,  who  have  made  our  enemies  always  feel  the  weight 
of  our  an;^er.  We  have  in  this,  and  in  the  former  war,  done 
our  duty  as  warriors,  which  is  well  known  to  the  restrf 
your  red  children.  The  Big  Knives  hate  us  more  than  the 
otlujr  nations  on  that  account. 

Falltcr! — When  we  left  our  country  to  come  to  this  place, 
our  bretliren  that  remained  were  pensive  and  melancholf- 
l)istn»ss  was  i)ainted  on  their  countenances.  The  news  rf 
your  havin<^  miule  peace  with  the  Big  Knives  was  thecao* 
of  tlK'ir  (listn»ss.  We  are  anxious  to  get  back  tothemin 
order  to  accpiaint  tliom  of  your  sentiments^  and  desire  then 
to  *•  bury  the  hatchet."  We  are  fearful  that  before  we  g'^ 
l)a(*k  to  our  country,  some  may  have  foolishly  gone  to  war, 
<*ontrary  to  the  i)romise  they  had  made  us  previous  to  our 
leaving  them. 

Father!  —  Some  of  our  chiefs  propose  going  to  Quebec  fcr 
tho  purp<>se  of  seeing  our  Great  Father,  who  gave  ourNaftoB* 


Papers  op  Capt.  T.  G.  Anderson.  145 

through  me,  an  invitation  to  visit  him  every  mid-day/  We 
therefore  request  you  will  permit  our  interpreter  to  accom- 
pany them  down. 

Father!  —  Your  children  are  destitute  of  clothing.  We 
request  you  will  afford  us  some  clothing.  Our  women  re- 
quest match-i-ko-tahs.  Our  little  children  are '  entirely 
naked. 

Father!  —  As  we  do  not  believe  that  the  peace  will  be  of 
long  duration,  we  will  always  be  ready  at  a  short  warning. 

Father!  —  Your  children  want  to  draw  near  your  breast.' 

They  have  not  been  troublesome  in  this  wr.y. 


Si»KECHKS  OF  Black-Hawk  and  Na-i-o-gui-man,  at  Drum- 

MOND  Island,  July  12, 1821. 

Present,  Lieut.  Col.  Wm.  McKay,  British  Indian  Superin- 
tendent; Capt.  Thos.  Q.  Anderson,  Clerk;  Maj.  James  Win- 
i^ett,  and  other  officers  of  the  Sixty-Eighth  British 
Regiment,  together  with  Lieut.  L.  Johnston,  and  three  in- 
terpreters of  the  Indian  Department. 
The  Black-Hawk,  speaker: 

''Father!  —  I  am  not  very  able  to  speak  —  probably  I  may 

^^y  something  improper.    I  may  have  something  to  reproach 

^*^y  father  with.    I  could  not  get  any  of  my  chiefs  to  come 

"^ith  me.    One  of  the  Renard  or  Fox  chiefs  accompanied  me, 

^nd  some  of  the  Menomonees  who  reside  amongst  us.     My 

^*iind  has  been  entirely  taken  up,  since  I  left  home,  with  the 

idea  that  every  stroke  of  my  paddle  carried  me  nearer  to  my 

Great  Father's  fire,  where  his  soldiers,  the  red  coats,  would 

^  charitable  to  me,  and  cover  my  naked  skin;  and  that,  in 

consequence  of  my  not  having  been  able,  for  three  years,  to 

^tep  across  the  barriers,  which  separate  us  from  them,  I 

^ould  receive  a  double  proportion  of  my  Great  Father's 

J>ounty. 

The  Americans,  my  father,  surround  us,  but  we  are  ever 
^eady  to  meet  them.    Now,  my  father,  as  we  see  you  but 


Middle  of  the  year. 

-'^^He  lodian  Diode  of  heggiog  for  liquor. 


140  Wisconsin  State  Histurical  Society. 

seldom.  I  hope  you  will  open  your  stores  and  give  us  more 
presents  than  you  do  to  other  Indians  who  visit  you  annu- 
ally. Now  I  speak  to  you,  ray  father,  in  hopes  you  will  be 
charitable  to  us.  and  give  us  something  to  take  to  our  wives 
and  children.  They  are  expecting  to  be  warmed  by  the 
clothing  of  their  Great  Father."' 

Taking  some  strings  of  wampum,  he  added;  "Father!  j 
got  this  from  the  White  Elk  (Cape.  McKee)  to  open  ft 
smoother  path  from  our  country  to  all  your  fires.  I  spoke 
to  the  Pottawatomies  with  it,  and  they  were  happy  to 
accede  to  our  proposals  of  friendship.  Now,  my  father,  we 
have  always  obeyed  your  voice,  and  will  ever  listen  to  your 
counsels.  With  regard  to  the  Indians,  we  have  a  good  road 
from  our  country  to  your  fires;  but  there  are  whites  who 
appear  strong,  and  tell  us  they  will  not  allow  us  to  see  you 
any  more.  Should  that  be  the  case,  we  will  be  miserable. 
But  if  the  road  continues  good,  as  Capt.  McKee  told  us  it 
■«ould,  we  will  see  you  every  day  (year)."  Delivered  the 
1  wampum. 

Answer  of  the  Superintendent: 

"Children! — I  have  listened  to  your  discourse  —  every 
word  has  entered  into  my  ears.  W  hen  you  came  here,  three 
days  (years)  ago  1  gave  you,  of  your  Great  Father's  bouDty. 
a  much  greater  proportion  than  I  did  to  other  Indians,  and 
told  you  your  presents  would  in  future  be  given  to  you  al 
Amherstburg.  You  were  displeased.  Ypu  went  away  dis- 
satisfied.  I  have  again,  this  year,  treated  you  well  You 
appear  dissatisfied  stilly  and  want  more.  I  now  tell  you 
that  your  presents  are  at  Amherstburg,  and  that  in  future 
you  must  go  there  if  you  wish  to  receive  your  Great  Father's 
bounty.  I  have  done  everything  in  my  power  to  please 
you  and  render  you  happy;  but  my  efforts  appear  to  have 
been  thrown  away  upon  you.  Go  liome,  and  I  do  not 
to  see  dissatisfied  children  about  me  again.  With  re: 
to  the  road  being  stopped  up,  as  you  say,  that  is  newst 
I  do  not  know  that  any  steps  have  been  taken  to  eflfect 
and  indeed  if  you  behave  yourselves,  as  I  have  always 
commended  you  to  do,  I  do  not  believe  you  will  be  hiiid< 
from  seeing  your  ( i  reat  Father's  fires," 


oc  CjlFI.  T.  G.  Axr^EKij'SL 


.  «>. 


"  Father: — I  hsTe  im>i  mocb  to  ask  of  too.    I  nrtura  tvu 

thanks  for  what  I  hsTe  reoeired.    I  am  noc  a  chief.    The 

youngs  men  s<MiHfiai£&  in^se  me  !«>  ibetr  wigwams^  and 

light  this  {Mpe  for  me  va  war  pcpe^    I  have  heanl  yv^;^  :$cvt 

be  careful  of   toot  tra4eis.     I  listen    to   tout  voice.      I 

am  aboot  to  tell  joa  <rf  oar  foUj.     This  pipe  I    am  not 

master  of.    The  joon^  men  sometimes  pneiss  me  to  ;sauoke 

ont  of  it  [press  him.  being  a  war-leader,  to  lead  them  against 

the  en^nj].    Some  of  them  have  more  sense*  and  kiK'w  that 

your  advice  to  them^  to  lemain  at  peace,  is  better  than  gvMO^ 

to  war.    I  therefore  deliver  you  my  war  club  i  war  pipe »,  and 

h^  for  some  of  my  good  young  men,  moie  guns«  kettles* 

tobacco  and  provisions^''    Then  delivered  the  pipe. 

Superintendent's  reply: 

"Children:  —  I  approve  much  of  your  determination  to 
give  up  that  bad  practice  of  carrying  on  a  war  with  the 
people  of  your  own  color.  It  cannot  be  productive  of  any 
good,  and  might  lead  you  to  continue  that  bad  practice,  and 
be  destructive  to  your  famUies.  Therefore,  you  have  acted 
wisely  in  giving  up  your  war  club.  I  will  give  to  your 
young  men,,  one  g^n,  one  kettle,  and  a  little  provision/* 


CouxciL  OF  Sack  Indians  at  Drummoxd  Island,  July 

30th,  1S21. 

CoL  McKay,  British  Indian  Superintendent,  Capt,  Thos.  G. 
Anderson*  clerk  and  interpreter,  Maj.  Winnett  and  other 
officers  of  the  Sixty-Eighth  regiment,  and  several  interpre- 
ters of  the  Indian  Department  present. 

We-tou-wau-no-quet,  speaker,  holding  some  strings  of 
wampum  in  his  hand,  said: 

"Father! — We  have  come  to  give  you  news  from  the 
chiefs  of  our  village.  This  is  the  parole  we  received  from 
the  English  at  the  stone  house  (Fort  George)  last  Fall.  We 
have  attended  and  always  will  attend  to  the  words  of  our 
Great  Father  beyond  the  Salt  Lake.  You  see  the  day  in 
which  we  talk  to  you  is  fine.  You  see  the  water  on  which 
we  voyaged  to  this  fire  is  smooth ;  the  eartVi  \s  c\oW\e<i  vcv  ^v 


US  Wiscossis  SrATE  Historical  Society. 


n 

Jreat  Maafl 
h.    WehaW 


its  beauties,    AIL  my  father,  waa  made  by  the  Great  3 
of  Ijife.    He  hears  us.    What  we  say  is  tbo  truth, 
not  forgot  the  words  of  our  Great  Father.     We  will  never 
forget  what  you  have  said  to  ub.     Now.  iny  father,  we  are 
distressed  in  our  own  country.    I  called  upon  the  two  chid 
seated  there  to  show  you  your  paroles.     I  asked  tliem  to  m 
company  me  here. 

"Father.'  —  I  have  baen  speaking  for  the  warriors;! 
chiefs  will  now  talk  to  you." 

Met-che-quai-au,  holding  the  same  wampum  in  his  hai 
said: 

•'Father:    What  the  warriors  have  said  to  you  ia  ) 
truth.    I  am  now  going  to  tell  you  the  opinion  of  the  cbi 
I  believe  the  Great  Master  of  Life  supports  us.     He   . 
everything,     I  am  happy  to  have  got  into  your   hous&'l 
was  intended  by  the  Great  Spirit  that  we  should  stretch  o 
our  arms  and  join  our  hands  to  yours.    We  hold  you  fast 
and  will  continue  to  do  so,"    Dividing  the  wampum  into 
two  parte,  and  holding  one  half  in  his  h:;nd,  he  continued: 

"  This  is  the  Red  Head's'  message.  He  sent  it  to  U3  by  the 
way  of  the  Rock  river,  two  nights  ago,  and  told  us  in  the 
words  of  our  Great  Father,  saying:  'This, my  children, will 
give  you  life.  Those  who  listen  to  the  words  I  tell  you  will 
never  want.  When  any  of  the  Red  Coats  see  this  mess 
they  will  be  charitable  to  you.'  When  he  delivered  u»ti| 
spetuh,  he  told  us  to  make  it  known  to  all  the  surrouw 
nations,  and  desire  them  to  unite  in  our  opinion  thstl 
Great  Spirit  is  opening  a  road  to  make  you  forever  baj 
and  '  I  tell  you,'  he  added,  ',the  truth.  Sauks  and  RenaJ 
hold  fast  of  your  lands.  Whenever  you  wish  to  direct  yo31 
voyages  towards  the  Red  Coats,  you  will  be  well  received. 
The  doors  will  be  always  open  to  receive  you.  WhenyoU 
see  the  whites  in  your  country,  I  hope  you  will  be  care 
them.'  ■' 

Taking  the  remaining  half  of  the  wampum,  and  8i 
a  single  string  from  the  bunch,  he  continued: 

"This  is  from  the  Nau-do-ways;  the  remainder  1 


■  Papers  op  Capt.  T.  G.  ANDEHyu.x.'  149 

Bed  from  the  English  at  the  stone  house  last  Fall.  Our 
Efs  are  again    gone  to  the  stone  house,  to   hear  more 

Then,  taking  all  the  wainpuin  in  his  hanij,  and  holding  it 
a  the  middle,  said: 

Hi  have  told  you  the  words  on  that  part  of  the  message 
Bte  my  hand.  It  came  by  different  routes  to  our  village 
Wider  ground,  but  all  on  the  same  subject.  I  cannot  repeat 
this  part  of  it  (below  hia  hand)  at  present.  Our  Great 
Father  recollects  the  reniaiudL^r.  You,  my  brother  warriors, 
cannot  be  ignorant  of  what  is  going  on.  It  is,  therefore, 
not  necessary  to  repeat  anything  more.  I  hope  my  Great 
Father's  soldiers  make  one  with  us.  My  father,  you  have 
heard  iis  speak.  Think  of  us,  and  say  to  yourself.  My 
children  are  poor.  I  havi.^  repeated  the  words  of  my  father. 
Wb  came  here  to  hear  if  you  had  anymore  news  for  us. 
^^ve  nothing  more  to  say."' 
Hnswer,  by  the  Superintendent: 

^Children! — Your  father  has  listened  to  you  with  great 
attention.  He  has  not  allowed  one  word  to  escape  unno- 
ticed. He  is  truly  happy  to  see  you  all  in  good  health. 
When  your  war  chief,  Black-Hawk,  was  here,  a  few  nights 
ago,  I  told  him  to  inform  you  that  your  presents  would  in 
future  be  given  to  you  at  Amherstburg,  Your  Great  Father, 
the  king,  is  not  unacquainted  with  the  different  routes  from 
your  country  to  his  fires,  and  knowing  your  situation  with 
regard  to  voyaging,  has,  to  make  it  more  convenient  for 
you,  directed  your  presents  to  be  issued  at  Amherstburg, 
frhere  you  must  go  for  them  for  the  time  to  come,  and  not 
Some  here  any  more  for  the  purpose  of  being  clothed.  Your 
ather  has,  by  depriving  other  Indians,  and,  as  if  by  stealth, 
nonaged  to  give  you  a  few  articles;  but  you  must  not  ex- 
'ect  anything  more.  Your  Great  Father,  the  king,  cannot 
SU  an  untruth.  The  promises  he  makes  are  inviolable, 
^ou  flee  them  tulfilled  every  day.  Follow  his  advice,  and 
ou  will  be  happy.  I  have  nothing  further  to  say  to  you  at 
i^Bent,  I  wish  the  Great  Spirit  may  protect  you,  and  en- 
'kile  you  to  arrive  safe  in  your  own  country." 


INDIAN  CAMPAIGN  OF  1X32. 

FT.  HENRY  SMITH,  of  Atkinson's  Brioai 


Henry  Smith,  tlie  writer  of  the  fotlowiog  valuable  narrative  ol  thiJ 
Black  Hawk  War —  the  first  detaiied  sketch  of  that  contest  that  e 
^  peared  in  print  —  was  of  Scotch-Irish  descent,  born  at  Stillwater.  N.  1 
Sept.  S5.  1TD8.  He  became  a  cadet  at  the  Military  Academy  id  Hay,  II 
and  graduating,  eulereil  the  Artillery  as  Third  Lieutenant,  in  March.  1B13. 
He  was  promoted  to  a  Second  Lieutenancy  in  the  Second  Inrantry,  )n 
June  181fl.  He  served  aa  Adjutant  in  1818-lB;  regimental  Qiiart#r-Mft8ter. 
in  lSSO-21,  serving  as  Eucli  at  Green  Bay  in  1823;  First  Lieutenant  and  & 
sistant  Quarter-Master  in  1833.  in  which  year  he  was  assigned  to  the  Slx| 
Infantry.  He  served  as  an  Aiil  de  Camp  to  Maj.  Gen.  Scott  in  1833-36.  ai 
was  promoted  t  j  the  rank  ot  Ctiptain,  iu  July  oC  the  tatter  year,  and  ai 
OS  Quarter-Master  from  April,  1828  to  Oct.  1830. 

During  the  BUck  Hawk  War,  in  1932.  he  serred  at  the  head  of  hia  coni' 
pany  in  Gen.  Atkinson's  Brigade,  and  had  the  b?et  of  opportunities  lo 
learn  all  the  leading  facta  and  events  connected  with  that  frontier  serciM. 
Jie  resigned  from  the  army  in  Nov.,  1830.  From  iliat  time  until  1S40,  he 
served  as  a  Civil  Engineer,  superintending  United  States  harbor  ImpraTfr 
ments  on  the  L^es,  in  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Michigan.  He  was  a  m 
ber  of  the  Michigan  Assembly  iu  1837  and  1810;  dijburiing  agent  of  (| 
Indian  Department  in  1838;  Major  General  of  the  Michigan  Hililia  fl 
1841-46;  and  Mayor  of  Monroe,  ilichigan,  in  1846.  On  the  ^d  of  1 
1847,  he  was  appointed  Quarter- Master  iu  the  army,  with  the  I 
Major,  serving  first  at  Detroit,  and  then  on  the  staff  ot  Gen.  8 
Mexico.  Couraieous  and  high-spirited,  he  promptly  repaired  to  tl 
at  Vera  Cruz,  fully  cunfcious  of  the  danger  of  the  climate  at  that  a 
of  the  year,  where  he  soon  fell  a  victim  to  "the  3'ellow  feter, 
1847,  in  his  forty-ninth  year. 

Capt.  Smith's  papers  on  the  Indian  Campaign  of  1832.  was  written  [n 
attherequestof  the  conductors  of  the  J/i^'far//(in(fjViii'a;jfaf;aztne,  pi 
ed  at  Washington;  and  appeared  in  Augustof  that  year,  as  written"! 
officer  of  Oen.  Atkinson's  Brigade."  It  was  thus  prepared  while  then 
tions  of  that  frontier  Bervice  were  yet  fresh  in  his  memory.     E 
in  manuscript,  which  was  furnished  by  his  daughter.   Mrs.  A.  W,  S 
of  Bocktordi  IlL.  to  the  Journal  of  that  city,  in  which  it  appeared  An] 
ISth.    1683,    and    copied    into    the   Milwaukee    Sepublie^n-St 
the  following  I7th  and  21Ch  of  September.    These  two  copiw  h>TB  1| 


Indian  Campaign  of  1832.  151 

carefully  collated,  and  errors  corrected.  Ic  will  prove  a  valuable  addi- 
tion to  the  history  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.  His  public  services,  for 
a  i>€riod  of  thirty-four  years,  were  varied  and  eventful,  and  alike  hon- 
orable to  himself  and  useful  to  his  country. 

Early  in  life  he  married  Miss  Elvira  Foster.  She  died  at  Watertown,  N. 
Y.,  in  1879.  Seven  of  their  children  yet  survive  —  five  daughters  and  two 
Bons;  one  of  the  latter  is  Hon.  Winfield  Smith,  of  Milwaukee,  formerly 
Attorney  General  of  the  State.  Maj.  Smith  was  about  five  feet,  six  inches 
in  height,  of  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  pounds  weight,  with  ruddy  com- 
plexion, gray  eyes,  and  brown  hair  —  of  handsome  appearance,  erect,  and 
of  military  bearing. 

It  is  justly  said  of  him,  in  the  U.  S.  Biographical  Dictionary  for  Wiscon- 
sin, that  *'he  was  an  able  and  accomplish^Hl  officer,  understood  thoroughly 
the  details  of  his  profession,  was  governed  by  a  high  sense  of  honor,  frank, 
generous  and  upright.  A  gentlemen  of  fine  talents,  and  varied  informa- 
tion, agreeable  in  society,  and  had  many  warm  friends  among  the  leading 
men  of  the  Nation.  He  was  ardent  in  his  family  attachments,  constant 
and  devoted  in  his  friendships,  an  exemplary  member  of  the  Episcopal 
church,  of  spotless  reputation,  esteemed  and  respected  by  all  who  knew 
him."  L.  C.  D. 

Gentlemen:—  It  would  give  me  pleasure  to  comply  with 
your  request  on  the  subject  of  the  recent  Indian  hostilities, 
were  I  not  perfectly  sensible  of  my  incapacity  to  interest 
you  and  your  readers.  As  it  is,  flattered  by  your  solicitation, 
and  acknowledging  the  obligation  to  contribute  my  mite  to 
your  valuable  work,  authentically,  I  undertake  the  task. 

"To  begin  then,  with  the  beginning" — The  Sauks  and 
Foxes  forming  one  nation  of  Indians,  occupying  until  1831, 
more  or  less  of  the  country  on  both  banks  of  the  Mississippi 
for  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  above  and  below 
Rock  Island,  have  always  manifested  as  a  people,  hostile 
feelings  toward  the  people  of  the  United  States.  During  the 
war  with  Great  Britian,  they  were  active  allies  of  the  Eng- 
lish; repeatedly  and — as  they  boast — always  successfully  en- 
gaged against  us.  Several  detachments  of  our  army  and 
militia,  one  under  command  of  Col.  Z.  Taylor,  now  of  the 
First  Infantry,  were  previous  to  1815,  defeated  by  this  warlike 
people.  Since  the  latter  date,  the  hostile  feeling  has  been 
openly  shown  only  by  a  portion  of  the  combined  nation 
called  the  "British  Band,"  of  which  a  chief  called  Muck-nt- 
tay'Tnick'e'kaW'kailc,  the  celebrated  Black  Hawk,  was  the 


WiscossrN  Htate  Historical  Societv. 


head.    This  band  occupied  the  territory  on  the  east  bank  J 
the  Mississippi,  priucipally  along  the  Rock  river,  and  o 
narily  numbered  about  four  hundred  warriors. 

By  treaty,  duly  signed  and  ratified,  the  Sauks  and  Fo^ 
previous  to  1831,  conveyed  this  portion  of  their  country  ( 
of  the  Mississippi  to  the  United  States,  and  our  settlfl 
advanced   to  the   shores  of  Rock  river,  the  Indians  so  i 
acknowledging  the  treaty  as  to  cross  the  Mississippi,  whe^ 
the  majority  of  them,  if  not  all,  took  up  their  residence  for  ] 
a  time. 

In  the  Spring  of  ISjI,  Maj.  Gen.  Gaines,  commanding  ti 
Western  Department,  learned  by  express  that  the  Indiai 
in  great  numbers,  had  re-crossed  the  river,  commenced 
system  of  aggressions  on  the  whites,  and  by  threats,  andij 
some  instances  by  violence,  had  driven  off  many  familia 
and  bade  fair  to  break  up  the  settlements  along  the  frontji 
of  Illinois,     The  General  promptly  moved  with  such  tro< 
as  he  could  find  disposable — ^  the  Sixth,  and  a  small 
of  the  Third  Infantry  — to  the  scene  of  difficulty.    HereSj 
found  the  tone  of  the  Indians  so  high,  and  their  deportmef 
50  insufferably  insolent,  that  apprehending  the  necessity^ 
an  immediate  rnsort  to  blows,  he  called  on  the  Governor* 
Illinois  for  an  auxiliary  force  of  mounted  militia,  and  mai 
preparations  to  enforce  the  demand  he  had  alread}*  made  I 
the  Indians,  to  evacuate  the  ceded  territory.    After  mfif 
delay  and  unusual  display  of  reckless  audacity  on  thep 
of  the  Indians,'  they  finally  crossed  again  to  the  west  i 
of  the  river,  and  made  and  executed  a  treaty  solemnly  ple^pl 
ing  themselves  never  to  land  again  on  (he  east  bank  of  iht 
Mississippi   without   the    consent  of  the  President  of  tht 
United  States,  and  the  Governor  of  Illinots. 

Within  four  months  after  signing  this  treaty,  a  numerous 
war  party  of  this  very  band  ascended  the  Mississippi,  landed 
on  the  east  bank,  and  within  the  limits  of  the  American  vil- 

'  The  Indiana  came  open);  armed  into  council  niih  the  Oeneral  —  a  pao- 
ceeding,  it  la  believed,  without  precedent  among  tjiem.    They  e 
speech  the  most  violent  and  ihreateninf  language  and  gestures.     Had  j 
the  Oenerol  felt  c  mipaaaion  for  their  iafaCuatiao,  he  would  probably  )| 
chsBlised  iheni  on  the  spot. 


Indian  Campaign  of  1832.  153 

.age  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  attacked  a  body  of  Menomonees 
—  a  nation  distinguished  for  their  unalter£U)le  friendship  for 
the  United  States  —  and  murdered,  it  is  believed,  twenty- 
eight  persons.  It  was  for  the  purpose  of  demanding  and 
obtaining  the  leaders  of  this  outrage  on  our  flag,  that  Brig. 
Gen.  Atkinson  was  ordered  with  his  regiment,  the  Sixth,  to 
ascend  the  Mississippi  in  the  Spring  of  1832,  and  the 
circumstances  have  shown  that  the  Secretary  of  War,*  with 
the  acuteness  of  judgment  for  which  he  is  distinguished, 
aided  by  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  Indian  character, 
clearly  foresaw  the  result  to  which  the  disposition  of  the 
Indians  would  lead,  yet  very  few  others  anticipated  any  oc- 
currences more  bloody  than  those  of  the  preceding  year. 

On  the  8th  of  April,  1832,  the  force  under  Gen.  Atkinson, 
six  companies  of  the  Sixth  Regiment,  numbering  about  two 
hundred  and  eighty  in  the  aggregate.,  embarked  at  Jefferson 
Barracks,  and  proceeded  up  the  Mississippi.  At  the  Des 
Moines  rapids  two  hundred  miles  above,  it  was  first  learned 
by  the  detachment  that  the  Indians  meditated  not  only  re- 
sistance to  the  demand  for  the  surrender  of  the  murderers, 
but  the  seizure  and  holding  the  territory  —  the  debatable 
land — already  twice  or  thrice  ceded  by  them.  Accounts 
here,  made  the  number  of  warriors  between  six  and  eight 
hundred,  who  had  ascended  the  Mississippi  toward  Rock 
Island.  Gen.  Atkinson  arrived  at  Rock  Island  about  the 
12th  of  April;  and  there  ascertained  that  on  that  day  or  the 
day  before,  the  Indians  had  entered  the  mouth  of  the  Rock 
river,  and  were  ascending  it. 

The  General  here  received  correct  and  undoubted  informa- 
tion of  their  numbers  and  condition.  Different  traders  and 
others  had  carefully  counted  them,  and  reported  the  number 
of  efficient  warriors  to  be  about  six  hundred  and  fifty,  con-  - 
sisting  of  Black  Hawk's  '^  British  Band,"  the  friends  of  the 
war  party  who  had  committed  the  murders  at  Prairie  du 
Chien,  and  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  Kickapoos;  they 
were  subsequently  joined  on  the  Rock  river  by  the  Prophet's 
band.    About  four  hundred  and  fifty  of  this  force  were 


*  Hon.  Lewis  Cass. 
11— H.  C. 


154  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

mounted,  and  it  is  but  justice  to  say  they  were  very  eflScient 
cavalry  on  hardy  and  generally  well-trained  horses  —  they 
never  came  into  contact  with  our  militia,  both  mounted,  that 
the  Indians  did  not  come  off  victors,  whatever  might  be 
^heir  inferiority  in  numbers. 

Under  their  intention  of  holding  the  country,  they  had 
brought  with  them  their  families  and  movables  of  every  de- 
scription. 

Gen.  Atkinson  immediately  summoned  such  of  the  chiefs 
of  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  as  had  not  participated  in  the  move- 
ment, at  the  head  of  whom  was  Pash-e-paw-ko,  Wa-peUo 
and  Keokuk;  demanded  of  them  such  of  the  murderers  as 
were  in  their  power,  and  warned  them  of  the  consequences 
which  would  result  on  their  joining  or  aiding  the  invading 
band.  The  murderers  (three,  being  all  within  the  control  of 
these  chiefs)  were  promptly  surrendered,  and  the  General 
was  assured  of  the  fidelity  of  the  chiefs  to  the  Government 
of  the  United  States.  The  conference  was  concluded  by  an 
order  from  the  General  for  the  friendly  Indians  to  return  to 
their  home,  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  remain  there. 

Two  messengers,  a  friendly  Sauk  chief,  the  son  of  Tay-e- 
mah,  and  a  half  breed  whose  father  was  a  Frenchman  and 
mother  a  Sauk  woman,  were  dispatched  to  the  Black  Hawk 
by  Gen.  Atkinson,  not  only  official  y  ordering  him  and  his 
people,  in  the  name  of  the  President,  to  return,  but  individ- 
ually advising  him  of  the  consequences  of  his  persisting  in 
his  present  enterprise.  The  demand  for  the  surrender  of 
the  murderers  was  also  made.  Up  to  this  time,  it  appeared 
to  have  been  the  general  belief  of  the  officers  of  the  army, 
as  it  certainly  was  with  the  writer  of  this  narrative,  that  the 
Indians  —  almost  always  '*  more  sinned  against  than  sinning,'' 
—  would  under  the  forbearing,  dignified  and  determined 
course  pursued  by  the  General,  be  brought  to  a  sense  of 
their  conduct  and  situation,  and  induced  to  comply  with 
the  demands  of  the  Government.  But  we  were  soon  unde- 
ceived; the  messengers  returned  greatly  alarmed,  after  hav- 
ing been  abused  and  insulted,  and  compelled  to  escape  at 
the  risk  of  their  lives.  They  brought  from  the  Indians  the 
most  insolent  and  bullying  replies  to  the  Generfd's  message> 


Indian  Campaign  op  1832.  155 

generally,  in  effect,  ridiculing  his  demands,  and  challenging 
the  Americans  to  come  against  them. 

About  this  time  Henry  Gratiot,  Esq.,  the  sub-agent  for 
the  Winnebagoes  of  the  Mining  Country,  obeying  the  im- 
pulse of  his  duty,  intrepidly  proceeded  to  Black  Hawk's 
camp,  near  the  Prophet's  village,  for  the  purpose  of  hold- 
ing a  council  with  the  chiefs,  to  ascertain  their  object, 
and  to  warn  them  to  return.  The  Indians  not  only  re- 
fused to  hear  him,  but  tore  down  his  flag,  raised  the 
British  flag,  and  took  Mr.  Gratiot  prisoner.  There  is  little^ 
doubt  that  his  fate  would  have  been  sealed  but  for  the^ 
interposition  of  the  Winnebagoes,  who  purchased  him  of 
the  Sauks,  and  restored  him  to  liberty.  We  also  learned* 
that  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  had  been  instigated  to  their  pres- 
ent course  by  Waw-be-ka-shick,  the  Prophet,  a  half  Winne- 
bago and  half  Sauk,  and  possessing  much  influence  with 
both  nations  from  his  assumption  of  the  sacred  character,, 
from  his  talents,  his  inveterate  hostility  to  the  Americans, 
and  his  cold-blooded  cruelty. 

Gen.  Atkinson,  an  officer  possessing  all  the  requisites  for 
command,  military  skill,  undaunted  courage  and  persever- 
ance, together  with  a  knowledge  of  the  Indian  character, . 
now  commenced  vigorous  preparations  for  a  campaign.  He 
ordered  such  troops  as  could  with  safety  be  called  from  the 
posts  of  Prairie  du  Chien  and  Fort  Leavenworth,  to  rein- 
force  him;  and  was,  in  consequence,  joined  at  Rock  Island 
by  four  companies  of  the  First  Infantry,  and  subsequently  at 
Dixon's  Ferry,  by  two  more  companies  of  the  Sixth  Reg- 
iment from  Fort  Leavenworth.  He  took  measures  for 
collecting  provisions  and  stores  and  means  for  their  trans^ 
portation,  a  work  of  exceeding  difficulty,  under  all  circum- 
stances— and  lastly,  he  notified  the  Governor  of  Illinois, 
Reynolds,  that  the  Indian's  had  ascended  Rock  river  in  a 
hostile  attitude.  The  General  also  took  measures  to  secure 
the  neutrality  of  the  surrounding  Indian  nations;  or,  should 
he  deem  it  proper,  their  assistance.  These  preparations  de- 
tained the  troops  at  Rock  Island  about  three  weeks,  during 
much  of  which  period  the  weather  was  unusually  cold  and 


y 


156  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

rainy,  and  our  tents  quite  unfit  for  service^  and  useless  as  a 
shelter. 

About  the  Och  day  of  May  provisions  and  boats  having 
been  collected,  a  force  of  nearly  eighteen  hundred  militia 
^irrived,  fifteen  hundred  of  whom  were  mounted,  who  had 
been  ordered  by  Gov.  Reynolds  to  report  themselves  to,  and 
receive  orders  from  the  commanding  officer  of  the  regular 
troops.  Our  force  moved  up  Rock  river  —  the  regular  troops 
were  then  under  the  immediate  command  of  CoL  Tay- 
lor, First  Infantry,  and  the  mounted  militia,  under  Brig. 
'Gen.  Whiteside.  Gov.  Reynolds  also  accompanied  his  force 
in  person.  The  mounted  men  were  ordered  to  proceed  to  the 
Prophet's  village,  about  thirty  or  forty  miles  by  land,  and 
sixty  or  seventy  by  water;  while  the  regular  force  was 
charged  with  the  severe  and  unpleasant  duty  of  dragging 
up  the  river  our  provisions  and  stores  in  boats,  one  keel  of 
ninety  tons,  and  one  of  thirty,  and  five  or  six  Mackinaw 
boats.  It  is  unnecessary  to  describe  this  duty  better  than  to 
say,  that  the  weather  was  cold,  and  that  for  many  days  the 
troops,  so  employed,  had  not  a  dry  thread  on  them,  com- 
pelled to  wade  against  a  rapid  stream,  dragging  or  lifting 
the  boats  along  from  day-break  until  night.  On  our  arrival 
at  the  Prophet's  village,  it  was  found  that  the  mounted 
militia  had  advanced  to  Dixon's  Ferry.  About  thirty  miles 
below  the  last  named  point,  an  express  informed  our  com- 
mand of  the  defeat  of  a  battalion  of  the  militia  under  Ifaj. 
Stillman,  and  the  troops  were  hastened  forward  with  all  pos- 
sible dispatch.  At  Dixon's  Ferry,  about  one  hundred  and 
twenty  mils  from  the  mouth  of  Rock  river,  we  learned  the 
particulars  of  this  defeat. 

Maj.  Stillman,  commanding  a  volunteer  battalion  of 
Illinois  militia,  at  his  own  solicitation,  had  been  dispatched 
by  (tIov.  Reynolds  to  endeavor  to  ascertain  the  position  of 
the  Indians.  Deceived  by  some  individuals  who  assured 
him  that  they  had  reconnoitered  the  country  for  forty-five 
miles  above  Whiteside's  camp,  and  that  there  were  no  In- 
dians within  that  distance,  Stillman  encamped  an  hour 
before  sunset,  twenty-five  miles  from  Dixon's,  in  a  well 
chosen  position,  on  a  stream  since  called  Stillman's  Run. 


Indian  Campaign  op  1832.  157 

V^ery  soon  after  pitching  tents,  and  after  unsaddling,  some 
[ndians  were  discovered  on  the  open  prairie,  a  mile  or  two 
rlistant.  The  camp  entirely  filled  a  small  open  wood,  which 
was  on  every  side  surrounded  by  open  and  clear  prairie 
slightly  undulating.  The  strongest  fortress  could  hardly 
have  been  more  effectively  defended  than  the  camp  in  ques- 
tion, where  a  hundred  men  ought  to  have  repulsed  ten 
times  their  number  of  an  attacking  force.  On  the  discovery  of 
the  Indians,  only  two  or  three  in  number,  the  militia  sallied 
out,  as  all  agree,  in  great  confusion,  some  with  saddles  and 
some  without,  and  pursued  and  captured  these  Indians, 
when  some  one  called  out  that  three  or  four  others  were  in 
sight;  on  which  another  pursuit  occurred  in  still  greater 
disorder.  The  last  Indians  were  overtaken,  and,  it  is  said. 
two  of  them  killed  unresistingly  and  without  provocation. 
Very  soon  others  were  discovered  advancing.  Their  num- 
bers appeared,  no  doubt,  much  greater  than  they  really  were 
in  the  dusk  of  the  evening,  and  a  panic  seized  the  whites, 
Sauve  qui  pent  was  the  word  —  or  rendered  into  back  wood's 
English,  "the  devil  take  the  hindmost,"  and  the  whole  corps 
fled  without  firing  a  wrell-directed  shot.  They  passed  on  the 
run  directly  through  their  camp,  plunged  into  the  creek,  and 
did  not  halt  until  they  had  arrived  at  Dixon's  Ferry,  where 
they  came  straggling  in  for  twenty  hours.  Twelve  of  the 
whites  and  four  of  the  Indians,  including  those  wantonly 
slain,  were  killed.  It  is  asserted  by  the  Indians,  that  the 
rout  was  caused  by  less  than  one  hundred  Indians,  and  the 
pursuit  continued  through  the  night  by  less  than  thirty. 
There  were,  doubtless,  many  gallant  fellows  in  Stillman's 
corps,  and  it  is  difficult  to  account  for  this,  as  well  as  other 
similar  affairs  between  the  whites  and  Indians,  save  by 
attributing  it  to  a  want  of  discipline,  and  of  material  confi- 
dence in  themselves. 

It  may  be  well  to  add  the  fact,  that  Stillman's  corp3  had 
never  been  for  an  instant  under  Gen.  Atkinson's  orders,  they 
having  joined  Gov.  Reynolds  at  Dixon's,  by  a  march  through 
the  country. 

The  army  immediately  advanced  up  Rock  river  to  SUW- 
man's  Rud^  having  left  the  defeated  corps  to  guard  Wv^  ^vq>k.. 


158  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

wounded  and  provisions  at  the  depot  at  Dixon's.  At  Still- 
man's  Run,  Gen.  Atkinson  was  overtaken  by  an  express 
with  intelligence  that  the  corps  left  to  guard  the  depot  had 
determined  to  abandon  their  charge  and  return  home.  He 
also  ascertained  that  the  enemy  had  moved  rapidly  up  Syca- 
more creek/  towards  its  head.  The  mounted  force  now 
about  two  thousand,  was  dispatched  in  pursuit,  and  the  reg- 
ulars ordered  to  occupy  the  depot  at  Dixon's.  Whiteside 
with  his  command  moved  up  Sycamore  creek  for  two  or 
three  days,  pursuing  the  enemy,  never,  however,  being  able 
to  get  sight  of  them. 

The  first  intelligence  received  of  the  run-away  troops  by 
Gen.  Atkinson,  was  that  they  had  proceeded  across  the 
country  to  the  Illinois  river,  and  disbanded  themselves  or 
had  been  discharged.  This  was  said  to  have  been  brought 
about  from  some  cause  connected  with  the  local  politics  of 
of  the  State. 

The  General  with  his  staff  immediately  proceeded  across 
the  country  to  the  Illinois  river,  and  by  much  exertion  suc- 
ceeded in  inducing  a  few  companies  of  mounted  men  to 
volunteer  to  assist  in  protecting  the  settlements. 

Within  a  few  hours  after  the  General's  departure,  intelli- 
geVice  arrived  at  Dixon's  by  express,  that  the  enemy  had 
made  attacks  at  different  points,  eighty  or  ninety  miles  apart, 
and  committed  butcheries,  with  all  the  accustomed  horrors 
of  Indian  warfare.  The  report  of  a  few  mounted  men  of 
the  disbanded  militia,  who  arrived,  induced  the  serious  ap- 
prehension that  the  General  had  been  cut  oflf  in  his  journey 
across  the  country.  Fortunately  our  fears  proved  without 
foundation.  Among  the  sufferers,  the  fate  of  no  one  created 
more  sympathy  than  that  of  Felix  St.  Vrain,  Indian  Agent 
for  the  Foxes  and  Sauks,  who  had  accompanied  the  army  to 
Dixon's  Ferry,  where  he  had  obtained  leave  to  return,  and 
secure  his  family  at  Rock  Island.  On  his  way  to  Galena, 
with  seven  men,  they  were  attacked  by  a  large  party  of  In- 
dians under  command  of  the  Prophet,  and  Mr.  St.  Vrain  and 
three  others  most  barbarously  murdered,  the  others  makinflc 
their  escape. 

'  The  south  branc\\  ot  ¥A\i\vvj«t>3L-V^. 


Indian  Campaign  of  1832.  159 

By  exertions  almost  incredible.  Gen.  Atkinson  succeeded 
in  less  than  three  weeks  in  calling  out  a  new  militia 
mounted  force,  for  it  was  already  found  that  the  war  could 
not  be  successfully  prosecuted  against  a  well  mounted  en- 
emy by  infantry  alone,  and  in  organizing  it  anew,  and  i  n 
procuring  provisions  for  a  new  movement. 

In  the  meantime,  however,  two  companies  of  regular 
troops  and  a  company  of  militia  had  been  dispatched  to 
Kellogg's  Grove,  for  the  purpose  of  occupying  the  country 
between  Rock  and  Fevre  rivers,  and  dispersing  a  party  of 
the  enemy  known  to  be  lurking  therein.  While  there,  the 
militia  in  returning  to  the  camp  were  attacked  by  a  party 
of  Indians  in  ambush,  and  driven  oflf,  with  a  loss  of  three 
of  their  number  killed.  The  Indians  lost  four.  After  re- 
mainihg  at  Kellogg's  Grove  ten  days,  this  party  were  or- 
dered to  return,  and  their  places  were  supplied  by  a  battal- 
ion of  militia  two  hundred  and  fifty  strong,  commanded 
by  Major  John  Dement  who  the  day  after  their  arrival  at 
the  position,  were  attacked  and  defeated  by  one  hundred 
and  thirty  Indians,  who  drove  them  into  their  stockade,  and 
besieged  them  until  relieved  by  Gen.  Posey  with  the  residue 
of  the  brigade,  when  the  Indians  leisurely  withdrew. 

About  this  time  also.  Col.  Dodge,  now  Colonel  of  the  U.  S. 
Dragoons,  with  a  party  of  twenty-eight  mounted  men, 
learned  that  several  murders  had  been  committed  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Fort  Hamilton,  and  pursued  the  murder- 
ers. Dodge  and  his  party  overtook  the  enemy,  who  they 
found  to  be  a  party  fifteen  in  number,  and  after  a  sharp  con- 
flict, killed  every  one  of  them,  with  the  loss  of  three  whites 
killed. 

On  the  28th  of  June,  the  army  again  advanced  on  the 
enemy.  Our  force  consisted  of  upwards  of  four  hundred 
regular  infantry,  and  Henry's  brigade  of  one  thousand 
mounted  militia.  Brig.  Gen.  Brady,  U.  S.  A.,  who  had  in  the 
meantime  joined  the  army,  and  by  advice  of  Gen.  Atkin- 
son, assumed  the  immediate  command  of  the  division  of 
regulars  and  militia,  was  left  to  guard  the  depot  at  Dixon's 
Ferry,  and  Posey's  and  Alexander's  brigades  dcjtachrjd  and 
disposed  so  as  to  protect  the  settlements. 


ICO  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

On  the  3rd  of  July,  we  found  ourselves  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  enemy,  who,  however,  occupied  an  inaccessible 
position  in  a  swamp  a  few  miles  from  us.  This  was  Winne- 
bago swamp,  in  Ogle  county.  111.  They  had  retired  before 
us,  and,  in  several  instances,  we  found  in  their  camps  scalps 
and  heads  previously  taken,  and  left  in  triumph.  They  also 
always  left  in  their  camps  a  sort  of  guide-post,  with  a  wisp 
of  hay  done  up  and  fixed  so  as  to  indicate  their  destination. 
This,  however,  was  mere  bravado,  as  they  avoided  a  conflict, 
though  it  was  eagerly  sought  for  by  our  army.  The  force 
of  the  enemy  at  this  time  could  not  have  been  far  from  one 
thousand  eflBcient  warriors,  nearly  all  mounted.  Our  march- 
ing had  become  exceedingly  disagreeable  and  difiScult, 
wading  through  swamps  and  morasses,  our  provisions  and 
baggage  on  pack-horses,  frequently  damaged,  and  the 
former  of  course  falliug  short  by  the  horses  sinking  in  the 
swamps. 

Every  exertion  was  made  to  procure  guides,  but  in  vain. 
Such  Winnebagoes  or  Pottawatomies  as  joined  us  or  could 
be  taken,  were  either  ignorant  or  treacherous.  On  the  6th 
of  July,  we  reached  a  deep  and  muddy  stream  called  most 
inaptly  White  Water,  beyond  which  we  were  informed  by 
the  Winnebagoes  we  should  find  the  enemy.  With  much 
difficulty  we  forded  or  swam  this  stream,  or  rather  the  first 
of  three  branches,  and  after  a  perplexing  march  of  twelve 
or  fifteen  miles  we  arrived  where  the  Indian  guides  assured 
the  General  with  one  voice,  that  further  advance  was  impos- 
sible, having  arrived,  as  they  said,  and  as  it  appeared,  at  a 
wilderness  of  that  description  of  morass  called  by  the  French 
terj^e  iremhlante.  We  had,  it  appeared,  no  recourse  but  to 
retrace  our  weary  march  for  the  purpose  of  arriving  at  and 
crossing  Rock  river,  to  reach  the  enemy  by  moving  up  the 
other  bank.  At  the  mouth  of  the  White  WMer,  the  mounted 
force  under  Gen.  Henry  and  Col.  Dodge  was  dispatched  with 
the  pack-horses  to  Fort  Winnebago  for  provisions. 

Under  these  vexations  and  disappointments,  we  had  the 
satisfaction  of  knowing  that  our  enemy  was  completely  be- 
sieged —  cut  off  from  all  their  resources.  Gen.  Atkinson 
knew  that  they  must  soon  be  driven  by  famine  to  give  us 


Indian  Campaign  of  1832.  161 

battle,  or  to  retreat  from  their  present  position,  where  he 
had  little  doubt  of  overtaking  them.  He,  therefore,  took 
such  measures  as  to  prevent  their  escape.  To  enable  a  com- 
pany to  guard  our  provisions  and  sick,  when  we  should 
again  advance,  a  stockade  was  erected,  which  was  called 
Fort  Kosh-ko-nong.* 

Here  we  learned  by  dispatches  from  Maj.  Gen.  Scott  to 
our  commander,  of  the  arrival  of  that  officer  with  his  troops 
at  Chicago,  and  that  the  Asiatic  cholera  was  raging  among 
them.  This  was  the  first  intimation  any  individual  of  our 
command  had  received  of  the  existence  of  this  disease  on 
this  continent.  We  also  received  other  disagreeable  and 
mortifying  intelligence  through  the  public  prints,  and  from 
other  sources  —  the  censure  conveyed  in  insinuations  and 
inuendoes  by  certain  prints;  the  information  from  private 
letters,  and  perhaps  the  tone  of  official  dispatches,  all  gave  us 
too  clearly  to  understand,  that  thus  far  for  our  toil,  exposure, 
and  exertions,  we  had  received  nothing  but  censure  —  how 
unjustly,  every  individual  of  the  army  knew  and  felt. 

On  the  arrival  of  the  provisions,  a  new  guide  —  an  Indian 
chief  —  offered  to  conduct  the  army  to  the  enemy's  camp; 
his  services  were  gladly  accepted,  and  the  army  once  more 
adA'anced  through  swamps  in  the  direction  of  the  foe.  When 
again  within  a  few  hours  march  of  them,  the  night  set  in 
with  the  most  tremendous  storm  of  rain,  wind,  thunder  and 
lightning  that  I  ever  witnessed.  Before  morning  an  officer 
overtook  us  with  information  from  Gen.  Henry,  that  the 
enemy  had  retreated,  crossing  Rock  river,  and  that  the 
mounted  corps  of  Henry  and  Dodge  having  fallen  on  the 
fresh  trail  of  the  retreating  Indian  army,  had  taken  the  trail 
in  pursuit,  after  dispatching  the  express  to  Gen.  Atkinson. 
Instantly  we  commenced  our  retrograde  movement  again, 

*  This  Fort  was  located  in  the  eastern  ou^  skirts  of  the  present  village  of 
Fort  AtkiBson,  and  was  first  known  as  Fort  Kosh-ko-nong,  and  afterwards 
as  Fort  Atkinson.    It  was  garrisoned  by  Capt.  Gideon  Lowe,  of  the  regu- 
lars, with  thirty  or  forty  men,  till  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  when  it  was 
^abandoned,  and  Capt  Lowe  marched  his  men  to  Fort  Winnebago. 

L.  C.  D. 

♦White  Crow.  YuC,\i. 


y^ 


P- 


102  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

and  that  evening  arrived  at  Fort  Kosh-ko-nong;  and  the 
next  day  passed  around  Lake  Kosh-ko-nong,  and  forded  Rock 
river  below  the  lake. 

Our  marches  were  forced  and  severe.  One  day  we  marched 
it  is  believed,  nearly  twenty  miles,  a  very  hot  one,  with- 
out water.  Before  the  arrival  of  the  army  at  the  Wisconsin, 
it  was  met  by  an  express  with  information  that  Henry  and 
Dodge  had  come  up  with,  and  attacked  the  rear  of  the 
enemy  near  the  river,  and  defeated  them. 

Rafts  were  forthwith  constructed  at  the  Wisconsin,  and 
the  army  crossed  at  a  small  village  called  Helena,  on  the 
27th  of  July;  and  within  two  hours  afterwards  we  struck 
the  trail  of  the  enemy.  Their  trail  gave  evidence  that  their 
numbers  must  be  considerable.  Their  order  of  march  was 
in  three  parallel  columns.  Over  the  dry  prairie,  the  route 
of  each  column  was  worn  from  two  to  six  inches  in  the 
earth;  where  the  ground  was  marshy,  their  trail  appeared 
like  ordinary  traveled  roads,  wanting  only  the  tracks  of  the 
wheels. 

From  this  time  until  we  reached  the  Mississippi  river,  we 
continued  without  deviation  to  follow  the  trail  of  the  enemy, 
having  no  other  guide,  and  led  —  doubtless  with  a  view  of 
baffling  the  army  —  over  such  a  country  as,  I  venture  to  say, 
has  seldom  been  marched  over  —  at  one  moment  ascending 
hills,  which  appeared  almost  perpendicular,  through  the 
thickest  forests;  then  plunging  through  morasses;  fording 
to  our  necks  creeks  and  rivers;  passing  defiles,  where  one 
hundred  resolute  men  might  have  defeated  ten  thousand, 
whatever  might  be  their  courage  or  capacity;  next  clamb- 
ering up  and  down  mountains,  perfectly  bald,  without  so 
much  as  a  bush  to  sustain  a  man.    It  was  in  this  march  that 
our  infantry  regained  their  confidence  in  their  own  powers 
—  lacking  the  power  of  rapid  locomotion  to  make  a  dash 
against  an  enemy  —  which  had  been  somewhat  impaired 
early  in  the  campaign.    They  now   far  out-marched  the 
horsemen,  nearly  all  of  whose  horses  were  broken  down. 

The  Indians  were  under  the  impression,  that  it  was  impos- 
sible for  us  to  follow  them;  and  to  that  error,  we  probably 
owe  our  ultimate  good  fortune  in  overtaking  them,  or,  at 


Indian  Campaign  of  1832.  163 

least,  iu  brisging  them  into  action  on  grounds  of  equality. 
We,  each  day,  made  two  of  their  day's  marches,  passing  one 
or  two  of  their  camps.  We  frequently  passed  their  dead, 
who,  exhausted  by  wounds  or  fatigue,  had  expired  and 
fallen  from  their  horses. 

On  the  1st  of  August,  we  passed  the  bodies  of  eleven,  and 
a  little  before  sun  set,  learned  from  a  prisoner,  that  the  ) 
enemy  were  but  a  few  miles  in  advance  of  us.  Up  to  this 
time,  not  a  man  of  the  army  knew  where  we  were,  save  that 
we  were  north  of  the  Wisconsin,  and  on  the  enemy's  track. 
We  marched  until  after  dark,  hastily  encamped,  slept  two  ^ 
or  three  hours,  when  the  reveille  beat,  and  we  were  again  on 
the  march  before  day- break. 

On  the  2d  of  August,  at  a  little  after  sun  rise,  we  discov- 
ered the  curtain  of  mist  hanging  over  the  Mississippi,  and 
the  scouts  in  advance,  a  detachment  of  Dodge's  corps,  an-  \ 
nounced  the  vicinity  of  the  enemy.  We  were  halted  for  an 
instant,  our  knap-sacks  and  baggage  thrown  oflf  and  our 
pack-horses  left.  We  then  advanced  rapidly  into  the  tim- 
bered land,  and  the  occasional  shots  in  advance  confirmed 
the  reports  of  the  scouts.  This  firing  was  from  a  select  rear 
guard  of  the  enemy,  about  seventy  in  number. 

Our  order  of  battle  was  promptly  arranged  under  the  per- 
sonal supervision  of  Gen.  Atkinson,  the  center  composed  of 
the  regular  troops,  about  three  hundred  and  eighty  in  num- 
ber, and  Dodge's  corps,  perhaps  about  one  hundred  and  fifty. 
The  right,  of  the  remains  of  Posey's  and  Alexander's  militia 
brigades,  probably  in  all  two  hundred  and  fifty  men;  the 
left,  of  Henry's  brigade,  in  numbers  not  far  from  four  hun- 
dred men  —  which  brigade  was,  throughout  the  campaign,  a  • 
most  excellent  body  of  militia,  and  well  commanded.  The 
army  advanced  by  heads  of  companies  over  two  or  three 
miles.  At  length,  after  descending  a  bluflf,  almost  perpen- 
dicular, we  entered  a  bottom  thickly  and  heavily  wooded, 
with  much  underbrush  and  fallen  timber,  and  overgrown  with 
rank  weeds  and  grass,  plunged  through  a  bayou  of  stagnant 
water,  the  men  as  usual  holding  up  their  guns  and  cartridge 
boxes,  and  in  a  few  minutes  heard  the  yells  of  the  enemy, 
closed  with  them,  and  the  action  commenced. 


164  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

As  I  have  already  been  more  prolix  than  I  intended,  I 
refer  the  reader  to  the  oflBcial  account  of  the  battle.  SuflSce 
it  to  say,  that  quarters  were  in  no  instance  asked  or  g^ranted. 
The  official  reports  give  the  number  of  killed  of  the  enemy 
at  one  hundred  and  fifty,  though  doubtless  many  more  were 
'killed  in  the  river  and  elsewhere,  whose  bodies  were  never 
seen  afterwards.  Our  loss  was  but  twenty-seven.  This  dis- 
parity was  doubtless  owing  to  the  rapid  charge  made  by 
our  troops,  on  the  enemy,  giving  them  time  to  deliver  but 
one  confused  fire.  About  one  hundred  and  fifty  horses  were 
taken  or  killed.  The  Black  Hawk,  the  Prophet,  and  some 
other  chiefs  escaped  from  the  action;  but  were  subsequently 
brought  in  by  the  Winnebagoes,  and  the  friendly  Sauks, 
and  delivered  to  the  commanding  General.  After  the 
action,  a  body  of  one  hundred  Sioux  warriors  presented 
themselves,  and  asked  leave  to  pursue  on  the  trail  of  such 
of  the  enemy  as  had  escaped.  This  was  granted,  and  the 
Sioux,  after  two  days'  pursuit,  overtook  and  killed  fifty  or 
sixty,  mostly,  it  is  feared,  women  and  children. 

The  afternoon  previous  to  the  action,  the  steamboat  War- 
rior, on  her  return  from  the  Sioux  villages  above,  with  some 
twenty  or  thirty  U.  S.  soldiers,  discovered  the  Indian  army 
on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  engaged  in  constructing  rafts 
and  other  means  of  crossing  the  river,  exactly  where  Gen. 
Atkinson  subsequently  attacked  them. 

The  enemy  for  some  time  endeavored  to  decoy  the  steam- 
boat to  the  shore,  assuring  those  on  board  that  they  were 
Winnebagoes,  a  friendly  tribe.  A  sharp  skirmish  was  fin- 
ally the  result,  in  which  several  of  the  Indians  —  different 
reports  say  from  seven  to  twenty-three  in  number  —  were 
killed,  and  one  soldier  wounded.  The  boat  then  repaired  to 
Prairie  du  Chien,  and  arrived  again  opportunely  at  the  close 
of  the  action  the  following  day. 

The  troops  moved  down  the  river  to  Prairie  du  Chien, 
where  they  were  met  by  Maj.  Gen.  Scott,  who,  with  his  staff, 
had  left  the  brigade  at  Chicago,  prostrated  by  an  enemy 
far  more  terrible  than  the  savages  —  the  cholera;  and  was 
hastening  to  take  part  in  the  campaign.  The  wounded  were 
left  at  this  place,  and  the  army  dii?>eev\devl  to  Rock  Island, 


Indian  Campaign  op  1832.  105 

where  we  arrived  in  fine  health  and  spirits  on  the  9th  of  Au-  . 
gust.  Indeed,  it  is  astonishing  how  perfectly  healthy  the 
troops  had  been  during  much  and  great  exposure  to  the  ordin- 
ary causes  of  sickness.  Up  to  this  time  not  a  death  from  dis- 
ease had  occurred  during  the  campaign  among  the  regular  "^ 
troops.  They  had  borne,  without  the  slightest  murmur,  their 
fatigues  and  privations,  and  scarcely  an  occasion  for  the 
most  trifling  punishment  had  been  given,  from  the  time  the 
army  took  the  field.  It  has  never  been  the  fortune  of  the 
writer,  during  a  service  of  twenty  years,  to  witness  for  a 
length  of  time  the  conduct  of  any  command  so  perfectly 
exemplary. 

We  were  soon  doomed  to  experience  a  sad  reverse.  About 
the  20th  of  August,  the  troops  from  Chicago  arrived  under 
the  command  of  Col.  Eustis,  and  were  encamped  about  four  ) 
miles  from  the  command  of  Gen.  Atkinson.  Poor  fellows! 
we  listened  with  sincere  condolence  to  the  tale  of  their 
wretced  suflferings  from  disease;  few  of  us  imagining  that 
we  should  call  on  them,  so  soon,  to  reciprocate  our  sympathy. 

About  the  26th  of  August,  a  case  of   cholera  exhibited 
itself;  this  was  followed  by  several  others,  and  the  ravages   ) 
of  this  appalling  disease  then  became  truly  dreadful.    The 
troops  were  camped  in  wretched  tents  in  close  order  of  en- 
campment, and  for  several  days  of  continued  cold  rain  the 
pestilence  raged.    Every  man  could  hear  the  groans  and 
screams  of  every  other  individual  as  often  as  a  case  oc- 
curred, which  added  greatly  to  the  horrors  of  the  scene. 
The  brave  men  who  had  encountered  dangers  and  hardships 
in  every  shape,  now  met  an  enemy  which  made  the  stoutest 
heart  quail.    During  a  very  few  days  four  officers  and  up- 
wards of  fifty  rank  and  file,  out  of  about  three  hundred  in- 
fantry,  became  its  victims.    The  Rangers   also  encamped 
near  them,  suffered  severely.    It  is  but  rendering  justice  to 
Maj.  Gen.  Scott  to  say,  that  his  conduct  at  Rock  Island  dur- 
ing  this  period  of  horrors  was  worthy  the  hero  of  Chippewa, 
Niagara  and  Fort  George -by  his  example,  exciting  confi- 
dence and  courage,  fearlessly  exposing  Himself  to  disease 
and  death  in  its  most  terrible  form,  in  his  attentions  alike 
to  the  officer  and  private  soldier;  while  he  enforced  witb. 


106  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

• 
the  most  vigilant  care  the  strictest  sanitary  regulations.    At 

length  the  troops  were  moved  across  the  Mississippi^  not 

out  of  sight  of  their  late  camp,  and  the  pestilence  ceased. 

The  Indians  sued  for  peace,  a  treaty  was  made  at  Rock 
Island  by  which  the  whole  country  east  of  the  Mississippi 
called  the  "  Mining  district,"  and  a  large  tract  on  the  west 
bank,  probably  in  the  whole  about  8,000,000  acres,  was 
ceded  to  the  United  States;  and  all  the  surviving  chiefs  of 
any  note  who  had  been  in  arms  against  us,  were  to  remain 
as  hostages  during  the  pleasure  of  the  President. 

And  thus  ended  the  Sauk  war.  About  the  28th  of  Sep- 
tember the  troops  were  ordered  to  their  respective  stations. 

The  fear  of  being  insufferably  prolix,  has  induced  the 
writer  to  confine  himself  to  a  general  account  of  the  cam- 
paign, leaving  minutiae  to  some  future  opportunity. 

Note. —  The  editor  of  the  Rockford  Journal  appdoded  to  his  pabUcation 
of  Capt.  Smith*8  narrative,  the  following  outline  of  the  route  punmed  bj 
Gren.  Atkin8on*8  troops:  **  The  line  of  march  of  the  army  was  from  Rock 
Island  to  Prophet's  Town,  in  Whiteside  county,  thence  to  Dixon;  thence 
north  on  the  east  side  of  Rock  river,  passing  a  fe^  miles  east  of  Oregon, 
Ogle  county;  crcssing  Stillman*s  Creek  in  the  towns  of  Marion  and  Scott, 
Ogle  county,  where  Stillman*s  battalion  was  defeated;  crossing  the  Elish- 
wau-kee  river  in  the  town  of  New  Milford,  some  two  or  three  miles  from 
its  mouth,  and  passing  about  one  mile  east  from  the  present  city  of  Rock- 
ford.  Thence  north,  through  the  present  towns  of  Harlem  and  Roscoe  in 
Winnebajj^o  county,  Illinoi<.  The  "Wisconsin  line  was  crossed  about  one 
mile  east  of  the  city  of  Beloit.  The  east  bank  of  Rock  river  was  foUowed 
until  tliey  came  to  Lake  Kosh-ko-nong,  where  the  river  was  crossed,  and 
the  army  tciok  a  westerly  course,  passing  through  Dane  and  Iowa  counties 
Wisconsin,  to  the  Wisconsin  river,  at  Helena,  where  they  crossed  theriver. 
From  this  ix>int  the  direction  was  a  north-west  course,  passing  through 
Sauk  and  Richland  counties,  the  north-east  comer  of  Crawford  comitj. 
some  twenty  to  twenty-live  miies  from  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  through 
Vernon  county,  to  where  the  Indians  were  overtaken  at  the  Bad  Axe  river, 
and  the  final  battle  was  fought. 

This  march  was  throujifh  an  entire  new  country.  No  white  man  had 
ever  passed  through  it  l)efore.  The  distance  marched  was  about  three 
hundred  miles,  one  hundred  and  forty  of  which  being  in  Illinois,  and  the  re- 
mainder in  WiscousiD.  The  *-ntire  time  occupied  in  making  the  distance, 
including  the  stoppages  and  del  lys.  from  the  time  ihe  army  left  Rock  Is- 
land, May  9th,  until  the  defeat  of  Black  Hawk,  Aug.  2d,  was  eighty-five, 
days. 


REMINISCENCES  OF  THE  BLACK  HAWK  WAR. 


By  gen.  ROBERT  ANDERSON. 

The  Galena  Gazette,  of  June  21, 1870,  introduces  Gen.  An- 
derson's Black  Hawk  war  reminiscences,  with  tho  f oUowing: 
remarks: 

Hon.  E.  B.  Washbume,  our  Minister  to  France,  has  placed 
us  under  great  obUgations  in  siding  to  us,  for  publication 
in  the  Gazette,  a  very  interesting  letter  in  regard  to  the 
Black  Hawk  war,  addressed  to  him  by  Gen.  Robert  Ander- 
son, now  in  France,  whose  heroic  defense  of  Fort  Sumter 
has  made  him  so  well  known  to  the  country.  These  remi- 
niscences of  Gen.  Anderson  will  be  read  with  a  great  deal 
of  interest  Though  this  war  assumed  no  large  proportions, 
yet  there  were  on  its  theater  of  action,  of  which  Galena  may 
be  considered  the  center,  a  greater  number  of  men  who  have 
become  distinguished  in  the  history  of  our  country  than  ever 
figured  on  a  like  theater  in  the  United  States.  Of  this  num- 
ber we  mention  Col.  Zachary  Taylor,  a  Colonel  in  the  regu- 
lar army,  and  Abraham  Lincoln,  a  private  in  a  cavalry 
company  (horse,  arms  and  equipments  valued  at  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty  dollars),  both  of  whom  became  Presidents  of 
the  United  States;  Gen.  Scott,  candidate  for  President,  and 
afterward  Lieutenant-General,  who  for  a  time  had  his  head- 
quarters in  this  town;  Jefferson  Davis,  afterward  Secretary 
of  War,  United  States  Senator  from  Mississippi,  and  subse- 
quently President  of  the  Southern  Confederacy;  Henry 
Dodge,  Governor  of  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  and  after- 
ward United  States  Senator;  Hon.  Wm.  L.  D.  Ewing  serving 
for  a  short  time  as  United  States  Senator  from  Illinois;  Hon. 
Sidney  Breese,  for  six  years  one  of  our  Senators  in  Congress, 
and  at  present  the  honored  Chief  Justice  of  the  State;  Gen. 
Jacob  Fry,  who  was,  we  believe,  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the 
canal,  and  afterward  Canal  Commissioner,  Col.  William  S. 


1G8  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society, 

Hamilton,  then  of  '*  Hamilton's  Diggings,"  Wisconsin,  now 
Wiota,  and  son  of  Alexander  Hamilton;  and  Col.  James 
Collins,  of  White  Oak  Springs,  Wisconsin,  both  of  the 
latter  afterward  prominent  as  Whig  politicians  in  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Wisconsin,  and  both  died  in  California. 

Of  some  of  the  military  men  other  than  those  mentioned, 
who  became  distinguished,  we  may  name  Gen.  Robert  An- 
deron.  Gen.  Bennet  Riley,  Col.  Wm.  M.  Graham,  Gen.  Albert 
Sidney  Johnston,  and  Col.  Nathan  Boone.  There  are  many 
others,  whose  names  are  not  mentioned  by  Gen.  Anderson, 
and  which  do  not  now  occur  to  us.  The  letter  of  the  Gen- 
eral is  a  valuable  contribution  to  our  history  in  the  North- 
West,  and  for  which  he  "v^iU  have  the  thanks  of  hosts  of 
people  interested  in  the  subject. 

Tours,  France,  May  10, 1870. 
To  E,  B.  Washbiume,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  of  the  United  States  of  America,  Paris, 
France: 

My  Dear  Sir:  —  After  our  recent  conversation  about  the 
Black  Hawk  war,  you  asked  me  to  put  my  recollections  of 
some  of  the  incidents  connected  therewith  in  writing,  and 
you  were  kind  enough  to  suggest  that  my  reminiscences 
would  be  of  much  interest  to  many  of  the  old  settlers  of 
your  adopted  State.  I  should  state,  however,  that  my 'mem- 
ory has  been  a  good  deal  impaired,  and  that,  therefore, 
many  allowances  must  be  made. 

When  the  Indian  disturbances  under  Black  Hawk  broke 
out  in  the  Spring  of  1832, 1  was  on  duty  at  the  St.  Louis 
arsenal,  which  was  then  under  the  command  of  Lieut. 
Richard  Bland  Lee.  I  may  here  say,  that  I  had  graduated 
at  the  West  Point  Military  Academy  in  1822.  When  the 
hostilities  commenced.  Gen.  Atkinson  was  in  command  at 
Jefferson  Barracks,  and  he  was  ordered  to  move  his  troops 
to  the  threatened  frontier.  He  proceeded  at  once  to  Fort 
Armstrong,  on  Rock  Island.  Having  obtained  the  consent 
of  my  commanding  officer,  I  volunteered  to  join  his  expedi- 
tion, which  I  did  at  Rock  Island.  Gov.  John  Reynolds,  of 
Illinois,  soon  arrived,  and  took  up  his  quarters  vdth  Gen, 


Rbitiniscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.         169 

Atkinson^  and  he  remained  with  us  nearly  all  the  time  till 
the  close  of  the  war.  After  a  considerable  augmentation 
of  the  troopn  at  Rock  Island,  we  moved  our  forces  up  Rock 
River  in  keel  boats,  as  far  as  Dixon's  Ferry,  so  called  after 
Capt.  John  Dixon,  the  first  settler  there.  We  made  that 
place  the  general  rendezvous  of  all  the  troops  coming  in. 
The  cavalry  had  a  camp  on  the  south  side  of  the  river,  and 
the  infantry  were  in  an  entrenched  camp  on  the  north  side. 

The  officers  in  command  of  the  Illinois  troops  were  Gen. 
Henry  and  Gen.  Posey,  and  Gen.  Alexander;  but  Gen.  Atkin- 
son was  in  command  of  the  expedition.  The  force  remained 
at  Dixon's  Ferry  some  two  or  three  months,  drilling  and 
making  small  expeditions.  We  had  a  force  of  some  fifteen 
hundred  cavalry,  the  finest  troops  I  ever  saw.  While  at 
Dixon's  Ferry,  we  were  joined  by  a  body  of  friendly  Indians, 
headed  by  the  Chief  Chebanse  (I  may  not  spell  the  name 
correctly).  It  was  during  this  time  that  I  went  on  an  expe- 
dition to  Ottawa  with  Gen.  Atkinson.  It  was  then  a  small 
trading  post,  with  only  a  few  houses.  We  found  one  com- 
pany of  troops  there  whose  term  of  service  had  expired.  I 
mustered  it  out  of  service;  but  most  of  the  men  immedi- 
ately re-enlisted,  and  I  had  the  satisfaction  of  mustering 
them  in  again. 

Henry  Dodge,  afterward  so  well  known  and  so  much  dis- 
tinscuished  as  Colonel  of  a  regiment  of  Rangers,  authorized  to 
be  raised  by  Congress,  was  with  us,  and  also  Boone  and  Ford, 
Captains  in  the  same  regiment.  Nathan  Boone  was  a 
son  of  the  celebrated  Daniel  Boone.  I  also  mustered  Abra- 
ham Lincoln  twice  into  the  service,  and  once  out.  He  was  a 
member  of  two  of  the  independent  companies  which  were  not 
brigaded.  The  first  time  I  mustered  him  into  the  service  was 
at  the  mouth  of  Fox  river.  May  29, 1832,  in  Capt.  Elijah  lies' 
company.  The  Lieutenants  in  the  company  were  J.  M.  Har- 
rison and  H.  B.  Roberts.  The  value  of  his  arms  was  forty 
dollars,  and  his  horse  and  equipments  one  hundred  and 
twenty  dollars  I  mustered  him  out  of  the  service  at  the 
"Rapids  of  the  Illinois,"  June  16,  1832,  and  in  four  days 
afterward,  at  the  same  place,  I  mustered  him  into  service 

la— H.  c. 


170  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

again  in  Capt.  Jacob  M.Early's  company.  The  'aeutenants 
in  this  last  company  were  G.  W.  Glasscok  andJB.  D.  Rush. 
Of  course  I  had  no  recollection  of  Mr.  Lincoli,  but  when 
President  he  reminded  me  of  the  fact.  ^ 

I  might  mention  that  previous  to  this  time.d-ov.  Reynolds 
gave  me  a  commission  of  Inspector  General  in  the  Illinois 
volunteer  service,  with  the  rank  of  Colonel.  I  now  have  in 
my  possession  at  home  that  commission  as  an  oflBcer  in  the 
service  of  that  State,  now  become  so  great  and  powerful.  I 
recollect  the  fight  at  "  Stillman's  Run,"  some  twenty  miles 
above  Dixon's  Ferry,  in  which  Col.  Strode,  of  one  of  the  Illi- 
nois regiments,  figured  quite  conspicuously.  Among  the 
oflBcers  who  were  with  us  at  Dixon's  Ferry,  there  were  sev- 
eral who  afterward  became  distinguished.  There  was  Cap- 
tain, afterward  Gen.  Riley,  distinguished  in  Mexico  and  Cal- 
ifornia; Lieut.  Albert  Sydney  Johnston,  Aid  and  Assistant 
Adjutant  General  on  Gen.  Atkinson's  staff,  afterward  so 
well  known  as  a  General  in  the  rebel  service,  and  who  was 
killed  at  Shiloh.  He  was  a  cool,  clear-headed  man,  and  an 
excellent  officer.  Indeed,  I  have  always  considered  him  the 
ablest  officer  the  rebels  ever  had  in  their  service.  Capt.  Wil- 
liam S.  Harney  (now  General  Harney),  of  the  First  infan- 
try, was  also  with  us,  a  bold,  dashing  officer,  and  indefatig- 
able in  duty.  So  was  also  Capt.  William  M.  Graham,  of  the 
regular  army,  afterward  Lieutenant  Colonel,  and  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Moliho  del  Rey.  The  names  of  the  members 
of  Gen.  Atkinson's  staff,  as  nearly  as  I  can  now  recall 
them,  were: 

Lieut.  A.  S.  Johnston,  A.  D.  C.  Assistant  Adjutant  G^n- 
eral.  Lieut.  M.  L.  Clark  (son  of  General  William  Clark,  Gk)v- 
ernor  of  Missouri,  who  went  with  Lewis  to  explore  the 
Rocky  mountains),  A.  D.  C.  Lieut.  Robert  Anderson,  Assis- 
tant Inspector  General.  Lieut.  N.  J.  Eaton,  Chief  Com- 
missary Department.  Col.  Enoch  March,  Quarter-Master 
General. 

The  last  named  gentleman  was,  I  think,  the  Quarter-Mas- 
ter of  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  an  extraordinary  nlan,  fertile 
in  resources,  prompt  in  deciding  as  well  as  acting.  He  was 
of  inestimable  service  duiing  the  campaign. 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.         171 

Gov.  Reynolds  was  accompanied,  if  my  memory  serves  me, 
by  the  Adjutant  General  of  his  State,  Gen.  Turney.  In  each 
brigade  there  was  a  spy  battalion.  Capt.  Early  was,  in 
addition  to  those  named  to  you.  Captain  of  one  of  those  com- 
panies. 

William  8.  Hamilton,  the  son  of  Alexander  Hamilton, 
joined  us  at  Dixon's  Ferry,  with  a  small  party  of  friendly 
Indians.  He  was  of  much  use  to  us  from  his  knowledge  of 
the  Indian  character  and  of  the  country.  The  first  move- 
ment of  our  troops  was  up  Rock  river,  and  with  a  view  of 

« 

finding  the  Indians  and  giving  battle.  My  duty  was  to  be 
in  the  advance  and  select  camping  grounds  for  the  troops. 
I  was  a  great  deal  with  the  "  Spy  Battalion,"  commanded  by 
Maj.  W.  L.  D.  E wing,  of  Vandalia,  a  brave  and  efficient 
oflBcer.  Jacob  Fry  was  Colonel  of  one  of  the  regiments  in 
Henry's  brigade,  an  excellent  officer  and  an  honest  man. 
Sidney  Breese,  so  much  distinguished  in  your  State,  one  of 
the  Lieutenant  Colonels.  The  country  through  which  we 
passed  (it  was  in  July)  was  beautiful  beyond  description, 
surpassing  anything  I  have  ever  seen  in  our  own  country, 
in  Mexico,  or  in  Europe. 

The  Indians  constantly  retreated  as  we  advanced.  Finally 
they  struck  west  to  cross  the  Mississippi  river.  We  over- 
took them  at  "  Bad-Axe,"  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  on  the 
2nd  of  August,  1832,  just  as  they  were  making  arrangements 
to  cross,  and  there  was  fough*;  the  battle  of  Bad-Axe,  which 
ended  in  the  complete  route  of  the  Indians.  It  was  a  fight  in 
the  ravines,  on  the  bottom  lands,  and  among  logs,  and  trees, 
and  underbrush.  Black  Hawk  escaped,  but  was  captured 
some  time  afterward,  and  was  taken  to  Fort  Crawford  and 
surrendered  to  Col.  Zachary  Taylor,  who  was  then  in  com- 
mand of  that  post.  The  battle  of  Bad-Axe  having  virtually 
ended  the  war,  the  troops  were  moved  back  to  Dixon's 
Ferry  and  Rock  Island,  at  which  places  I  mustered  them  out 
of  the  service.  Gen.  Scott  was  sent  out  to  supersede  Gen. 
Atkinson  and  take  command  of  the  expedition,  but  he  did 
not  reach  the  theater  of  operations  before  the  close  of  the 
war.  He  got  as  far  as  Galena,  and  from  there  he  went 
down  to  Fort  Armstrong,  and  established  Ms  \iead-c^"a.T\*«t^, 


172  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

From  Dixon's  Ferry  I  was  sent  by  Atkinson  with  dis- 
patches for  Gen.  Scott  at  Ri>ck  Island^  and  to  report  to  him 
for  duty.  He  at  once  assigned  me  to  duty,  placing  me  ia 
charge  of  the  Indian  prisoners.  I  have  the  record  of  the 
names  of  all  these  prisoners  among  my  papers.  I  have  also^ 
among  my  papers  in  New  York,  all  the  original  muster  rolta 
of  the  Illinois  troops,  and  I  will  take  great  pleasure  in  put- 
ting them  at  your  disposal  to  be  placed  at  your  discretion 
among  the  archives  of  the  State,  or  of  some  Historical  Society 
in  the  State.  This  should  be  with  the  approbation  of  the 
War  Department. 

Gen.  Scott  having  received  information  from  Col.  Taylor 
of  the  capture  of  Black  Hawk  and  a  few  of  his  chiefs,  he 
detailed  me  with  a  guard  to  go  to  Fort  Crawford  for  them, 
and  to  bring  them  to  Fort  Armstrong.  We  took  for  that 
purpose  the  steamer  Warrior,  Capt.  Throckmorton.  We 
left  Rock  Island  early  in  the  day,  and  before  night  there 
were  indications  of  the  cholera  among  the  soldiers  on  board 
the  boat.  There  was  no  Surgeon  on  board,  and  I  did  the  best 
I  could  for  them.  When  we  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  Fevre 
river,  I  had  the  boat  tied  up  and  took  a  skiff  and  went  up 
to  Galena  in  search  of  a  doctor.  I  there  found  Doctor  Ad- 
dison Philleo,  who  had  been  with  us  in  the  campaign,  and 
he  cheerfully  returned  with  me  to  the  steam-boat  and  took 
charge  of  my  sick.  We  then  continued  our  trip  to  Fort 
Crawford,  where  I  delivered  my  orders  to  Col.  Taylor.  By 
that  time  I  had  the  cholera  myself,  and  was  scarcely  fit  for 
duty.  Col.  Taylor,  therefore,  assigned  to  me  for  my  aesie- 
tance  in  returning  with  the  Indians  to  Fort  Armstrong,  his 
Adjutant,  Lieut.  Jefferson  Davis.  We  took  with  us  Black 
Hawk  and  his  two  sons,  the  Prophet  and  some  other  chiefflb 
On  reaching  Fort  Armstrong,  the  cholera  was  raging  so 
violently  in  camp,  that  Gen.  Scott  ordered  the  steamer  to 
go  immediately  to  Jefferson  Barracks.  I  there  turned  my 
prisoners  over  to  Gen.  Atkinson,  who  had  resumed  com- 
mand of  the  post.  I  then  resumed  my  original  position  at 
the  St.  Louis  Arsenal,  the  temporary  command  of  which 
post  devolved  on  me  some  months  afterwards. 

Such^  my  dear  sir,  are  some  of  my  recollections  of  the 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War,         173 

**  Black  Hawk  War,"  which  created  a  great  deal  of  excite- 
ment in  the  North-West,  and  which  was  a  great  event  in  its 
day.  It  was  my  first  service  in  the  field,  and  I  entered  into 
it  with  all  the  zeal  of  a  young  officer  who  loved  his  profes- 
Hfon,  and  desired  faithfully  to  serve  his  country.  I  have  re- 
tfiifned  many  pleasant  memories  of  the  officers  and  soldiers 
witli  whom  I  was  associated.  There  were  never  finer  troops 
than  the  Illinois  volunteer  soldiers  that  we  had  with  us. 
They  were  brave,  intelligent  and  sober  men,  and  always 
yielrling  a  ready  obedience  to  the  commands  of  their  offi- 
cers. Many  of  them,  both  officers  and  privates,  have  since 
reached  high  positions  in  public  life,  and  have  reflected 
g^reat  credit  not  only  upon  the  State  but  upon  the  Nation. 


THIRD  ILLINOIS  BRIGADE  IN  THE  BLACK   HAWK 

WAR.' 

In  looking  over  some  old  papers  and  letters,  I  find  the  in- 
closed- memorandum  from  Gen.  Robert  Anderson,  of  Fort 
Sumter  memory,  which  has  a  certain  historical  interest.  I 
take  it  all  the  officers  mentioned  are  dead.,  and  their  names 
are  fast  dying  out  of  the  memory  of  the  present  generation. 
Gen.  Fry,  after  a  long  and  honorable  life,  was  perhaps  the 
last  to  have  died,  and  that  quite  recently.  I  knew  him  very 
well  thirty  or  forty  years  ago,  a  gentleman  of  the  old  school. 
fie  was  the  father  of  Col.  James  B.  Fry,  so  long  on  the  staff 
of  Cren.  Hancock,  and  so  well  and  honorably  known  during 
the  Rebellion  as  Provost  Marshal  General.  Of  the  others 
named  in  the  memorandum,  1  personally  knew  Col.  James 
Collins,  who  was  for  many  years  in  early  times  at  White 
Oak  Springs,  Wis.,  twelve  miles  east  and  north  of  Galena. 
He  was  quite  a  prominent  Whig  politician  in  Wisconsin 
Territory,  and  a  member  of  the  Territorial  Council  from  Iowa 
County.    He  died  in  California. 

Maj.  William  L.  D.  Ewing  I  met  frequently  at  Springfield 
sometime  in  the  forties.  By  virtue  of  beine:  President  of 
the  Senate,  he  became  the  acting  Governor  of  the  State  for 


>  From  Chicago  Iribune,  Aug.  20, 18S1. 


17i 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socibtt. 


fifteen  days  in  1832.  He  was  a  genteel,  well-appearing  mi 
and  of  many  amiable  qualities.      When  Lieut.  Gov.  Adi 
phus  Frederick  Hubbard   undertook  to   usurp  the  office 
Governor  in  18i5,  then  held  by  Edward  Ooles,  he  appoini 
Ewiug   Pay-Master  General.      George  Forquer,  then  Seci 
tary  of  State,  refused  to  issue  the  commission,  and  thei 
upon  Ewing  applied  to  the  Supreme  Court  for  a  writ  of  mi 
damus  to  compel  the   Secretary  to   issue   the   commidsit 
The  case  was  the  most  important  one,  politically,  ever 
fore  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois,  as   it  involved  the  que**-' 
tion,  who   was   Governor  of  the   State,  Coles  or   Hubbard. 
The  Court,  in  an  able  opinion  by  Mr.  Justice  Lockwood,  dis- 
cussed the  writ,  holding  that  Hubbard  had  no  right  to  the 
office  of  Govarnor,  and  could  not,  therefore,  issue  any  Iai 
ful  commission, 

I  never  knew,  before  I  saw  Gen.  Anderson's  mcmoraQdi 
that  Sidney  Breese  had  been  a  Lieutenant-Colonel  in  tl 
Black  Hawk  War.  He  had  been  so  long  on  the  Bench  tl 
he  lost  the  title  of  "Colonel"  in  that  of  Judge.' 

Capt.  Andrew  Bankson  I  did  not  know,  but  I  know  aoi 
thing  of  his  history.  He  was  an  early  settler  in  the  TerriT 
tory  of  Illinois,  and  served  as  a  Ranger  in  the  War  of  1812. 
He  was  a  Senator  from  Washington  couaty  in  the  celebrated 
"Convention  Legislature"  in  18i:S-'a4,  and,  though  a  Ken- 
tuckian,  he  voted  against  the  resolution  to  submit  the  ques- 
tion of  a  Convention  to  the  people  with  a  view  of  making 
Illinois  a  slave  State.     He  removed  from  Illinois  to  Dubuqua 


'  In  Wakefl  Id's  History  nf  the  Black  Ilaa-k  War,  publieheii   iu   )89$- 
written  by  a  p»rticipaiit  in   ihat  cuutent—  it  is  stated,  under  dale  of  Jntf 
Bth,  1833,  ani  while  in  the  region  of  Lske   Koahkonong:    "  Gov.  Rpyiinlda 
and  his  aida  left  us;  lihewiBe  Cul.  T.  W.  Smith,  who  liad  been  promoled  to 
the  office  ■  f  Adjutant  General:  ftnd  CoL  A.  P.  Fieiil,  Oen.  Henry's  aid.  M>d 
Maj,  Breese,  also  'eft  us,  soin^  on  furlough,  and  boiuq   discharged,  and 
turned  home.     Tlie-e  mpn  at  lliis  time,  did  not  believe  there  would  be 
fighting,  or  I  think  they  would  not  have  left  the  army." 

In  the  second  edition  of  Patlersitn'a  .-1  uto-biography  of  Black  Haiek 

Btated  that  AIhj.  Breese  and  Col.  Field  reached  Galena,  July  ISth; 

'  that  "they  were  firmly  of  the  opinion  that  the  IndiaQS  had    Uken  to 

■wamps,  and  gotten  entirely  out  of  reach  of  the  arm,  ,  and  that  no  farl 

dMBgerneed  be  appiehendi'd."  L.  C 


^ 

.1,^ 


Reministences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.         175 

county,  Iowa  Territory,  in  1835.    He  died  in  1852,  while  on  a 
visit  to  his  daughter  in  Wisconsin. 

Capt.  Hiram  Rountree  became  a  prominent  and  influential 
man  in  the  State,  and  lived,  I  belie ve«  at  Hillsboro,  in  Bond 
county. 

Gen.  Anderson's  statement  of  his  mustering  Mr.  Lincoln 

into  and  out  of  the  service  during  the  Black  Hawk  War,  in 

the  company  of  Capt.  Elijah  lies,  is  interesting. 

Yours  truly, 

E.  B.  Washburne. 
August  19, 1881. 


GEN.  ANDERSON'S  MEMORANDUM. 

Tours,  France,  June  20, 1870. 

Mr.  Washburne  —  My  Dear  Sir :  —  I  have  found  a  memo- 
randum which  enables  me  to  give  you  a  full  list  of  the  offi- 
cers of  the  Third  Brigade,  Illinois  Mounted  Volunteers. 
They  were: 

Brig.-Gen.  James  D.  Henry,  commanding. 

Colonels —  S.  L.  Mathews,  Jacob  Fry,  Gabriel  Jones,  James 
Collins. 

Lieutenant- Colonels  —  James  Gilham,  Jeremiah  Smith, 
Sidney  Breeze,  Powel  H.  Sharp. 

Majors  —  James  Evans,  Benjamin  James,  John  D.  Wood, 
William  Miller,  William  L.  D.  Ewing,  commanding  spy  bat- 
talion. 

Captains — William  Adair,  James  Arnett,  David  Baldridge, 
Andrew  Bankson,  Aaron  Barrows,  Josiah  Briggs,  George  S. 
Bristow,  Reuben  Brown,  James  Burns,  Walter  Butler,  Jesse 
Clay  well,  Jacob  Freeman,  William  Selham,  William  Gordon, 
Osias  Hale,  Samuel  Houstoun,  James  Kinkade,  Allen  F. 
Lindsay,  Cyrus  Matthews,  Thomas  Maffet,  Bennet  Nowlen, 
Gersham  Patterson,  Earl  Pierce,  Hiram  Rountree,  Alexander 
Smith,  Thomas  Stout,  James  Thomson,  William  L.  Webb. 
•^I  find  that  our  late  President,  Mr.  Lincoln,  was  a  member, 
during  his  term  of  service,  of  two  of  the  independent  com- 
panies which  were  not  brigaded.    I  mustered  hvrcv  m\»o  ^^t- 


176  WiscoNsm  State  Historical  Society. 

vice  at  the  mouth  of  Fox  River  of  the  Illinois,  May  29, 1832, 
in  Capt.  Elijah  lies'  company.  The  Lieutenants  in  this  com- 
pany were  I.  M.  Harrison  and  H.  B.  Roberts.  The  value  of 
his  (Mr.  Lincoln's)  arms  was  $40;  of  his  horse  and  equipments 
$120.  I  mustered  him  out  of  the  service  at  the  Rapids  of 
the  Illinois,  June  16,  and  again  into  service,  at  the  same 
place,  June  20,  in  Capt.  Jacob  M.  Early's  company,  whose 
Lieutenants  were  G.  W.  Glasscock  and  B.  D.  Rush.  The 
value  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  arms  was  S15,  his  horse  and  equip- 
ments, $85. 

My  memoranda  enable  me  also  to  give  you  the  dates  of 
my  term  of  service  in  the  Black  Hawk  War.  It  commenced 
May  9, 1832,  and  closed  October  llth  of  the  same  year. 

Robert  Anderson,  Brig.-Gen.  U.  S.  A. 


INCIDENT  OF  THE  BLACK  HAWK  WAR- 


By  col.  CHARLES  WHITTLESEY. 

Among  the  recollections  of  the  season  I  spent  in  Wiscon- 
sin-in  1832,  is  the  following  incident  of  the  Black-Hawk  war, 
which  occurred  on  the  banks  of  Rock  river,  after  the  so- 
called  Stillman's  defeat,  or  battle  of  the  Kish-wau-kee  or 
Sycamore  creek.  I  cannot  now  bring  to  mind  the  authority 
on  which  the  statement  is  based,  not  being  present,  and 
therefore  give  it  only  as  the  remembrance  of  an  old  man. 

Gen.  Atkinson  had  not  arrived  in  camp,  and  the  command 

of  all  the  troops,  regular  and  volunteer,  devolved  upon  Col. 

Zachary  Taylor  of  the  army.    He  was  to  move  northward, 

across  the  river,  in  pursuit  of  Black-Hawk  and  his  followers. 

A  portion  of  the  volunteers  held  that  thsy  were  called  out 

only  to  defend  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  were  not  inclined  to 

inarch.    The  column  was  formed  with  the  volunteers  in 

front.    Before  the  order  to  move  was  issued.  Col.  Taylor 

rode  up  to  the  volunteer  troops,  and  made  them  a  brief 

speech. 

He  said  that  orders  had  been  passed  along  from  Washing- 
ton and  the  President,  to  pursue  the  Indians.  It  might  be 
that  some  of  them  would  yet  be  President  of  the  United 
States;  and  if  so,  they  would  expect  their  orders  to  be 
obeyed.  At  any  rate,  he  should  obey  such  orders,  and  if 
there  were  any  who  did  not  wish  to  cross  the  river,  there 
stood  the  United  States  infantry  behind  them.  Forward, 
march ! 

It  may  not  be  true  that  Capt.  A^braham  Lincoln,  of  the 
Illinois  volunteers  was  present  at  that  time;  but  as  he  served 
the  whole  campaign,  he  must  have  been.    If  so,  that  com- 
mand included  two  men  who  became  Presidents  of  the 
United  States  — Taylor  and  Lincoln. 

Ci^VELAND,  O.,  June,  1877. 


THE  BATTLE  OF  PECKATONICA/ 


By  Lieut.  MATTHEW  G.  FITCH. 

The  morning  of  the  17th'  of  June,  1832.  was  one  of  pecu- 
liar loveliness^  even  in  that  fertile  region  known  at  that  time 
as  the  Upper  Mississippi  Lead  Mines,  now  as  Wisconsin— 
although  owing  to  our  Northern  latitude,  being  43  d^., 
vegetation  does  not  spring  up  early;  yet  nature  has  amply 
atoned  for  this  by  filling  the  small  groves  that  dot  the 
prairie  at  every  turn  of  the  eye,  with  myriads  of  the  sweet- 
est songsters  of  the  feathered  tribe  —  while  the  prairie,  cov- 
ered  with  thousands  of  the  most  beautiful  flowers,  many  of 
which  rank  among  the  botanical  collections  of  Europe,  but 
which  here,  growing  wild,  fill  the  air  with  an  odor  that 
brings  fancy  almost  into  a  belief  that  these  are  the  Elysian 
fields  by  ancient  sages  foretold. 

But  notwithstanding  the  beauties  of  nature,  the  soul  of 
man  was  ill  at  ease.  The  Sauks,  a  powerful  and  warlike 
band  of  savages,  who  inhabit  the  west  side  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, had  crossed  the  river  and  commenced  a  bloody  and 
inhuman  war  on  all  those  that  chance  threw  in  their  way. 
Many  were  the  instances,  from  the  hoary  head  of  age  down 
to  the  babe  that  hung  fondly  to  the  mother's  breast,  that 
felt  the  deadly  blow  of  these  savage  monsters;  and,  as  if 
deatli  could  not  atone  for  former  existence,  after  removing 
the  scalp,  they  would  proceed  to  cut  the  inanimate  corpses 
in  a  manner  that  baffles  all  description. 

Three  battles  had  already  been  fought  —  and  as  often  had 
onr  troops  been  forced  to  retreat,  with  loss  of  men,  horses, 
etc.  But  as  yet,  the  horrors  of  war  had  not  immediately 
visited  the  Mining  Region  —  the  Sauks  having  contented 


^  From  the  Madison  Ejcpreas,  Jan.  9,  1841. 

^This  is  clearly  an  error  of  m»^mory.  Col.  Dodge's  official  report  of  th# 
battle,  dated  the  day  of  its  occurrence,  June  16tb,  1832,  is  given  inSmith*^ 
Hist  of  Wisconsin,  iii,  pp.  226-27.  L.  Q  D. 


Reminiscences  of  the  Bj.ack  Hawk  War.  179 

themselves  by  sending  their  scout?  to  the  head  of  (lUinois) 
Fox  river,  and  by  placing  parties  in  ambush  along  the  road 
from  Fort  Clark  to  the  Lead  Mines.  It  is  true,  that  many 
respectable  citizens  had  been  cut  off  by  them,  as  tbey  at- 
tempted to  pass  from  Rock  river  to  Galena;  while  a  few 
others,  from  having  a  general  knowledge  of  the  country, 
and  being  mounted  on  superior  horses,  made  good  their  re- 
treat. I  remember  a  case  in  point,  but  as  I  do  not  intend 
this  as  a  history  of  that  short  but  bloody  war,  I  shall  for  the 
present  pass  it  —  but  I  may  be  induced  to  speak  of  it  here, 
after. 

The  only  cause  that  I  can  assign  for  their  not  having 
made  a  charge  on  Galena,  a  town  not  only  unprotected,  but 
containing  all  the  munitions  of  war,  is  this:  Some  five 
years  previous,  the  Winnebagoes,  who  then  owned  a  part  of 
the  Mining  Country,  showed  a  disposition  to  commence  hos- 
tilities—  in  fact,  the  writer  of  this  saw  a  keel-boat  so  com- 
pletely perforated  with  rifle  and  musket  balls,  that  it 
appeared  an  interposition  of  Providence  that  a  man  could 
remain  on  board  without  being  killed.  An  officer,  whom  I 
shall  shortly  introduce,  notwithstanding  the  small  means  of 
the  country,  hastily  collected  a  body  of  mounted  men;  and 
without  any  other  guide  than  the  trails,  or  paths  of  the 
enemy,  proceeded  into  the  heart  of  their  villages.  This 
bold  manoeuvre  caused  them  at  once  to  sue  for  peace,  and 
no  doubt,  struck  terror  to  the  surrounding  tribes. 

Two  days  previous  to  the  above  date  an  express  arrived 
at  Mineral  Point,  at  8  o'clock  in  the  evening,  bringing  the 
unpleasant  intelligence  that  six  men  had  on  that  morning 
proceeded  from  Fort  Hamilton  —  a  small  out-post  twenty- 
five  miles  distant — some  six  or  seven  miles  through  the 
timber,  to  the  forks  of  the  East  and  West  Peckatonica,  for 
the  purpose  of  ploughing  and  hoeing  a  piece  of  corn.  While 
thus  engaged,  a  party  of  thirty  or  forty  Indians  advanced 
within  thirtN  paces  of  them,  before  they  were  discovered. 
The  devoted  little  party  ran  with  all  possible  speed  for  their 
rifles,  which  had  been  left  at  a  short  distance:  at  the  same 
moment  the  savages  dischargeil  a  volley,  and  raising  the  war 
cry,  advanced  upon  them,  tomahawk  in  hand.    One  alo^^ 


ISO  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society; 

escaped,  Bennett  Million  —  and  he  by  swimming  the  rii 
four  times,  and  receiving  several  balls  through  his  clotb«8- 
some  of  which  grazed  the  akin,  but  did  no  farther  damage. 

As  a  small  party  hastily  assembled  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
ceeding to  the  place,  and  burying  those  that  were  killed,  I 
proposed  accompanying  them  as  far  as  the  Fort.  This  could 
be  done  wiih  comparative  safety.  We  found  on  our  arrival, 
that  a  small  detachment  from  the  Fort  had  consigned  the) 
mutilated  remains  of  four  to  the  earth,  and  that  the  fifth, 
Mr.  Million,  could  not  be  found.  As  the  horses  as  well  as 
men  needed  repose  —  having  been  led  by  forced  marches  to 
head  of  Fox  river,  and  many  other  places,  frequently  mak- 
ing seventy  miles  per  day,  without  the  aid  of  roads  or 
bridge*  —  it  was  agreed  to  encamp  on  the  ground  for  the 
ensuing  night. 

Ceil.  Dodge,  who  had  been  UDanimously  elected  to  the 
command,  and  who  at  all  times  headed  them  in  person,  had 
permitted  his  citizen  soldiers  to  retire  to  their  respective 
homes  -  there,  if  possible,  to  enjoy  a  few  days  rest.  But 
ere  the  commander  had  entered  his  own  house,  news  was 
brought  to  him  that  a  man  had  been  killed  by  the  savages 
at  the  Blue  Mounds,  twenty  miles  distant,  and  that  a  small 
body  of  men  had  collected,  having  procured  a  few  Indian 
ponies  from  Prairie  du  Cbien.  Mounting  his  horse,  he  at 
once  proceeded  to  the  place,  and  from  thence  determined  to 
scour  the  country  to  Fort  Hamilton,  a  distance  of  thirty-five 
miles,  without  any  iotervening  road  or  settlement. 

The  niglit  of  the  lUth  |15th].  he  lay  with  the  men  tea 
miles  from  the  Fort.  The  next  morning,  leaving  the  men 
under  the  chi,rge  of  an  officer,  with  orders  to  follow  as  soon 
as  they  had  prepared  and  eaten  their  frugal  meal,  he  mounted 
his  horse  and  proceeded  unattended  to  the  Fort.  While  yet 
within  three  hundred  yards  of  tlie  men  first  above  men- 
tioned, he  met  with  .1  man  on  horseback,  who  informed  him 
of  the  massacre  at  the  Peckatonica  —  and  that  he  was  going 
about  three  miles  to  procure  blankets  and  other  equipage 
for  the  purpose  of  joining  the  mounted  men.  They  sepa- 
rated, and  eacli  rode  his  way.  The  Colonel  had  not  dis- 
mounted, when  several  guns  were  heard  in  rapid  suc< 


iccesata^l 


Reminiscsnces  of  the  Black  Hawk  War,  181 

immediately  on  the  route  that  he  had  come;  another  min- 
ute brought  the  horse  which  the  man  whom  he  had  met  had 
been  riding — his  saddle  covered  with  blood,  and  shot 
throu6:h  the  ear. 

No  sooner  was  this  discovered,  than  a  parade  was  ordered, 
and  obeyed;  and  that,  too,  in  a  manner  that  would  have 
done  honor  to  a  veteran  troop.  Placing  himself  at  their 
head.  Col.  Dodge  gave  the  word  "Forward!"  when  each 
man,  putting  spur  to  his  horse,  set  off  in  a  sweeping  gallop. 
On  the  left  of  a  long  field,  and  the  route  the  Indians  were 
supposed  to  have  taken,  stood  an  almost  impenetrable 
thicket,  or  undergrowth,  from  six  or  seven  to  twenty-five  or 
thirty  feet  in  height.  This,  in  many  places,  was  thickly 
interwoven  with  grape  and  other  vines.  Here,  aided  by  the 
thick  growth  of  weeds,  a  man  could  secrete  himself  at  a 
distance  of  ten  paces. 

Marching  up  the  side  of  this  field  a  sufficient  distance  to 
ascertain  the  fact  that  they  had  not  gone  that  route,  a  halt 
was  ordered.  The  commander,  placinghimself  in  the  rear  or- 
dered the  troops  to  face  to  the  right,  thus  placing  the  rear  to  the 
front;  and  he  at  their  head.  He  now  gave  the  word  "March!" 
and  plunged  into  the  thicket.  Eighty  rods  march  brought 
them  to  the  trail  of  the  Indians  who  had  retreated  with  all 
possible  speed  one  mile  further,  where  they  were  discovered 
near  a  mile  in  advance.  Only  three  or  four  of  our  men 
were  at  that  time  in  sight,  many  of  them  having  been  en- 
tangled in  the  thicket  for  a  considerable  time.  The  Indians, 
no  doubt,  thinking  that  these  were  all  of  the  party,  halted; 
it  was  then  ascertained  they  were  fifteen  in  number. 

But  their  joy  was  momentary.  The  men  having  extri- 
cated themselves,  came  sweeping  over  the  hill  at  full  speed. 
Again  the  Sauks  commenced  a  rapid  retreat;  but  they  were 
now  in  the  prairie,  and  hotly  pursued.  It  happened,  how- 
ever, in  the  course  they  took,  lay  a  small  stream,  but  of  very 
rugged  banks  on  each  side.  This  detained  the  men  for  a 
considerable  time.  In  crossing,  several  got  their  guns  wet, 
and  had  to  discharge  them.  Four  men  being  in  the  rear, 
discovered  that  the  enemy  was  filing  to  the  left,  circling  this 
branch;  and  by  this  means,  got  within  eighty  yaid^  ol  \Xife\xv 


18:3  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

before  they  were  discovered.     Shots  were  exchanged  on 
both  sides —  none  of  which,  however,  took  effect. 

Dodge's  main  party  now  rapidly  approaching,  the  enemy 
once  more  betook  themselves  to  flight,  plunged  into  the 
Peckatonica,  and  swam  over.  One  fourth  of  a  mile  above 
the  place  where  they  crossed,  stood  a  grove  of  about  a  hun- 
dred acres,  in  which  were  several  small  lakes  or  ponds.  To 
this  the  Indians  betook  their  way  amid  a  shower  of  rifle  balls; 
\  but  our  men  were  too  far  off  to  shoot  with  any  certainty 

i 

j  — Still,  it  was  supposed  that  some  of  the  enemy  were 
■  wounded.  The  banks  of  the  river  being  very  high,  and  the 
water  deep,  there  was  no  possibility  of  crossing  it,  as  a  ma- 
jority of  the  whites  could  not  swim.  They  were,,  therefore, 
ordered  to  mount  and  proceed  rapidly  up  the  river  half  a 
mile,  to  a  place  where  a  deep  ford  would  permit  them  to 
cross.  At  this  point  the  Colonel  ordered  two  men  to  the 
right  as  spies,  or  rather  as  guards,  that  the  enemy  should 
not  have  it  in  their  power  to  leave  the  grove  undiscovered; 
h«  also  placed  two  on  the  left  for  the  same  purpose. 

The  command  now  passed  the  ford,  and  after  proceeding 
a  short;  distance  dismounted,  leaving  the  horses  in  charge  of 
every  seventh  man,  and  advanced  on  foot  to  meet  the  en- 
emy in  their  dose  ambush.  The  guards  left  with  the 
horses,  and  the  two  outposts,  had  reduced  their  numbers 
to  sixteen,  being  one  more  than  the  Indians.  Their  trace 
was  soon  discovered,  and  followed  with  trailed  arms,  to  the 
center  of  the  grove.  At  that  place,  a  small  pond  of  three 
hundred  feet  in  circumference,  with  high  banks,  served  at 
once  as  an  ambush  and  breastwork  for  the  Sauks.  They 
permitted  our  men  to  advance  to  within  thirty  yards,  some 
of  whom  had  passe  1  their  center,  when  they  opened  a  well- 
directed  fire,  wounding  three  men  mortally,  one  of  whom  re- 
ceived two  balls.  Their  names  were  Black,  Wells  and  Mor- 
ris. 

The  enemy  was  still  invisible.  A  charge  was,  therefore, 
ordered,  which  brought  the  opposing  parties  within  ten  feet 
of  each  other.  As  our  men  were  mostly  armed  with  rifles, 
they  halted,  pouring  in  at  the  same  time  a  well-directed  vol- 
lejr  of  balls.    This,  although  it  silenced  many,  did  not  dis- 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.  183 

able  them  all;  for  a  second  round  from  the  Sauks  wounded 
Thomas  Jenkins,  since  Major,  though  not  mortally.  Poor 
wretches!  their  efforts  were  worse  than  useless;  five  minutes 
consigned  them  to  their  mother  earth,  one  alone  excepted, 
who,  desperately  wounded,  had  hid  himself  among  the  high 
weeds  and  brush.  He  lived  to  reach  the  Sauk  camp,  but 
died  shortly  after. 

I  cannot  refrain  from  noting  the  following  occurrence, 
although  it  was  my  intention  to  avoid  using  names^  as  I 
heard  the  commander  say  after  the  fight  was  over,  that  all 
had  "  acted  well  their  part."  In  the  heat  of  the  engage- 
ment, a  man  by  the  name  of  Levin  Leach  had  advanced  so 
close  to  an  Indian  —  probably  a  chief  —  that  the  Indian 
made  a  desperate  thrust  at  him  with  a  war  spear.  Leach 
instantly  dropped  his  gun  and  seized  the  blade  of  the  spear, 
something  like  two  feet  long,  the  Indian  still  holding  to  the 
other  end.  As  the  blade  was  rather  sharp  than  otherwise, 
the  man  was  in  no  small  danger  of  being  run  through  at 
every  plunge.  Col.  Dodge,  discovering  this,  lost  no  time  in 
drawing  a  pistol,  and  with  the  rapidity  of  thought,  shot  a 
ball  through  the  center  of  the  Indian's  head. 

Thus  terminated  the  first  engagement  of  the  miners  of 
Wisconsin  with  the  Sauks  and  their  allies  in  the  war  of 
1832. 

!      Mineral  Point.  December  8, 1840. 


KOTESOX  THE  BLACK  HAWK  WAR. 


By  Hon.  PETER  PARKINSON,  Jr. 

In  the  Spring  of  1832,  Col.  Henry  Gratiot  went  on  amission 
to  the  Sauk  and  Fox  [ndians,  at  their  encampment  on  Rock 
river,  some  twenty  or  thirty  miles  below  Dixon,  to  endeavor 
to  learn  the  intentions  of  the  Indians,  and  they  detained  him  a 
prisoner  some  three  days.  This  was  prior  to  Stillman  's  defeat 
My  father,  D.  M.  Parkinson,  was  sent  by  the  people,  early  in 
May,  an  express  to  John  Dixon,  on  Rock  river,  to  ask  his 
opinion  whether  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  were  for  peace  or 
war.  The  date  of  the  council  with  the  Winnebagoes  at  the 
head  of  Fourth  Lake  is  given  in  Gen.  Smith's  History  as  May 
25th.  I  am  quite  confident  this  is  correct.  It  certainly  can- 
not be  much  out  of  the  way.  I  remember  well  it  was  but 
a  few  days  after  Stillman's  defeat  at  Kish-wau-kee,  which 
happened  on  the  14:th  of  that  month,  that  Col.  Dodge  was  at 
Dixon  when  Stillman's  affair  occurred,  when  he  immedi- 
ately hastened  home;  and  in  a  few  days  proceeded  to  the 
Four  Lakes,  and  held  this  conference  with  the  Winneba- 
goes. The  reference  in  Dodge's  address  to  the  Indians  to 
eleven  whites  having  been  killed  in  a  fight,  must  refer  to  the 
Kish-wau-kee  affair;  but  the  reference  to  the  whites  having 
killed  eleven  of  the  Sauks  and  Foxes,  I  do  not  understand' 

^  Eleven  was  the  number  of  Stillman 's  men  killed,  as  stated  by  Gov.B^* 
nold's  in  his  Life  and  Times  who  gives  the  number  of  Indians  slain  in  that 
affair  as  eight,  which,  very  likely,  was  reported  as  eleven  at  the  tima 
Dodge  in  his  address  to  the  Indians  at  the  conference  of  the  Four  LakeSi 
mentioned  that  on  the  advance  of  the  main  army,  the  Indians  retreated. 
Smitli,  in  his  Indian  Campaign  of  1832,  Wakefield  and  Reynolds*  state 
that  a  strong  party  visited  the  ba'tle  grounds  the  following  day.  So 
D  dge's  talk  liad  sole  reference  to  this,  affair  though  he  did  not  specifically 
name  it,  which  was  the  only  one  then  known  to  him  where  lives  were  lost;  and 
tliis  fact  goes  to  confirm  the  correctness  of  tlie  date.  May  25th,  as  the 
of  the  Four  Lake  conference.  L.  CSL  D. 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.         186 

I  was  not  present  at  this  conference,  but  understood  that 
White  Crow,  Whirling  Thunder  and  Spotted  Ann  partici- 
pated in  it  —  White  Crow  being  the  chief  speaker  of  the  oc- 
casion. The  object  of  the  conference  was  to  conciliate  the 
WinnebagoeS)  and  secure  their  friendship  in  our  favor;  and 
they  did  give  Cols.  Dodge  a^d  Gratiot  the  strongest  assur- 
ances of  friendship  and  fidelity.  Still,  it  was  generally  be- 
lieved that  all  their  able  bodied  and  ^flBcient  young  men 
were  with  the  Sauks  both  in  feeling  and  action. 

The  surrender  of  the  Hall  girls,  and  the  suspicious  con- 
duct of  White  Crow,  a  Winnebago  chief,  deserve  special 
mention.  It  was  at  the  Blue  Mounds,  on  the  night  of  the 
third  of  June,  1832,  that  the  Winnebagoes  brought  in  the 
two  Misses  Hall,  who  had  been  captured  on  the  waters  of 
the  Fox  River,  Illinois,  a  short  time  previous. 

I  was  then  a  mere  boy,  and  had  that  day  just  joined  Col. 
Dodge's  squadron,  at  James  Morrison's  Grove,  as  he  was  en 
route  for  the  Blue  Mounds.  Being  so  young,  and  entirely 
unacquainted  with  any  one  in  the  squadron,  except  Col.  Dodge 
and  two  others,  he,  in  the  kindness  of  his  heart,  took  me  into 
his  mess  until  I  could  be  better  provided  for,  as  he  said. 

When  we  arrived  at  the  Blue  Mdunds,  we  found  the  two 
girls  there,  who  had  been  brought  in  by  about  fifty  Winne- 
bagoes. Col.  Dodge  feeling  grateful  for  this  act  of  humanity 
on  their  part,  and  being  desirous  otherwise  to  conciliate 
them  as  much  as  possible  towards  the  whites,  he  treated 
them  with  kindness  and  consideration,  mingling  and  con- 
versing with  them  most  freely. 

Among  this  band  of  Winnebagoes  were  many  of  their 
most  distinguislied  chiefs  and  braves.  White  Crow  —  who 
was  a  Cicero  among  Indians  for  his  powers  of  oratory  and 
loquence  —  Spotted  Arm,  Whirling  Thunder  and  the  Little 
Priest,'  and  others. 

^  Man-ah-kee-tshump-kaw,  or  Spotted-Arm,  was  a  prominent  war  chief  of 
the  Winnebagoes.  He  was  also  known  as  Broken-Arm,  from  t  le  fact  that 
he  had  been  severely  wounded  in  the  arm  at  the  tiege  of  Fort  Meigs,  in 
1818,  where  he  distinguished  himself.  "The  wound  was  so  painted,"  says 
Atwater,  who  saw  him  in  1829,  "  that  the  blood  running  from  it,  was  so 
well  represented  by  the  painter,  as  to  look  like  reality  itself;  and  at  a  short 
18— H.  C. 


/ 


186  WI8CON9IS  State  Historical  Society. 

Before  this  array  of  distinguished  men  of  the  Winnebago 
tribe.  Col.  Dodge  sought  to  make  a  most  favorable  impreasion 
in  behalf  of  the  whites,  who  stood  in  constant  droad  of  them, 
as  allies  of  the  Sauks  and  Foxes;  and  to  carry  out  this  inten- 
tion, he  procured  from  Ebenezer  Brigham  aud  gave  to  them 
a  large,  fine  beef  steer,  whicli  fbey  immediately  slaughtered, 
and  upon  which  they  feasted  mo3t  sumptuously.  He  also 
gave  them  good  comfortable  quarters  in  some  miners'  cabins, 
which  were  located  near  by. 

Just  at  night  everytbingseemed  amicableandauspicious. 
Col.  Dodge  congratulated  himself  upon  the  friendly  feeling 
which  seemed  to  exist  among  the  Winnebagoes;  but  bow  loug 
this  state  of  things  continued,  the  sequel  will  show. 

Soon  after  Col.  Dodge  had  retired,  wUich  was  at  a,  late  hour. 
Captain  Biou  Gratiot,  a  brother  of  Col.  Henry  Gratiot,  the 
agent  of  the  Winnebagoes,  and  with  whom  the  Winneba- 
goes were  well  acquainted,  came  rushing  into  the  cabin 
where  Col.  Dodge  was,  in  the  most  excited  manner,  calling 
upon  him  to  "rouse  up,  rouse  up,  and  prepare  for  action  im- 
mediately;" that  we  were  in  the  most  eminent  danger; 
that  he  was  most  confident  the  Winnebagoes  meditated  an 
attack  upon  us  before  morning,  and  that  he  was  greatly 
alarmed. 

Col,  Dodge  did  "rouse  up,"  his  countenance  indicating  ii 
gathering8tormwithin;buthekept8ilent  until  Capt.  Oratiol 

distance  from  him,  on  n  lirst  view,  1  tbanKht  he  hail  recently  been  bwllj' 
wounijed."  He  was  a  Higner  of  the  Greon  Baj  Ireaty  of  182&  His  villnge 
IS  Diited  oo  Cbaudler'a  Map  of  the  Lead  liegioii,  1820.  asappareatly  about  i 
mile  north  of  McNutt's  Dif^gings,  near  Uie  present  viUageuC  Exeter.  Uratv 
CviUiity.     Hu  is  said  to  have  died  four  or  five  years  after  the  Black  Sawk 

Waw-kduu-weeu-kaw,  or  Whirling  Tliunder,  whb  a  signer  of  the  tr««t; 
of  Rock  Island,  in  Scfteathor,  1H32.  Ha  belonged  to  tlio  Wianebago  banJ 
on  Rock  river,  near  Lake  Koati-ko-norg;  and  subsequently  died  on  Turkej 

Mo-rali-tsbay-kaw,  or  Little  Priett,  was  also  of  tlie  Rock  river  band,  near 
Lake  Koeh-ko-nong,  and  wao  a  signer  of  the  treaties  of  Green  Bay,  in  18)8, 
and  of  Hock  laland,  in  1832.  He  lived  to  a  veiy  great  age.  and  died  at  tiu 
Winnebago  village  of  \\"hite  Creek,  Ad<  ms  ciunly.  Wis.,  about  1881  IB 
gome  bout  or  br^wl   one  aide  of  his  nose  had  lieen  sliced  off.  1.  C>Dl    j 


Reministences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.         187 

*elated  his  grounds  of  alarm^  which  he  did  in  his  most  ex< 
juisite  French  style  —  saying  the  Indians  had,  in  violation 
>f  all  courtesy  and  respect  to  Col.  Dodge,  abandoned  the 
comfortable  quarters  which  he  had  assigned  them  in  the 
cabins,  and  had  gone  out  far  into  the  bush,  and  taken  up  quar- 
l;ers  there;  that  the  White  Crow,  who  was  their  speaker,  had 
spoken  slightingly  and  disrespectfully  of  Col.  Dodge,  declar- 
ing that  he  was  no  great  shakes  of  a  fighter;  that  if  Black  -, 
Hawk  came  across  him,  he  would  make  mince-meat  of  him 
and  his  handful  of  men,  as  he  had  done  of  the  *'soft  shelled" 
SI aj.  Stillman  and  his  men  at  Kish-wau-kee;  that  the  whites 
[•.ouldn't  fight;  that  they  were  a  soft-shelled  breed;  thet  they 
ccould  not  stand  before  the  frightful  yell  of  the  Red  Man  — 
Dor  could  they  stand  the  tomahawk  or  the  spear;  that  when 
the  spear  was  applied  ^o  them  they  would  squawk  like  ducks; 
that  they  would  run  upon  the  first  approach  of  danger,  and 
stick  their  heads  in  the  brush,  like  turkeys  or  quails  —  exem- 
plifying this  whole  procedure  in  the  most  insulting  and 
Fantastic  Indian  mimicry,  and  applying  it  to  the  defeat  of 
Maj.  Stillman,  and  winding  up  by  saying  that  he  was  friendly 
towards  him,  Capt.  Gratiot,  and  that  he  had  better  quit  Col. 
Dodge,  and  go  home  and  stay  there.  And  Capt.  Gratiot  fur- 
thermore stated  that  the  Indians  were  all  sulky  and  moody, 
and  stealthy  in  their  conversation  and  movements;  that  they 
tiad  been  busy  in  grinding  and  whetting  their  knives,  toma- 
hawks and  bpears — a  further  evidence  of  their  intention  to 
make  an  attack  upon  us,  was,  that  two  athletic  young  Indian 
warriors  were  seen,  just  at  the  approach  of  darkness,  slip- 
ping off  stealthily  in  the  direction  of  the  Four  Lakes, 
where  the  main  body  of  the  Winnebagoes  were  encamped. 
'Taking  all  these  things  into  consideration,"  continued  Capt. 
Gratiot,  "together  with  my  knowledge  of  Indian  character,  1 
think.  Col.  Dodge,  we  have  real  cause  of  fearful  apprehen- 
sion —  at  least  I  am  greatly  alarmed,  and  think  we  should 
prepare  for  the  worst." 

During  this  whole  recital  of  Capt.  Gratiot,  Col.  Dodge  said 
Qota  word,  but  no  one  at  all  skilled  in  human  physiognomy 
30uld  have  mistaken  the  raging  storm  within  the  Colonel's 
breast  At  Capt.  Gratiot's  conclusion,  he  j  amped  hastily  to  \y\^ 


-y 


[ 


188  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

feet,  and  although  ordinarily  cool  and  collected,  he  did  upon 
thisoccasion  indulge  in  some  severity  and  invective. 

His  first  word9  were,  addressing  Capt.  Gratiot:  "Do  not  be 
alarmed,  sir,  I  will  see  that  no  harm  befalls  you  —  I  will  show 
the  White  Crow  that  we  are  not  of  the  soft-shelled  breed- 
that  we  can  stand  the  spear  without  squawking,  and  that  we 
will  not  run  and  stick  our  heads  in  the  bush  at  the  approach 
of  danger;  and  by  the  eternal  gods,  the  sooner  he  leaves 
these  parts,  the  better  for  himi" 

Capt.  Gratiot,  who  no  doubt  felt  a  little  nettled  at  Col. 
Dodge's  remarks,  replied  gallantly; 

CoL  Dodjie,  I  confess  I  am  greatly  alarmed;  but  in  case  of 
danger  or  an  attack  by  the  Indians,  I  pledge  you  I  will  stand 
by  you  until  the  last  drop  of  blood  is  spilt." 

"This  ia  all  I  can  ask,  sir,"  said  the  Colonel. 

Col.  Dodge  then,  in  pursuance  of  his  plan  of  teaching  the 
White  Crow  that  we  were  not  of  the  "soft  shell"  breed,  called 
the  officer  of  the  guard  and  his  interpreter,  and  talcing  these 
two  men  and  six  of  the  guard,  he  marched  to  the  encamp- 
ment of  the  Indians,  and  took  into  custody  the  redoubtable 
White  Crow,  who  had  said  he  was  no  great  shakes  of  a 
fighter,  and  five  others  of  the  principal  chiefs,  and  marched 
tliem  oif  without  ceremony  to  a  cabin  near  by,  and  ordered 
them  to  lie  down  there,  and  remain  there,  until  morning; 
and  to  secure  their  obedience  to  this  command,  he  laid  down 
■with  them,  at  the  same  time  directing  the  proper  offieerto 
place  a  strong  guard  around  the  cabiu,  and  also  a  double 
guard  around  the  whole  encampment.  These  two  strong 
guards  took  nearly  all  the  men  under  Col.  Dodge's  command, 
so  that  virtually  we  were  all  on  guard,  and  stood  upon  OUT 
arms  all  night. 

Thus  guarded,  we  passed  the  remainder  of  the  night  wifli- 
out  fright  or  molestation.  At  sunrise  Col.  Dodge  aonounced 
to  those  captive  chiefs  his  purpose  of  marching  them  and  all 
their  young  wari'iors  down  to  Morrison's  Grove,  fifteen  miles 
distant  from  Blue  Mounds,  for  the  purpose  of  holding  a  coun- 
cil  with  them,  in  the  presence  of  their  agent.  Col.  Henry 
Gratiot,  of  Gratiot's  Grove,  —  against  which  proposition 
White  Crow  strongly  remonstrated,  saying  it  was  a  lontS 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.         189 

way  off,  and  that  their  feet  were  already  sore  from 
their  long  march,  after  bringing  the  Hall  girlff  to  the 
Blue  Mounds — reminding  Col.  Dodge  at  the  same  time  of 
the  great  magnanimity  displayed  on  their  part  in  their 
endeavors  and  final  success  in  procuring  the  release  or  ran- 
som of  the  two  prisoners.  To  all  of  which  Col.  Dodge  cor- 
dially assented;  but  remained  inflexible  to  his  purpose  of 
inarching  them  to  Morrison's  Grove,  where  we  arrived  about 
noon,  Col.  Dodge  in  the  mean  time  having  sent  an  express 
messenger  to  Gratiot's  Grove,  for  Col.  Gratiot,  who  arrived 
at  Morrison's  Grove  the  same  night. 

Next  day  the  council  was  held,  in  the  progress  of  which 
Col.  Dodge  frankly  told  the  Winnebago  chiefs  of  our  appre- 
hensions of  their  sympathy  and  attachment  to  the  cause  of 
Black  Hawk;  that  many  of  their  young  men,  we  were  in- 
formed, were  already  in  the  ranks,  and  fighting  under  the 
banners  of  the  Sauk  chief,  and  unless  we  could  have  the 
most  positive  assurance  on  their  part  of  their  neutral  posi- 
tion in  the  war  between  the  whites  and  Black  Hawk,  that 
he  should  be  compelled  to  treat  them  as  enemies;  that  we 
had  the  most  undoubted  proofs  of  the  instigation  and  con- 
nection of  the  Winnebagoes  with  the  border  murders  that  ^ 
had  been  committed  upon  our  frontier  inhabitants  —  to  all 
of  which  the  White  Crow  returned  a  negative  answer,  except 
^hat  a  few  of  their  young  men,  whose  warlike  ardor  could 
liot  be  controlled,  might  be  in  the  ranks  of  Black  Hawk. 
But  in  the  main,  he  said,  the  Winnebagoes  entertained  the 
^ost  friendly  and  kindly  relations  toward  the  whites,  and 
^ould  not  under  any  consideration  be  induced  to  take  up 
arms  against  them  in  behalf  of  Black  Hawk. 

Col.  Dodge,  however,  determined  to  be  upon  the  safe  side, 
^d  to  secure  this  end,  he  stipulated  with  them  that  he 
should  retain  as  hostages  for  the  good  faith  of  their  nation, 
%ee  of  their  leading  chiefs,  to  which  they  assented.  The 
chiefs  selected  for  the  purpose,  were  the  Whirling  Thunder, 
^heir  principal  war  chief,  the  old  Spotted  Arm,  the  most 
PJ*ominent  sage  and  counselor,  and  the  Little  Priest,  the- 
^'■^agician.  These  three  hostages  were  conveyed  to  Gratiot's 
Qrove  on  the  next  daj,  and  retained  in  tYie  iotl  uxidi^x  \Xi^ 


190  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

care  of  Col.  Gratiot,  until  Generals  Posey,  Alexander,  and 
Henry  arrived  with  their  commands  in  this  country.  These 
forces  bein^  considered  amply  sufficient  for  the  defense  of 
the  frontiers  even  against  the  Winnebagoei  combined  with 
the  Sauks  and  Foxes,  the  three  Winnebago  chiefs  were  set 
at  liberty. 

These  rigid  measures  of  Col.  Dodge  have  been  somewhat 
criticised  by  some,  little  acquainted  with  the  facts,  and  their 
propriety  seriously  questioned;  but  in  my  own  opinion — and 
that  of  the  most  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  country  at  that 
time,  they  were  fully  warranted  and  justified  by  the  circum- 
stances which  then  existed. 

In  conversation  with  Ebenezer  Brigham,  of  the  Blue 
Mounds,  some  years  after  these  events  had  transpired,  as  to 
their  propriety  and  justification,  he  fully  gave  his  sanction 
to  them;  and  said  at  the  same  time,  that  the  fears  of  Cap. 
Gratiot  were  well  founded;  and  that  had  it  not  been  for  the 
bold  and  prompt  action  of  Col.  Dodge,  we  might,  and  per- 
haps would,  have  been  attacked  by  the  whole  force  of  the 
"Winnebagoes,  whom  he  knew  to  be  then  encamped  near  the 
Four  Lakes,  and  waiting,  as  he  verily  believed,  for  a  favor- 
ably opportunity  to  make  a  strike  in  behalf  of  Black  Hawk; 
but  the  timely  movements  of  Col.  Dodge  foiled  them.  1 

Of  the  personelle  of  the  Winnebago  Chiefs  who  ransomed 
and  brought  in  the  Hall  girls,  I  will  give  my  best  recollec- 
tions.   White  Crow  appeared  to  be  about  fifty  years  of  ag®- 
He  was  about  fiv^e  feet,  ten  inches  in  stature,  straight  ao^ 
erect:  and  of  a  mild  and  pleasant  countenance  for  a  sava^^* 
He  was  a  fine  and  fluent  speaker,  and  the  spokesman  of  ti^ 
band  on  all  important  occasions. 

Spotted  Arm  had  the  appearance  of  a  man  of  sixty,  w^^ 
about  the  same  size  and  form  of  White  Crow,  except  th^^  * 
he  was  stoop-shouldered  and  ill-shaped;  but  possessed  a miX^ 
and  agreeable  temperament.  He  and  Little  Priest,  ax^^ 
another  chief  were  detained  by  Col.  Dodge  at  Gratiot  ^ 
Grove  as  hostages  for  the  good  conduct  of  their  people.  Whil^ 
kept  there,  I  saw  considerable  of  Spotted  Arm.  His  viila^^ 
was  near  or  just  where  the  village  of  Exeter  now  stanii 
After  the  Rock  Island  treaty,  in  September,  1832,  when 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.  191 

Winnebagoes  relinquished  all  claim  to  the  Lead  mine  coun- 
try, Spotted  Arm  emigrated  with  his  little  band  to  more  con- 
genial hunting  grounds,  in  the  new  home  assigned  the  Win- 
nebagoes west  of  the  Mississippi.  Whirling  Thunder  and  ^ 
Little  Priest  appeared  to  be  about  thirty  five  years  of  age. 
I  can  say  but  little  of  either,  save  that  Whirling  Thunder 
was  morose  and  sullen  in  his  appearance,  and  had  the  repu- 
tation of  being  cruel.  He  was  short  and  thick-set,  not  more 
than  five  feet,  eight  inches  in  height.  Of  his  subsequent 
career,  I  have  no  knowledge. 

Little  Priest  was  a  small-sized  Indian,  of  symmetical  form 
and  not  very  erect.  He  was  about  five  feet  seven  inches  in 
height.  He  had  piercing  black  eyes,  and  evinced  but  little 
inclination  to  engage  in  conversation.  While  sprightly  in 
his  actions,  his  appearance  was  fierce  and  uninviting. 

The  battle  of  Peckatonica,  June  IGth,  1832,  was  perhaps  one 
^f  the  most  remarkable  contests,  for  the  numbers  engaged 
^hat  was  ever  fought,  in  its  fierceness  and  in  its  desperate  and 
^Qguinary  character,  as  well  as  in  its  effects  and  influences 
^Potx  the  savages  connected  with  the  war.   It  is,  therefore,  de- 
sirable to  know  all  the  circumstances  connected  with  it,  and 
that  led  to  it.   Suffice  it  to  say,  that  about  the  first  days  of  May, 
^^^^,  the  notable  war  chief,  Black  Hawk,  who  ranked  second 
^^^y  to  the  great  Tecumseh,  crossed  the  Mississippi,  with  his 
^2»r-like  band  of  about  one  thousand  braves,  and  invaded 
^^^  State  of  Illinois.    He  marched  up  the  valley  of  the  Rock 

• 

^^^^r,  producing  the  greatest  fear  and  consternation  among 
^^^  inhabitants,  causing  them  to  flee  in  all  directions  for 
safety  and  protection.  Black  Hawk  continued  his  march 
^P  the  river  until  the  14th  of  May,  when  he  fell  upon  the 
^^^ortunate  Maj.  Stillman,  one  of  the  commandants  of  the 
Illinois  forces,  who  had  under  him,  it  was  said,  about  three 
"^^dred  men.  These  were  most  disastrously  defeated,  and 
P^ti  to  an  ignominious  flight,  and  never  stopped  the  run  un- 
"^  they  reached  Dixon,  thirty  miles  distant  from  the  scene 
^'  Action,  where  they  communicated  to  Gen.  Atkinson  the 
^^^t  frightful  and  exaggerated  accounts  of  the  numbers  and 
^^**ocity  of  the  Indians. 
On  the  22d  daj  of  May,  three  days  after,  lYie  laxmN\<$i^  ci^ 


^k    &  incr 


198  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Hall,  Davis  and  Petigrew  were  attacked,  and  fifteen  ot  th«™ 
number    were   massacred.     Two  young  la,die3  were  taken 
prisoners,  but  were  afterwards  ransomed  by  Col,  Dodge,  at 
the  Blue  Mounds,  in  Dane  County,  Wisconsiu  for  S^.OOO, 

Individual  murders  were  being  committed  about  this  time 
all  over  the  country.     At  Butfulo  Grove,  one  Durley  was 
.  killed.     The  next  day  St.  Vrain,  the  agent  uf  the  Sacs  and 
"  Foxes,  Hawley,  Fowler  and  Male  were  killed.     Four  men 
were  killed  at  Siusinawa  Mounds;  others  at  Cassville,  at  the 
Blue  Mounds,  and  various  other  places.    While  this  Indiaa 
murdering  was  going  on,  which  produced  the  greatest  alarm 
and  dismay  in  the  minds  of  the  inhabitants,  the  whites  were 
no  less  dismayed  and  alarmed  at  the  results  of  the  battles, 
or  skirmishes  that  were  being  enacted  in  various  portion* 
of  the  country   about  this  time.     Gen.  Samuel  Whiteside^ 
an  old  and  distinguished  Indian  fighter,  was  encountered, 
by  a  party  of  old  Black  Hawk's  warriors,  on  Rock  rivei~ 
and    badly  defeated.    Soon  after.   Major    Stephenson    o^ 
Galena,  a  brave  and  chivalrous  young  officer  was  also  de — 
feated  in  a  skirmish  with  the  Indians  on  the  Yellow  creek™, 
losing  six  of  his  men,  and  being  himself  wounded;  the  re — 
mainder  of  his  men  had  to  retreat  to  Galena,  with  greafc 
alarm  and  trepidation.     Soon  after  this  unfortuuate  disaster* 
Mdj.  Demint,  another  brave  and  daring  young  officer,  wa^ 
-most  disastrously  defeated  at  Kellogg's  Grove,  losing  many  of 
his  men,  and  about  thirty  of  his  horses. 

About  this  time  Apple  River  Fort  was  attacked  by  a  large 
body  of  Indians,  under  the  command  of  Black  Hawk  himself. 
The  fort  was  beleaguered  for  two  days,  and  it  was  only  by 
the  most  Providential  circumstance  that  the  women  and  chil- 
dren were  not  all  massacred.  Seventeen  women  were  outside 
of  the  fort,  washing  at  the  creek  near  by.  The  hills  and  val- 
leys were  covered  with  children,  and  had  it  not  been  for  the 
firing  on  the  express  men,  passing  from  Galena  to  Dixon, 
who  gave  the  alarm,  all  of  the  women  and  children  who 
were  outside  of  the  fort  must  inevitably  have  been  slain. 
Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  country  was  at  this  time 
the  most  alarming  and  fearful  condition.  To  still  further 
increase  this  alarm  and  conBlematioQ,  ou  the  HthufJuue 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  Wab.         193 

the  affair  at  Spaflford's  farm,  six  miles  south-east  of  Wiota,  ~^ 
took  place.    It  was  this  attack  that  led  to  the  battle  of  the 
Peckatonica,    In  this  massacre  five  men  were  killed,  and 
two  made  their  escape.    One  was  Bennet  Million,  who  was 
pursued  by  the  Indians  about  ten  miles,  though  they  left 
him  about  four  miles  from  the  fort.    The  news  of  this  ter- 
rible murder  and  massacre  reached  Fort  Defiance  about 
sun-down  of  the  day  of  its  occurrence  —  the  same  day  that 
Col.  Dodge  and  his  men  had  arrived  home  from  an  expedition 
to  Rock  river  and  to  Ottawa,  on  the  Illinois  river.    Eleven 
naen  proceeded  at  once  to  Wiota,  or  Fort  Hamilton  as  it 
then  was  called,  under  the  command  of  Maj.  R.  H.  Kirkpat- 
rick,  arriving  there  about  mid-night.    Next  morning,  having 
l>e©n  joined  by  eight  or  ten  more  men,  the  detachment  pro- 
<^©eded,  still  under  the  command  of  Maj.  Kirkpatrick,  to  the  "^ 
scene  of  the  massacre.    After  burying  the  victims,  and  re- 
<^oiinoitering  the  country  for  Indians  and  Indian  signs,  we 
Returned  to  Wiota,  where  we  met  Capt.  Gentry  and  ten  or 
*  dozen  of  his  men  from  Mineral  Point. 

The  detachment  encamped  there  for  the  night,  and,  next 
doming,  June  16th,  about  sun-rise,  the  unfortunate  Apple 
Passed  the  encampment,  going  out  to  his  cabin,  about  three 
^iles  distant,  for  his  blankets,  intending,  as  he  promised 
C^apt.  Gentry,  to  return  and  accompany  us  on  our  scout  that 
^ay  for  Indians.  In  a  few  moments  afterwards.  Col.  Dodge 
Arrived  from  the  Blue  Mounds,  having  camped  the  night  be- 
fore at  Fretwell's  Diggings.  Almost  simultaneously  with 
^ol.  Dodge's  arrival,  the  firing  of  guns  was  heard  in  ttie  di- 
^^ction  of  the  corn-field  near  by.  The  Colonel  proceeded  on 
^o  the  fort.  Apple's  horse  came  running  back,  shot  through 
^^e  top  part  of  the  head.  It  was  now  evident  that  Apple 
^as  killed.  Col.  Dodge  was  sent  for,  and  by  the  time  of 
*^i8  arrival,  -w  hich  was  in  a  few  moments,  all  hands  were 
Counted,  ready  and  eager  for  the  pursuit 

Col.  Dodge  addressed  them  for  a  few  moments,  in  stirring 
^nd  thrilling  language,  reminding  them  of  the  fearful  and 
alarming  condition  of  the  country,  of  the  exposed  and 
perilous  condition  of  ourselves  and  families,  and  the  abso- 
lute necessity  of  then  striking  a  decisive  blow ;  and  concVvideidL 


194  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

by  saying.  "I  shall  start  immediately  in  pursuit  of  the  In 
dians,  and  I  shall  overtake  them  before  I  stop.  Mark  th 
language  —I  shall  overtake  them  before  I  stop;  and  when 
do  Qvertake  them,  I  shall  charge  them  sword  in  hand,  k 
their  numbers  be  what  they  may.  If  there  are  any  in  th 
ranks  who  feel  as  if  they  cannot  do  this,  I  want  them  to  fa 
into  the  rear,  for  I  want  uq  cowards  with  me.'' '  But  not 
man  fell  back  —  all  were  eager  for  the  chase. 

The  order  was  then  given  for  the  advance,  which  wi 
made  in  quick  time.  Soon  we  came  to  the  mangled  an 
mutilated  body  of  Apple.  The  Indians  seemed  to  ha\ 
scattered  in  all  directions,  and  considerable  time  was  spei 
in  finding  the  trail.  When  found,  it  led  us  through  an  alnioi 
impassible  thicket  of  under-brush  ,  grape-vines,  prickly  asl 
fallen  timber,  and  everything  that  was  calculated  to  in 
pede  our  progress.  This  continued  for  about  three  mile 
when  the  trail  struck  the  open  prairie.  Then  the  pursuit  b 
came  animated  and  rapid;  but,  in  getting  out  of  the  timbe 
the  line  became  wonderfully  extended,  perhaps  a  half  mi 
in  length.  This  fact,  and  the  delays  occasioned  bytl 
crossing  of  branches,  which  were  much  swollen  by  th 
rain  of  the  previous  night,  made  travel  slow.  The  Indiai 
were  often  in  sight,  and  we  could  see  their  movement 
They  seemed  to  be  in  no  hurry  to  get  away  from  us,  neith< 
did  they  manifest  any  fear  or  alarm,  but  moved  leisure 
along  The  commander,  as  he  seemed  to  be,  was  walkii 
backwards  and  talking  to  his  braves.  He  was  perhaps  fif 
years  of  age,  of  tall  and  commanding  appearance. 

After  the  Indians  had  swam  the  Peckatonica  river,  ai 
were  about  two  hundred  yards  distant,  the  most  of  the  d 
tachment,  with  Col.  Dodge  in  the  front,  came  up  to  the  hi^ 
bluff  of  the  stream,  on  the  opposite  side  from  the  Indiai 
Here  some  random  firing  took  place,  but  without  effe< 
At  this  point,  Capt.  Gentry  and  Lieut.  D.  M.  Parkinson  gt 
loped  their  horses  down  the  river,  and  swam  them  aero 
to  the  opposite  side  where  the  Indians  were.    This  mov 

'  Substantially  the  same  address  is  ^iven  by  Col.  D.  M.  Parkinsoo,  W 
Hist.  Colls. f  ii,  347;  by  Gen.  Bracken,  in  same  volume,  pp.  370-71;  Smitl 
Wisconsin,  1,275.  Ia,  G,  D. 


Reminiscencbs  op  the  Black  Hawk  War.         195 

ment  seemed  to  turn  the  enemy  into  the  heavy  timber  on 
the  river  bottom.  Where  the  Indians  crossed  the  river 
was  high  water,  and  the  banks  were  steep;  but  we  soon 
effected  a  crossing' at  an  old  Indian  ford  near  by. 

Soon  after  the  passage,  the  detachment  was  met  by  Lieut. 
Parkinson,  who  condiicted  us  to  the  trail  of  the  Indians, 
which  was  at  this  point  plain  and  well  defined.  When  the 
trail  was  reached,  the  men  were  dismounted,  and  four  of 
them  detailed  to  hold  the  horses.  The  remainder,  twenty- 
one  in  number,  were  addressed  by  Col.  Dodge  in  a  few  very 
stirring  and  appropriate  remarks,  at  the  conclusion  of  which, 
the  order  to  advance  was  given.  This  was  the  thrilling 
crisis  of  the  occasion.  We  knew  wo  were  advancing  upon 
ahidden  foe,  who  were  closely  concealed  in  some  advantage- 
ous position,  from  which  they  must  inevitably  have  the  first 
cool  and  deliberate  fire,  their  numbers  being  but  few  less 
than  ours;  and,  for  aught  we  then  knew,  might  be  much 
superior.  Still,  the  brave  and  gallant  leader,  nor  any  of  his 
men,  seemed  the  least  abashed  or  dismayed,  but  advanced 
into  the  dense  thicket,  with  boldness  and  determenation 
visibly  depicted  upon  every  countenance. 

We  marched  in  extended  line,  with  the  trail  about  the 
center.  After  advancing  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards 
through  this  dense  thicket,  and  within  sixty  feet  of  the  In- 
dians, who  were  completely  concealed  under  the  bank  of  a 
slough,  at  least  six  feet  high,  the  stillness  and  suspense  of 
the  occasion  was  suddenly  broken  by  the  Indian  guns  and 
the  shrill  whistle  of  the  bullets,  that  passed  so  near  our  heads 
that  we  could  feel  the  force  of  them.  All  was  accompanied 
by  the  most  terrific  yell  of  the  savage  foe,  that  had  so  suc- 
cessfully and  Unfortunately  frightened  and  terrified  the 
Dlinois  forces  upon  all  previous  occasions.  At  this  fire, 
three  of  our  brave  volunteers  were  brought  to  the  ground, 
^ells,  Morris  and  Black  received  fatal  shots;  while  Jenkins 
^^  soon  afterwards  severely  wounded.  The  order  for  the 
charge  was  instantly  given,  and  as  instantly  obeyed.  The 
hdians  occupied  about  the  same  position  on  the  trail  that 
We  did — the  trail  being  about  their  center  as  well  as  ours. 
'^^  brought  us  together,  face  to  face,  and  btea^\)  \.o  XiT^^'eX*. 


■Wisconsin  State  Historil-al  Sociktt. 


] 

mxM 
nsttn 


The  contest  waa  a  terrific  one, — ^a  hand  to  hand  encouni 
The  Indians'  tomahawk  and  spear  were  pitted  against  t' 
white  man's  bayonet  and  breech.  The  conflict  was  deadl 
and  decisive.  Steel  chished  against  steel,  and  the  wo«id 
resounded  with  the  most  terrific  yell  of  the  savages.  Bl 
in  the  end  the  bayonet  and  the  breech  were  triumphant! 
successful.  The  last  Indian  was  kilted  and  scalped,  and  n< 
one  left  to  tell  old  Black  Hawk,  Iheir  chieftain,  the  sa 
tale  of  their  wholesale  disaster. 

In  this  contest  the  tide  of  war  was  turned  against  then 
In  this  battle  they  were  as  badly  whipped  and  beaten  s 
they  had  been  successful  in  whipping  all  with  xvhom  the 
had  hitherto  come  in  contact.  In  this  fight,  Col.  Dodji 
made  good  his  words  spoken  to  Capt.  Gratiot  at  the  Blu 
Mounds.  He  showed  the  Indians  that  we  were  not  of  th 
soft-shelled  breed,  as  they  had  said  we  were. 

I  have  said  before  that  this  was  a  remarkable  battle.  Tt 
'  annals  of  Indian  warfare  furnish  no  parallel  to  it.  Nev« 
before  was  so  large  a  war  parly  of  Indians  completely  ai 
nihilated,  with  so  small  a  loss  to  the  whites,  as  in  this  de 
perate  contest,  where  the  numbers  were  so  nearly  equs 
Lieut.  Charles  Bracken,  who  acted  as  Col.  Dodge's  Adjutai 
in  the  fight,  and  whose  graphic  pen  all  tho  old  settlers  i 
this  country  well  remember,  in  writing  an  account  of  th 
battle  for  publication,  said:  "  There  were  individual  acts  ( 
devotion  and  desperate  bravery,  which,  if  done  in  the  daj 
of  chivalry,  would  have  immortalized  the  actors,  and£ 
nished  themes  for  the  song  of  the  ministrel." 

This  engagement  was  fought  under  the  most  deprf 
and  unfavorable  circumstances.  The  inhabilants  were  sea 
tered  over  a  large  area  of  country,  without  money  or  credi 
and  without  horses  or  guns,  to  any  great  extent.  Thei 
were  not  at  the  time  of  this  contest  one  hundred  horses,  ( 
guns,  in  all  this  mining  region,  embracing  a  country  at  leaj 
seventy-five  miles  square;  all  of  which  was  surrounded  b 
hostile  and  savage  Indians,  who  were  murdering  and  seal] 
ing  the  defenceless  inhabitants,  in  all  directions.  Men  wei 
being  killed  at  Kellogg's  Grove  and  Apple  river  on  ' 
sautb,  at  Hinsinawa  Mounds  and  Cassville  on  the  w^ 


Lilts  UHJ 

and^ 
presJ| 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.  197 

Blue  Mounds  on  the  north,  and  at  Spafford's  farm  on  the 
east. 

The  many  disastrous  defeats  that  had  just  befallen  the 
Illinois  troops,  have  already  been  alluded  to.  But,  in  addi- 
tion to  all  these  most  heart-rending  occurrences,  the  most 
of  us  had  just  returned  on  the  evening  of  the  14th,  from  an 
expedition  to  the  Rock  river  and  Ottawa,  Illinois,  during 
which  we  had  found  and  buried  the  mangled  and  mutilated 
bodies  of  St.  Vrain,  Fowler  and  Hale,  who  had  been  mur- 
dered near  Kellogg's  Grove.  The  remainder  of  the  volun- 
teers who  were  in  this  contest  at  Peckatonica,  or  the  most 
of  them,  had  just  returned  from  the  Blue  Mounds,  where 
they  had  been  to  bury  the  bodies  of  Force  and  Green. 
These  horrible  scenes  of  murder  and  savage  butchery,  to- 
gether with  the  burying  of  the  unfortunate  victims  of  the 
Spafford  farm  massacre,  and  the  sight  of  the  headless  and 
<Usemboweled  body  of  the  poor  old  German,  Apple,  had  the 
effect  of  harrowing  up  our  feelings  to  the  highest  point  of 
^^peration  and  revenge;  and  we  went  into  this  fight  deter- 
'^ined  to  kill  every  Indian,  or  die  in  th^  attempt.  So  we 
^^Ught  with  the  desperation  of  pirates. 

Some  idea  of  the  sanguinary  and  determined  character 

^f  the  fight  may  be  gathered  from  a  few  incidents  connected 

^ith  it.    One  of  the  soldiers,  in  speaking  of  it,  said,  "  When 

^  charged  up  to  the  slough,  I  fired  my  gun,  dropped  it;  drew 

^J^e  of  my  pistols,  fired  and  droped  it;  drew  the  other,  fired 

^^ci  dropped  it,  and  was  pouring  some  powder  into  my  hand 

^^    fe-load  my  rifle,  when  some  one  shouted  out,  *They  are 

^*1    killed.'  "  Some  were  run  through  and  killed  with  the 

^3^onet;  others  knocked  in  the  head  with  the  breech  of  the 

^*^    heavy   regular-army  musket.    Our  loss   was   Samuel 

"^l^tck,  Samuel  Wells,  Montaville  Morris,  mortally  wounded; 

^tid  Thomas  Jenkins,  shot  through  the  hip,  who  recovered.' 

•Maj.  Thomas  Jenkins  was  born  in  South  Carolina,  in  March,  1801;  and 

T^^i:  residing  in  Alabama  and  Missouri,  he  settled  in  Dodgeville,  in  the 

"^^^^  RegioOy  in  1827.    After  serving  in  the  Black  Hawk  war,  he  repre- 

*^t«d  Iowa  county  in  the  Territorial  Legislature  five  sessions,  from  1838 

^    ^841;  was  a  member  of  the  first  Constitutional  Convention,  and  of  the 

State  Legislature  in  1848.    He  removed  to  CaliloTin&  in  \^^,  ^.\x^  \xv 


,    198  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SociBiy. 

Thus  ended  this  remarkahle  battle,  and  I  feel  called  upo: 
as  its  last  surviving  participant,  though  a  mere  hoy  at  tl; 
time,  to  pay  this  small  tribute  of  respect  to  the  memory  ( 
the  brave  and  heroic  men  who  shared  in  this  conflict  an 
some  of  whom  fell  in  the  engagement  —  to  say,  that  a  brav( 
and  a  more  determined  set  of  men,  from  the  gallant  ol 
leader  down  to  the  youngest  soldier,  never  conducted  then 
selves  better,  or  more  bravely,  in  the  face  of  a  foe,  than  di 
those  engaged  in  this  remarkable  fight.  Besides  Col.  Dodgi 
who  was  acknowledged  to  be  ihe  most  successful  and  ei 
perienced  Indian  fighter  in  the  North-West,  there  were  Lieu 
D,  M,  Parkinson,  who  ha,d  a  brother  who  commanded 
company  underGen,  Jackson  in  the  Creek  war,  Capt.  Jamc 
H.  Gantry,  Maj.  Richard  H.  Kirkpatrick,  Lieut.  Charle 
Bracken,'  andThomas  Jenkins,  all  of  whom  wore  men  of  cot 
siderable  age  and  experience,  having  all  been  on  the  frontier 
and  had  more  or  less  to  do  with  the  Indian  wars  and  a 
mishesof  1812-15.  The  younger  soldiers  of  this  cotfi 
were  scarcely  less  brave  and  determined. 

This  battle  seemed  to  break  the  back-bone,  as  it  wew 
the  belligerent  Indians  —  to  discourage  and  cow  them  - 
to  strike  terror  and  dismay  into  their  ranks.  At  any  I 
it  was  the  turning  point  of  the  war,  and  had  more  to  do  1 
its  final  termination  than  all  other  circumstances  puif^ 
gether.  Black  Hawk's  glory  was  on  the  wane.  Refereik. 
has  already  been  made  to  the  many  disasters  and  repula 

1884  to  New  Mexico,  where  ha  died  in  1886,  his  wife  preceding  Iiim  to  ^l 
grave  in  ia50.    Hs  left  two  aons.  L.  C.  la 

'QeD.  CharK'S   Bracken  was   bom  at   Pittsburg,  Pa..  April  6,1797.      '. 
was  Orderly  Sergeant  in  the  Pittsburg  Blues,  and  marched  lo  Balllnl 
I  to  repel  the  Bntiali  attack  on  that  city,  but  did  not  reach   tiiere  till  tM 

t  the  battle.     In  181(1,  he   aetlled   at  Crnthiana,  Ky.,   and   waa  engag«9 

I  running  the  boundary  lices  between  Keutucky  and  Tennessee,  Lonftnl 

I  and  Arkausaa    .Settling   in  what   is   now  Wiaconein  in   1838.  he   figuS 

L  prominently  in  the  Black  flawk  war,  as  aid  to  Gen.  UoJge,  in  the  bate 

^L  of  Peckatonica,  Wisconsin  Heights,  and  Bad   Aie,     Ue  served   three  e 

^^  rions  in  the  Territorial  Legislature  in  I63B-10;  and  in  the  State  Legislate 

^H  of  1858,  and  attain.i)  the  rank  of  General  in  the  Militia.     lie  died  at 

^V  residence,  Walnut  Grove,  La  Fayette  county,  Wis..  April  16,  1861. 

W  was  a  marilorioas  pioneer  and  useful  citizen. 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.         199 

that  the  whites  had  met  with;  but  now  the  thing  was 
changed.  The  Indians  from  this  time  forward  were  upon 
the  defensive,  instead  of  the  aggressive  as  heretofore.  Their 
endeavor  now  was  to  get  out  of  the  country.  They  were 
hotly  pursued  and  overtaken  at  the  Wisconsin  Heights,  on 
the  2 1st  of  July,  where  they  were  again  badly  defeated, 
sixty-eight  of  their  number  being  killed  upon  the  ground, 
anj  many  more  dying  from  wounds  supposed  to  have  been 
received  in  this  fight  On  the  2d  day  of  August  they  were 
again  overtaken  at  the  Bad  Axe,  on  the  Mississippi  river, 
where  they  were  almost  annihilated  and  driven  out  of  the 
country. 

Now  it  will  be  seen  by  reviewing  the  events  of  the  Black 
Hawk  war,  that  this  battle  of  the  Peckatonica  was  the  first 
repulse  the  Indians  had  met  with;  and  it  will  also  be  seen 
that  the  only  battles  in  which  the  whites  were  successful 
Were  those  in  which  Col.  Dodge  anji  his  brave  volunteers 
^ere  engaged.    It  will  furthermore  be  seen,  that  they  were 
^^ays  in  the  front,  and  in  the  thickest  and  hottest  of  the 
fight.    There   can    be  no  reasonable  doubt,  but  that  the 
®pGedy  and  successful  termination  of  this  war  was  largely 
attributable  to  the  prompt,  energetic,  and  judicious  move- 
ments of  Col.  Dodge,  sustained  by  the  bold  and  brave  volun- 
^^rs  under  him. 

When  we  compare  the  duration  of  this  war,  and  the  cir- 
cumstances under  which  it  was  carried  on,  with  those  of  the 
other  Indian  out-breaks  of  this  country,  we  may  be  able  to 
^^^rtx  some  just  estimate  of  the  relative  fitness  and  efficiency 
^^  those  who  had  control  of  them.  The  Indian  war  of  Vir- 
^^Jiia  lasted  twenty-two  years;  the  Creek  war  and  those 
connected  with  it,  continued  for  three  years,  though  waged 
*^y  the  intrepid  Andrew  Jackson;  the  first  Seminole  war 
*^sted  one  year,  and  the  second  Seminole  war  lasted  two 
^^^rs;  and  these  wars  were  in  part  under  the  direction  of 
^^1.  Zachary  Taylor.  The  Black  Hawk  war  only  lasted 
^^out  three  months  at  the  most;  and  only  one  month  and 
^  half  after  Col.  Dodge  became  connected  with  the  manage- 
^^nt  of  it.  No  impartial  man  who  is  familiar  with  the 
^cts,  can  doubt  that  Col.  Dodge  was  the  main  Q.aM^e  oi  \\i^ 


200  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

speedy  and  successful  termination  of  this  war.  I  am  aware, 
however,  that  some  attempts  have  been  made  to  deprive  bim 
of  this  honor.  No  longer  ago  than  last  summer,  just  after 
the  celebration  of  this  battle  at  this  same  place,  an  article 
appeared  in  one  of  the  Milwaukee  papers,  I  do  not  now  re- 
member which  one,  to  the  effect  that  he  was  entitled  to  no 
credit  for  the  Rock  River  Rapid's  expedition, — that  Gten. 
Atkinson  ordered  him  and  General  Henry  there  to  find  the 
Indians;  that  he  hesitated  to  go,  and  after  he  got  there 
and  found  the  Indians,  as  the  article  stated,  he  refused  to 
fight  them,  saying  he  was  only  ordered  to  find  them,  and 
not  to  fight  them.  All  of  which  is  wholly  erroneous.  I  was 
with  Col.  Dodge  during  all  that  time;  so  was  my  father,  who 
was  Captain  of  one  of  the  volunteer  companies.  He  was  the 
warm  friend  of  both  Col.  Dodge  and  Gen.  Henry,  and  shared 
the  full  confidence  of  both  of  these  gentlemen,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  all  their  counsels  and  consultations.  He  often  in- 
formed me  that  it  was  at  the  suggestion  of  Col.  Dodge,  and 
not  in  pursuance  of  any  order  from  Gen.  Atkinson,  that  the 
expedition  to  the  rapids  of  Rock  river  was  undertaken;  and 
that  Col.  Dodge  was  justly  entitled  to  all  the  credit  and 
honor  of  that  expedition,  and  its  consequent  results.  This 
may  well  and  justly  be  said  without  any  disparagement 
or  discredit  to  Gen.  Henry,  who  was  doubtless  a  brave  and 
heroic  man,  but  wholly  inexperienced  in  Indian  fighting, 
and  greatly  the  junior  of  Col.  Dodge  in  years.  He  showed 
his  great  prudence  in  conceding  to  the  superior  knowledge 
and  experience  of  Col.  Dodge  in  the  management  and  con- 
duct of  the  war. 

Those  who  have  read  Gen.  Smith's  History  of  TFt5C0twt»» 
or  volume  second  of  the  Collections  of  the  Wis.  Hist.  Societyf 
will  remember  that  in  the  battle  of  the  Peckatonica,  a  young 
man  by  the  name  of  Black  was  mortally  wounded  at  the 
first  fire  of  the  Indians. 

This  young  man  —  or  boy,  rather  —  was  from  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  was  the  only  son  of  a  very  respectable 
widowed  lady.  He  was  attracted  to  this  country  by  the  gr©*^ 
lead  mine  excitement,  as  all  others  were  at  that  time.  H« 
Jived  at  the  old  Willow  Springs,  near  by  my  father's  housCi 


203  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

demanded  it;  and  knew,  furthermore,  that  some  of  us  woulc 
probably  be  killed.    I  must  confess,  it  was  not  the  most 
pleasant  subject  for  me  to  meditate  upon,  though  I  did  not 
think  I  would  be  killed  myself;  and  so  expressed  myself  to 
my  companion  and  mess-mate,  Black,  to  which  he  replied, 
"Well,  if  we  get  into  a  battle  I  know  I  shall  be  killed;  I  feel  it 
now  —  and  am  confident  that  it  will   be  so."     He  was  so 
earnest  and  confi<len{  about  it,  that  it  frightened  me,  until  I 
became  almost  to  realize  it  also,  and  then  told  him  if  I  really 
felt  as  he  did,  I  should  make  some  excuse  to  keep  out  of  any 
battle  until  that  feeling  left  me.    He  said,  ''No,  Peter,  I  would 
rather  be  killed  than  have  the  word  go  home  to  my  dear 
mother  that  I  was  a  coward.''    At  the  end  of  this  conversa- 
tion we  arrived  atWiota.    I  said  no  more  to  him  on  the 
subject,  for  it  oppressed  me,  and  he  said  nothing  further  tome. 

After  Col.  Dodge  had  made  his  brie^  and  fitting  address  to 
his  little  band  of  followers,  we  then  immediately  commenced 
the  pursuit,  and  the  Indians  were  soon  overtaken,  and  sure 
enough  Col.  Dodge  did  charge  them  "sword  in  hand  "  and 
sure  enough  the  unfortunate  Black,  true  to  his  sad  pre-, 
sentiment,  was  mortally  wounded. 

I  had  the  solicitude  of  a  brother  for  this  boy,  —  for  noth- 
ing but  a  boy  was  he.  He  was  my  junior  in  age  one  year. 
We  were  mess-mates,  and  had  galloped  side  by  side  in  hot 
pursuit  after  the  Indians,  and  went  together  into  the  en- 
gagement, and  he  was  shot  down  beside  me  by  a  ball  just 
burying  itself  through  the  skin,  just  above  the  ear,  but  so 
fractured  the  skull  as  to  prove  fatal,  while  I  only  lost  a  small 
lock  of  my  hair.  I  took  charge  of  him,  and  took  him  to  Fort 
Defiance,  where  my  father  s  family  were  forted.  For  a  te^ 
days  we  had  hopes  of  his  recovery.  On  the  eight  day  after  he 
was  shot,  we  learned  that  Dr.  Phillio,  an  eminent  surgeon 
from  Galena,  was  in  Wiota,  to  see  the  other  two  young  men 
—  Wells  and  Morris  —  who  were  wounded  in  the  same  batdft 
I  mounted  my  horse  and  galloped  to  Wiota,  and  brought 
Dr.  Phillio  to  see  my  dear  boy  friend;  but  when  he  aaw  him 
he  assured  me  there  was  no  hope  for  him,  —  that  the  skoU 
bone  was  so  fractured  that  death  must  ensue  in  a  few  day^ 
perhaps  in  twenty -four  hours.    On  the  second  night  aftof' 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.  2«)'J 

s  —  at  the  dark  hour  of  midnight  —  I  was  watch  ing  at  h  ii* 
1  with  its  solicitude  of  a  brother,  with  no  li;^ht  except 
was  given  by  the  small  glimmering  blaze  of  one  long  tal- 
andle.  I  saw  a  faint  smile  come  upon  his  countenance;  it  ^ 
ased  until  it  broke  out  into  quite  an  audible  laugh.    In 
")y  of  my  heart,  I  put  my  face  down  near  to  his  and  said, 
y,  my  dear  Sam,  what  pleases  you,  ho  as  to  make  you 
ti?"    He  replied:  "Well,  Peter,  I  was  just  laughing  at 
dea  of  Col.  Dodge  saying  he  would  charge  them  nword  -^ 
and,  when  there  were  but  two  swords  in  the  crowd," 
fellowl  he  knew  but  little  of  military  language,  but  be 
with  the  amusing  idea  no  doubt,  on  his  mind.    Th^jiw? 
)  his  last  words.    He  was  soon  after  a  cold  corj;v%  grirri 
rigid  in  death.    The  second  day  aft^rwafd^,   b^  warn 
3d  in  a  lone  and  solitary  grave,  with  the  Ufftytrn  (A  w»r^ 
perhaps  no  young  man  was  killed  flaritr^  the  f^mU^t 
36  death  was  more  lamentefl  than  hin. 
lis  circumstance  forcibly  brought  Uf  my  m\w\  a  ^/rrap 
istory  in  connection  with  the  death  of  ^/^i,  Kr^UUff'.k, 
rhich  it  was  said  that  after  he  wa4  wojri/WI  h';  laid  in 
ipparent  unconscious  state  for  freritr-f'^ur  bour^,  ar*4 
revived  so  as  to  say,  "Well,  who  w.viM  har^  tbo*igbt  it?^* 
I  relapsed  and  lay  twenty-four  houm  Iz/ng^r  in  iti^  HWfi^ 
irent  condition  when  he  again  revived,  ar*/l  itaW:  ''*A>JI, 
aust  do  better  next  time;"  which  I  cotild  v:a/'>rJr  Mt^ir^^ 
1  witnessing  the  occurrence  I  have  jam  t^Va^mA, 
lese  are  some  matters  connected  with  lVrk;^V/ni^:a  ^/at 
will  venture  to  notice.    My  father,  D.  M,  \'A/'K.'$'^f^^ , 
igh  a  Lieutenant  in  the  company  at  Fort  IJ  rflaw;-^   %4A 
command  in  this  contest,  serving  only  an  a  r/>h//*/>-f 
he  was  the  following  day  elected  Captaia  ^4  Vh^  f.'"/ 
pany  of  mounted  volunteers  o  *  Dodge's  ii(t\mAf^m 
I  the  Illustrated  Histories  of  foiva  and  f^/^i^M  ''- v>  ♦- 
pages  42S- 29,  it  is  stated  that  Little  Priail <9yM^  . ^  .-i 
Mtrty  so  completely  exterminated  at  Peckmtmm*Jif>   7    -^    * 
istake.    At  the  tim3  of  this  fight.  Little  F^iia^  ^-^     ^-- 
he  hostages  at  Gratiot's  Grove,  and  waf^ii^  i*V'^  <'—.-* 
some  weeks  after.    Another  evidence  ef '•*4»i«^'«*-"  "-: 
ty  memory  in  the  matter,  is  the  fact  that  blMMMM^.  v^/^^^. 


S04  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

to  the  Rock  Island  treaty  in  September  of  that  year.  Had 
he  been  slain  at  Peckatonica,  we  should  hardly  have  fouDd 
tim  sufficiently  'alive  and  kicking,"  three  months  there- 
•after,  lo  have  shared  in  making  an  important  treaty  with 
•our  Government. 

Lieut.  Fitch,  in  his  narrative,  is  mistaken  in  supposing  that 
it  was  the  same  Indian  with  whom  Levin  Leach  had  a  per- 
sonal rencounter,  that  Col.  Dodge  shot  with  his  pistol;  nor 
was  Leach's  Indian  the  leader.  Fitch's  mistake  probably 
arose  from  the  fact,  that  he  was  not  one  of  the  charging 
party;  but  had  been  assigned  by  Col.  Dodge  to  take  a  po- 
sition, some  little  distance  away,  to  aid  in  intercepting  any 
of  the  Indian  party  who  might  attempt  to  make  good  their 
escape.  I  was  near  Leach  at  the  time,  and  witnessed  the 
incident.  I  know  that  Leach  killed  the  Indian  himself  by 
thrusting  his  bayonet  through  him  after  he  jerked  him 
down  on  the  ground  by  the  end  of  his  antagonist's  spear, 
which  he  seized  hold  of,  to  prevent  the  Indian  from  running 
it  through  him.  I  am  sustained,  in  the  main,  in  this  view, 
by  Gen.  Bracken's  account.  Wis.  Hist.  Colls.,  ii,  373:  "In 
the  charge,  Levin  Leach  encountered  a  warrior  armed  with 
a  spear;  parrying  the  thrusts  of  the  Indian  with  his  bayonet, 
he  dropped  his  gun,  sprang  upon  him,  wrenched  his  spear 
from  him,  and  with  it  ran  him  through  the  body."  Gen. 
Bracken  erred  in  saying  that  in  was  with  the  Chiefs  spear 
that  Leach  killed  him  —  I  can  state  with  a  certainty  that 
it  was  done  with  the  bayonet. 

Col.  Dodge  was  at  the  other  end  of  the  line,  and  so  was 
the  Indian  leader  whom  he  killed  —  at  least  he  said  he  did, 
and  no  one  ever  doubted  it.  This  version  of  Col.  Dodge's 
exploit,  is  well  substantiated  in  Patterson's  enlarged  edition 
of  his  work  on  Black  Hawk,  1882  p.  170:  "Col.  Dodge  in 
speaking  of  this  engagement  [Peckatonica]  at  Galena, 
after  the  close  of  the  war,  said  he  was  amazed  at  the  des- 
peration displayed  by  a  big,  burly  brave,  who  came  toward 
him  with  his  gun  on  his  shoulder,  and  halted  quickly  when 
only  a  few  paces  from  him,  drew  the  trigger,  and  was  sorely 
disappointed  in  his  gun  not  going  oflf.  Quick  as  thought? 
the  Colonel  brought  his  rifle  in  position,  pulled  the  trigger; 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.         205 

towina:  to  the  dampness  of  the  pDwder,  it  failed  to  go  otf. 
the  meantime,  the  brave  was  coming  towards  him  knife 
hand,  and  desperation  in  his  eyes,  and  when  only  a  few 
et  from  him,  the  Colonel  shot  him  down  with  his  revolver." 
Gen.  Bracken's  brief  account  of  the  affair  is  substantially 
e  same — Wis.  Hist  Colls,  ii,  371:  *'When  I  got  to  the 
md,  I  found  no  enemy  before  me;  and  at  the  same  moment 
heard  the  General  [Dodge]  who  was  a  little  to  my  left, 
ly  — there's  an  Indian,  kill  him;  I  turned  toward  him  and 

sard  a  shot;  and  as  I  came  up  he  said:  'There,  by  G ! 

ve  killed  him  myself.'  This  was  the  Indian  commander." 
I  have  said  that  Little  Priest  was  a  small  Indian,  about 
lirty-five  years  of  age.  The  apparent  Indian  commander 
t  the  Peckatonica  battle  was  a  tall,  gallant  looking  fellow, 
t  least  five  feet  ten  inches  in  heigth,  of  commanding  mein, 
nd  appeared  to  be  about  fifty  years  old.  He  had  much  to 
ay,  exhorting  his  men,  during  the  chase  preceding  the  bat- 
le,  often  running  backwards,  talking  to  and  encouraging 
bem,  and  haranuging  them  constantly  during  the  fight, 
le  was  the  one  killed  by  Col.  Dodge. 

Lieut.  Matthew  G.  Fitch,  who  shared  in  the  Peckatonica 
xpedition,  and  has  left  us  his  recollections  of  the  conflict, 
'^as  a  native  of  Kentucky.  He  was  a  nepliew  of  Hon.  Wm. 
.  Graves,  of  that  State,  who  killed  Hon.  Jonathan  Cilley, 
f  Maine,  in  a  duel,  in  18:39,  while  both  were  members  of  Con- 
fess. Mr.  Fitch  came  to  Wisconsin  in  18*^7.  He  served  as 
lieutenant  in  D.  M.  Parkinson's  company  on  the  Black 
iawk  campaign,  sharing  in  the  actions  at  Wisconsin 
heights  and  Bad  Axe,  and  was  a  good  officer.  There  are  in 
he  cabinet  of  the  Historical  Society  some  of  Fitch's  per- 
onal  relics  —  among  them,  his  powder-horn,  with  the  date 
S28rcut  on  it.  He  was  not  in  public  life  after  the  war.  He 
lied  at  Mineral  Point,  Iowa  County,  Wisconsin,  about  April 
•3,1844,  in  the  prime  of  life,  and  much  regretted.  He  was 
indlT  size,  sqme  five  feet  eight  inches  in  stature,  weighing 
perhaps  one  hundred  and  forty  pounds.  He  left  a  widow 
nd  four  children,  who,  after  his  death,  went  to  Texas  with 
Irsr  Fitch's  father,  Geor^jje  Carroll,  a  nephew  of  GhaYWs 


y 


WG  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Carroll,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Indeper 
ence. 

Maj.  R.  H.  Kirkpatrick,  who  served  with  credit  at  Pec 
atonica,  died  in  1834,  at  Diamond  Grove,  three  miles  nori 
west  of  Mineral  Point.  In  all  the  various  relations  of  li 
both  public  and  private,  he  was  a  first-class  man.  Hiswid( 
still  survives. 

Lieut.  Porter,  who  also  figured  in  the  Peckatonica  aff£ 
belonged  at  Mineral  Point.  Mrs.  Elvira  J.  Whiteside,  who  p 
sonallj  knew  him,  says  his  first  name  was  John.  She  agn 
with  me  in  thinking  that  on  the  opening  of  the  Dubuc 
mines  after  the  Black  Hawk  war.  Porter  repaired  to  tl 
point  and  died  there. 

Since  the  death  of  Maj.  Wm.  Deveise,  near  Bellevi 
Dane  County,  Aug.  22, 1885,  in  his  ninety -third  year,  I  kni 
of  none  of  my  fellow  associates  of  Peckatonica  battle  n 
surviving.    After  over  fifty-three  years,  1  alone  remain. 

Col.  D.odge's  battalion  marched  across  the  country 
join  Gen.  Atkinson  on  Rock  river.  It  was  on  this  roi 
between  now  Exeter,  in  Green  County,  and  Rock  rive: 
some  say  near  First  or  Kegonsa  Lake — but  it  was  nearer  Lj 
Kosh-ko-nong,  at  our  encampment,  early  in  the  morni 
that  White  Crow,  with  six  of  his  warriors,  joined  us,  tend 
ing  his  services  to  pilot  the  troops  to  the  locality  of  Bh 
Hawk.  Whether  White  Crow  was  justly  chargeable  w 
intended  treachery  may  be  a  debatable  question;  I  thi 
however,  he  was  —  not,  perhaps,  in  trying  to  mislead 
army  to  Black  Hawk,  but  in  pretending  friendship  to 
whites,  when,  in  fact,  it  was  quite  clear  that  his  sj 
pathies  were  for  Black  Hawk. 

His  conduct  at  and  near  Lake  Kosh-ko-nong  was  tl 
He  had  said  to  Col.  Dodge  and  others  that  he  knew  wh< 
Black  Hawk  was  encamped,  and  would  be  our  guide  tht 
if  desired.  His  proposal  was  at  once  accepted;  but  oni 
march  that  day,  we  were  met  by  an  express  from  Gen. . 
kinson,  ordering  Col.  Dodge  and  Gen.  Alexander,  who  wt 
then  together,  to  march  directly  to  him,  which  threw  us 
the  route  we  were  pursuing  under  the  guidance  of  Wh 
Crow,     AVhen  the  chief  learned  of  these  orders  he  ref us 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.         207 

to  accompany  us,  saying  he  did  not  agree  to  conduct  us  to 
Gen.  Atkinson.  It  was  only  by  the  use  of  severe  language 
on  the  part  of  Col.  Dodge,  that  White  Crow  was  prevailed  -> 
on  to  continue  with  us.  We  reached  Atkinson's  camp  that 
night,  and  returned  the  next  day  to  Whitewater  near  where 
Black  Hawk  was  encamped. 

That  night  Capu.  Charles  Dunn  —  afterwards  Chief  Justice 
Dunn,  of  Wisconsin  —  was  accidentally  wounded.  The  next 
morning,  a  reconnaissance  of  Black  Hawk's  encampment 
was  made  —  Black  Hawk's  Island,  at  the  upper  end  of  Lake 
Kosh-ko-nong  —  by  Col.  W.  S.  Hamilton,  who  at  that  time  -• 
commanded  a  small  company  of  rangers  and  spies  made  up 
of  friendly  Menomonees  and  some  whites.  It  was  found  that 
Black  Hawk  had,  during  the  preceding  night,  abandoned 
his  encampment.  It  proved  to  be  a  very  advantageous  posi- 
tion  for  him,  in  case  he  had  been  attacked  from  the  opposite 
or  west  side  of  the  river,  which  was  thought  to  have  been 
the  pre-arranged  plan  between  him  and  White  Crow;  and 
it  was  believed  by  many,  that  in  case  Dodge  and  Alex- 
ander had,  under  the  guidance  of  White  Crow,  attacked 
Black  Hawk,  in  this  almost  unapproachable  position,  they 
would  have  been  defeated.  It  was  in  this  view  of  the  case,  > 
that  suspicions  of  treachery  were  entertained  against  White 
Crow.  His  village,  I  think,  was  on  the  western  side  of  Kosh- 
ko-nong  Lake;  but  the  troops  did  not  pass  in  sight  of  it. 

I  have  no  recollection  of  the  locality  of  the  Burnt  Village, 
said  to  have  been  on  White-water.  None  of  our  troops 
could  have  burned  it,  or!  I  think,  I  should  have  remembered 
the  circumstance.  Cranberry  Lake  of  those  days  is  what  is 
now  known  as  Horicon  Lake. 

Pierre  Paquette,  with  some  five  or  six  Indians,  joined  us 
at  some  point  near  t^ie  Four  Lakes;  and  were  with  us  in 
the  battle  of  Wisconsin  Heights,  but  left  immeiiately  there- 
after. 

I  can  recall  nothing  about  the  Indian  ambuscade  formed 
^6ar  the  crossing  of  the  Catfish;*  but  Indian  si^ns  were 
fresh  and  plenty.    Our  encampment,  on  the  night  of  July 


*  Mentioned  by  CoL  D.  K  ParkinsoD,  U7s.  Hwt,  Coll«.,  \\/i^^. 


208  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

20th,  was  in  the  woods,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  north  of 
the  north-east  end  of  ^Monona  or  Third  Lake,  and  about  one 
mile  north-east  of  the  present  crossing  of  the  Catfish  or 
Yahara.  We  entered  what  is  now  Madison  the  next  morn- 
ing, between  the  Third  and  Fourth  Lakes,  crossing  the 

^.'  Catfibh  at  or  near  where  the  bridge  now  spans  that  stream, 
nearly  south  of  the  former  residence  of  Wm.  Welch,  Esq. 
After  crossing  Catfish,  the  Indian  trail  led  along  the  slight 
ridgeway  betwean  Moaana  or  Taird  Lake  and  the  marshy 
land  on  the  west.  Reaching  the  point  where  the  "Lake 
House"  hotel  formerly  stood,  just  above  S.  L.  Sheldon's 
agricultural  depot,  a  lone  Indian  was  killed.    Then  turning 

_.  nearly  due  west,  we  pursued  almost  precisely  over  the 
ground  where  the  Capitol  now  stands  —  thence  nearly  due 
west,  leaving  the  summit  of  L'niversity  Hill  slightly  to  the 
north.  This  was  mv  first  visit  to  the  site  of  Madison. 

During  the  chase  of  the  21st,  occurred  the  incident  men- 
tioned by  Wakefield,  in  his  work  on  the  Black  Hawk  war, 
of  one  of  Dodge's  men  having  received  three  wounds  from 
one  shot  of  a  wounded  Indian.  It  took  place  about  fifteen 
miles  west  of  Madison,  and  not  far  from  the  route  of  the 
present  road  to  Sauk  Prairie.  The  Indian  was  on  foot,  and 
a  straggler,  and  when  discovered  by  our  advanced  men, 
ho  attempted  to  deceive  them,  by  crying  out,  Winnebagol 
Winnebago!  It  was  regarded  as  a  weak  device  —  and  if 
really  a  Winneluigo.  he  was  found  in  bad  company,  in  the 
wake  of  the  flying  foe.  and  was  immediately  shot;  and  while 
in  the  aot  of  talhng,  he  raised  his  gun,  and  shot  a  young 
n\an  of  i\ipt.  Olark^sovMnpany,  of  White  Oak  Springs,  whose 
nniuo  I  havo  fv^r»:onen.  I  was  near  by,  and  witnessed  the 
iuvMiiom  the  so!J.icr  re^vivevl  but  one  ball,  and  that  in  the 
thi>:h. 

I  \vas  no:  a:  the  Rul  Axe  K^:ile.  I  heard  afterwards, 
in  4;vuor,vl  tt  r;r.s,  v^:  the  iV!>ivx^ging  of  the  Indians  upon  an 
isi;uui.  I  ;ui:;k  ;l:e  s:au:r.eni  of  Grn.  Bracken  is  correct  as 
To  :Ju^  r;::^u::  v^t  :ho  :';:j:;::vt>$  bv  :he  Sioux:  and  mv  recollec- 
tiv^n  row  ,s.  :V,a:  :•.:>  v-^'^*'*  ^"^^^  by  order  of  Gen.  Atkinson, 
and  was  ov  r.ol  >  :hi>.v;:xa>v,e— how  many  were  killed,  ^^ 
i3<Mc\'*  *:c  ::n::<*',v  >:auo,.    \  \\.v.\5l  vV.^  slain  of  the  Sauks  ft^^ 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.  •vH)a 

Foxes  were  mostly  women  and  children.    Black  Hawk  did 
not  accompany  the  main   bod}^  of  fugitives,  but  retired  by  y 
way  of  Chippewa  river,  to  the  Dells  of  Wisconsin,  where  he 
was  captured  by  friendly  Winnebagoes. 

Of  Col.  Marsh,  who  accompanied  Col.  Hamilton's  rangers, 
I  can  give  no  account  after  the  war. 

Capt.  J.  P.  B.  Gratiot,  who  was  with  us  at  the  Blue  Mounds, 
at  the  time  of  the  surrender  of  the  Hall  girls,  was  on  no 
other  occasion  in  service  with  Col.  Dodge.  He  was  Captain 
of  the  company  stationed  at  Fort  Gratiot,*  and  doubtless 
had  charge  of  the  W  innebago  hostages  kept  there. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  preserve  a  record  of  such  of  Col. 
Dodge's  camping  places  as  I  can  recall.  I  joined  his  bat- 
talion of  mounted  men  at  Porter's  Grove  at  noon  on  the  3rd 
of  June,  the  day  of  the  surrender  of  the  Hall  girls  that 
night  at  the  Blue  Mounds,  where  we  camped  that  night. 
The  following  two  nights  we  made  our  encampment  at  Por- 
ter's Grove  on  the  premises  of  Col.  James  Morrison,  where 
Col.  Dodge  and  Col.  Henry  Gratiot  held  a  council  with  the 
Winnebagoes.  The  night  of  June  the  0th,  we  encamped  at 
Gratiot's  Grove,  having  escorted  the  hostages  there,  which 
the  Winnebagoes  had  given  as  a  pledge  of  their  good  be- 
havior; the  next  night  at  Kirker's  farm,  at  the  head  of 
Appleriver,  in  Joe-Daviess  county,  Illinois;  and  the  follow- 
>ng  night  on  Rock  river,  where  the  city  of  Dixon  now  stands. 

From  this  point  Col.  Dodge  made  an  expedition  to  Ottawa, 
on  the  niinois  river,  where  Gen.  Atkinson  then  encamped 
^ith  his  regulars,  and  there  we  staid  one  night.  Returning 
to  our  respective  Forts  in  the  Mining  country,  we  made  our 
<?amp8  at  the  same  localities  as  on  our  outward  march.  We 
^^camped  at  Spaflford's  farm,  near  Wiota,  on  the  night  of 
^*^6  massacre  at  that  place,  and  the  following  night  also. 

Our  camping-places,  while  on  the  expedition  against  Black 
^ftwk,  in  the  upper  Rock  river  country,  I  will  give  as  nearly 
^  I  can  fix  them.  The  first  night  at  Wiota;  the  next  at 
■^^gyle;  the  third  at  Sugar  river  Diggings,  at  or  near  what 


^he  HMoriea  of  Iowa  and  Lafayette  Counties,  472,  make  the  same  state- 


210  Wisconsin  Statb  Historical  Society. 

is  now  called  Exeter;  th<^  next  night  at  some  point  in  tb^ 
wilderness  between  Exeter  and  Rock  river — apparently  in 
the  present  township  of  Oregon  —  where  White  Crow  andhiis 
party  joined  us.  The  next  night  we  encamped  on  a  sandy 
ridge,  about  twelve  or  fifteen  miles  in  a  westerly  directioii 
from  Fort  Atkinson;  and  the  next  day  reached  Gen.  Atkiix- 
son's  camp,  where  the  Fort  named  after  him  was  located— thi^^ 
according  to  Wakefield,  was  the  Cth  of  July. 

The  commands  of  Gens.  Henry  and  Alexander,  and  Col - 
Dodge,  were  now  ordered  to  Fort  Wmnebago  for  a  supply  o^ 
provisions.    The  encampments  on  this  route  were  not  any 
notable  localities,  and  I  presume,  are  not  material;  and   I 
may  say  the  same  of  the  return  trip  to  the  Rapids  of  Rocl^ 
river,  where  we  arrived  the  third  day  from  Fort  Winnebagc 
We  now  started  in  hot  pursuit  of  Black  Hawk  and  his  ban< 
of  fugitives.    The  first  camp  I  need  specify  was  that  of  Jul 
20th,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  north  of  the  north-east  end  (p- 
Monona  or  Third  Lake,  as  already  described;  then  we  campe< 
two  nights  on  the  Wisconsin  Heights  battle-ground.    This  i 
the  extent  of  my  personal  knowledge  of  the  matter. 

I  will  close  my  paper  with  my  estimate  of  the  salieik-  ^ 
points  of  Gen.  Dodge's  character  —  particularly  of  his  publi 
career.    Henry  Dodge  was  no  ordinary  man,  whether 
garded  as  a  citizen,  a  hero,  or  a  statesman.    But  few  mei 
in  ancient  or  modern  times,  possessed  these  three  prominea      * 
characteristics  of  the  great  man,  more  fully  than  did  Gei 
Dodge.    As  a  citizen,  he  was  just,  kind  and  obliging.     Dii 
•charging  with  promptness  and  fidelity  all  the  obligation;^ 
imposed  upon  him,  either  by  the  customs  of  society,  or  thi^ 
laws  of  his  country.     He  lawed  not,  he  wrangled  not  witl 
his  neighbors;  but  lived  in  cordiality  and  friendship  wil 
them.    In  his  disposition,  he  was  kind-hearted  and  generous  - 
-in  these  respects  he  was  not  unlike  the  old  "Hereof  th^ 
Hermitage/'    Although  he  had  a  ''bold  and  daring  head,' . 
he  had  a  kind  and  generous  heart.    In  these  respects,  hi 
perhaps,  was  not  always  understood;  some  supposed,  becausi 
he  was  a  bold  and  daring  man,  he  was  harsh  and  cruel; 
such  was  not  the  case.    I  knew  him  well,  and  in  times  o- 
great  excitement  and  perplexity,  aivdiv^vviY  kivew  anythini 


Reminiscences  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.  211 

like  cruelty,  or  harshne«?s  in  his  nature.  But  on  the  contrary, 
knew  many  things  which  showed  his  kind  and  generous 
nature. 

Ouly  one  of  which  I  shall  relate.    It  was  at  an  early  time 

in  this  country,  when  Gen.  Dodge  was  living  with  his  family 

insome small  cabins,  near  the  present  village  of  Dodgeville. 

When  on  a  cold  November  evening,  just  at  night,  a  small 

boy  with  a  heavy  loaded  ox  team,  was  overtaken  by  a  storm 

near  the  cabins.     In  his  own  language,  he  could  hardly 

niake  up  his  mind  whether  to  go  in  and  ask  Gen.  Dodge  if 

he  could  stay  all  night,  or  go  on  and  run  the  risk  of  freezing. 

He,  however,  adopted  the  former,  and  went  in  and  asked 

^f  he  could  stay  all  night.     He  said  Gen.  Dodge  replied  in 

*  kind  tone,  saying:  "My  son,  you  can  see  that  we  can 

scarcely  take  care  of  ourselves:  but  the  best  we  have,  you 

*hall  be  welcome  to;  we  can't  turn  you  out  doors."    He  im- 

'^ediately  sent  a  man  to  assist  him  in  taking  care  of  his 

^^am,  and  when  he  came  in.  Gen.  Dodge  conversed  with 

*^im  kindly  and  familiarly,  making  him,  as  the  boy  said, 

^^el  quite  at  home.    When  he  was  ready,  in  the  morning,  to 

^t;art,  he  asked  what  his  bill  was,  when  Gen.  Dodge  replied 

^'^  the  same  kind  tone,  "not  anything,  my  son;  we  do  not 

^eep  people  here  for  money.'- 

I  have  a  remarkable  instance  of  his  kind  and  considerat 
Mature  of  my  own  case.  When  I  joined  his  squadron  in  the 
^lack  Hawk  war,  I  was  a  mere  boy,  and  quite  a  stranger  to 
Hll  that  were  in  it.  He  took  me  into  his  own  mess,  and 
cared  for  me,  and  looked  after  me  with  the  kindness  of  a 
father. 

Heroism,  however,  I  always  regarded  as  Gen,  Dodge's 
most  prominent  trait  of  character.  This  was  universally 
accorded  to  him,  by  both  friend  and  foe.  I  never  heard 
any  one  question,  in  the  least,  his  claim  to  heroism.  Most 
any  man  can  be  a  good  citizen,  and  many  men  can  be  wise 
statesmen,  but  few  men  can  be  heroes.  Heroism  is  a  rare 
qualification,  and  but  few  men  possess  it.  The  world's  liis- 
tory  does  not  furnish  us  with  an  account  of  many  heroes. 

Gen  Dodge's  entire  military  course  partakes  largely  of  the 
heroic  character.    There  is  a  heroic  tinge  abovxV*  a\\\\Y&m^- 


V. 


-IN   StaTK    H:^7    Kh  AL  SOCIETV. 

:^.     Takins;  in:  .  oiiNtmly  the  five  Winno- 

-  Illiio  iliU!!.:-.  ..lurini^  the  Blark  Hawk 
■!ie  (•ireuni>ran'.t-'.  a  Lm)M  and  dariii'^art: 

::•  rve  an<l  oi^Miu'Sjs  of  a  hero  to  liavc 
.■:oompHshel  it.  Tiiero  were  about  os 
:'..j  ground  as  there  were  of  Dodge's  men. 
-.:y  of  warriors  were  close  at  hand,  and 
.}'  and  y;reatly  iuehned  to  seize  upon  any 

If*'  to  join  lUaok  Hawk  in  his  war  with 

^  :i:ions  to,  and  through  the  Rocky  ;^^oun- 
>.  among  tlie  numerous  and  liostile  tribe? 

-  re 'ions,  was  cliaracterized  hv  the  same 
-ments,  that  all  his  military  operation?^ 
::iat  upon  its  completion,  and  his  re- 

.:.  b.^th  houses  of  Congress  unanimously 

v.:  iiraentary  resolutions,  expressive  of 

.  ::.  and  approbation  of  the  heroic  ami 

r  :::  which  he  had  discharged  the  high 

:   ::n  led  to  him. 

..V  of  the  heroic  acts  of  (ien.  Dodge. 

■  ..:r.  with  the  appellation  of  hero. 

-\.M.sion  will  not  allow  me  to  go  into 

.  V    . :  his  course.    Suffice  it  to  sav,  he 

-  •  -  ■  .T'.est.  frank  and  sincere,  andox- 

—  .i::crs.  oi  state,  in  a  clear,  conci^'' 

'.'■■ .  >.'  Siorned  to  be  electricitv  in  his 

^-  ■  ■>  rv.anner,  when  a  Idres-iiig  the 

^        -.   ■•  wliLdi  august  body  he  servinl 

-  :•--;  •.  •:  its  most  honored  and  in- 

-  :  ry  »..f  Wisconsin,  he  was  de- 
^^:  ^vs  .iiul  other  State  papers,  took 

•*.:>  L.>r  their  sound,  judieio^^' 
^     y-  -v.  :h.^  Executive  office  of  t^^^' 
'  c<  \c   ;:   th?  rirst  Senators  of  t^^"-' 

,^   -.•    .       ••  ^-^  vci  o>:imate  which  his  f*^^' 
i,i..j  ^  ^  .4. ;..::;  s  as  a  statesman. 


SKETCHES  OF  INDIAN  CHIEFS  AND  PIONEERS  OF  THE 

NORTH-WEST. 


By  COL.  JOHN  SHAW. 

These  reminiscences  of  Col.  Shaw,  like  his  Personal  Karrative,  which 
^rpeartd  in  the  second  volume  of  thi4  series,  were  dictated  by  him  in 
1B55 —he  was  then  blind — and  noted  down  by  the  Secretary  of  the  So- 
ciety, Other  matters  precluded  its  pu'  lication  at  the  time  with  his  iVdr- 
f^tive.  Col.  Shaw  passed  away,  as  recorded  in  our  sixth  volume,  in  1871. 
He  possessed  a  fine  memory  of  historical  events.  The  Indians  conferred 
on  bim  the  name  of  Es-sap-pan,  or  The  Raccoon  —  perhaps  expressive  cf 
^  cunning  and  sagacity.  L.  C.  D. 

Treaty  of  Portage  De  Sioux. —  At  this  treaty,  held  a  Httle 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  in  1815,  the  United  States, 
I  understood,  acquired  a  title  to  the  Lead  Region.  But  the 
Sstiiks  and  Foxes  generally  repudiated  the  authority  of  the 
chiefs  and  head  men  who  ceded  that  territory,  as  hunting 
hstd  become  so  poor,  that  they  relied  much  on  digging  lead 
nxineral  and  smelting  it,  and  selling  it  to  procure  such  nec^ 
essaries  and  comforts  as  they  desired. 

CoL  Robert  Dickson  obtained  an  unbounded  influence 

over  the  Indians  of  the  North-We«t.    He  established  a  law, 

that  no  Indians  should  engage  in  war  with  each  other  within 

twenty-five  leagues  of  Prairie  du  Chien  —  that  wide  belt  of 

country  should  be  strictly  neutral  ground.    I  think  he  must 

l^ave  made  Prairie  du  Chien  his  summer  home  for  some 

thirty  years  prior  to  the  final  pacification  in  1815.    When 

P®*ce  was  proclaimed,  he  spoke  to  a  large  assemblage  of  his 

^  children^  and  informed  ihem  that  the  treaty  rendered  it 

^^^ssary  for  him  to  retire  to  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 

*^^  Hudson's  Bay;  that  it  caused  the  deepest  gloom  in  his 

^^d  to  be  compelled  to  leave  his  much-loved  children,  and 

"^"t  he  could  never  recover  from  this  sorrow.    The  Indians 

"J^  ^eir  tears  and  grief  for  many  days  evinced  their  strong 

^^^^chment  for  their  father  and  friend . 


nA  AVisc'oNSiN  State  Historkwl  Society. 

The  Sioux  Chief  La  Feuille,  or   TJie  Leaf.— Xhout  1S18' 
some  of  the  inhabitants  of  Prairie  du  Chien  were  killed  by 
tho  Winnfbagoos.    The  Sioux  were  the   particular  friends 
of  the  Fn*nch,  and  La  Feuille,  or  The  Lea/,  was  their  head 
chief  of  the  seventeen  bands  of  the  Sioux,  residing  south  of 
the  Minnesota  or  St.  Peters,  some  four  or  five  hundred  miles 
from  Prairie  du  Chien,  as  the  Indians  then  estimated  dis- 
tances. 

La  Feuille,  accoinp.iniel  by  about  nfty  warriors,  made 
his  api'carance  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  in  response  to  an  invi- 
tation from  the  French  people  of  that  place,  who  received 
the  chief  and  his  party  with  hearty  welcome. 

La  Feuille  was  then  apparently  about  twenty-eight  years 
of  age,*  and  very  nearly  seven  feet  high,  of  great  muscular 
frame  though  not  overburdened  with  flesh,  with  coawo 
features  and  long  visage.  He  was  majestic  in  his  appear- 
ance, with  a  firm  step,  and  commanding  mien.  He  called  » 
council  of  the  Winnebagoes,  and  when  assembled  in  * 
bowery,  in  Prairie  du  Chien,  constructed  for  such  purposed* 
he  thus  substantially  addressed  them: 

"  You  WinnebagoesI  the  enemy  of  the  white  man  and  of- 
all  Indians,  but  too  insignificant  to  be  worthy  of  my  notice- 
Had  it  not  been  for  the  call  of  m}'  white  brethren  here,  i^' 
forming  me  that  you  have  been  repeating  your  murderot*-^ 
deeds  by  killing  some  of  my  esteemed  friends,  I  should  n^* 
be  here  in  council  with  you  to-day.    Upon  this  call,  I  coul^ 
hardly  make  up  my  mind  to  any  other  course  than  yoi>^ 
total  extermination;  and  you  could  not  have  expected  an; 


'  U  wat)  more  likely  prior  to  the  e8tablishin;fiit  of  Fort  Crawford  i 
1810.  L.  a  D. 

'  Waba-shaw,  or  The  Leaf,  the  person  here  referred  to,  signed  the  trrtit:^. 
at  Prairio  du  Chien  ia  18-25,  and  was  probably  older  than  CoL  Shaw  m\ 
posed.  He  had  fought  for  tl^e  B^iti^h  during  the  war  of  1812-15,  at  nu 
tioned  iu  a  note  on  page  104,  ii,  Wis,  Hist.  Colls.,  and  was  perhaps  qoit^^^^ 
young  at  that  time.  Whe  i  there  are  successive  chiefs  of  the  same  nam^^^ 
it  iH  Bometiines  difficult  to  determine  which  one  is  referred  to  in  our  vaKi^^  ^ 
accounts  of  Indian  liistory.  Tiie  *  great  Wa-ba-shaw/  who  Agmed  dnrin-r: 
the  period  of  the  lii'vulutionary  war,  and  is  briefly  noticed  in  NeilFs  Mi 
ncsota,  pp.  228-80,  was  probably  the  father  of  this  chief  of  the  sami 
nien(ione(]  by  Col.  Shaw.  L.  C  D. 


Indian  Chiefs  and  Pioneers  of  the  North- West.     215 

thing  less,  from  my  declaration  on  the  last  occasion  when  I 
met  you  here  to  chide  yon  for  a  similar  act  of  perfidy. 

"  You  WinnebagoesI  I  will  now  speak  to  you  in  words 
that  cannot  be  misunderstood.  If  I  am  ever  called  upon 
again  to  take  you  to  task  for  killing  my  white  brethren 
here,  I  will  come  down  from  the  interior  wilderness  with 
ray  leaves  [warriors],  and  will  annihilate  you;''  and  pulling 
out  a  hair  from  his  head,  aud  blowing  it  from  his  hand, 
added:  "  I  will  thus  blow  vou  awav,  so  you  shall  never 
again  make  water  in  the  streams  flowing  into  the  mighty 
Mississippi.    Do  you  understand  me?" 

The  Winnebagoes  gave  a  hideous  gruut,  acknowledging 
that  they  fully  comprehended  it,  and  soon  sntaked  oflf.  But 
they  stealthily  kept  up  their  depredations. 

About  182*2,  La  Feuille  again  visited  Prairie  du  Chien, 
with  some  live  hundred  of  his  people,  and  in  council'  spoke 
of  his  nation  having  formerly  been  the  fast  friends  of  the 
French  —  their  first  lov:e  of  white  folks;  the  traditions  of 
which  would,  he  said,  be  handed  down  to  the  latest  genera- 
tions of  the  Sioux;  that  their  associations  with  the  French 
were  more  congenial  to  them  than  with  any  other  people;, 
but  the  French  as  a  nation  were  weak  and  imbecile.  The 
next  friends  we  had,  he  said,  were  the  Great  Lion,  the  Saga- 
iiash,  or  English,  and  being  warriors,  the  alliance  was 
agreeable;  and  for  the  British  representative,  Col.  Robert 
Dickson,  with  whom  they  were  so  long  on  terms  of  intimacy, 
tbey  cherished  feelings  such  as  words  could  never  express, 
Ifow  it  was  proposed  to  him  and  his  people  to  make  a  treaty 
of  friendship  with  the  Che-muck-o-mins  or  Long  Knives, 
'''ho  had  now  become  their  neighbors,  and  they  had  consid- 
^'^  the  matter  well.  *^  It  is  our  interest,"  continued  La 
feuille,  "  to  form  the  new  association,  as  our  American 
*^ather  has  furnished  us  with  so  bountiful  a  supply  of  arti- 
cles that  we  need  —  and  this  is  the  best  evidence  we  can 


The  treatj  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  in  1825,  is  doubtless  referred  to,  where 
^  iMU&e  of  Wa-ba-shaw,  or  The  Leaf,  heads  the  liht  of  signers  on  the  part 

the  Sioux  Indians.  He  is  unquestionably  the  chief  mentioned  on  page 
^*.  Vol  «d,  Wi».  Hist  Colls ,  who  aided  in  bringing  the  Sauk  war  of  1832 
*^*clo«e,  \..e,.\i. 


2n;  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Societt. 

have  why  we  should  form  such  an  alliance.  See  what  a 
large  number  of  presents  our  American  Father  has  sent  wl 
See  the  clothing  for  ourpelves,  squaws  and  children;  seethe 
guns  and  the  wampum;  and,  above  all  the  rest,  and  what  is 
most  conclusive,  see  the  milk  of  the  nation,  so  kindly  sent  us 
<^  by  our  Great  Father"—  pointing  to  a  row  of  fifteen  barrels 
of  whisky.  A  treaty  of  friiendship  was  formed;  and  La 
Feuille  continued  amicable. 

Tomah, — The  Menomonee  chief  Tomah  descended  the 
river  from  Prairie  du  Chien  to  St.  Louis,  in  1817,  in  companj 
with  me.  He  could  speak  some  words  in  French,  and  was 
quite  companionable,  frequently  indulging  in  pleasantry 
and  drollery.  He  was  then  quite  advanced  in  years,  but 
was  very  active,  and  made  camp  on  shore,  of  nights,  for  us 
both. 

Red  Bird  Disturbance,  1827.— Red  Bird  did  not  die  till 
after  his  trial  —  not,  as  Gen.  Smith  states  in  his  History  of 
Wisconsin,  before  his  trial.    He  was  tried  and  convicted, 
togetner  with  Chick-hong-eic,  or  The  Little  Steer,  and  Wi- 
na-ga,  or  The  Sun:  but  the  sentence  was  deferred  till  the 
last  day  of  that  term  of  the  court,  and  then,  from  some  cause, 
was  not  pronounced.    During  the  trial,  Red  Bird  repeatedly 
protested  against  the  whole  proceedings  as,  in  his  estima- 
tion, cowardly  and  unworthy  a  great  nation.    He  was  re- 
manded to  prison  to  await  his  sentence,  and  there  died.  He 
appeared  to  me  to  be  about  fifty  years  of  age,  and  there  was 
nothing  very  remarkable  in  his  appearance.    His  fellow 
culprits,  Little  Steer  and  The  Sun,  subsequently  received 
their  sentence,  but  were  ultimately  pardoned  by.the  Presi- 
dent.   I  think  there  were  eight  Winnebagoes,  instead  of  six 
as  Hen,  Smith  states,  who  voluntarily  surrendered  them- 
selves as  prisoners,  in  order  to  relieve  their  nation  from  the 
disastrous  effects  of  a  war  with  the  whites.    The  others 
were  finally  discharged  without  trial. 

Black  Ha  irk,  18:J2.—  Not  long  after  Black  Hawk's  capture 
I  (h^sconded  the  river  on  a  steamboat  with  him  from  Galena, 
mid  having  been  a  number  of  years  acquainted  with  hitn, 
hi!  ;ipp(N'ire(l  glad  to  see  me.  and  talked  freely  about  the  re- 
/'/'/;/  war.     H(i  said  he  had  been  in  irons,  but  he  was  the "*^ 


Indian  Chiefs  and  Pioneers  of  the  North-West.     217 

unshackled;  several  other  Indians  were  also  prisoners  with 
him,  one  of  whom  was  Wau-pel-la.*  Black  Hawk  had  an 
interpreter,  present,  a  Frenchman,  so  we  could  converse. 
He  said  he  was  glad  to  meet  with  one  who  could  compre- 
hend his  grievances,  and  spoke  of  the  misfortune  that  re- 
sulted from  the  misapprehension  on  the  part  of  the  white 
people  of  the  object  he  had  in  view.  That  ho  had  long 
been  in  the  habit  of  visiting  the  British  post  at  Maiden,  gen- 
erally yearly,  and  received*  with  his  people  liberal  presents. 
That  early  in  1832,  thinking  it  was  a  tedious  undertaking, 
to  make  that  long  journey  so  frequently,  and  that  the 
whites  were  then  over-running  and  gaining  possession  by 
pretended  treaties,  of  all  their  fine  country,  and  but  little 
game  remaining,  he  started  for  Canada,  with  such  of  his 
people  as  might  choose  to  follow  him,  with  the  design  of  re- 
maining there;'  that  he  had  been  forewarned  by  Keokuck 
and  other  chiefs,  that  in  going  in  the  direct  route  he 
proposed  through  the  settled  portions  of  the  country, 
he  and  his  party  would  be  regarded  by  the  inhabi- 
tants as  making  a  hostile  movement;  but  that  he.  Black 
Hawk,  thought  it  better  that  his  people  should  keep 
embodied  rather  than  get  scattered.  That  after  th«^y 
had  progressed  a  few  days  in  upper  Ilhnois,  he  found 
he  was  pursued  by  the  whites.  He  said  he  was  still  in 
hopes,  if  he  could  have  an  opportunity,  to  be  able  to  explain 
satisfactorily  the  reason  of  the  embodied  movement  of  his 
people,  but,  he  said,  he  had  been  grieviously  disappointed  in 
the  hope  of  a  peaceful  r(;tirement  to  Canada.  He  was  set 
upon  by  armed  men,'  which  he  supposed  was  only  the  ad- 
vance detachment,  and  now  concluded  that  war  was  inev- 
itable. 
Black  Hawk  related,  that  he  then  said  to  his  young  men, 

^Wan-peMa,  or  He-Who-is-Pamted-White,  sl  Fox  chi.-f,  was  signer  of 
^  treat  es  of  1S22. 1880,  1832  and  1830.  L.  C.  D. 

'This  story  of  Black  Hawk's  design  of  retiring  to  Canadi,  as  related  to 
Col. Shaw,  in  September,  1832,  is  singularly  at  van'ance  with  the  reasons 
^pnrpoaes  of  his  movements  as  dictated  in  his  auto-bio^ raphy  the  fol- 
'^'^iog year, and  appears  not  susceptible  of  reconciliation.  L.  C.  D. 

'CoL  FtUman's  pursuit 
15-H.a 


218  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

that  inasmuch  as  the  whites  had  commenced  making  war 
upon  them,  they  should  make  the  best  defense  they  could. 
He  expressed  his  surprise  that  the  Americans  could,  in  so 
brief  a  period,  have  assembled  so  large  a  force,  and  still 

"^  more  surprised  to  find  some  Indians  among  them.  That  he 
and  his  party  endured  great  fatigue  and  suffering  in  their 
march,  with  their  women,  children  and  baggage,  and  dis- 
covering that  the  whites  and  their  Indian  associates  were 
steadily  gaining  on  him,  he  sought  an  opportunity  of  speak- 
ing with  the  Indians  who  were  accompanying  the  Ameri- 
cans; but  finding  none,  he  went  back  some  distance,  the 
night  after  the  battle  of  Wisconsin  Heights,  and  ascended 
a  tree,  as  near  the  American  encampment  as  he  thought  it 

'  prudent  to  venture,  and  spoke  in  as  loud  a  voice  as  he  posi- 
bly  could,  desiring  the  American  Indians  to  inform  the 
whites  that  he  was  not  for  war;  that  he  was  only  endeavor- 
ing to  leave  the  country,  and  hoped  he  would  be  permitted 
to  do  so  in  peace. 

But  he  said,  he  knew  by  the  renewed  pursuit  of  the 
whites  the  next  morning,  that  further  conflict  was  inevita- 
ble, and  he  felt  convinced,  that  in  the  then  enfeebled  condi- 
tion of  his  people,  that  he  had  nothing  favorable  to  hope  for 
in  the  result.  He  now  changed  his  route,  and  directed  his 
course  towards  the  Mississippi;  and  to  facilitate  the  more 
rapid  movements  of  himself  and  people,  *' r^j''  were  com- 
pelled to  throw  away  all  their  heavy  and  most  cumbersomo 
articles.  The  whites  also  increased  their  speed,  and  he  and 
his  jaded  followers  were  overtaken  at  iiie  Bad  Axe  river— 
an  indiscriminate  massacre  took  place  —  many  were  killed 
and  drowned;  and  Black  Hawk  and  his  people  believing  that 
no  quarter  would  be  shown  them,  escaped  as  best  they  could, 
and  dispersed.    As  he  spoke  of  the  slaughter  of  his  people 

.-  at  the  Bad  Axe,  in  their  helpless  and  forlorn  condition,  tears 
coursed  down  his  aged  cheeks.  The  old  chief  added,  that  he 
was  soon  captured  and  put  in  irons;  but  finding  that  he 

-  would  not  attempt  to  escape,  the  irons  were  taken  off;  bul 
he  did  not  know  what  the  Americans  would  do  with  him. 
This  is  substantially  the  story  Black  Hawk  related  to  me. 
I  never  saw  him  afterwards.    In  conversation  with  him  at 


Indian  Chiefs  and  Pioneers  of  the  North-West.     i2li) 

ae  treaty  of  Portage  des  Sioux  in  1815,  he  said  that  he  had 
een  me  on  the  Missouri  frontier  many  times  during  the  war 
>f  1812-15  —  I  think  he  said  ho  saw  me  when  I  escaped  in 
the  canoe  at  the  mouth  of  Cuivre  river.'  I  saw  him  several 
times  before  the  Indian  troubles  of  1832,  at  Prairie  du  Chien 
and  elsewhere,  and  he  had  stopped  at  my  house  and  enjoyed 
my  hospitality.  He  consequently  seemed  to  rehearse  to  me 
liis  griefs  and  misfortunes  with  the  freedom  of  an  old  friend. 
Of  his  sons  I  have  no  knowledge. 

Ke-O'kuck. — At  the  time  of  which  I  am  now  speaking,  IS'oS, 
there  was  no  settlement  at  what  is  now  called  Ke-o-kuck,  ex- 
cept Still  well's  cabins.  Not  long  after  Black  Hawk's  dofcent 
of  the  river  as  a  prisoner,  the  remnant  of  his  band  arrived 
at  that  pointy  generally  in  canoes;  warriors,  women  and 
children,  numbering  ptjrhaps  two  hundred  altogether,  dis- 
embarked, and  sat  down  aloa^  the  beach.  Keokuck,  at  the 
head  of  a  fe^v  followers,  njw  mile  his  appearance  —  his 
first  meeting  with  them  since  their  dei)arture  on  their  ad- 
venturous and  disastrous  hegira.  He  appeared  to  be  some 
thirty  years  of  age;  and  as  he  approached,  and  beheld  his 
surviving  countrymen  and  associates,  some  wounded,  and 
^  haggard,  and  in  a  most  pitable  condition,  now  returning, 
and  looking  to  him  as  the  most  influencial  chief  of  the 
Sauk  and  Fox  nations,  for  friendship  and  i>rotection,  he 
was  deeply  moved  at  the  sight.  He  walked  along  their  line 
forward  and  backwi^rd,  for  some  minutes,  the  working  of 
the  muscles  of  his  face,  and  even  his  brawny  limbs,  evinc- 
ing the  strong  agitation  of  his  mind  at  beholding  such  a 
Kene.    He  burst  into  a  flood  of  tears  as  he  said  touchingly : 

"My  mothers,  my  sisters,  my  brothers  I  I  forewarned  you 
of  what  I  believed  was  inevitable  —  that  should  you 
persist  in  inarching  off  in  a  body,  your  attitude  would 
be  regarded  as  a  hostile  one,  and  you  would  be  destro^'ed. 
The  destruction  of  that  portion  of  our  nation,  of  which  you 
are  the  remnant,  has  been  nearly  effected.  Your  leader  is 
ipone  —  he  is  in  the  keeping  of  the  whites — we  know  not 
^hat  will  be  his  fate.    But  you  must  submit  to  your  condi- 


"Ori.  ShAW*s  Narrative,  ii.  Wis.  Hist.  Colls.,  pp.  207-2QB.  \*.C.\>. 


220  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

* 

tion,  and  must  now  fully  identify  yourselves  with  us,  the 
^  peaceful  portion  of  the  nation,  and  we  will,  to  the  utmost  of 
our  ability,  alleviate  your  sufferings,  and  supply  your  wants. 
You  know  mo  well,  and  know  that  I  never  had  a  desire  to 
^o  to  war,  either  against  the  white  or  the  red  man,  and  al- 
ways endeavored  to  inculcate  by  my  own  example,  that  peace 
was  our  true  policy.  Now  my  advice  to  you,  young  men, 
the  remnant  of  a  noble  band,  is  to  pursue  the  game  in  the 
forest,  and  not  seek  the  destruction  of  your  foUowmen, 
while  your  women  cultivate  th(»  soil  at  some  place  chosen 
tor  the  purpose,  and  there  live  in  peace  and  harmony 
with  all." 

All  were  deeply  affected,  and  wept  like  children,  and 
seemed  like  so  many  returning  prodigals.  I  w€^  present  at 
^this  scene,  and  had  my  feelings  as  deeply  stirred  within  me 
as  tlie  rest.  Gathering  up  what  little  they  had,  they  now 
followed  Ke-o-kuck  a  few  miles  up  the  Des  Moines,  where  he 
and  his  people  resided. 

Ke-o-kuck  was  a  noble  man,  and  a  good  friend  of  the  white's. 
,  His  father's  name  was  also  Keokuck,  and  was  the  head 
peace  chief  of  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  at  their  old  town, about 
two  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Rock  river,  between  the  Rock 
and  Mississippi,  while  a  small  portion  were  located  on  the 
opposite  or  southern  bank  of  Rock  river.  There  must  have 
been  five  thousand  acres  in  their  fields,  and  they  had  every 
appearance  of  long  occupancy  and  cultivation,  and  the  soil 
was  exceedingly  good.  There  doubtless  young  Ke-o-kuck 
was  born.  His  father  must  have  been  living  at  least  as  late 
as  1820;  I  know  not  when  he  passed  away  —  but  some  time 
between  1820  and  1832.' 

Black  Thunder  was  a  noted  chief  and  counsellor,  and  a 
very  remarkable  orator  of  his  day.  He  was  considered  the 
^'  ablest  speaker  of  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  of  his  time.  I  heard 
him  speak  when  I  went  up  Fevre  river  in  1810,  and  several 
times  afterwards;  and  can  testify  to  his  great  ability  as  an 
orator.    He  was  of  medium  size,  of  strong  expressive  fea- 

^  Probably  prior  to  1824,  as  tlie  name  of  Keokuck,  or  The  Watchful  fo^ 
doubtless  the  sod,  appars  appended  to  the  treaty  of  that  year,  as  well  ** 
to  the  subvequent  treaties  of  1825, 1830, 18;V2,  and  18:?G.  L.  C.  D. 


Indian  Chiefs  and  Pioneers  op  the  North- West.    2*^1 

ires,  with  a  brilliant  eye,  peculiarly  piercing  when  ani- 
mated with  his  subject  while  addressing  an  audience.  His 
nergy  was  unparalleled,  and  he  took  a  deep  interest  in 
?batever  pertained  to  the  welfare  of  his  people.  I  do  not 
mow  of  his  having  taken  any  part  in  the  troubles  of  1832, 
lorwhat  became  of  him.' 

Of  the  Prophet,  Nah-o-pops,  and  Wish-eet,  I  know  noth- 
ing worth  communicating. 

One-Eyed  De-Kau-ry  was,  I  think,  a  Sauk,  but  was  always 
identified  with  the  Winnebagoes,  perhaps  by  marriage;  his 
home  was  near  what  is  now  Portage  City.  I  have  seen  him 
atPrairie  du  Chien.  He  was  called  by  the  French  Le  Borgne, 
or  Hie  One-Eyed,    He  was  something  over  the  medium  size. 

Yellow  Thunder,  a  Winnebago  chief,  whom  I  frequently 
met,  was  a  man  of  great  ^esp^^ctibility  among  his  people, 
and  an  able  counsellor  in  all  their  public  affairs.  He  was  a 
Jealous  Catholic.  The  last  time  I  saw  him  was  at  the  Indian 
payment  in  1848,  at  Lake  Powakanna,  in  Winnebago  county. 
His  old  encampment,  called  the  Yellow-  Banks,  was  about 
five  miles  below  Berlin,  on  Fox  River.'* 

Dubuque's  Tomb, —  Julien  Dubuque  was  buried  on  a  very 
Mgh  promontory  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Mississippi,  at 
some  period  prior  to  1815,  about  a  mile  below  the  ])i-esent 
city  of  Dubuque.  A  tomb  was  erected  over  the  grave,  cov- 
ered with  tin,  and  on  a  bright  day  when  the  sun's  rays  would 
ivfleGt  from  it,  it  could  b3  seen  for  a  distance  of  a  dozon 
miles  below.  So  great  was  the  veneration  of  the  Indians 
for  Dubuque's  memory,  that  they  constantly  kept  vigil  for 
jears  over  his  tomb,  till  the  whites  became  quite  thickly  set- 
tted  in  the  country.    The  tomb  has  since  gone  to  decay. 

Tlie  Wisconsin  Portftfje. —  I  always  understood,  that  when 
tte trade  between  Mackinaw  and  the  Wisconsin  and  UpiuM* 


!Mark-k&-tan-a-na-ma-kee,  or  Black  Thnnder,  was  a  Fox  chiof,  ;in<l  :i 
•^'^  of  the  treaty  at  PorUigo  Des  Sioux,  in  Sf^ptonibiT,  1^15.  As  liis 
^^•'no  does  not  iippear  to  any  suhsoqiUMt  treatio-?,  he  prolxi  )ly  dio.l  not 
'^long  a  ter  Col.  Shaw  la-^t  saw  liiai.  T..  C.  T). 

*  He  was  a  b' ji^er  of  the  treaty  •  f  l>^'23,  and  liis  village  is  mentioned  in 
^Charlps  Whittlesey's  Recollect  ions  of  Whomia  in  lsV2,  p.  74,  vul.  I, 
^  Bid.  Coll8,  \.,  C.  \>. 


■X 


122  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


Mississippi  had  become  important,  the  early  French  adven- 
turers were  induced  to  make  a  sort  of  pole  or  corduroy  road 
over  a  marsh,  for  a  mile  in  length,  between  the  Fox  and 
Wisconsin,  and  construct  a  large  clumsily  formed  wagon  on 
which  to  transport  boats  across  the  portage,  of  ten  tons  bur- 
then. This  wagon  was  fully  fifty-eight  feet  in  length.  The 
lading  was  carried  on  the  backs  of  the  boatmen  or  Indians, 
or  on  the  rude  carriage.  This  custom  of  rolling  over  the 
traders'  boats  was  in  vogue  perhaps  some  thirty  years  or 
more,  and  ceased  upon  the  erection  of  Fort  Winnebago  in 
1828.  Baptist  Roy,  lately  a  citizen  of  Marquette  county, 
was  for  many  years  mainly  engaged  in  this  business,  as  was 
Pierre  Paquette,  of  the  Portage  region. 

Nicholas  Boilvin,  a  Frenchman,  was  United  States  Indian 
Agent  at  Prairie  du  Chien  in  1816,  and  subsequently.  His 
wife  was  formerly  a  Miss  St.  Cyr,  of  St.  Louis.  He  was  a 
faithful  public  officer,  of  moderate  ability,  but  never 
obtained  much  popularity  with  the  Indians.  He  left  sons 
and  daughters. 

John  W.  Johnson,  a  native  of  Maryland,  was  United 
States  Factor  at  Prairie  da  Chien,  in  181G,  and  afterwards. 
In  his  manners,  he  was  a  real  gentleman,  and  a  very  worthy 
man;  but  unfortunately,  he  was  quite  deaf.  He  married  » 
Sauk  woman,  and  raised  several  children,  and  educated 
them;  and  finally  retired  to  St.  Louis,  wealthy,  where  h© 
resided  the  last  I  heard  of  him.  ' 

Capt.  John  Throckmortou  and  one  Shellcross  were  tb6 
first  persons  who  engaged  in  steam-boating  on  the  Upp^^ 
Mississippi.    Throckmorton  first  brought  a  small  steame^» 
called  the  Red  Rover,  from  the  Ohio,  about  1820.    He  after- 
wards built  the  steam-boat    Warrior^  at  Pittsburgh,  at^^ 
engaged  with  it  in  the  Upper  Mississippi  trade,  and  h^ 
much  of  thfe  Government  patrona^^e  in  transporting  troops* 
supi)lies  and  Indian  goods  for  the  Factory  trade.     He  was  ^^ 
the  battle  of  Bad  Axe  with  his  steamer,  and  played  quit^  ^ 
part  in  that  affair.   He  was,  some  five  years  since,  still  na^*^' 
gating  the  Upper  Mississippi,  making  St.  Louis  his  home. 

September,  1855. 


CAUSES  OF  THE  BLACK  HAWK  WAK. 


Barbarous  Treatment  of  Indian  Women  and  Children. 


The  following  extracts  are  taken  from  the  Kentucky  Commomcealthj  of 
May  28th,  1833,  edited  by  tiie  late  Hon.  Orlando  Brown,  personally  known  ^ 
to  the  writer  of  this  note  as  an  able,  conscientious  man,  who  was  Secretary 
of  State  of'  Kentucky  under  Gov.  J.  J.  Crittenden,  an  1  Commissi  >ner  of 
Indian  Affairs  under  President  Tavlor.  L.  C.  D. 

"We  have  heretofore  alleged  tlie  existence  of  a  rumor 
that  a  son  of  Black  Hawk  had  been  taken  prisoner,  and  had 
received  five  hundred  lashes,  and  that  this  was  the  last  in  a  ^ 
series  of  outrages  that  had  induced  his  father  to  take  up 
arms.  Our  authority  for  asserting  that  such  a  rumor  ex- 
isted is  of  the  most  respectable  kind;  nay  more,  we  had  the 
information  from  two  gentlemen,  one  of  whom  ascended 
the  Ohio  river  with  the  Indian  chiefs  and  got  his  informa- 
tion from  them  —  the  other  gentleman  resides  near  the  dis- 
puted territory,  and  served  in  the  campaign  against  Black 
Hawk.  The  latter  gentleman  said  that  it  was  believed  that 
the  young  Indian  was  treated  in  the  unmerciful  manner  as 
described  in  our  article  upon  that  subject.  With  both  of 
these  gentlemen  the  editor  of  the  Globe  —  who  discredits 
this  rumor  —  has  a  personal  acquaintance,  and  if  their 
iiames  were  mentioned,  he  would  blush  to  think  how  reck- 
lessly he  had  doubted  an  assertion  which  could  be  so  authori- 
tatively sustained.  The  article  in  the  Olobe  is  one  of  singu- 
lar construction;  and,  in  its  zeal  to  correct  an  error,  admits 
a/ocf,  if  possible,  more  discreditable  than  that  from  which 
It  18  endeavoring  to  escape.  After  arguing  —  that  as  Black 
Hawk  said  nothing  about  the  flogging  of  his  son  when  he 
had  his  talk  with  the  President,  that  therefore  he  was  not 
flogrged  —  he  proceeds  to  state,  that  Black  Hawk  himself 
declared  that  "  he  crossed  the  river  to  raise  provisions  where 
^thought  he  had  a  right  to  raise  them/'  and  that  this  was 
the  cause  of  the  war.    Well,  if  his  silence  \a  coxvcXuw?^ 


224  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

proof  in  one  instance^  his  assertion  should  be  so  in  anothei 
and  how  glorious  does  not  that  nation  appear  who,  for  sue 
a  cause,  would  wage  a  war  of  extermination  upon  an  igno 
ant  people.' 

We  know  something  of  these  matters  from  our  own  obse 
vation,  and  have  witnessed  outrages  committed  upon  the  I 
dians  until  in  their  rage  they  gnashed  their  teeth  togeth< 
and  full  grown  and  bold  men  wept  like  little  children,  1 
cause  they  dared  not  to  make  any  resistance.  They  w€ 
not  afraid  for  themselves,  but  they  trembled  for  their  wii; 
and  children,  well  knowing  that  upon  the  slightest  pretc 
.the  cry  of  Indian  murders  would  be  raised,  and  their  trib 
would  be  overrun  in  a  moment.  On  one  occasion  a  poor  f 
low,  who  had  been  most  unmercifully  beaten,  was  advis 
to  appeal  to  the  courts  for  redress.  He  did  so;  and  notwil 
standing  he  made  out  a  clear  case  of  the  most  want 
ill-usage,  he  was  refused  any  compensation,  and  at  the  cc 
elusion  of  the  trial  he  had  to  fly  to  his  nation  to  save  1 
life.  This  occurred  in  a  small  village  bordering  on  t 
Choctaw  Nation.  Upon  this  trial,  a  peculiarity  in  the  ci 
toms  of  this  tribe  was  disclosed,  which  we  believe  has  nev 
been  taken  notice  of  in  any  written  account  of  them.  It 
the  Choctaiv  mode  of  Jightiny  a  duel.  The  interpreter  w 
introduced  as  a  witness  to  prove  the  extent  of  injury  whi 
the  Indian  had  received,  and  he  stated  that  a  messeng 
came  to  him  from  the  Indian,  urging  him  to  come  and  g 
him.  He  did  so;  and  on  his  arrival  found  the  Indian  in 
sitting  posture,  with  his  blanket  wrapped  closely  arou: 
him  and  rocking  his  head  between  his  hands.   The  interpi 


'  There  is  no  other  authority  for  this  story  of  the  whipping 
B'ack  Hawk's  son.  The  oM  chief,  in  lis  auto-biography,  states  that, 
1822,  tVtree  whites  met  him,  and  falsely  accused  him  of  stealing  th 
hogs  —  took  his  gun,  fired  it  off,  and  divested  it  of  the  Hint,  before  retu 
ing  it  to  him,  when  they  beat  him  so  severely  with  sticks  that  he  co' 
not  sleep  for  several  night  ;  and  subsfqui^nth*,  he  adds,  the  whites  "  bui 
our  lodges,  destroye  i  our  fences,  ploughed  up  our  corn,  and  beat  < 
people''^  His  8<m  may  have  been  one  of  the  number  thus  beaten.  At 
events,  these  club  law  beatings  were  among  tiie  complaints  of  Black  Ha 
and  bis  people.  L.  C.  D 


Causes  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.  22o 

terwasthsn  told  by  the  Indian  how  badly  he  had  been 
treated  by  a  white  man,  and  that  he  wished  the  interpreter 
to  go  and  tell  the  white  man  that  *^  the  Indian  meant  to  spoil 
himself.'*  Upon  being  interrogated  by  the  court  as  to  the 
meaning  of  the  message,  he  said  that  it  was  customary  with 
theChoctaws,  whenever  they  were  personally  maltreated 
or  grossly  insulted,  to  send  word  to  the  one  who  offered  the 
insult  or  committed  the  injury  that  they  meant  to  apoil 
themselves.  He  who  sent  the  message  took  leave  of  his 
friends  and  then  blew  his  brains  out  with  his  rifle,  the  In- 
dian to  whom  the  message  was  sent  was  bound  as  a  man  of 
honor,  upon  the  receipt  of  the  message,  to  kill  himself  also. 
In  the  present  case,  the  interpreter  said  that  ho  had  much 
diflBculty  in  persuading  the  Indian  that  the  white  man  would 
pay  no  attention  to  his  message,  and  that  therefore  he  would 
be  doing  wrong  to  kill  himself. 

But  we  are  devoting  more  time  to  this  matter  than  is  nec- 
essary.   Wo  will  only   say  in  conclusion,  that  more  than 
three  years  ago  we  were  informed  by  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished citizens  of  Illinois,  that  the  Indians  would  before 
long  be  goaded  by  the  white  people  into  acts  of  (»pen  hostil- 
ity.   He  told  us,  that  from  his  own  knowledge  he  knew  that 
tte  Indians  were  the  subjects  of  intolerable  oppression,  and 
^Jetailed  to  us  the  particulars  of  an  interview  which  he  had 
^ith  some  of  the  chiefs,  who  had  sent  for  him  to  come  into 
their  nation  and  counsel  them  how  to  act  in  their  distresses 
*he  speech  which  was  made  to  him  by  an  old  chief  whom  he 
"^d  known  him  in  bett<n'  days,  was  of  the  most  affecting 
^baracter,  and  prophesied,  almost  to  the  letter,  the*  transac- 
tions which  have  since  occurred. 

As  you  approach  the  scene  of  the  late  war  you  will  hear 
^*  barbarities  to  which  the  flogging  of  the  son  of  Black 
**^\7k  was  most  merciful.  We  should  like  to  see  an  answer 
^  the  following  (luery  made  in  the  St,  Loni.s  Timrs,  of  the 
^^t  May,  by  a  writer  who  takes  the  signature  of  *•  F,"  ^^-nd 
^hose  whole  communication  displays  a  minute  knovvlod;^e 
^*     the    occuriences    of  the    Indian    campaigns: 

**  I  should  like  to  know,  for  information  sake,  who  it  was 
*^^t  employed  a  j)arty  of  Siouv  Indians  to  foVVow  ^v^lVv    o\ 


^ 


>v 


22G  WiscoxsiN  State  Historical  Society. 

seventy  poor  unfortunate  women  and  children  of  the  Sac  and 
Fox  nations,  who  had  crossed  the  Mississippi  river  above 
Prairie  du  Chien,  and  were  traveling  on  their  own  land 
towards  the  Wabesepinnecon  river  —  where  some  five  or 
six  hunters  had  gone  forth  to  furnish  some  meat  for  the 
half  starved  and  half  dead  women  and  children?  Those 
unfortunate  women  and  children  were  getting  out  of  the 
way  of  danger,  when  the  Sioux  bands  were  let  loose,  and 
every  soul  perished  by  their  tomahawks  and  scalping 
knives!  The  murder  of  these  unfortnnate  women  and 
children  ought  to  be  enquired  into  by  the  proper  authorities, 
that  is  to  Fay,  by  the  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs,  and 
reported  by  him  to  the  Government;  and  let  those  who 
advised  the  Sioux  Indians  to  commit  those  cruelties,  be  pun- 
ished. Well  may  the  Indians  say,  there  is  no  dependencein 
any  white  man;  and  in  all  probability  the  day  may  come 
when  some  innocent  white  person  may  suffer  for  those 
atrocities."  * 


'  In  Capt  Henry  Smith's  Indian  Campaigns  of  1S82,  in  this  vjJume, 
reftreni  e  is  made  to  this  sad  e^ent;  and,  it  woul  I  seem  from  hi:4  state- 
ment, that  the  party  of  one  hundred  Sioux  had  "leave"  to  pursue  the 
fugitives —  from  Oen.  Atkinson,  doubtless,  as  the  CTommander  in  author- 
ity—and after  two  days*  pursuit  they  overto  k  and  killed  fifty  or  sixty- 
*•  mostly,"  adds  Capt  Smith,  **  it  is  feared,  women  and  chil-fren."  It  can 
hardly  be  supposed  that  Gen.  Atkinson  conter>*pla*ed  such  a  slaughter  of 
helpless  non-conib itants.  Bracken,  p  414,  Vol.  II,  Wis,  Bist,  CcXUC' 
tiona,  states  that  Gen.  Atkinson  ordered  this  pursuit  by  Wabashaw^s  party 
of  Sioux  warriors,  and  that  they  nearly  exterminated  the  half  -  star  vedaoa 
helplefss  fujjji lives — their  hereditary  foes.  Hon.  Peter  Parkinson,  in  the 
present  volume,  confirms  Br.ick^n'8  resollaotiotn.  Ii  Wik*fi'ld*a  ^©rk 
on  the  Black  Hawk  war.  it  is  stated  that  before  Gen.  Atkinson  left  the 
Bad  Axe  battle-ground.  **he  provisione«l  a  number  of  Sioux  and  eome 
"Winnebagoep,  and  sent  them  in  search  of  Black  Hawk,  to  see  if  ^^^ 
could  not  capture  him,  and  bring  him  in  a  prisoner." — p.  91. 

Bla«  k  Oawk   in  his  narrative,  refers  to  th»:se  unf  rtunate  women  *^^ 
children,  who  after  they. had   gotten  safely  across  the    Missiwippif  "^^ 
overtaken  and  slain  by  the  Sioux.     *'  The   whites,"  says  the  old  chief  ^^^' 
Bowfully,  '* ought  not  to  have  permit^e  <  such  c  mduct— none  but  cot0^^ 
would  eviT  have  been  guilty  of  such  cruelty,  which  has  always  been.   P^ 
4iced  on  our  nation  by  the  Sioux."  L  C^-  ^ 


BLACK  HAWK  SCRAPS  FROM  OLD  NEWSPAPERS. 


During  Black  Hawk's  travels  in  the  easier  ])ortion  of  the 
Union,  while  a  prisoner,  in  1832-33,  a  gentleman  in  New 
York,  presented  the  old  chief  with  the  Cherokee  Pluvnix,  and 
©^plained  to  him  that  it  was  the  first  and  only  newspaper 
printed  in  the  Indian  language;  that  it  was  edited,  and  had 
been  edited  for  the  last  five  years,  by  Mr.  Boudinot,  a  full- 
Wood  Cherokee;  was  ably  conducted  and  was  a  means 
through  which  they  could  communicate  freely  their  injuries, 
connplaints  and  wishes.  Black  Hawk  paid  particular  atten-  ^ 
tion.  to  the  subject,  and  appeared  highly  pleased,  said  he 
Was  well  acquainted  with  the  tribe;  but  had  never  heard  or 
seen  of  their  establishing  a  newspaper.  He  requested  the 
geixtleman  to  write  his  name  on  the  newspaper,  which  being 
done.  Black  Hawk  folded  up  the  paper  and  put  it  away  with 
car«  and  said  he  would  take  it  home  to  his  people  and  show 
it  a.s  a  specimen  of  what  was  done  by  the  Cherokees. 

^While  in  New  York,  after  Black  Hawk  and  his  fellow 

prisoners  had  arisen  from  a  dinner  table  to  which  they  had 

'^©n  invited,  they  retired  to  an  ante-room  to  seek  repose. 

v^  Aanong  the  gentlemen  present,  was  one  who  requested  an 

^^troduction,  for  the  purpose  of  having  a  religious  conversa- 

•    '*^>n  with  the  sons  of  the  forest.    Young  Black  Hawk,  some- 

*^**les  called  Tommy  Hawk,  had  just  thrown  himself  on  a' 

^f a.,  when  the  object  of  the  visitor  was  made  known  to 

*^ini  through  the  interpreter.    He  smiled,  and  replied,  saying, 

■^  Ux'Zee  —  /  la-zee,''  —  covered  his  head  with  a  blanket,  and 

'^11  aslfeep. 

Slack  Hawk's  reception  on  his  return  to  Rock  Island,  where 

^  'Was  met  by  Ke-o-kuck's  band,  is  related  by  an  eye-witness 

^^  tte  New  York  Daily  Adi^ertiser,  under  date  Aug.  5,  183:): 

T|ie  whole  suit  arrived  here  a  few  days  since  loaded  with 

imed  dignity  and  costly  presents. 


2'2<  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Soctztt. 

Ke-o-kuck*s  band  speedily  followed  to  welcome  their  broth- 
ers, a  grand  counci!  asstmbled.  among  whom  was  myself  to 
witness  the  deiiverance  of  the  Hawk  to  his  nation.  The 
council  ot^ened  with  the  address  of  the  President  to  Black 
"^  Hawk,  in  which  he  is  informe*!  that  in  futnre  he  was  to 
vield  supreinacv  to  his  inferior  Ke-i>kuck,  the  white  man's 
friend. 

The  o!J  chief  in  violent  agitations,  denied  that  the  Presi- 
dent  had  tr»Id  him  ?o:  that  he  would  not  be  advised  bv  anv 
body,  that  he  wanted  what  he  said  to  be  told  to  the  President; 
and  that  he  in  person  wouM  have  said  so  in  Washington; 
but  that  his  interpreter  could  not  sufficiently  make  known 
his  views.  The  Cul.  [Garland]  made  to  him  a  speech  stating, 
that  by  his  own  treaty  neither  him  or  his  people  could  for 
the  future  head  a  band,  and  that  bv  that  treatv,  Ke>o-kuck 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Sac  Nation,  etc.  Ke  o-kuck 
with  benevolence  spoke  awhile  to  the  Hawk,  then  addressed 
the  council.  l>egging  that  nothing  might  be  remembered  of 
what  the  Hawk  said:  that  he  was  too  old  to  say  any  thing 
srood,  and  that  he  was  answerable  for  his  good  behavior. 
The  |»v>or  old  Chief  recalled  his  words,  and  I  do  not  know 
that  inv  sviiipa:hv  was  ever  more  imbibed,  than  in  witness- 
ing  his  oxj.t:ri::j:  struggle  for  freedom  —  nothing  but  his 
ad\a:iot\;  age.  a::d  a  want  of  militiiry  ix>wer  will  prevent 
him  fr.  \\\  niukir.g  anothtr  effort.  Kt>o-kuck's  band,  gave  us 
a  >t!er.viivi  dar.oe.  b:it  :he  Hawk's  ] -arty  were  either  too  de- 
jected vT  :ev^  sul.on  to  par.iv'ipate  in  the  festivities. 

Tl.a:  yev.  ir.ay  tell  the  good  citizens  of  New  York,  these 
liiiMans  wo;:\i  wi'ling-y  got  ui^  ar.oihor  war,  in  order  to 
make  ar.etlu  r  visi:  :,^  :>.o  ■\.  :,  ar.d  return  loaded  with  pres- 
ents an.l  ai:uo<!  <a:iau.:  w;:;:  a::; ::::^i>. 


ROBERT  S.  BLACK  AND  THE  BLACK  HAWK  WAR. 


By  GEN.  GEO.  W.  JONES,  of  Dubuque. 


The  Dodgeville,  Wisconsin,  Chronicle,  contains  an  obitu- 
Bu*y  of  Robert  S.  Black,  who  died  at  that  place  October  23, 
1872,  aged  ninety-three  years.  Mr.  Black  was  born  in  the 
city  of  Londonderry,  Ireland,  and  came  to  America  when 
quite  young.  The  first  years  of  his  residence  in  the  country 
were  passed  in  Philadelphia  and  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 
He  came  to  Wisconsin  more  than  forty  years  ago.  Those 
who  now  enjoy  the  peace  and  plenty  with  which  this  region 
is  blest  can  little  imagine  the  dangers  and  discomforts  to 
which  the  pioneers  were  subjected.  The  Indian  war-whoop 
and  the  howl  of  the  scarcely  less  savage  wolf,  was  the  wel- 
come that  greeted  those  who  came  to  wrest  those  beautiful 
hills  and  prairies  from  the  hands  of  desolation. 

During  the  Black  Hawk  war.  Black  rendered  valuable 
services,  and,  on  more  than  one  occasion,  was  the  bearer  of 
dispatches  when  none  others  could  be  found  willing  to  risk  > 
their  lives  in  traveling  through  the  Indian-infested  country. 
Mr.  Black  leaves  many  relatives,  friends  and  acquaintances 
in  Dubuque,  such  as  the  Bensons,  Wallaces,  Wilsons,  Gen. 
Jones,  Lewis  and  other  old  settlers.  He  married  the  widow 
IMLc Arthur,  who  will  be  remembered  by  early  settlers  as  the 
hostess  at  Elk  Grove  and  Belmont,  in  the  days  when  Michigan 
Territory  included  not  only  the  State  by  that  name,  but  the 
'territory  now  covered  by  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Minneso:a,  and 
$50  on,  including  everything  north  of  3[)°  30',  and  west  to  the 
I^acific  ocean. 

Mrs.  Black  was  the  half  sister  of  Henry  Dodge,  the  first 
Oovernor,  and  the  first  Senator  in  Congress,  from  Wiscon- 
sin, and  Colonel  of  the  "  Mining  Regiment''  which  put  an  *^ 
^nd  to  the  Black  Hawk  war  by  the   last  battle   at  Bad  Axe 
>^hen  Black  Hawk  was  defeated,  and  wYiicVi  \xvAMe,^^^V^V 


■ 

J' 
1- 


-  t:-'    "  It   •  'M  hero  at 
:-   ..■  •:::  i  /.::n,"Di)dge, 

.  •.    !i-      .  :•;•  victory !*■ 

•  :..,  I.:  :   1  :e-ar,  when 

:.  .•."cn-ion's  order, 

••  :•"  ~:s;i>ns  t(»  the 

i      ■.: :     "  Wisconsin 

to      «  *  • 

::  '•    --  .•-^.  Bhick,  his 

■:>  .     -.-,?.  uow  of  Bur- 

;:!-:  li  ->:r-r  to  Spain, 

.  I*  \'   .'.   Visalla,  Cali- 

;»-  :■  Tj..:'::eJ  in  Califor- 

.  '_...:   -f.  and  his  grand 

■s    :   •  :..r:r  parts.    His 

*.;•   vr.    -.is   pluck,  and 

..i':.:    :•:    twenty  .Sacs 

.  .-:.  ..-lj.t  Col.  Win.  S. 

:  *•_.-.:;,   they  were  se- 

-  r>ie  along  from 
/ .  .. ::  I  lielievo  il  was 

■.■^■-.  s  aiv.1   in  the  Black 


REMINISCENCES  OF  WISCONSIN  IN  18r>.' 


But  few  halt  in  the  busy  paths  of  today  to  look  back  over 

past  years  when  Wisconsin  lay  sleeping  in  the  cradle  of 

Nature,  as  wild  as  when  the  broad  river  streams  swept  down 

the  hill-slopes  and  valleys  to  the  sea;  when  the  beech,  the 

^aple  and  the  linden  had  assumed  their  places  on  the  margin 

of  the  hill,  the  willow  had  began  to  weep  o'er  the  sparkling 

haters,  and  Nature  smiled  on  the  crowning  work  of  creation 

^hich  summoned  man  to  the  scenes  of  earthly  life  and 

labor. 

But  such  was  the  condition  of  Wisconsin  only  a  short  time 
*Ko,  and  here  is  a  scrap  of  Wisconsin  history  as  old  to  the 
common  reader  as  the  musical  tones  of  Homer  are  to  the 
fossilized  lover  of  classical  lore. 

In  the  year  1832,  there  were  enlisted  four  companies  of 
^-S.  Rangers,  for  one  year  —  two  from  Indiana,  one  from 
Illinois,  and  one  from  Missouri.    On  the  2;]d  of  July,  I  en- 
listed in  the  Illinois  company.  Cape.  Jesse  B.  Brown  com- 
^^anding,  and  some  time  in  August  we  set  out  for  the  front. 
I^  those  days  the  front  was  not  down  in  Dixie,  but  any  where 
*^i    ^what  is  now  known  as  the  Badger  State,  wherever  Black 
Hawk  &  Co.  happened  to  be,  we  had  reached  Hickory 
^^■^ek,  about  thirty  miles  south  of  Chicago,  when  we  met  a 
.  ^^eesenger  with  word  that  Black  Hawk  had  been  defeated  at  . 
**^^  battle  of  Bad  Axe,  and  we  were  ordered  to  Rock  Island. 
^We  passed  by  way  of  Dixon's  Ferry,  and  the  Dixon  family 
^xioluded  all  the  inhabitants  of  this  point  —  a  census- taker 
^1^  those  days  could  have  done  better  working  per  diem  than  ^ 
P^^  capita.    From  Dixon's  Ferry  our  route  lay  directly  down 
^ock  River  for  about  eighty  miles;  and  on  the  way  down  the 
^Uiers  began  taking  the  cholera,  and  we  had  to  leave  some  . 
P*  them  after  erecting  tents  and  leaving  nurses.     We  went 
^to  camp  four  miles  south  of  Rock  Island,  and  for  three 

^Vom  the  MadUon  Democrat,  July  1,  1871. 


% 


•AS2  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

weeks  the  cholera  raged  fearfully  in  the  camp  —  thirteen  of 
/the  company  died,  and  were  buried  there  in  the  woods  with- 
out the  use  of  such  luxuries  as  colKns. 
(  The  site  where  Rock  Island  now  stands  was  entirely  va- 
.  cant j—  a  beautiful  blue  grass  sod,  on  which  we  frequently 
drilled.    The  Sac  and  Fox  tribes  of  Indians  came  in  while 
we  were  there,  and  signed  a  treaty  of  peace;  and,  on  the 
25th  of    September,  we  received  orders  to  go  into  Winter 
quarters  at  Danville,  111.,  where  we  remained  until  the  13th 
of  April,  1833,  when  we  were  ordered  to  report  at  Dodge- 
viJle.  (Ouf  route  lay  by  Hennepin,  on  the  Illinois  river, 
Dixon,  on  Rock  river,  Buffalo  Grove,  Chambers,  Kelloggfs 
Grove,  thence  to  Fort  Hamilton  (now  Wiota),  where  there 
was  a  block-house  and  a  small  settlement  of  miners.     Con- 
.  siderable  mining  had  been  done  at  that  place,  but  from  there 
to  Dodge ville  we  saw  no  house.] 
-     (  At  Dodgeville  were  a  cluster  of  eight  or  ten  log  cabins, 
<  with  diggings  and  a  furnace,  and  one  little  variety  store  iu 
a   log  cabin  —  these  constituted  the  town,  and  this  wa& 
mostly  the  property  of  Col.  Dodge.  J   Here  we  met  our  Col' 
onel  for  the  first  time  —  Colonel  Dodge.    After  remaining 
here  a  week'  we  started  for  Fort  Winnebago,  via.  Blu^ 
Mounds,  where  we  found  a  block  house.     There  had  beef^ 
y^  a  settlement  here,  but  the  people  had  all  left  on  account  of 
the  Indians,  who  had  killed  some  of  the  settlers.)  From  her^ 
we  went  to  the  north-west  side  of  Fourth  Lake,  where  w^ 
encamped  for  a  few  days.    Near  our  encampment  lived  a^ 
solitary  Frenchman'  in  a  log  cabin.      He  alone  constituted 

'  This  must  have  been  Michel  St. Cyr,  noticed   in  the  sixth  volume  of 
our  Collections.    WaUace  Rowan  had  first  located  at  this  point,  just  north, 
of  the  outlet  of  Pheasart  Branch,  at  the  head  of  Lake   Mendota — after- 
wards the  site  of  Col.  Wm.  B.  Slaughter's  paper  City  of  the  Four  Lakes, 
and  was  there  at  th.^  outbreak  of  the  Black  Hawk  War,  in  1833.  Not  long 
after,  and  probably  in  consequence  of  the  Indian  troubles  of  that  period, 
he  removed  to  Squaw  or  Strawberry  l*oint,  on  the  eastern  bank  of  Third 
or  Monona  Lake.     Thus  in  May,  1833,  Capt.  Brown's  company  found  a 
•'  Frenchman  *'  —  St.Cyr,  residing  there.  We  may  suppose  he  located  there 
in  the  preceding  Full,  when  the  Indian  war  had  ended.      This  serves  to  fix 
.  pretty  nearly  tlie  early  settlement  of  St.Cyr  —  one  of  tlie  pioneers  of  Dane 
.  county.  L.  C.  D. 


Behiniscbnces  of  Wisconsin  in  1833.  233 

tlie  population  of  Dane  county  at  that  time.  )  Between  the 

la^e  and  Belle  Fountaine  —  a  name  we  gave  the  place  —  we 

8l>ent  some  time  resting  ourselves  and  horses. 

We  considered  the  country  utterly  worthless,  and  thought 
it  would  never  be  settled,  except  that  there  might  ba  a  set- 
tlement sometime  at  Blue  Mounds,  and  one  at  Platte  Mounds,  ^ 
and  perhaps  a  small  settlement  at  the  Four  Lakes  —  could  we 
have  been  assured  at  that  time,  that  we  would  live  to  see  the 
whole  country  thickly  settled,  with  a  large  city  and  a  State 
capital  at  the  Four  Lakes,  we  should  have  promised  our-  ^ 

;  selves  a  lifetime  of,  at  least,  three  centuries.  The  country 
was  wild  and  desolate  enough,  no  whistling  locomotives, 
lowing  herds,  singing  milk-maids,  tolling  church  bells,  rat- 
tling vehicles,  ringing  anvils,  busy  mills,  or  whistling  plow- 
boys,  then;  the  wild  cat  and  wolf  roamed  at  large  over 
prairie  and  forest  in  search  of  food,  unmolested  by  the  rifle's 
8harp  ring;  the  oriole,  the  nut-hatch,  the  robin,  the  bullfinch, 
and  the  thrush  flitted  from  tree  to  tree,  sang  their  songs, 
built  their  nests  and  reared  their  young;  and  the  white  man's 
voice  had  not  joined  with  theirs  in  singing  praise  to  Him  who 
caused  the  waters  to  gather  themselves  together,  and  the  dry 
land  to  appear. 

After  several  day's  rambling  around  through  this  section, 
^e  resumed  our  march  toward  Fort  Winnebago.  We  found . 
the  whole  Winnebago  tribe  of  Indians  encamped,  I  think, 
on  the  ground  now  occupied  by  Portage  city.  The  settle- 
nient  there  consisted  of  those  in  the  Fort,  and  one  man  with- 
out, who  kept  a  bakery  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
garrison.  The  local  currency  used  was  common  playing  - 
cards,  cut  in  strips,  issued  by  the  baker  with  his  name  writ- 
ton  on  the  back  —  every  spot  good  for  one  shilling  or  a 
loaf  of  bread.  If  it  was  not  quite  a  specie  paying  bank, 
bread— the  staff  of  life  —  wai  always  paid  on  demand. 
',  After  leaving  Winnebago,  we  followed  the  Wisconsin  to 
Helena,  keeping  between  the  river  and  bluff,  not  a  house, 
or  any  sign  of  civilization,  did  we  see  on  the  route.  The 
^^ii  of  Helena,  on  the  Wisconsin  river,  consisted  of  ten  or 
Mteen  houses;  but  was  entirely  deserted,  except  two  men. 

16-H.  a 


234  Wisconsin  State  HisxoRiCAii  Society. 

From  here  we  went  by  way  of  Blue  Mounds  to  DodgevilI% 
and  from  thence  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  back  to  Dodge* 
ville,  where  we  were  discharged  on  the  23rd  day  of  July, 
18X3. 

Less  than  two  score  of  years  have  made  a  great  and  pop- 
ulous State  out  of  a  country  then  as  wild  as  Nature  ever 
left  her  work;  and  the  money  earned  soldiering  in  Wiscon- 
sin, thirty-eight  years  ago,  was  invested  in  land  in  Illinou^ 
which  was  afterward  sold,  and  the  proceeds  re-invested  in 
this  same  wild  Wisconsin  land,  now  a  first  class  Wisconsin 
farm.  Truly,  we  live  in  a  fast  age,  and  who  dares  to  pre- 
dict what  the  next  half  century  will  bring  to  our  great  te^ 
ritories  still  lying  unsettled  in  the  West. 

Cadiz,  Wisconsin. 


OL  IlEXRY  c;i!ATIOT--A  PIOSEER  OF  WISCONSIN. 


LO  Ihl-  SW.f    HIStOFlL'Ill 

By  HON.  E.  B.  WASaBURJJE.  ' 

>  early  history  of  the  country  now  emhraccd  in  the" 
Itate  of  Wisconsin  has  all  the  interest  of  a  romance.  No 
nan  can  read  the  account  of  the  French  domination  over 
he  whole  country  of  the  Great  Lakes,  running  hack  aB  far 
IS  1071,  and  coming  down  to  1763,  without  awakening 
fitliin  him  the  greatest  admiration  of  those  jhous  French 
Bissionaries  who  erected  the  cross  among  so  many  tribes  of 
[ndians,  where  a  white  man  had  never  before  been  seen, 
ind  planted  the  flag  of  France  as  the  sign  of  the  protection 
)t  the  French  Government.  It  was  the  French  missionary, 
*itlia  devotion  unparalleled,  with  a  courage  unsubdued, 
iiul  with  a  heroism  never  surpassed,  facing  hardship  and 
laoger  unheard  of,  illustrating  his  whole  life  and  career  with 
jure  and  devout  piety,  who  first  trod  the  soil  of  Wisconsin. 
No  new  .State  of  the  Union  has  done  so  much  to  preserve- 
ts  history  and  illustrate  ics  career  and  progress,  as  has  the 
State  of  Wisconsin.  Researches  have  been  pushed  in  every 
lirection  by  able  and  intelligent  men,  stimulated  by  an  en- 
flinsiasm  in-ipired  by  the  subject.  Such  light  has  been  shed 
On  your  earlier  as  well  as  your  later  history,  as  to  challenge 
'he  deepest  interest  of  all  whoso  tastes  lead  them  to  pursue 
"iatoric  paths.  The  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin, 
"lanks  to  the  intelligent  and  useful  labors  of  the  men  who 
"a'e  directed  its  affairs,  and  instituted  its  investigations. 
staiiiis  now  in  the  front  rank  among  the  Historical  Societies 
^i  the  country.  In  the  history  of  what  was  so  long  known 
^  the  ■'  North- West,"  it  now  excels  any  Society  in  the 
United  States.  It  has  not  only  passed  beyond  the  ordinary 
™unds  of  historic  research,  but  it  has  sought  in  print  and 
^MDvas  to  perpetuate  the  names  and  Uvea  and  VaXjo^a  o^ 


23C  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

the  men  who  have  been  distinguished  in  all  your  annals 
and  did  so  much  to  give  your  State  so  high  a  rank  amonj 
the  Commonwealths  of  the  Union. 

I  can  boast  of  having  known  Wisconsin  for  nearly  hal 
-a  century,  for  I  first  trod  its  soil  in  1840,  four  years  after  i 
had  been  organized  as  a  Territory.  This  was  in  South 
Western  Wisconsin,  for  it  was  in  that  section  that  the  firs 
rjousiderable  settlements  were  made.  That  was  due  to  th 
discovery  of  Lead  Mines  at  a  very  early  day  in  that  regioi 
I  have  now  in  my  possession  an  old  map,  which  I  found  i 
Paris,  published  in  1703,  thirty  years  after  the  discovery  ( 
the  Upper  Mississippi  by  Joliet  and  Marquette,  whic 
shows  the  existence  of  Lead  Mines  in  that  vicinity.  Whj 
'Was  afterward  known  as  Fevre  river,  is  put  down  on  th 
map  as  "  La  Riviere  Parisien,"  and  in  the  immediate  neigl 
borhood  of  that  river  a  lead  mine  is  marked  down,  "  mil 
de  plomb."  Lead  ore  discovered  at  so  early  a  period,  co 
tinned  to  be  sought  for  by  the  Indians  and  the  early  Frenc 
traders  and  explorers  in  what  is  now  South- Western  Wi 
consin  and  North*Western  Illinois,  and  in  1820  and  18 
what  soon  became  known  as  the  **  Fevre  river  Lead  Mines 
began  to  attract  public  attention.  It  was  at  this  time  th 
Col.  James  Johnson,  of  Kentucky,  brother  of  Richard  I 
Johnson,  afterward  Vice  President,  engaged  in  lead-minir 
and  developed  what  was  known  as  the  "  Buck  Lead,"  ne; 
where  Galena  now  stands,  which  undoubtedly  yielded  tl 
largest  amount  of  mineral  or  lead-ore  ever  discovered 
any  one  lode  throughout  the  whole  Mineral  Region  of  tl 
North-West. 

'•  Galena "  had  not  then  an  existence,  and  when  a  pos 
office  for  that  remote  and  almost  unknown  country  w; 
established  in  1S'^(»,  it  was  named  "Fevre  river,  Crawfoi 
County,  Illinois.''  At  that  time,  the  boundary-line  betwet 
Illinois  and  Michigan  Territory  was  so  ill-defined,  that 
the  Presidential  election  two  years  later  (1828),  a  poll  wi 
opened  at  Platteville,  and  Presidential  electors  for  Illinc 
were  voted  for.  On  the  4tli  day  of  June,  18*28,  the  comm: 
sioners  of  Joe-Daviess  County,  Illinois,  established  a  votii 
precinct  at  Platteville.    The  boundary-line  between  Illino 


Col.  Henry  Gratiot.  237 

and  Michigan  Territory  was  not  officially  defined  until  1830 

• 

Hon.  John  M.  Rountree,  who  still  lives  in  the  same  place, 
and  who  is  so  well  known  in  all  your  earlier  and  later  an- 
nals, and  whose  honored  life  is  still  spared  to  you,  was  one 
of  the  judges  of  that  election.  At  this  time,  Crawford 
County  was  also  assumed  to  be  in  Michigan  Territory,  and 
was  one  of  the  two  counties  in  that'  Territory,  and  Prairie 
duChien  was  the  county -seat — the  old  French  and  Indian, 
and  English  and  American  town,  with  a  history  so  full  of 
interest,  and  for  more  than  half  a  century  the  theatre  of  so 
many  important  events.  When  I  first  visited  Prairie  du 
►  Chien,  in  1845,  the  outlines  of  the  old  French  fort  were  dis- 
tinctly traceable.  Brown  County  (Green  Bay)  was  the 
other  county. 

In  looking  over  your  early  days,  you  find  much  that 
awakens  your  interest,  and  excites  your  attention,  in  South- 
western Wisconsin.  It  was  there  that  the  Upper  Mississippi 
river  was  discovered  by  Joliet  and  Marquette,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Wisconsin.  It  was  there,  three  miles  below  the  site 
of  Prairie  du  Chien,  on  the  17th  day  of  Jpne,  1673,  that  these 
explorers  entered  into  that  great  river,  before  unknown,  and 
which  had  been  the  object  of  so  much  speculation,  an  event 
which  Father  Marquette  thus  recorded  in  his  journal: 

'  Nons  entrona  heureusement  dans  MUsipyy  le  17  Juin  avec  une  Joy  que 
ifi  ne  puis  exprimer"  * 

You  will  pardon  me  if  I  now  come  to  speak  more  particu- 
larly of  South- Western  Wisconsin,  as  it  was  that  section  I 
have  known  better  than  any  other.  From  1841, 1  practiced 
bw  for  I  everal  years  in  Iowa  and  Grant  counties,  and  had 
ft  wide  acquaintance  with  most  of  the  prominent  men,  law- 
yers, politicians,  and  private  citizens,  and  at  a  time  when 
that  section  cut  a  great  fi>j:ure  in  the  affairs  of  the  Territory 
ftnd  State  of  Wisconsin.  It  was  in  (jlrant  county  that  I  first 
blew  your  honored  and  accomplished  Chief  Justice —  Orsa- 
^UsCole  —  when  a  younu  lawyer  at  "Snake  Hollow/'  if  I 
^^7  be  permitted  to  go  back  to  the  old  name,  and  so  soon 
*o  become  a  member  of  Congress.    It  was  also  in  (Irant 

*W©  enter  happily  in  the  MU:iii)y.  the  17th  of  June,  with  a  joy  I  can 
^express. 


ijas  Wisconsin  State  HisTOBicAii  Societt. 

county  that  I  knew  at  the  bar  Nelson  Dewey,  a  citizen  of 
the  county,  your  first  Governor;  and  it  was  in  the  same 
county  1  ha<i  as  associates  at  the  bar  Ben.  C,  East?nan  and 
J.  Allen  Barber,  both  afterward  members  of  CougrehH,  and 
both  of  whom  have  paid  the  last  great  debt  of  nature.  It 
was  at  Mineral  Point,  in  Iowa  county,  in  the  spring  of  ISM, 
tliat  a  brother,  to  whom  I  was  allied  by  every  tie  which 
could  bind  one  brother  to  another,  commenced  the  practice 
of  law,  and  was  subsequently  elected  to  Congress  fur  three 
terms.  Serving  his  country  subsequently  during  the  entire 
time  of  the  Rebellion,  Wisconsin  then  paid  him  its  highest 
honor,  in  electing  him  Governor;  and  when  he  died,  in  the 
Spring  of  1883,  in  the  strength  of  his  manhood,  and  in  the 
midst  of  his  usefulness, thewhole  State  paid  the  most  touch- 
ing honors  to  his  memory. 

It  was  in  Iowa  County,  also,  when  Wisconsin  was  yet  a 
Territory,  that  I  contracted  the  most  sacred  and  the  hap- 
piest relation  of  my  life,  for  it  was  at  Gratiot's  Grove,  on 
i' the  31st  day  of  July,  184.5,  that  I  married  the  daughter  of 
him  who  is  to-night  the  subject  of  this  paper. 

I  have  spoken  of  the  discovery  of  lead-ore  in  the  Fevre- 
river  Lead  Mines  in  18:;0  and  Iti'JI.  The  development  there 
-  of  great  mineral  wealth  attracted  large  numbers  of  ad- 
venturous men  in  search  of  sudden  wealth.  For  many 
years  there  was  a  great  influx  of  miners  and  prospectors 
and  from  the  immediate  country  about  Fevre  river  thej 
spread  over  the  surrounding  country  and  into  the  IndiaK 
possessions  of  Michigan  Territory. 

What  I  have  said  is  merely  preliminary  to  the  subject  oJ 
this  paper,  and  to  connect  with  Wisconsin  the  name  »■ 
Henry  Gratiot,  anearly  settler  of  the  then  Territory  of  Miehi 
gan,  an  enterprising  and  well-known  business  man,  wh< 
won  an  honored  name  as  a  good  oitizen,  and  made  an  in* 
press  on  his  time  by  the  extent  of  his  affairs,  the  probity  o 
his  conduct,  and  the  great  and  exceptional  services  he  re^ 
dered  to  the  people  in  their  early  struggles,  and  during  tl> 
Black-Hawk  War. 

It  is  in  the  name  and  on  behalf  of  his  daughter,  Ad^' 
Gratiot  Wasliburne,  that  I  now  come  to  present  to  ihe  Sta^ 


CuL.  Hexry  Gratiot.  839 

Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin,  his  portrait,  from  an  origi- 
'  Ba\  paiDting  by  Chester  Harding,  and  from  which  a  re- 

:  markahle  copy  has  been  made  by  your  lowusmau  and 
II  accomplished  artist,  Mr.  J.  R.  Stuart. 

I  Henry  Gratiot  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  in  tbo  Territory  of 
E  Upper  Louisiana,  on  the  13th  day  ot  April,  nsii,  eighteen 
B  days  before  Washington's  first  inauguration  as  president. 
D  The  ordinance  of  17S7  had  been  adopted  two  years  before, 
ft  and  Arthur  St.  Clair  was  the  Governor  of  tlio  North- West 

■  Territory.  Prairie  du  Chien  was  then,  or  had  a  short  time 
I  Wore  been,  in  possession  of  the  British,  The  French  Revo- 
HJnion  closing  in  blood  and  terror  a  few  years  before,  the 
^^^Dch  residents  of  St.  Louis  were  eagerly  watching  the 
^KbverDment  of  the  Directory,  and  interesting  themselves  in 
^F&t   first    glories     Napoleon   Bonaparte   was  winning    in 

■  Syria  and  Egypt,  Gen.  Wilkinson  wais  in  the  height  of  his 
I  treaaonable  intrigues  in  the  South- West,  and  Virginia  had 

■  just  established  the  county  of  Illinois,  which  embraced  the 
I  present  State  of  Illinois.' 

I  Charles  Gratiot,  the  father  of  Henry  Gratiot,  was  a  re- 

B  markable    man    in    his    day    and  generation,    and  had   a 

I  history    of    almost    romantic    iuterest.       His    father    and 

■  mother  were  Huguenots,  of  La  Rochelle,  in  France,  and  were 

■  driven  from  their  native  land  by  the  savage  act  of 
I  l^uis  XIV,  revoking  the  edict  of  Nantes.  They  fled  to 
i  Switzerland;  and  took  up  their  residence  in  Lausanne, 
f  *here  Charles  Gratiot  was  born  in  1 753.   When  quite  young 

he  was  sent  to  London  to  receive  a  mercantile  education. 
Ueveloping  an  extraordinary  capacity  for  business,  before 
arriving  at  full  age  he  left  England  for  Canada,  to  seek 
Wealth  and  fame  through  the  fur  trade  of  the  North- West, 
linibarking  in  that  commerce,  young,  active,  intelligent, 
and  ambitious,  he  gave  his  personal  attention  to  the  exten- 

TlieCounty  of  IllinoU  waaestabliahadby  act  ot  ihe  VirKiaia  LegisJature 
'"Qttolier,  1778:  but  its  orgHnization  cannot  be  reganled  as  a  pfnuai.ent 
'^  Suuieliuie  after  thi<  eslablialimeDt  by  Coagre-w  of  the  Nurth- Western 
'sfTitOfy.Gov.  St.  Clair,  in  Fe  nia-y,  nSO.viaitWil  Kaskaakia.  anrl  nrganized 
"»iid(,l[ih  County,  which  like  its  |iredcceMor,  as  Mr.  WaBOburne  stales, 
fftttic^lly  Biiibmced  the  whole  of  Ihlnuia  TerritOTy,  "UCO. 


240  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

sion  of  his  business,  which  led  him  to  travel  throughout  all 
the  vast  region  of  the  North  West.  With  a  trading  post  at 
Mackinaw,  he  penetrated  everj  part  of  the  country  where 
Frenchmen  and  Indians  were  to  be  found,  for  the  purpose  of 
extending  the  trade  of  his  establishments.  He  visitedthe 
Maumee  and  the  Wabash  countries,  traversed  the  Upper 
Lakes,  and  the  Mississippi  river  from  the  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  About  the  year  1770  he 
visited  Green  Bay  and  Prairie  duChien,  those  two  old  towns 
which  figure  so  conspicuously  in  your  history.  In  1793,  he 
made  the  trip  from  St.  Louis  to  Montreal  in  a  canoe^  up  the 
Mississippi  river  to  the  Wisconsin,  then  by  the  Wisconsin  to 
Green  Bay,  thence  to  Mackinaw,  and  from  there  down  the 
Lakes  to  Montreal;  a  wonderful  trip,  and  one  hard  to  con- 
ceive of  at  this  day. 

Leaving  the  country  of  the  Great  Lakes  in  1774,  Charles 
Gratiot  turned  his  attention  to  what  was  then  known  as  the 
"  Illinois  Countrj ,"  and  set  up  establishments  at  Cahokia 
and  Kaskaskia,  where  he  engaged  in  business  enterprises, 
and  had  a  large  commerce  with  the  white  and  Indian  popu- 
lation throughout  that  whole  country.  It  was  when  George 
Rogers  Clark  invaded  the  country,  that  he  stepped  forward 
and  gave  to  him  all  he  had  of  influence  and  fortune  in  the 
cause  of  the  American  Revolution.  Of  this  epoch  and  of 
Charles  Gratiot,  Gov.  Reynolds,  in  his  "  Pioneer  History  of 
Illinois,'^  says: 

"  It  is  known  to  all,  that  Clark  had  scarcely  received  any 
means  from  Virginia  to  conquer  and  retain  the  Illinois 
Country.  The  army  commanded  by  Clark  was  in  a  starving 
and  destitute  condition,  and  had  to  rely  for  support  on  the 
resources  of  the  country.  They  remained  in  the  Illinois  and 
Wabash  country  for  several  years,  and  were  supported  by 
the  inhabitants  during  that  time.  The  French  people  were 
too  poor  to  give  away  their  subsistence,  and  the  support  of 
the  army  fell  upon  Gratiot  and  Vigo  for  most  of  the  abo^© 
crisis.  If  the  supplies  had  not  been  given  by  Gratiot  and 
others,  the  great  and  glorious  campaign  of  Clark  must  have 
failed  for  the  time  being.  But  the  generous  heart  of  Gra- 
tiot  came  to  the  rescue,  and  he  \>a\d  and  became  account^ 


Col.  Henry  Gratiot.  241 

able  to  them  to  the  full  amount  of  his  vast  estate  for  the 
supplies  of  the  American  army.  His  heart  and  soul  were 
enlisted  in  the  cause  of  human  freedom.  The  blood  of  the 
country  of  Tell  burned  in  his  veins,  and  all  his  means  were 
exhausted  in  the  glorious  conquest  of  Illinois.  In  payment 
for  his  advances,  Virginia  agreed  to  give  him  thirty  thous- 
and acres  of  land  in  Kentucky;  but  after  the  State  was  or- 
ganized, it  was  impossible  to  carry  out  the  agreement."  * 

After  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  Charles  Gratiot  left  the 
Illinois  country  and  settled  in  Upper  Louisiana,  at  8t.  Louis, 
He  had  come  there  with  a  splendid  business  reputation  ac- 
quired in  the  Illinois  Country  and  elsewhere,  and  the  histo- 
rian of  St.  Louis  says,  that  at  this  time  he  was  better  known 
in  Paris,  London  and  Geneva  than  on  this  Continent.  He 
married  Victoire  Chouteau,  the  sister  of  Pierre  and  Auguste  ^ 
Chouteau,  and,  allying  himself  to  the  founders  of  St.  Louis, 
he  came  to  be  distinguished  as  one  of  its  most  enterprising 
and  conspicuous  citizens.  Enjoying  an  ample  fortune  for 
that  time,  his  home  was  the  center  of  hospitality.  His  per- 
fect knowledge  of  the  English  language,  then  almost  un- 
known in  that  part  of  the  country,  brought  to  him  all 
strangers  visiting  St.  Louis. 

Though  for  so  long  a  time  within  Spanish  jurisdiction, 
and  nominally  under  Spanish  rule,  the  people  of  St.  Louis 
were  thoroughly  and  completely  French  in  language,  habits 
and  thought.  When  in  1800,  Spain  retro-ceded  Upper  Louis- 
iana to  France,  the  people  of  St.  Louis  rejoiced  in  being  un- 
der the  French  flag.  But  in  three  years  afterward  France 
ceded  all  Louisiana  to  the  United  States.  The  treaty  mak- 
ing the  cession  was  ratified  April  30,  1803;  but  the  news  of 

'When  it  was  learned,  in  the  spring  of  1780,  that  a  formidable  expedi- 
'tion  of  British  and  Indians  was  being  fitted  out  against  St.  Louis,  the  in- 
liabitants  of  that  place,  despairing  of  successful  resistance,  deputed  Charles 
Oratiot  to  solicit  the  aid  of  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark,  then  at  Fort  J.  flfer- 
son,  a  sh!»rt  distance  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  Clark  quickly  re- 
sponded to  this  appeal,  and  hastened  himselfi  with  such  a  detachment  as 
lie  could  spare,  for  Cahokia,  the  nearest  American  girrison  to  the  point  of 
the  threatened  attaclv.  Tne  British  and  ladi  ^ns  were  re pulned— Clark  and 
his  troops  aiding  in  driving  back  this  savage  horde.  See  Beck's  Gazetteer 
of  Illinois  and  Missouri,  p.  S2>j.  Yk  Q,.\>. 


Z^'l  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Societt. 

it  did  not  reach  St.  Louis  till  a  *'  bright  day  in  August/'  But 
the  news  was  not  well  received  by  the  mass  of  the  people  in 
St.  Louis.  There  is  nothing  in  history  more  touching  than 
the  devotion  and  affection  which  these  old  French  residents 
had  for  their  mother  country.  The  loye  of  la  belle 
France  was  with  them  a  supreme  and  ruling  passion. 
It  was  with  feelings  of  unmeasured  sadness  and  regret 
that  they  found  their  allegiance  to  France  was  to 
be  severed.  The  transfer  of  the  sovereignty  sank 
deeply  into  their  hearts.  The  long  association  of  Charles 
Gratiot  with  George  Rogers  Clark  and  his  associates,  who 
captured  Illinois,  the  iaterest  he  had  taken  in  the  cause  of 
the  Revolution,  and  the  fortune  he  had  devoted  to  uphold- 
ing that  holy  cause,  had  made  him  in  heart  and  sympathy 
more  of  an  American  than  any  man  in  St.  Louis.  He  had 
the  strongest  desire  to  see  the  French  Territory  annexed  to 
the  United  States,  to  the  Independence  of  which  he  had 
contributed  so  much.  He  hailed  the  event  with  joy.  On 
the  lOth  of  March,  1804,  tenderly  and  reverently  the  proud 
ensign  of  France  was  lowered  in  the  presence  of  a  great 
multitude,  and  amid  tears  and  sighs.  Then  was  thrown  to 
the  breezes  of  heaven  the  starry  banner  of  our  Republic. 
All  this  important  aud  interesting  ceremony,  the  germ  of 
so  much  greatness,  took  place  on  the  balcony  of  the  house 
of  the  grandfather  (on  her  father's  side)  of  the  donor  of 
this  portrait;  and  as  the  American  flag  was  lifted  toward 
the  heavens,  the  emblem  of  a  new,  a  great  and  a  powerful 
nation,  he  alone  saluted  it  with  respect  and  affection. 

Charles  Gratiot  had  four  sons.  The  oldest,  Charles 
Gratiot,  Jr.,  was  educated  at  West  Point,  graduated  in  the 
iMiginoer  corps,  aud  became  distinguished  in  his  profession. 
As  a  youn>^  olfi.'er,  he  gained  much  distinction  in  the  war 
of  isrj,  and  in  after  years  became  the  chief  of  the  corps 
of  onginoors  in  the  United  States  army.  He  was  the  oflBcer 
who  planiunl  and  constructed  Fortress  Monroe  at  Old 
Point  ('>nifort,  on  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  which  stands  to- 
day lib'  most  oxtonsive  and  important  fortifications  on  the 
Atncriran  oi>ntinont,  which  will  remain  an  enduring  monu- 
;/;<'/*f    fo  tlio  skill  ami  ^oVewU&c  aceoia^Virfmients  of  Qen 


Coi^.  Hbnry  Gratiot. 

Cliarle«  Gratiot.  The  United  States  houored  Iiis  memory 
by  giving  his  name  to  an  important  fort — Fort  Gratiot  — 
on  the  Straits  of  Huron  in  Michigan,  while  that  State 
named  one  of  its  large  and  important  counties  after  him —  , 
Oratiot  County.  The  second  son  was  Henry  Gratiot,  the  . 
Bubject  of  this  notice;  the  third  son.  John  P.  B.  Gratiot,  the 
associate  and  partner  of  Henry  in  the  Lead-Mines;  the  fourth 
son.  Paul  M.  Gratiot,  who  in  183D-ao  was  a  resident  of  Miehi- 
gan  Territory,  and  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Gratiot  &  Terry; 
doing  business  at  Diamond  Grove,  Iowa  county.  His  part- 
Mr,  John  B.  Terry,  was  well  known  to  the  early  Betllers, 
Md  was  at  one  time  a  member  of  the  Territorial  Council. 

Henry  Gratiot  was  married  to  Miss  Susan  Hempstead  in 
St.  Louis,  January  ao,  1813.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Stephen  Hempstead,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  from  which 
State  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  in  1811,  He  had  been  a 
widier  in  the  Revolution,  who  participated  in  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill,  and  served  as  a  segeant  in  the  company  of 
Capt.  Nathan  Hale,  the  "  martyr  sjiy;"  the  steadfast  friend 
<>f  that  noble,  generous  and  accomplished  young  officer,  he 
»Ot;ompanied  him  in  his  fatal  mission. 

He  was  a  man  of  much  intelligence,  of  the  strictest  pro- 
^'ty,  and  was  possessed  of  all  the  elements  of  the  best  type 
of  the  New  England  character.  Col.  Benton  once  spoke  of 
h>Tii  in  the  most  expressive  and  beautiful  language:  "  Mr. 
Hompstead  was  a  true  and  brave  man,  a  man  pure  and 
without  reproach,  fearing  God,  and  discharging  every  public 
^id  private  duty  with  scrupulous  exactness;  he  united  be- 
•lovolence  with  true  piety,  and  in  him  patriotism  was  sub- 
Umated  to  the  highest  degree." 

His  eldest  son,  Edward  Hempstead,  had  preceded  him  to 
theWest.and  had  settled  in  the  province  of  Upper  Louisiana 
in  1804.  A  young  man  of  the  highest  character  and  excep- 
tional ability,  be  was  elected  the  first  delegate  in  Congress 
«tter  the  Territory  of  Missouri  was  organized.  Hence  it  is, 
*ltat  the  donor  of  this  portrait  is  the  niece  of  the  first  man 
*ho  ever  sat  in  the  halls  of  Congress  from  the  west  side  ol 
"•*  Slississippi  river. 
A.  young  man  with  a  wife  and  a  family  oE    fi-'e  c\v\V4t«a^ 


244  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Societt, 

growing  up,  Mr.  Gratiot  had  thought  much  of  the  subject  Ol 
slavery,  and  had  imbibed  such  a  hatred  of  the  institution^ 
that  he  had  determined  in  his  own  mind,  without  coDSulta- 
tion  and  without  advice  from  any  source,  that  he  would  not 
live  in  or  bring  up  his  family  in  a  slave  State,     In  1)135,1 
Fevre  river  Lead  Mines  having  been  but  a  short  timeb 

^  opened  up,  and  it  being  in  free  territory,  he  determined  ti 
settle  with  liis  family  in  that  new  El  Dorado.  His  broth 
J.  P.  B,  Gratiot  (Jean  PieiTe  Bugnion),  determined  to  a 
ciate  himself  with  him  in  his  enterprise,  and  in  the  middl 
of  October,  1S25,  they  departed  on  their  journey.  Theirout- 
fit  consisted  of  a  two-horse  wagon,  with  supplies  and  irajile- 
ments,  and  three  trusty  "  voyntjeurs.''    Peoria  was  then  only 

^  a  small  out-post,  and  from  there  to  Fevro  river  it  was  an 
almost  unbroken  prairie.  They  camped  at  night  in  the 
groves  or  on  the  prairie;  shooting  a  variety  of  gamefoC 
their  subsistence,  and  jerking  their  meat  before  the  cai 
fire,  Indian  fashion.  After  an  interesting  trip,  crossi^ 
Rock  river  at  Dixon's  Ferry,  they  arrived  at  their  destintf 
tion.  The  two  brothers  pitched  their  tent  about  a  mile  from 
tlie  river  in  a  ravine,  and  near  a  beautiful  spring,  since 
known  as  Sunny  Spring,  and  there  they  commenced  buih 
ing  cabins  and  log-smelting  furnaces. 

In  the  Spring  of  1821',,  Mr.  Henry  Gratiot  brought  his  fai 
ily  to  Fevre  river.  Their  trip  was  made  by  steamboat  and 
keelhoat,  consuming  nearly  sixty  days.  In  the  Summer  of 
the  hiime  year,  reports  were  spread  of  a  rich  discovery  of 

*^  k'ad-ore  about  fifteen  miles  north  and  east  of  Fevre  river, 
by  the  Winnebago  Indiana.  The  discovery  was  regardedas 
a  great  secret  by  the  Indians,  and  one  not  to  be  divulged 
without  offending  tlie  "Great  Spirit,"  But  the  richness  of 
the  mine.s.and  the  desire  to  profit  from  them,  were  too  much 
for  the  Indians,  and  while  they  would  not  impart  the  secret 
directly,  and  offend  the  Great  Spirit,  they  had  been  long 
enough  with  the  white  man  to  know  how  to  "  whip  the  devil 
around  the  stump."  They,  therefore,  told  Jesse  W,  Shull, 
who  had  long  been   an   Indian  trader,  if  ho  would  go  with 

~"  them  to  the  top  of  what  is  now  Berry's  Hill,  overlooking  the 
couitry  to  the  nortli  and  east,  they  would  shout  arrows  i 


mefo^_ 
can^H 
ossi^H 

estina^ 
from 
since 
t>uiH 

fai9 


Col.  Henry  Gratiot.  245 

ertain  direction,  which,  if  followed  up,  would  reveal  their 
:reat  secret. 

ShuU  followed  up  the  lead,  and  put  up  a  cabin  near  the 
>lace  where  the  Indians  had  found  the  mineral,  and  com- 
nenced  prospecting  for  himself  for  lead  ore.  But  the  In- 
lians  soon  drove  him  off,  and  soon  after  this  the  Gratiot  y, 
brothers,  availing  themselves  of  a  friendly  half-breed  Win- 
nebago woman,  Catherine  Myott,  negotiated  with  the  In- 
dians for  the  right  to  dig  for  mineral  or  lead  ore  in  their 
lands,  they  paying  therefor  a  large  amount  of  goods  and 
supplies.  And  thus  was  the  discovery  made  and  utilized  of 
the  celebrated  ShuUsburgh  mines,  which  have  first  and  last 
yielded  a  vast  amount  of  wealth. 

From  the  dearth  of  timber  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
Fevre  river,  the  Messrs.  Gratiot  soon  found  out  that  smelt- 
ing could  not  be  made  profitable  where  they  had  established 
their  first  furnace.    The  process  of  smelting  lead  ore  at  that 
time  was  very  crude,  being  but  a  slight  improvement  on  the 
Indian  mode  of  smelting  by  a  log  furnace  or  an  ash  furnace. 
These  simple  modes  were  succeeded  by  the  '*  Drummond 
furnace,"  or  "  cupola  furnace,"  a  most  valuable  invention, 
nnade  by  Robert  A.  Drummond,  9f  Joe-Daviess  County,  111. 
The  log  furnaces  could  only  be  used  where  there  was  an 
abundance  of  timber.    Having  obtained  the   right  to  mine 
OG  the  Winnebago  lands,  Mr.  J.  P.  B.  Gratiot,  procured  to  be 
niade  an  authentic  survey  thereof,  and  the  location  was 
thereafter  for  many  years  known  as  "Gratiot's  Survey." 

The  brothers  then  determined  to  abandon  their  smelting 
operations  at  Fevre  river,  and  commence  them  in  a  mag- 
nificent grove  of  timber,  which  from  that  time  to  this  has  ^ 
l^en  known  as  *'  Gratiot's  Grove."  On  the  prairie  immedi- 
ately adjoining  the  grove,  they  commenced  building  houses 
fof  their  families,  domestics,  and  workmen.  The  facilities 
^01*  smelting  soon  became  so  great,  that  a  large  part  of  all 
tl^e  ore  raised  in  the  Mines  was  brought  there  to  be  smelted. 
James  Bennett,  an  old  settler  of  the  Lead-Mines  and  of  Joe 
I^^viess  County,  and  who  was  the  proprietor  of  the  old  All- 
*^^rath  Diggings,  a  few  miles  from  Galena,  once  told  me 
^•»at  he  hauled  all  his  mineral  to  Gratiot's  Grove  to  bo 


24C  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

smelt;ed.  Takinj?:  a  load  there  on  one  occasion,  he  says  he 
^  found  nine  smelting  furnaces  running,  and  that  he  had  to 
wait  nearly  all  day  for  his  turn  to  come  to  have  his  load  of 
mineral  weighed.  A  season  of  prosperity  followed,  and 
there  became  a  settlement  of  some  one  thousand  five  hun- 
dred people.  This  was  before  ShuUsburgh  had  an  exist- 
ence. 

At  this  time,  Gratiot's  Grove  was  considered  to  be  in  Illi- 
nois, and  outside  of  Galena,  the  most  important  point  in  the 
Fevre-river  Lead  Mines.  Strangers  visiting  Galena  were 
not  satisfied  without  having  visited  Gratiot's  Grova  And 
to  illustrate  the  changes  in  the  country,  it  may  be  stated  that 
this  settlement,  once  so  full  of  life,  business,  and  animation, 
has  utterly  disappeared,  and  there  is  hardly  more  than  a 
^  single  farm-house  on  the  original  site.  From  the  time  of 
the  first  settlement  of  Gratiot's  Grove  till  the  breaking  out 
of  the  Black-Hawk  war,  the  little  village  was  the  seat  of 
happiness,  prosperity,  and  a  genuine  hospitality.  The 
natural  situation  was  most  lovely.  The  people  were  all  con- 
genial, living  very  near  together,  and  their  enjoyments, 
trials,  and  privations  were  all  in  common.  The  wife  of  Mr. 
J.  P.  B.  Gratiot  was  a  French  lady  of  the  highest  education, 
and  wonderful  accomplishments.  All  her  family  were 
driven  from  France  by  the  storms  of  the  Revolution.  Her 
"^  mv  iKer  was  a  lady-in-waiting  to  Qaeen  Marie  Antoinette. 
It  is  quite  a  translation  from  the  court  of  Louis  XVI.  to 
Gratiot's  Grove;  but  she  met  all  the  changes  with  content- 
ment, and  in  the  most  admirable  spirit.  Though  brought 
up  in  France,  and  with  a  French  education,  she  acquired  in 
the  course  of  her  life  a  wonderful  knowledge  of  the  English 
language,  and  wrote  it  with  a  beauty  and  simplicity  rarely 
equaled.  A  short  time  before  her  death,  but  a  few  years 
ago,  she  wrote  a  sketch  of  the  Fevre  river  Lead  Mines  and  of 
Gratiot's  Grove,  from  182G  to  1841,  which  is  of  marvalous  in- 
terest and  beauty.  In  speaking  of  Gratiot's  Grove,  the  first 
time  she  ever  saw  it,  in  18*^7,  she  says:  **Never  in  ail  my 
wanderings  had  I  beheld  a  more  delightful  prospect:  the 
beautiful  rolling  prairies  extending  to  the  Blue  Mounds,  a 
distance  of  thirty  miles,  and  the  magnificent  grove,  as  yet 


Col,  Henry  Gratiot.  247 

untoucbed  by  the  felling-axe,  forming  a  graceful  frame  to 
tile  lovely  landscape."  This  dest-ription  recalls  to  my  own 
mind  the  first  lime  I  ever  saw  Graiiot's  Grove,  in  the  Summer 
Stf  1841,  and  the  beauty  of  that  whole  country  made  an  im- 
Ij^sion  un  my  mind  wliich  lime  can  never  efface, 

Mrs.  Gratiot  describes  the  life  at  the  Grove  with  the  most 
i^harming  tia/rr/ie:  '■Uurs,"  she  says,  "was  a  happy  life.  We 
^Were.  as  it  may  be  said,  camping  out.  We  made  the  most 
it,  and  were  full  of  life  and  enjoyment.  We  had  many 
iJBiting  us,  strangers  as  well  as  friends,  and  all  were  wel- 
and  to  whom  we  offered  a  pallet  and  a  meal  under  a 
lade  of  green  boughs."*  *  *  "Our  families  enjoyed  almost 
uninterupted  happiness  and  prosperity.  The  old  days  at  the 
Grove  can  never  be  forgotten.  Gay  surprise  parties  in  the 
W'inter  would  come  to  the  Grove  with  jiugling  sleigh-bells 
to  have  a  dance,  and  in  return  we  enjoyed  going  to  pleasure- 
parties  in  Galena."  But  sometimes  deep  shadows  fell  across 
their  paths.  She  speaks  of  her  sister  in-law,  Mrs.  Henry 
Gratiot,  who  often  found  herself  alone  with  her  children, 
when  her  husband  was  necessarily  absent,  and  then  she  adds, 
"that  to  the  greatest  gentleness  and  fortitude  she  joined  the 
Courage  of  a  heroine:  a  most  devoted  wife,  an  affectionate 
o*other,  and  kind  friend,  she  was  beloved  and  honored  by  alt." 
The  breaking  out  of  the  Black  Hawk  war  brought  alarm 
*nd  unhappinesa  to  this  peaceful  village.  In  speaking  of 
that  event,  Mrs.  Gratiot  says;  "  Up  to  this  time 
(IS3a),  our  dwellings  had  been  comi>leted,  and  we  were  sur- 
rounded wiih  many  comforts,  and  in  our  light-heartedness, 
P^ver  dreamed  of  the  storm  gathering  over  our  heads.  On 
4lh  of  July  I  claimed  the  privilege  of  entertaining  our 
inds  at  dinner;  the  table  was  set,  the  guests  assembled. 
Ours  were  primitive  accommodations,  I  was  carrying  a 
'a»'ge  bowl  of  custard  to  the  table,  Mrs,  Henry  Gratiot  was  _^ 
*S8isUng  me  carrying  something,  when  we  saw  four  tall 
ians,  with  guns  in  their  hands,  coming  to  ths 
I  was  30  taken  by  surprise  that  the  bowl  fell  from 
hands,  to  the  great  dismay  of  the  children.  I  ran  m  to 
rise  the  gentlemen.  The  Indians  gravely  entered,  and 
Were  quite  relieved  when  we  saw  our  visitors  stack  their 


El 
1 


■2-lS  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

guns  and  accejita  share  of  our  dinner;  but  all  appetite  ami 
joyousness  had  fled." 

An  iuteri>reter  wasaent  for,  and  it  was  found  that  these 
unlooked-for  visitors  were  friendly  Winnebago  chiefs,  who 
in  their  friendsliip  for  the  Gratiots,  had  come  to  warn  them 
that  on  account  of  the  encroachments  of  the  whites  in  tbelr 
territory,  they  could  no  longer  restrain  their  young  men 
^  from  making  war.  They  said  they  did  not  want  to  liurt 
them,  but  wanted  to  advise  them  to  remove  their  womea 
and  children.  This  was  an  admonition  to  ba  Ivi&lai.  Iht 
news  spread  like  wild-fire,  and  all  was  terror  and  conCusion, 
All  the  womiiu  and  children  were  sent  to  Qalena.  Mrs. 
Gratiot  says:  "  We  made  our  preparations  to  leave  with 
heavy  hearts,  leaving  our  husbands  to  the  dangers  of  Indian  ' 
warfare."  and  she  continues  sadly,  "  when  the  teams  drove 
up  to  take  us  away,  wb  left  our  homes  with  many  tears. " 

Many  others  besides  Mrs.  Gratiot  have  written  of  Gra- 
tiot's Grove,  the  exquisite  beauty  of  its  location,  its  beautiful 
climate,  and  the  character  o£  its  society.  Mr.  Caleb  At- 
water,  who  was  one  of  the  Comrais-sioners  who  negotiated 
the  treaties  for  the  purchase  of  Indian  lands  at  Prairie  du 
Ohien  in  1829.  visited  Gratiot's  Grove  in  the  Fall  of  that 
year.  In  a  volume  published  by  him  in  1^31,  he  speaks  of 
•Gratiot's  Grove  as  follows; 

"About  twenty  families  reside  in  this  secluded  grove- 
Among  the  interesting  people  here  are  Mrs.  Henry  Gratiot, 
■who  was  born  and  educated  in  New  London,  Conn.;  Mrs.  J. 
P.  B.  Gratiot,  who  was  born  and  educated  in  Paris;  Mrs. 
John  R.  Coonce,  who  is  a  daughter  of  the  celebrated  En- 
lish  botanist,  John  Bradbury,  and  who  was  bjrnand  edu- 
cated in  London.  They  all  live  within  a  few  rods  of  each 
other.  *  •  There  is  a  post-office  here,  and  mail 

passes  through  the  place  once  a  week,  to  and  from  Galena. 
Mr.  Gratiot  has  large  lead-furnaces  here,  and  there  is  a  dry 
goods  store,  but  no  doggery  in  the  village." 

A  roving  contributor  of  the  N.  Y.  Tribune,  in  July.  ISii, 
■writing  from  Gratiot's  Grove,  thus  describes  that  locality,  as 
it  appeared  to  him  at  that  time: 


1        k 


Col.  Henry  Gratiot.  24i> 

*       *       *       *•  Tie  a  goodly  sight  to  see 
What  Heaven  has  done  for  this  delicious  land.^* 

"  This  lovely  and  romantic  spot  is  situated  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Wisconsin.  It  is  very  near  the  dividing 
line  between  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  and  about  twenty 
miles  east  from  the  Mississippi  river.  Qalena,  Illinois^  the 
depot  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Lead  Mines,  and  a  place  of 
great  business  and  activity,  is  about  fifteen  miles  in  a  direc- 
tion a  little  south  of  west,  from  that  part  of  the  Grove  where 
I  write.  The  first  settlement  made  here  of  white  men  was 
in  1820  —  the  whole  country  around  here  was  then  in  posses- 
sion of  Winnebago  Indians.  At  that  early  period,  the  In- 
dians had  made  discoveries  of  lead  ore,  and  had  made  some 
progress  in  smelting  it  in  a  rude  way.  Col.  Henry  Gratiot, 
an  enterprising  frontier-man,  and  a  brother  of  Gen.  Gratiot, 
of  the  U.  S.  Engineer  Corps,  was  the  first  settler,  and  hence 
the  name  of  Gratiot's  Grove.  In  all  my  travels  in  the  West, 
I  have  not  seen  a  section  of  country  combining  so  many 
advantages  with  so  much  mineral  and  agricultural  wealth, 
and  so  well  watered  and  timbered,  as  the  country  around 
Qratiot's  Grove.  Nature  never  spread  out  a  fairer  and 
nobler  field  for  the  enterprising  genius  of  man.  The  great 
natural  beauty  of  the  countryy*  with  its  shady  groves,  its 
high  rolling  prairies,  and  its  rippling  streams;  the  fertility 
of  the  soil,  the  richness  of  the  mines  and  the  salubrity  of 
of  the  climate,  cannot  be  surpassed." 

Tons  who  live  in  these  "  piping  times  of  peace,"  strangers 
to  internecine  conmiotion,  and  undisturbed  by  war,  it  is 
J^ardly  possible  to  realize  that  little  more  than  half  a  century 
ago,  in  what  is  now  your  beautiful  and  peaceful  county  of 
Lafayette,  women  and  children  were  fleeing  from  the  tom- 
ahawk and  the  scalping-knife.  It  is  well  for  us  in  our  busy 
and  active  lives  to  pause  in  the  presence  of  such  a  history,  and 
pay  a  respectful  tribute  to  the  memory  of  those  of  your 
^arly  settlers  who,  amid  so  many  dangers  and  privations, 
helped  to  lay  the  foundations  of  your  noble  State. 

There  never  was  a  w^hite  man  in  his  time,  or  any  other 
time,  that  had  so  mu^h  influence  over  thft  Indians  of  the 

17-H.  C. 


250  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

North-West  as  Col.  Gratiot.  His  knowledge  of  the  Indian 
character,  obtained  by  him  while  in  St.  Louis,  through  his 
''brothers-in-law,  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,  and  John  P.  Cabanne, 
''both  controlling  spirits  in  the  American  Fur  Company 
taught  him  that  to  obtain  consideration  and  influence  with 
the  Indians,  it  was  necessary  for  him  to  deal  with  them  with 
^kindness  and  good  faith,  and  never  to  practice  on  them  any 
deceit.  Let  an  Indian  be  once  knowingly  deceived  by  a 
white  man,  confidence  was  gone,  and  never  to  be  regained 
Always  dealing  honorably  and  frankly  witb  the  Indians, 
treating  them  with  the  utmost  kindness,  and  vigilantly 
guarding  himself  and  all  about  him  against  the  least  decep- 
tion, even  in  the  smallest  matters,  Col.  Gratiot  obtained  an 
almost  unbounded  control  and  influence  over  them,  particu- 
larly the  Winnebago  tribe,  which  in  his  time  claimed  all  the 
country  in  what  is  now  South-Western  Wisconsin  and 
North- Western  Illinois. 

Col.  Hercules  L.  Dousman,  so  well  known  to  all  your  early 
settlers,  as  connected  with  the  American  Fur  Company,  and 
so  long  the  manager  of  its  vast  trading  establishment  at 
Prairie  du  Chien,  and  as  a  business  man  without  an  equal 
during  his  day  and  generation  in  the  North-West,  once  told 
me,  that  in  dealing  with  the  Indians  what  they  had  to  guard 
against  with  the  greatest  vigilance,  was  to  avoid  any  pos- 
sible deception  when  dealing  with  them.    If  by  any  acci- 
dent or  mistake  a  blanket  or  a  gun,  or  any  other  article., 
which  was  not  up  to  the  standard  was  sold  to  an  Indian,  the 
utmost  pains  would  be  taken  to  exchange  the  faulty  article, 
and  replace  it  by  the  most  perfect  one  at  the  earliest  mo- 
ment, without  regard  to  trouble  or  expense.    And  such  was 
always  the  rule  of  the  American  Fur  Company  in  all  of  its 
colossal  transactions  with  the  Indians  over  half  a  continent, 
and  it  was  that  which  enabled  it,  during  its  entire  existence, 
to  hold  such  a  control  over  the  Indian  tribes. 

The  two  most  important  Indian  treaties  ever  concluded  in 
the  then  North-West,  was  the  treaty  concluded  with  the 
Chippewas,  Ottawas,  and  Pottawatomios,  executed  July  27, 
1820;  and  the  treaty  with  the  Winnebagoes,  executed 
August  1,  1820.      These  tteati^^  v^ere  negotiated  with  the 


Col.  Henry  Gratiot.  251 

various  tribes  of  Indians  at  Prairie  du  Chien.    The  Commis- 
sioners were  Gen.  John  McNeil,  an  oflBcer  of  the  United 
States  Army,  Pierre  Menard,  ex-Lieut.  Governor  of  Illinois, 
and  Caleb  Atwater,  a  weak  and  inoffensive  old  man  from 
Ohio,    Charles    S.    Hempstead,  for  many  years  my    law 
partner  at  Galena,  was  the  Secretary  of  the  Commission. 
The  country  purchased  was  of  vast  importance,  embracing 
the  region  from  Rock  Island  to  the  Wisconsin  river  on  the 
north,  and  to  Lake  Michigan  on  the  east,  and  taking  in  all 
that  is  now  in  Northern  Illinois  and  Southern  Wisconsin, 
and,  in  fact,  making  the  United  States  the  possessor  of  all 
the  Indian  country  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Wisconsin  River. 

The  first  person  in  civil  life  to  whom  the  attention  of  the 
Commissioners  and  others  interested  in  making  a  treaty 
was  directed  was  Col.  Gratiot,  as  a  man  having  more  in- 
fluence with  the  Indians  than  any  other  in  securing  the 
object  sought  for.  The  high  estimation  in  which  he  was 
held  by  the  Winnebagoes,  brought  to  him  the  confidence  of 
the  other  tribes,  who  eagerly  sought  his  advice  and  sugges- 
tions. Of  such  value  were  the  services  of  Col.  Gratiot  in 
negotiating  the  treaty,  the  Secretary  of  the  Commission 
wrote:  "Col.  Gratiot  is  very  busy,  and  if  a  treaty  be  made 
with  the  Winnebagoes,  the  Government  may  mainly  thank 
him  for  it." 

Prom  the  friendly  relations  existing  between  the  Indians 
and  Col.  Gratiot,  he  had  been  enabled  to  exercise  a  great  in- 
fluence in  arranging  the  Indian  troubles  of  1827-8;  but  it 
was  not  till  the  Black  Hawk  war  broke  out  in  1832  (which 
^w  the  Winnebagoes  into  its  vortex),  that  his  full  influ- 
ence was  felt.  In  the  annals  of  those  times,  few  names 
Baore  frequently  appear  than  that  of  Col.  Gratiot,  and  no 
'JWtti  throughout  the  whole  trouble  accomplished  more  than 
l^e.  The  position  he  held  as  agent  for  the  Winnebagoes, 
*ttd  the  friendly  relations  tliat  had  existed  between  him  and 
the  principal  chiefs  of  the  tribe,  was  evidenced  by  the  fact 
^i  I  have  stated,  that  the  chiefs  had  come  to  his  house  at 
Owitiot- s  Grove  to  advise  him  that  war  was  to  be  declared, 
^d  to  remove  the  women  and  children. 


252  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

The  most  important  and  dangerous  mission  confided  to 
Col.  Gratiot  was  the  one  with  which  he  was  intrusted  by 
Gen.  Atkinson,  who  was  in  command  of  all  the  force  em- 
ployed against  the  Indians  at  the  time.  He  deemed  it  im- 
portant that  an  effort  fof  some  accommodation  with  the 
Indians  should  be  made  through  the  Prophet,  who  was  the 
right  arm  of  Black  Hawk.  To  that  end  he  had  recourse  to  the 
good  oflBces  of  Col.  Gratiot  as  the  only  man  who  would  dare  to 
undertake  the  mission.  Gen.  Atkinson  prepared  a  letter  to 
the  hostile  chief  to  be  taken  to  the  Prophet  by  his  commis- 
sioner, Col.  Gratiot.  The  village  of  the  Prophet  was  situ- 
<  ated  on  the  beautiful  Rock  River  in  what  is  now  Whiteside 
County,  111.  There  is  now  on  the  site  of  the  Prophet's  vil- 
lage a  beautiful  and  flourishing  little  town,  bearing  the 
name  of  "  Prophet's  Town."  I  had  in  my  possession,  when 
in  Paris,  an  original  painting  of  the  Prophet,  by  Catlin.  I 
had  represented  Whiteside  County  in  Congress  for  six  years, 
and  had  there  many  valued  friends.  It  occurred  to  me  that 
a  copy  of  this  painting  would  be  considered  by  the  people 
of  Whiteside  county  a  valuable  and  interesting  souvenir  of 
the  great  chief  whose  home  had,  in  by-gone  days,  so  long 
been  in  their  county.  I  therefore  had  recourse  to  the  gifted 
pencil  of  Healy  to  make  a  copy  to  present  to  Whiteside 
County.  That  being  accomplished  in  the  most  admirable 
manner,  I  made  the  presentation,  accompanied  by  an  ad- 
dress, at  Morrison,  the  county -seat,  in  the  fall  of  1878,  and 
as  connected  with  Col.  Gratiot,  I  venture  to  embrace  in  this 
paper  what  I  said  of  this  incident : 

"  It  was  the  circumstance  of  the  good  relations  and  the 
high  respect  in  which' Col.  Gratiot  was  held  by  all  the  Indian 
tribes  of  the  Xorth-West,  that  after  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war,  he  was  deputy  by  the  military  authorities  to  visit  the 
Prophet  at  his  village,  Prophet's  Town,  in  the  interest  of 
peace,  and  with  a  view  to  some  accommodation  that  might 
spare  the  inhabitants  the  horrors  of  a  warfare  with  savages. 
He  bore  a  letter  from  Gen.  Atkinson,  who  was  in  command 
at  Fort  Armstrong.  This  was  an  important  though  danger- 
ous mission.  Col.  Gratiot  took  with  him  his  Secretary  and 
several  Winnebago  chiefs,  a\\  Vv\ft  ia«>t  friends,  and  all  on 


Col.  Henry  Gratiot.  253 

good  terms  with  the  whites  of  the  country  in  that  time  of 
so   much  peri!.    It  is  interesting  to  know  who  they  were. 
There  was  Broken  Shoulder,  an  Indian  of  stalwart  frame, 
great  intelligence,  courage,  and  sobriety.  He  had  previously 
been  an  enemy  of  the  whites,  and  he  was  shot  in  the  shoul-  ^ 
der  while  scalping  a  white-man  at    Fort  Edwards,  near 
Warsaw,  111.    Hence  his  name,  Broken  Shoulder.    Whirling 
Thunder  was  a  man  of  great  repute  for  his  sagacity  and 
wisdom  in  council.    White  Crow  was  an  Indian  of  bad 
character,  tall,  slim,  with  a  hawk  nose,  and  with  as  much  of 
a  smister  look  as  a  man  could  have  who  had  only  one  eye,  ^ 
for  one  of  his  eyes  had  been  put  out  in  a  brawl.    He  was 
addicted  to  gambling,  fighting,  drinking,  and  other  disrep- 
utable practices.    Little  Medicince  Man  was  a  fine-looking  "^ 
Dian,  rather  under  ordinary  size,  quiet,  subdued,  gentle- 
nianly.    Little  Priest  was  one  of  the  most  reputable  of  all 
the  chiefs,  able,  discreet,  wise,  and  moderate,  and  always  ■- 
Mncerely  friendly  to  the  whites.  The  party  took  their  canoes 
*t  Dixon's  i^TTY^  and  descended  Rock  river  to  the  Prophet's 
Village.   No  sooner  had  the  canoes  landed  than  the  Indians 
surrounded  the  party  with  every  demonstration  of  violence, 
^nd  made  all  of  them  prisoners.    At  the  moment  of  the 
Seizing  of  Col.  Gratiot,  the  Prophet  appeared  on  the  scene. 
Seeing  his  old  friend  in  danger,  he  rushed  upon  his  people, 
find  interfered  in  his  defense,  crying  out:  "Good  man,  good 
'^au,  my  friend.    I  take  him  to  my  wigwam;  I  feed  him;    " 
*^©  be  good  friend  of  my  Indians."    Col.  Gratiot  being  con- 
^^cted  with  the  Chouteaus  of  St.  Louis,  the  founders  of  the 
A^taerican  Fur  company,  which  vast  concern  wielded  an 
^^ixiense  influence  among  the  Indian  tribes,  both  east  and 
^®st  of  the  Mississippi,  was  called  by  the  Indians  'ChouteauJ 
Arriving  as  a  prisoner  at  the  wigwam,  the  Prophet  said  to 
*^*^,  that  if  he  came  as  'Chouteau'  he  should  welcome  him 
^  his  village;  but  if  he  came  as  a  tchite  man  he  must  con- 
®ii^r  him,  like  all  the  whites,  an  enemy,  and  detain  all  the 
P^^y  as  prisoners.    Col.   Gratiot  explained  to  the  Proph*'t 
*h©  peaceful  object  of  his  mission,  which  was  in  the  interost 
^'  Bjl  the  Indians,  and  how  great  would  be  the  perfidy  if  li« 
*^^  his  party  should  be  detained  or  harmed.    TVv^  WiVnaVv  iw 


254  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

of  the  Prophet  was  very  embarrassing.  He  wanted  to  save 
his  friend,  but  the  young  men  and  warriors  •  who  were  be- 
hind him  were  clamoring  for  the  scalps  of  the  prisoners, 
and  would  never  consent  to  their  departure.  After  keeping 
the  prisoners  two  or  three  days,  the  Prophet,  uneasy,  rest- 
less, and  disturbed  by  conflicting  emotions,  finally  said  to 
Col.  Gratiot:  'Chouteau,  you  have  always  been  my  friend, 
and  the  friend  of  my  people,  and  you  and  your  party  must 
not  be  harmed;  but  there  is  great  trouble,  my  young  men 
will  never  consent  to  give  you  up,  and  so  you  must  leave 
without  their  knowledge;  your  canoes  are  on  shore;  go  to 
them  at  a  moment  when  I  shall  indicate,  and  leave  instantly, 
and  go  with  all  speed,  like  wild-fire,  for  the  young  men  will 
give  you  chase.  All  will  depend  on  the  strength  of  your 
good  right  arms.' 

"  The  Prophet  was  right.    Hardly  had  they  reached  their 
<' canoe?  when  the  alarm  was  given,  and  all  the  young  men  of 
the  village  raised  the  war-cry,  rushed  to  their  canoes  to  fol- 
low the  prey  about  to  escape  them,  and  never  before,  nor 
since,  have  the  placid  waters  of  Rock  river  been  the  theatre 
of  such  an  exciting  contest.    It  was  literally  a  race  for  life. 
A  score  of  young  and  maddened  warriors  were  in  pursuit, 
amid  shouts  and  cries  and  imprecations.    But  a  sense  of  the 
overwhelming  danger  nerved  the  arms  of  the  pursued,  for 
to  be  taken  was  certain  death  to  all.    And  the  pursuit  con- 
tinued with  cheers  and  savage  yells  through  long  and  dreary 
hours.    Silence  fell  at  last  upon  the  pursuers.    In  the  still- 
ness of  the  night  no  sound  was  heard,  except  the  quick  and 
regular  stroke  of  the  paddle,  wielded  with  gigantic  strength. 
Sullen,  resolute,  determined,  nothing  could  divert  the  atten- 
tion of  these  red  men  of  our  prairies,  who  gave  no  heed  to 
anything  but  the  vital  matter  in  hand.    The  race  was  at  last 
to  the  swift,  and  victory  to  the  strong.  As  daylight  appeared, 
the  shores  of  the  river  revealed  to  the  exhausted  party,  that 
they  had  passed  the  point  of  danger,  and  were  within  the 
limits  of    the  white  settlements.    Doggedly,  silently,  the 
warriors  gave  up  the  chase,  and  the  pursued  were  in  a  short 
time  safely  landed  at  Rock  Island. 

"I  have  these  relations  from  the  sons  of  "Col.  Gratiot  — 


Col.  Henry  Gratiot.  255 

Col.  Charles  H.  Gratiot,  of  Gratiot,  Wis.,  and  Lieut.  Col. 
Edward  H.  Gratiot,  of  Platteville,  Wis.,  who  had  often  heard 
their  father  recount  the  story  of  his  dangerous  mission.  It 
was  the  Prophet  who,  on  this  occasion,  protected  from  vio- 
lence  and  probably  saved  the  life  of  Col.  Gratiot,  who  was 
the  honored  father  of  Mrs.  Washburne.  In  this  fact  so  inter- 
esting to  me,  I  am  sure  all  the  people  of  Whiteside  county 
will  readily  see  another  reason  for  my  interest  in  the 
Prophet." 

But  Col.  Gratiot  became  better  known  to  the  public 
through  his  successful  efforts  in  rescuing  two  young  girls 
from  a  horrible  captivity.  The  most  shocking  event  during 
all  the  Black  Hawk  war,  and  one  which  bathed  in  tears  > 
every  mother  in  the  North-West,  was  the  cold-blooded 
murder  of  the  Hall  family  on  Indian  creek,  in  what  is  now 
lia  Salle  county,  Illinois.  A  party  of  S3.C  and  Fox  and  Pot- 
awatomie  Indians  suddenly  aj)p9ared  at  the  peaceful  resi-  • 
denceof  Mr.  Hall,  May  21/  1832;  without  warning,  they  first 
killed  a  neighbor  who  was  at  the  house,  and  then  inhumanly 
murdered  and  mutilated  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall,  and  all  the 
family  then  at  home,  except  two  young  girls,  who  were 
taken  prisoners,  and  carried  off  by  the  Indians.  This  event 
everywhere  awakened  a  sense  of  horror,  and  the  probable 
fate  of  these  two  young  girls  wrung  all  hearts  with  anguish. 
They  were  dragged  through  the  country  by  the  Indians, 
enduring  every  privation,  undergjoing  the  most  terrible 
hardships  in  going  from  Indian  Creek  to  the  Blue  Mounds 
in  Wisconsin.  The  knowledge  of  the  affair  coming  to  Gen. 
Dodjje,  he  at  once  saw  that  the  only  way  to  rescue  these 
unfortunate  young  girls  was  through  the  Winnebagoes,  in-  -> 
fluenced  thereto  by  their  agent,  Col,  Gratiot.  The  Colonel 
immediately  addressed  himself  to  some  of  the  most  promi- 
nent chiefs  of  the  Winnebagoes,  for  the  purpose  of  ol)tain- 
ing  their  good  offices,  in  effecting  the  release  of  the  two 
young  prisoners.  They  could  not  refuse  the  reciuest  of  their 
"father,"  Col.  Gratiot;  and  armed  with  full  autjiority  and 

'Wakeaeld'8  HUtory  of  the  Black  Hawk  liar  says,  "about  the  20th  of 
^f  bat  the  narrative  of  the  Hall  girls  tixe3  the  date  as  the  2lst  of  that 
numQi^  \j.  O.  \3« 


25G  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

ample  means  to  ransom  the  prisoners,  their  rescue  was 
affected,  after  six  days  of  detention,  and  the  most  frightful 
maltreatment.  But  to  the  credit  of  these  murderous  and 
cruel  Indians,  it  can  be  said  that  during  all  the  time  they 
-<  held  the  girls  as  prisoners,  there  was  never  offered  the  least 
affront  to  their  modesty.  The  rescue  occasioned  universal 
joy.  The  liberated  girls  were  first  taken  to  Gratiot's  Grove, 
where  they  received  every  kindness  and  attention  from  the 
kind-hearted  ladies  of  the  settlement.* 

The  great  probity  of  Col.  Gratiot's  character  made  his  ad- 
vice and  suggestions  sought  for  on  every  side.  He  had  the 
fullest  confidence  and  friendship  of  Gen.  Dodge,  who  con- 
stantly consulted  with  him.  At  the  request  of  the  General, 
Gol.  Gratiot  had  induced  the  Winnebagoes  to  meet  in  coun- 
cil at  the  head  of  the  Four  Lakes,  on  the  25th  of  M^,  1832. 
"^  And  there  followed  a  long  "  talk "  to  the  Indians  by  Gen. 
Dodge,  who  commenced  by  saying:  "  My  friends,  Mr.  Gra- 
tiot, your  father,  and  myself  have  met  to  talk  with  you. 
Having  identified  us  both  as  your  friends' in  making  a  sale 
of  your  country  to  the  United  States,  you  will  not  suspect 
us  of  deceiving  you."  Gen.  Dodge  was  not  satisfied  by  this 
talk  of  the  good  faith  of  the  Winnebagoes,  and  shortly 
thereafter  he  again  sent  for  CdI.  Gratiot,  arrested  three  of 
^  the  principal  chiefs  as  hostages,  and  sent  them  to  Gratiot's 
Grove.  That  point  being  the  residence  of  Col.  Gratiot,  and 
included  in  hostile  territory,  it  became  a  place  of  much  im- 
portance. A  stockade  was  built  there  for  the  protection  of 
the  white  settlers. 

After  the  close  of  the  Black  Hawk  war.  Col.  Gratiot  grad- 
ually closed  up  his  business  of  mining  and  smelting,  and 
prepared  to  open  up  a  large  farm  adjoining  the  "Grove." 
Erecting  a  house  on  a  beautiful  site,  built  in  the  French 
fashion,  with  its  long  and  wide  galleries  and  its  many  ample 
rooms,  and  no  one  who  ever  visited  it  up  to  the  time  it  was 
consumed  by  fire,  in  1853,  can  ever  forget  its  hospitable 
shelter. 


'  The  names  of  those  s iris  were  Richel  aad  Salvia  HalL    The  former 
was  fifteen  and  the  latter  seventeen  years  old  when  taken  prisoners. 
^Smitirs  Hist,  Wiscoiisiv,  \,4\^-Al. 


Col.  Henry  Gratiot.  257 

Having  passed  through  many  dangers  and  tribulations, 
C!ol.  Gratiot  now  found  himself  in  a  situation  to  settle  down 
to  enjoy  life  in  the  bosom  of  his  family,  and  to  him,  the 
dearest  spot  on  earth.  But,  alas  I  there  was  to  be  no  future 
full  of  bright  hopes  for  long  days  of  happiness.  In  the 
Spring  of  1830,  he  went  to  Washington,  partly  on  business 
and  partly  on  a  visit  to  his  brother.  Gen.  Charles  Gratiot, 
then  chief  of  the  corps  of  engineers  of  the  United  States 
anny. 

It  was  at  this  time  that  the  original  of  the  portrait  here 
presented  was  painted  by  Harding.  He  was  then  forty- 
seven  years  old,  and  in  all  the  vigor  and  flush  of  his  middle 
life.  Mingling  in  the  fashionable  circles  of  Washington, 
people  were  amazed  to  And  a  man  who  had  spent  nearly  his 
whole  life  on  the  frontier,  and  with  the  Indians,  the  highest 
type  of  a  gentleman,  who,  with  his  French  vivacity  and 
coraial  manner,  attached  himself  to  all  with  whom  he  met. 

While  at  Washington,  Col.  Gratiot  contracted  a  sudden 
and  severe  cold,  but  in  his  hurrv  to  reach  his  home  he  left 
Washington  before  he  was  really  able  to  travel.  By  the 
time  he  had  reached  Baltimore  he  was  too  unwell  to  pro- 
ceed further,  and  stopped  at  Bamum's  Hotel,  where  he  grew 
rapidly  worse,  until  he  died,  April  %'^,  1830.  Though  away 
from  his  family,  he  had  every  attention  which  care  and  af- 
fection could  suggest.  He  was  surrounded  during  his  illness 
by  his  brother.  Gen.  Gratiot,  Chief  Justice  Taney,  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  Gen.  George  W.  Jones, 
delegate  in  Congress  from  Michigan  Territory,  Capt.  Henry 
A.  Thompson,  United  States  army,  and  others. 

The  death  of  Col.  Gratiot  created  a  profound  impression 
^itroughout  all  the  Lead-Mining  districts,  for  no  man  was 
"Ctter  or  more  favorably  known,  nor  more  highly  esteemed 
*lMin  he  was.  A  large  meeting  was  held  in  Galena  to  ex- 
prfesg  the  sense  of  the  public  loss,  and  to  pay  tribute  to  the 
clwtracter  of  the  deceased.  Hon.  John  Turney  was  Chair- 
^'^^anof  the  Committee  who  made  the  report,  and  Hon.  Joseph 
**•  Boge,  afterward  a  member  of  Congress  from  the  Galena 
I^iatrict,  was  Secretary  of  the  meeting. 


258  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

The  following  is  the  report  of  Judge  Turney,  adopted  by 
the  meeting: 

"Gentlemen  —  Your  committee  beg  leave  to  report:  The 
friend  and  fellow-citizen,  whose  melancholy  fate  has  as- 
sembled us  together,  and  for  whose  worth  we  would  offer 
our  tribute  of  respect,  has  been  long  and  intimately 
known  in  this  country,  and  only  known  to  be  most 
warmly  esteemed.  The  name  of  Henry  Gratiot,  Esq., 
is  identified  with  the  earliest  settlement  of  the  extreme 
North- West.  The  probity  and  integrity  of,  his  character, 
no  less  than  his  hospitality,  benevolence,  and  charity,  en- 
deared him  to  the  hearts  of  all  who  knew  him.  The  death 
of  the  good  man  is  a  bereavement  to  the  whole  community; 
but  to  those  connected  with  the  deceased  by  ties  of  blood, 
the  loss  is  irreparable." 

Col.  Gratiot  left  eight  children,  four  sons  and  four  daugh- 
ters.   Two  of  the  sons  have  died  in  Wisconsin  within  the 
last  three  years:    Lieut. -Col.  Edward  H.  Gratiot,  late  a  Pay- 
master in  the  United  States  army,  at  Platteville,  and  Char- 
les H.  Gratiot,  at  Gratiot,  La  Fayette  County.    An  other 
Stephen  H.  Gratiot   died    in    Washington,    in   1864.      The 
only  remaining  son,  Henry  Gratiot,  resides  in  the   State   of 
California.    Of  the  four  daughters,  Mrs.  Washburne  is  the 
only  one  now  living. 

The  death  of  no  man  throughout  the  Lead-Mines  was  ever 
more  generally  and  sincerely  regretted  than  was  that  of  Col. 
Gratiot.  By  none  was  his  death  more  sincerely  mourned 
than  by  the  poor  and  straggling  Winnebagoes  who  lingered 
in  the  country.  For  many  years  after  the  marriage  of  Mrs. 
Washburne,  and  up  to  18(30,  many  of  the  surviving  members 
of  the  tribe  would  come  almost  annually  to  visit  her  at  her 
home  in  Galena,  to  pay  a  tribute  of  respect  and  affection  to 
the  memory  of  her  father.  Bringing  their  blankets  with 
them,  they  would  sometimes  remain  for  several  days,  sleep- 
ing on  the  floor  of  her  parlors.  To  those  poor,  wandering, 
dispirited,  and  squalid  Indians  —  men  literally  without  a 
country  —  the  latch-string  was  always  out,  •and  they  were 
ever  hospitably  received  and  entertained.  They  always  de- 
parted satisfied,  and  v^  ith  their  best  wishes  for  the  happi- 


Col.  Henry  Gratiot.  t>50 

Vs&^^  ^^d  well-being  of  the  daughter  of  their  best  friend,  and 

f'all  her  family. 

■^_  It  can  but  be  with  conflicting  emotions  that  you  contem- 
plate the  destiny  that  has  overtaken  the  original  possessors 
of  your  soil.  They  have  passed  away;  their  council-fires 
liave  been  extinguished^  and  their  monuments  torn  down. 

*<  Ill-fated  race,  thj>  tribes  have  one  by  one 
Sunk  to  their  rest  beneatli  the  setting  sun, 
Just  like  the  bubbles  which  the  ocean  bore. 
The  waves  swept  o'er  them,  they  are  seen  no  nior\" 

Gentlemen  of  the  Society,  I  have  thus  endeavored  to  give 
you  a  sketch,  imperfect  as  it  is,  of  one  of  the  pioneers  of 
^"isconsin.    It  only  remains  for  me,  formally,  in  the  name 

of  Mrs.  Washburne,  to  present  to  your  Society  the  portrait 

«f  her  father^  Henry  Gratiot. 


Prof.  J.  B.  Parkinson,  in  behalf  of  the  Society,  gratefully 
accepted  the  gift  of  the  excellent  portrait  of  one  of  Wis- 
consin's early  and  meritorious  pioneers;  and,  raised  in  the 
Lead  Region,  he  was  able  to  add  his  testimony  to  the  worth 
of  this  distinguished  man: 

"  Col.  Gratiot  was  a  thorough-going  business  man,  and 
not  a  few  of  the  '  old  settlers '  of  that  region,  as  I  person- 
ally know,  have  had  reason  to  be  grateful  to  him  for  the 
enterprises  he  has  set  on  foot.  His  versatility  of  business 
talent  and  power  of  adaptation  were  remarkable.  It  is  of 
record  that  he  was  miner,  smelter,  farmer,  merchant,  mill- 
builder,  and  at  each  successful.  It  is  worthy  of  note,  that 
one  of  the  first  grist-mills  in  Wisconsin,  and  the  very  first 
\7ithin  the  present  county  of  La  Fayette,  was  constructed 
by  Col.  Gratiot  as  early  as  18  ^^-1).  and  the  little  buhrs  that 
-were  put  into  it  were  imported  from  France  by  way  of  Xew 
Orleans  and  Galena.  We  should  not  forget  the  energy  here 
shown  was  like  in  kind,  and  in  view  of  the  circumstances, 
scarcely  inferior  in  degree,  to  that  displayed  a  half  century 
later  in  the  erection  of  those  huge  structures  at  the  Falls 
of  St.  Anthony,  whose  products  reach  to  the  ends  of  the 


260  WiscoNi^iN  State  Historical  Society. 

earth.  It  is  also  worthy  of  mention  that  the  first  school 
taught  in  that  portion  of  the  State  was  organized  by  CoL 
Gratiot  nearly  sixty  years  ago,  and  that  the  first  teacher 
employed.  Miss  Beulah  Lamb,  afterwards  Mrs.  George 
Schellenger,  still  lives  near  the  little  village  of  Wiota,  and 
has  witnessed  the  development  from  these  small  beginnings, 
of  our  present  excellent  school  system,  in  which  the  State 
takes  just  pride." 


Gen.  David  Atwood,  in-  presenting  the  following  resolu- 
tions, which  were  unanimously  adopted,  spoke  in  appropriate 
terms  of  the  wonderful  growth  of  the  country,  and  of  the 
indebtedness  of  the  present  generation  to  such  hardy,  far- 
seeing  men  as  Col.  Gratiot,  for  this  great  prosperity;  and  of 
the  pleasure  of  the  Historical  Society  that  the  daughter  and 
grand-daughter  of  this  noble  pioneer,  and  of  the  eI^inent 
statesman  who  had  just  pronounced  the  admirable  address 
on  Col.  Gratiot,  are  present  on  this  interesting  occasion: 

Resolvedf  That  in  the  presentation  to  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Societj, 
by  Mrs.  E,  B.  Washburne,  of  an  elegant  portrait  of  her  late  honored  father, 
Col.  Henry  Gratiot,  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  highly  respected  pioneers 
of  Wisconsin,  she  has  performed  a  graceful  and  generous  act,  that  is 
highly  appreciated  by  the  Society;  that  the  interesting  and  eloqent  manner 
in  which  the  presentation  was  made  by  Hon.  E.  B.  Washbume,  and  the 
felicitous  terms  in  which  he  referred  to  the  life  and  character  of  Col.  Gra- 
tiot, are  fitting  accompaniments  of  the  noble  generosity  of  the  donor;  and 
that  the  sincere  and  cordial  thanks  pf  the  members  of  the  Wisconsin  Bis- 
torical  Society  be,  and  they  are  hereby  tendered  to  Mrs,  Waahbume  for 
her  valuable  contribution  to  the  art  gallery,  and  to  Mr.  Washbume  for  his 
able  contribution  to  the  biographical  literature  of  the  Society. 

Resolved,  That  the  Hon.  E.  B.  Washbume  be,  and  he  hereby  is,  respect- 
'  fully  requested  to  furnish  to  this  Society,  for  publication,  a  copy  of  his  ad- 
mirable address  on  the  life  and  character  of  Col.  Henry  Gratiot,  delivered 
this  eveninpf. 


MRS.  ADELE  P.  GRATIOT'S  NARRATIVE. 


Mrs.  Adele  Maria  Antoinette  Gratiot,  nre  Dd  Perdreauville,  was  bom 
Oct  25,  1802,  in  La  Maillerage,  near  Rouea,  France.    She  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Rene  Alphonse  de  David,  de  Perdreauville.    Her  interesting  narra- 
tire,  with  what  Hon.  R  B.   Washbume  says  of  her,  gives  the  reader  a 
good  idea  of  this  most  estimable  lad  j  —  a  worthy  pioneer  of  Western  Wis- 
oonsin.    She  died  in  Washington,  Arkansas,  December  4,  1873. 

Her  husband,  Jean  Pierre  Bugnion  Gratiot  —  of cen  referred  to  as  Bion  - 
Gratiot — wes  bom  in  St  Louis,  February  18,  1799.  He  was  well  educated, 
tnd  a  man  of  enterprise  and  generous  impulses.  As  early  as  1824,  he  spent 
•  jetr  in  New  Mexico,  in  search  of  gold  mines,  without  finding  the  prec- 
kxu  metal  in  sufficient  quantities  for  profitable  mining.  In  1825,  with  his 
brother,  Henry  Gratiot,  he  located  in  the  Lead  Region  of  South- Western 
WisooDsin,  and  was  long  engaged  in  lead  mining.  During  the  Black 
Hawk  war,  he  raised  a  party  of  men,  principally  his  own  employes,  did 
good  service,  and  received  the  thanks  of  Gen.  Atkinson.  These  services 
tieieferred  to  in  the  Illuntrated  Hist,  of  Lafayette  Co,,  Wis.,  p.  472;  and 
bjCcd.  D.  M.  Parkinson,  Wis.  His.  Colls.,  ii,  338. 

In  1841,  he  removed  to  the  lead  region  of  Missouri,  and  located  in  Wash- 
iBfftoo  ooonty,  which  he  frequently  represented  in  tke  Legislature  of  that 
Btatei  He  was  a  member  at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  while 
tttpoiarily  at  St  Louis,  April  7.  1871,  in  his  seventy-third  year.  He  was 
I  man  of  much  enterprise  and  usefulness  in' his  day,  of  fine  intelligence, 
ud  pfoverbiaJ  for  his  |pQclii<3SS  and  hospitality.  L.  C.  D. 

MRS.   GRATIOT'S  NARRATIVE. 

"The  residents  of  Galena,"  says  the  Galena  Gazette,  May 
2, 1879,  "and  the  Upper  Mississippi  Lead  Mines  prior  to  1S4L 
will  remember  John  P.  B.  Gratiot,  one  of  the  prominent 
«arly  settlers.  He  was  the  brother  of  the  late  Col.  Henry 
Gfatiot,  so  well  and  honorably  known  in  the  North-ANest. 
Mr.  J.  p.  B.  Gratiot  died  several  years  since  while  a  member 
^^  the  Legislature  of  :Missouri.  His  wife  was  a  :Miss 
Perdreauville,  a  French  lady  of  noble  family,  and  highly 
educated  and  accomplished.  Her  father  filled  several  high 
positions  under  the  First  Napoleon,  and  was  tUtONVW  ox^XXi^ 


262  Wisconsin  StateHistorical  Society. 

shores  of  the  United  States  after  the  political  storms  of 
1814.  Mrs.  Gratiot  died  some  few  years  ago  at  Washington, 
Arkansas^  the  residence  of  her  daughter,  the  widow. of 
Major  B.  F.  Hempstead^  formerly  of  Galena,  and  the  nephew 
of  the  late  Charles  S.  Hempstead,  Esq.,  of  this  city. 

^'  A  short  time  before  her  death,  Mrs.  Gratiot,  at  the  request 
of  her  niece,  Mrs.  Adele  Gratiot  Washburne,  wife  of  the 
Hon.  E.  B.  Washburne,  then  minister  to  France,  jotted  down 
some  of  the  recollections  of  her  life,  giving  somewhat  of 
her  own  history  and  that  of  her  family,  so  distinguished  on 
both  sides. 

'^  We  are  fortunate  in  having  this  document  in  our  pos- 
session, and  are  permitted  to  make  it  public.  The  narrative, 
all  in  the  elegant  hand- writing  of  Mrs.  Gratiot,  when  more 
than  seventy  years  of  age,  is  remarkable  for  its  clearness 
of  style  and  accuracy  of  statement,  evincing  a  refined  edu- 
cation and  superior  intelligence.  We  are  certain  that  our 
readers  will  find  these  reminiscences  of  great  interest.  It 
forms  an  important  chapter  in  the  early  history  of  the  Lead 
Mining  Region." 

Mrs.  Gratiot,  after  alluding  to  her  father's  coming  to  the 
United  States  in  1815,  leaving  France  on  account  of  the 
political  troubles  that  were  convulsing  the  country,  says: 

*'  After  sojourning  for  three  years  in  different  parts  of  the 
Eastern  States,  my  father  met  in  Philadelphia,  one  of  the   ' 
leading  merchants  of  St.  Louis,  Mr.  Bernard  Pratte,  and 
made  up  his  mind  to  remove  to  the  West,  and  settle  his 
young  family  on  a  farm.    He  was  a  man  highly  cultivated, 
and  entirely  unfit  to  follow  the  plough.    After  two  years  o^ 
painful  efforts,  he  finally  abandoned  the  farm  and  remov^ 
to  New  Orleans,  where  he  edited  the  New  Orleans  Bee,   ^ 
French  paper,  for  several  years,  and  with  much  success. 

I  was  married  in  1811^  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  to  J.  R  ^ 
Gratiot,  the  third  son  of  Mr.  Charles  Gratiot,  of  St.  Louis* 

Mr.  Charles  Gratiot  was  a  native  of  Lausanne,  Switz^ 
land,  and  descended  from  a  noble  Huguenot  family  of  V^ 
Rochelle,  France,  that  fied  from  the  persecution  which  tC^ 
lowed  the  revocation  of  the  "Edict  of  Nantes."  At  twel^ 
vears  of  age  he  was  sent  to  England,  where  his  only  siste^ 


Mss.  Gratiot's  Narrative.  203 

who  was  married,  resided,  to  receive  an  English  education. 
At  the  age  of  eighteen,  he  was  sent  for  by  an  uncle,  Mr. 
Bernard,  his  mother's  brother,  a  very  wealthy  man  in  Mon- 
treal, Canada.    After  remaining  a  short  time  with  him,  he 
joined  the  Fur  Company  of  the  North- West. 

After  several  years  of  hardships  and  hazardous  adven- 
tures, Mr.  Gratiot  came  to  St.  Louis,  then  a  very  small  French 
settlement.  He  had  education,  energy,  and  enterprise,  made 
a  considerable  fortune,  and  married  Miss  Victoria  Chouteau, 
a  lady  of  great  beauty  and  eminent  virtues.  She  was  the 
youngest  of  the  three  sisters  of  Messrs.  Auguste  and  Pierre 
Chouteau,  the  founders  of  St.  Louis,  with  their  friend  and 
protector,  the  Marquis  Pierre  Ligueste  de  Laclede.  Mr. 
Gratiot's  house  was  the  centre  of  hospitality.  His  perfect 
knowledge  of  the  English  language,  almost  unknown  in 
that  part  of  the  country,  brought  to  him  all  strangers 
coining  to  St.  Louis  for  either  business  or  pleasure.  During 
the  war  of  the  Revolution,  Mr.  Gratiot  was  an  earnest  pa- 
triot, and  prominent  for  the  assistance  he  furnished  the 
American  troops,  destitute  of  money  and  provisions.  He 
furnished  them  to  the  amount  of  his  available  fortune.  For 
this  he  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the  English  Government, 
having  resided  so  long  in  their  dominions,  he  was  considered 
an  English  subject  and  a  traitor. 

A  large  reward  was  ofiEered  for  his  head.  While  on  a 
▼isit  to  Illinois  on  business,  he  was  kidnapped  by  a  party  of 
hostile  Indians  and  hurried  towards  the  English  lines,  where 
he  would  most  certainly  have  been  hung.  But  he  had  many 
friends  among  the  neighboring  tribes.  A  famous  chief  of 
the  "  Saukies,"  named  Pontiac,  and  known  by  the  French 
^  the  "0-rand  Sauteur,''  on  account  of  his  lofty  stature, 
started  in  pursuit  with  a  few  chosen  braves,  and  rescued  him 
within  two  days  of  the  frontier,  when  he  had  lost  all  hopes 
<>f  his  life.*  The  British  could  not  take  him,  but  took  their 
revenge  by  confiscating  to  the  Crown,  all  the  estate  of  his 


*Jn.  Gratiot  has  blended  her  recollections.  It  was  during  the  Revo- 
^"^'Wiary  war  that  the  elder  Charles  Gratiot  furnished  supplies  to  the 
^*"«ricaii  troops;  and  thus  stirred  up  the  ire  of  theBrlUftK    \^Vv«o.c«v- 


2G4  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

uncle,  Mr.  Bernard,  which  had  been  left  to  him,  and  which 
was  very  considerable.  The  State  of  Virginia,  of  which 
Illinois  then  formed  a  part,  had  large  transactions  with  Mr. 
Gratiot,  then  residing  in  St.  Louis,  and  had  become  indebted 
to  him  for  more  than  a  hundred  thousand  dollars  for  sup- 
plies, money  advanced,  etc.  In  part  payment,  Mr.  Gratiot 
was  obliged  to  take  a  large  amount  of  land  scrip,  to  be 
located  in  Kentucky,  then  almost  a  wilderness,  and  Louw- 
ville  a  mere  military  "post.  These  lands  upon  which  the 
scrip  was  located,  were  comparatively  worthless,  and  by  the 
burning  of  the  land  offices  at  Frankfort,  Kentucky,  and  at 
Richmond,  Virginia,  simultaneously,  the  evidence  of  location 
was  destroyed,  aad  no  title  was  ever  obtained.  After  giving 
him  the  scrip,  ihe  State  still  owed  Mr.  Gratiot  $18,000,  and 
he  employed  James  Monroe,  afterwards  President,  to  prose- 
cute his  claim,  which,  though  proved  and  recognized,  was 
never  paid. 

When  we  landed  in  St.  Louis,  in  1817,  it  was  a  small 
place,    the    population    not    exceeding     fifteen    hundred, 
and  only  four  brick   buildings.     The  two   Messrs.  Chou- 
teau,   Auguste    and    Pierre,     had     large    stone     houses 
with     broad     verandas,    all    around.     Mr.  Gratiot's  was   . 
was  also  a  large  stone  house,  with  a  wide  gallery  in  front,  ajid 
stood  on  Main  street,  on  the  corner  of  what  is  now  Pine.    AU 
the  rest  were  low  houses  of  more  or  less  respectable  appear- 
ance, with  large  yards  and  gardens  surrounded  by  picked 
fences.    There  were  no  pavements,  no  sidewalks,  and  tb-^ 
streets  (there  were  but  three  improved)  were  muddy  in  tl3-* 
extreme.    But  it  soon  began  to  improve  rapidly.     If  tfc^® 
town  was  not  attractive,  the  situation  was  most  beautifi^  ^' 
and  the  rolling  country  back  of  it,  perfectly  lovely.    Wl^*--^ 
could  have  dreamed  then  of  this  Queen  of  the  West.    T**^* 
population,  composed  principally  of  French  residents,  Wi 
of  the  most  agreeable  and  hospitable  type,  many  highly  r 
fined  and  intelligent  people.    I  was  then  very  young,  an 
spoke  tlie  English  language  but  imperfectly,  and  knew  b 


tured,  he  was  rescued  by  Pecan,  a  noted  Miami  cliief,  as  the  Indian 
was  passing  through  his  village  with  their  captive.    The  famous 
Chief,  Pontiac,  had  been  dead  some  ten  or  twelve  years.  I*  C.  D. 


Mrs.  Gratiot's  Narrative.  205 

7  beyond  the  circle  of  my  husband^s  relations.  My  mother- 
law  was  highly  respected  and  accomplished,  and  I  was 
long  the  frequent  visitors  to  her  house,     I  became  ac- 
lainted  with  some  remarkable  persons   of  these   early 
nes:  CoL  Thomas  H.  Benton,  then  ascending  the  political 
dder;  Gen.  William  Clarke  Mr.  Edward  Bates,  the  two 
Messrs.  Gamble,  Gen.  William  Rector,  U.  S.  Surveyor,  Gen. 
L  H.  Ashley,  Edward  Hempstead,  first  delegate  in  (.*on- 
ress  from  Missouri  Territory,  and  brother  of  Charles  S. 
[empstead^  of  Galena,  and  some  others. 
As  soon  as  Missouri  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a 
tate,  emigrants  began  to  pour  in  from  all  parts,  principally 
»m  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  bringing  with  them  wealth 
Qd  enterprise.     Liong  trains  of  wagons  would  cross  the 
3rry  at  the  foot  of  Market  street,  nearly  all  making  their 
^ay  toward  North  Missouri,  the  richest  lands  in  the  State.. 
>ne  or  two  small  steamers  made  their  way  to  us  during  the 
M»on,  from  New  Orleans  or  Louisville.    On  such  occasions 
early  the  whole  population  of  the  town  would  run  to  the 
iver  bank  to  see  the  rare  sight. 

During  the  year  1825,  discoveries  of  large  lead  mines  had 
een  made  in  the  nothem  part  of  Illinois.  My  husband  had 
i8t  returned  from  a  voyage  to  Santa  Fe.  After  hearing 
^newd^and  consulting  with  his  brother  Henry,  the  two 
fothers  made  up  their  minds  to  go  immediately,  and  try 
^eir  chances  in  a  new  field  of  enterprise.  About  the  mid- 
'©  of  October  of  the  same  year,  after  fitting  up  a  two-horse 
^on  with  all  necessary  implements  and  supplies,  with  three 
^rdy  and  trusty  Canadians  for  assistants,  they  started  for 
©  long  and  arduous  voyage;  for  after  passing  Peoria,  itself 
^inall  out  post,  the  country  lay  an  unbroken  wilderness  or 
Giirie,  camping  at  night  in  the  forest  or  on  the  prairie, 
Ooting  a  variety  of  game  for  their  subsistence,  broiling 
Bir  meat,  Indian  fashion,  by  the  camp-fire,  they  enjoyed 
a  journey  exceedingly.  After  crossing  the  Rock  river,  at  . 
^on's  Ferry,  they  soon  reached  the  new  Eldorado.  Nor 
^le  their  expectations,  in  any  way,  disappointed.  A  num- 
tr  of  miners  were  already  on  the  spot.  Their  intention 
^  to  erect  a  smeltin/f  establishment.  Capt.  CoTiv^\.oeV,^Vc» 


26G  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

^  Moses  Meeker  and  Capt.  Hardy  had  furnaces  already  in 
operation.  Mr.  Henry  Gratiot  and  my  husband  first  selected 
a  place  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  in  a  valley^  at  a  distance  of  a . 
mile  from  the  river,  afterwards  occupied  by  Mr.  William 
Hempstead.  They  worked  diligently  all  winter  notwith- 
standing the  severity  of  the  weather,  erecting  cabins  and 
log  furnaces,  the  primitive  way  of  smelting.  As  soon  as 
the  river  was  free  from  ice,  in  the  month  of  April,  1826,  Mr. 
Henry  Gratiot  brought  up  his  family. 

I  had  spent  the  Winter  in  New  Orleans.    My  husband 
came  for  me,  and  I  arrived  at  the  Mines  on  the  19th  of  June. 

^  When  the  boat  landed,  I  was  vainly  looking  for  a  town  or 
village,  but  a  few  scattered  log  cabins  were  all  that  I  could 
see;  piles  of  lumber  lay  on  the  shore,  promising  new  build- 
ings.   I  was  put  in  possession  of  a  small  cabin^  standine 

<^  where  Capt.  H.  H.  Gear  afterwards  built  his  residence.    Bat 
although  just  from  the  city,  all  this  looked  much  more  lite 
fun  than  hardships  —  we  were  young,  and  had  bright  pros- 
pects beforo  us.    Every  one  around  us  was  sociable,  hopeful, 
and  in  good  spirits.    The  country  was  so  vast  that  no  jeal- 
ousy could  exist  from  the  laborer  to  the  capitalist  and  specu- 
lator.   A  large  field  was  open  to  the  enterprise  of  all. 
The  first  insight  I  had  in  border  society  was  on  the  Fourth 

V  of  July  celebration,  of  the   same  year.    It  was  to  oco^^ 
at  the  old  Harris  place,  below  the  portage,  three  miles  froioti 
the  town.    It  was  the  most  curious  medley  that  could  be  w^** 
imagined  —  only   a  fanciful  pen  could  describe  the  sce^^^' 
Several  very  polished  persons,  of  course,  were  present;  t^"^ 
it  was  the  contrast  that  made  it  original:  Capt.  Comsto^*^^ 
Maj.  Farns worth.  Dr.  Newhall,  Capt.  Hardy,  Mr.  Meeker a^^ 
others.    Col.  Strode  delivered  the  oration.    But  of  min^^ 
with  uncut  hair,  red  flannel  shirts,  and  heavy  boots  dra^^^ 
over  their  pants,  there  was  a  great  number,  all  eager     •^ 
dance  and  enjoy  themselves  to  the  worth  of  their  mon^-^ 
but  I  must  say  to  their  praise,  that  they  all  behaved  like  g^^ 
tlemen.    The  ladies  were  few:   Mrs.  David  G.  Bates  andhP-^ 
two  sisters  (afterwards  Mrs.  Newhall  and  Mrs.  Swan),  M 
Lockwood  and  Mrs.  Henry,  the  wife  of  Capt.  Henry,  a  Q<^ 
erntnent  agent,  with  three  or  four  miner's  wives  smoki 


Mrs.  Gratiot's  Narrative.  sr.r 

orn  cob  pipes,  completed  the  assembly.  The  ilisses  Harris 
^ere  there^  pretty  little  girls,  the  oldest  I  saw,  about  thir- 
een;  the  boys,  seventeen  and  under. 

About  this  time  came  down  from  Fort  Snelling,  a  number 
of  Swiss  families  who  had  emigrated  to  Lord  Selkirk's  sot- 
ttement  on  the  North  Red  River.    After  suffering  for  sev- 
eral years  from  starvation,  and  from  the  several  overflows 
of  the  river,  destroying  their  crops,  and  almost  destruction 
from  the  half  breeds  and  fierce  tribes  surrounding,  tli(^y  at 
last  made  up  their  minds  to  leave  in  a  body.    They  were  in- 
dustrious, honest  people,  and  a  great  ac(|uisition  to  a*  now 
country.    Henry  Qratiot  and  my  husband  secured  the  serv- 
ices of  several  families,  among  whom  was  Peter  U(m(Ic»H- 
bacher,  afterwards  so  celebrated  for  his  pictures  of  Indians 
and  other  works  of  art.    Also  the  Chetlains  —  one  of  the 
sons  was  afterwards  a  General  in  the  Union  army.    Tlujro 
were  also  the  Longets,  Bricklers,  and  many  others  wliosn 
names  I  have  forgotten. 

Late  in  the  same  Summer  came  a  report  that  a  nunibc'r  of 
Winnebago  Indians  had  come  to  a  beautiful  prairie  about 
fifteen  miles  north,  and  taken  out  a  lar^e  quantity  of  Uuul 
ore.  A  man  by  the  name  of  Shnll  went  there  to  put  up  a 
fihanty  with  the  intention  of  prospecting  for  load  on^;  but 
the  Indians  drove  him  off.  During  that  SumriH^r  i\w.y  timiU*. 
complaints  through  their  agent,  and  api>eanMl  iriucJi  (lissat 
isfied  with  the  encroachments  of  the  whites  upon  i\u'\r  Ut 
'itory.  The  two  brothers,  taking  with  tlifjm  a  half  bn-^-d 
^oman  named  Catharine  Mayotte,  very  jiopular  with  h^r 
^be,  proceeded  immediately  to  the  plac;«;,  and  iiroposi-d  to 
P&y  a  large  amount  1^  the  Indians  for  the  pri^ihr^f;  of  niin 

■ 

^8  on  that  prairie.  Aficr  much  consultation,  i\io,y  ronH<^nt<^d 
^  let  them  work  for  a  large  amount  of  goods  and  HU|i|>li(M. 
^hich  were  delivered  within  a  week,    'i'hese  wttn*.  th<?  r«-l<! 
"^ated  "diggings"  of  Gratiot's  drov*:,  then  calhjd  "  (irxitiot » 
Survey." 

It  was  then  thought  advisable  to  coinmenr'j  th<;  iifw  <;f'.tub 
'^^hnient  without  delay.    Miners  were  aIre;t^Jy  florkin^  to 
tte  Hew  discoveries:  although   Jate  in  tho  sijason  the   work 
^^'^anced  rapidly,  cabins,  store-houses  and  furna^'.^^s    (l^i- 


.J 


268  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socity. 

peared  simultaneously.    As  my  health  was  bad,  I  was  sent 
back  for  the  Winter  to  St.  Louis,  in  a  keel-boat  that  had 
brought  goods  to  the  firm.    My  sister-in-law,  Mrs.  Henry 
Gratiot,  was  then  left,  most  of  the  time  alone,  with  her 
young  family,  her  husband  and  her  brother  being  neces- 
sarily absent  at  "Gratiot's  Grove."    But  to  the  greatest 
gentleness  and  fortitude,  Mrs.  Gratiot  joined  the  courage  ot 
a  heroine,  a  most  devoted  wife,  an  affectionate  mother  and 
a  kind  friend,  she  was  beloved  and  honored  by  all.    I  re- 
turned to  Fevre  River  in  May.  182?,  Gratiot's  Grove  he'ag 
now  our  home.    Never  in  my  wanderings  had  I  beheld  a 
more  delightful  prospect,  the  beautiful  rolling  prairie  ex- 
tending to  the  Blue  Mounds,  a  distance  of  thirty  miles,  the 
magnificent  grove,  as  yet  untouched  by  the  felling  axe, 
forming  a  graceful  frame  for  the  lovely  landscape.    From 
the  slope  of  the  hill,  you  could  see  as  far  as  the  eye  could 
reach,  miners'  shanties,  and  windlasses  in  activity.    The 
store  was  furnishing  tools  and  provisions  to  hundreds  of 
miners.    Three  four-horse  teams  making  regular  trips  to 
town  every  other  day,  could  hardly  supply  the  demand  or 
transport  the  lead,  smelted  night  and  day. 

Ours  was  a  happy  life  —  we  were,  it  may  by  said,  camping 
out.  We  made  the  most  of  it,  we  were  full  of  life  and  en- 
joyment, we  had  many  visitors,  strangers  as  well  as  friends, 
all  were  welcome,  we  could  offer  a  pallet  and  a  meal  under 
a  shade  of  green  boughs.  Our  families  were  intimately 
united,  we  lived  within  a  stone's  throw  of  each  other;  en- 
joyments, trials,  privations  were  all  in  common.  It  was 
about  the  time  that  the  name  of  "Sucker"  was  given  to' the 
Illinois  folkn,  and  it  was  from  this  circumstance:  Every 
Sprinj^r,  when  the  grass  was  high  enough  to  afford  pasture 
for  their  toams,  large  numbers  would  come  and  do  all  the 
heavy  hauling  during  the  Summer,  over  beautiful  prairies 
furnishing  all  that  they  could  desire.  But  at  the  first  frost 
they  would  all  disappear  not  to  return  until  the  next.Spring. 
Their  habits  of  migration  being  exactly  timed  with  that  of 
a  tish,  calliHl  the  •*  Sucker,"  which  aboimded  in  all  the  creeks 
and  rivers,  oausivi  the  people  of  the  upper  settlements  to 
giro  tliat  Uiune  to  tlu^se  of  the  lower  counties.    So  came  the 


I 


Mrs.  Gratiot^s  Narrative*  269 

name  of  "Sucker."     This  pleasant  life   lasted   until  the 

month  of  August.    Up  to  that  time  our  dwellings  had  been 

completed  and  we  were  surrounded  with  many  comforts, 

and  in  our  light-heartedness  never  dreamed  of  the  storm 

gathering  over  our  heads. 

I  had  claimed  the  privilege  of  entertaining  our  friends 
Oh  the  Fourth  of  July,  when  the  table  was  set,  and    the 
family   assembled.       Ours   were    primitive     accommoda- 
tions.    I     was    carrying    a    bowl    of     custard     to     the 
tdi)le.     Mrs.     Henry     Gratiot     was     assisting    me,    car- 
Tjing  some  thing,  when  we  saw  four  tall  Indians,  with 
Rtms    in    hand,    coming    up    to   the   house.      I  was    so 
taken  by  surprise  that  the  bowl  fell  from  my  hands,  to  the 
great  dismay  of  the  children.    I  ran  in  to  apprise  the  gen- 
tlemen.   The  Indians  gravely  entered,  and  we  were  quite 
relieved  when  we  saw  our  visitors  stack  their  guns,  and 
accept  a  share  of  our  dinner,  but  all  appetite  and  joyous-    v^ 
Dcss  had  fled.    It  was  soon  over.    Catherine,  the  interpreter, 
^as  sent  for.    Our  husbands  remained  in  close  interview 
^ith  the  Indians.    They  were  friendly  Winnebago  chiefs, 
^ho  came  to  tell  us  that,  on  account  of  the  encroachments 
of  the  whites  upon  their  territory,  they  could  not  restrain 
their  young  men,  who  were  going  to  declare  war.    They 
^id  not  want  to  hurt  the  "  Chouteaus,''  as  they  called  us:  but 
they  had  best  remove  their  women  and  children  out  of 
harm's  way.    The  news  spread  like  wild-fire,  and  all  was 
terror  and  confusion;  families  were  flocking  to  the  Grove 
from  the  neighboring  "  diggings,"  preparations  were  mak- 
*ng  for  defense,  and  a  strong  stockade  was  being  built 
Ground  the  store  and  warehouse,  which  were  advantage- 
ously situated  for  defense.    On  all  sides  could  be  heard  the 
stroke  of  axes  felling  the  trees.     We  made  our  preparations 
to  leave  with  heavy  hearts,  leaving  our  husbands  to  the 
dangers  of  Indian  warfare. 

On  the  26th,  the  teams  drove  up  to  take  us  away.  We  left 
our  homes  with  many  tears.  My  husband  accompanied  us 
^  far  as  Galena,  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  arms,  for  the 
Qrove  was  a  place  most  exposed;  but  he  pleaded  in  vain. 
They  granted  him  only  some  ammunition.    Some  two  week^a 


270  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

.  after,  some  arms  were  procured  from  Prairie  du  Chien,  a  mil- 
itary post.  We  remained  one  week  in  town,  waiting?  for  a 
boat.  The  little  place  was  crowded  with  families  pouring 
in  from  all  parts  of  the  Mines.  The  flat  prairie  between  the 
bluflf  and  the  river  was  covered  with  wagons,  the  families 
^camping  in  them;  block-houses  were  erected  on  the  hill, 
companies  forming,  drums  beating,  and  Gen.  Dodge  was 
busily  engaged  in  organizing  troops,  and  creating  order  and 
confidence  out  of  terror  and  confusion.  One  afternoon, 
while  impatiently  waiting  for  the  steamer,  men's  voices 
were  heard  down  the  river  —  it  seemed  a  regular  chorus. 
Some  cried  in  terror,  "  The  Indians!  the  Indians! "  The  more 
<  intelligent  declared  they  were  not  Indians,  when,  of  a  sud- 
den, we  all  saw,  gracefully  turning  the  point,  a  large  bark 
canoe,  with  six  Canadians,  paddles  in  hand,  dressed  in  blue 
jackets,  red  sashes,  feathers  in  their  hats,  and  the  United 
States  flag  flying  in  the  breeze,  and  all  singing  the  Canadian 
boat  song.  It  was  a  beautiful  sight.  The  boat  landed  in 
the  midst  of  cheers,  and  Gen.  Cass,  then  Governor  of  Mich- 
igan Territory,  stepped  on  shore. 

Mr.  Henry  Gratiot  remained  in  command  of  the  stockade 
at  the  Grove.  My  husband  formed  a  company  of  the  most 
efficient  men  in  his  section,  and  well  armed  and  well 
mounted,  they  joined  Gen.  Dodge's  command. 

The  war  was  not  of  long  duration.    The  Indians  were 
soon  reduced  to  submission.    In  Octobor  we  were  able  ^ 
v;  return  home.    But  it  was  a  great  check  to  the  prosperity  ^^ 
the  country,  and  an  immense  loss  to  the  smelters,  they  h^»^' 
ing  made  large  advances  to  the  miners,  the  two-thirds  a.  ^^ 
more  having  fled  in  terror,  never  to  return,  at  least  to  p 
their  debts.    However,  the  next  Spring  saw  business  revi^ 
the  block-house  and  stockade  converted  into  cord- wood, 
.   in  the  assurance  of  peace,  all  forgot  their  past  trials, 
treaty  was  held  at  Prairie  du  Chien.    The  Indians  request^^ 
the  presence  of  Mr.  Henry  Gratiot,  who  was  a  great  favori^ 
with  them,  and  very  efficient  in  their  behalf,  having  tht 
entire  confidence.     Being  so  well  acquainted  with  th^^ 
ways,  he  was  subsequently  appointed  their  agent,  an  oflS— ^ 

more  expense  than  proRt  to  an  Yioii^^t  ixvau* 


T- 


V-Vi 


Mrs.  Gratiot's  Narrative.  271 

0\ir  families  enjoyed  almost  uninterrupted  happiness  and 
prosperity.  The  old  days  at  the  Grove  can  never  be  forgot- 
ten. Gay  surprise  parties  in  the  Winter  would  come  to  the 
Grove,  with  jingling  sleigh-bells,  to  have  a  dance  at  either 
house.  We  in  turn  enjoyed  pleasure  parties  in  Galena  until 
1832,  when  the  Black  Hawk  war  came  upon  us  almost  as 
saddenly  as  the  previous  one.  Both  of  our  husbands  were 
then  in  St.  Louis,  entirely  unaware  of  any  hostile  demon- 
stration. Mr.  Henry  Gratiot  proposed  returning  home  by 
land,  driving  a  private  carriage,  taking  with  him,  for  com- 
pany, our  oldest  son,  then  a  lad  of  twelve  years.  Mr.  J.  P.  B. 
Gratiot  was  to  return  by  steamer. 

On  reaching  Dixon,  Mr.  Henry  Gratiot  was  startled  by 
the  news  that  the  Indians  had  raised  the  tomahawk,  and 
had  cruelly  murdered  several  families  on  the  borders.    He 
had  then  one  hundred  miles  or  more  to  travel  alone  in  the 
hostile  country;  but  he  knew  our  families  were  exposed, 
and  he  pushed  bravely  on,  regardless  of  danger,  and  reached 
home  without  accident.    He  found  express  orders  to  repair 
to  the  Winnebagoes  immediately,  to  follow    their    move- 
ments, and  to  prevent  any  attempt  on  their  part  to  join  the 
hostile  tribes.    So  without  allowing  himself  any  rest,  he  left 
^  again.    The  news  reached  St.  Louis,  and  my  husband 
*^t  the  first  boat  up  the  river:  but  the  boat  and  several 
^^hers  were  pressed,  at  Rock  Island,  into  the  service  of  the 
Government.    The  strength  of  the  Indians  was  not  well  as- 
^^^ined.  Henry  Gratiot  had  arrived  at  head-quarters  with 
^§  tkiost  reliable  information  that  could  be  gathered  from 
^®  other  tribes.    The  General  commanding  sent  an  order  to 
^®  Hostile  Indian  chiefs  to  come  for  a  parley  under  a  flag 
tiiruce,  naming  a  spot  some  fifteen  miles  up  the   Rock 
,   ^'^^r,  near  to  the  place  where  the  Indians  were  supposed  to 
Encamped.    Henry  Gratiot  and  my  husband  were  present 
**lie  interview. 
""Although  the  history  of  the  Black  Hawk  war  has  been 
^^^lished,  yet  I  do  not  know  if  the  following  incident  was 
related  in  its  true  light:    The  General,  the  officers,  two 
'three  hundred  troops,  a  piece  of  ordnance,  and  several 
ored  lookers  on,  came  up  the  river  on  a  ^teaitv^ic  to  \\\ft 


272  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SociETy. 

appointed  place.    It  was  a  large  flat  prairie  forming  a  sei^^- 
circle,  surrounded  by  steep  bluffs,  and  a  fine  view  up  iM^^ 
river,  opening  out  for  more  than  a  mile.    Everybody  1^^ 
the  boat  and  came  ashore.    The  officers  and  the  soldiers 
scattered  in  different  groups,  the  arms  were  stacked,  and 
the  steam  suffered  to  go  entirely  out    The  assembly  had 
been  lounging  and  waiting  for  some  two  hours,  when  a 
most  singular  and  majestic  spectacle  offered  itself  to  view. 
Suddenly  Rock  river  appeared  covered  with  Indian  warriors: 
sixty  canoes,  three  abreast,  each  containing  ten  men,  all 
armed,  singing  their  war  song.    While  officers  and  men 
were  looking  at  the  picturesque  display,  and  the  warriors 
disembarking,  and  terming  under  their  respective  leaders, 
orders  were  given  and  drums  beat  to  arms;  but  the  officers 
were  astonished  to  perceive  that  while  their  attention  had 
been  directed  toward  the  river,  three  hundred  warriors  on 
horseback,  appearing  as  by  magic  from  some  passes  in  the 
bluffs,  were  completely  surrounding  them.    Had  the  Indians 
entertained  any  treacherous  designs,  the  whole  Federal 
party  could  have  been  made  prisoners,  for  they  were  en- 
tirely off  their  guard,  and  the  Indians  three  times  their 
number;  but  they  did  not  perceive  their  advantage,  or  did 
not  mean  any  hostility.    It  was  only  for  an  instant — the 
men   under  arms,  the  band  playing,  the  steam  raising  — 
things  took  a  dignified  and  military  aspect.    But  the  man- 
oeuvering:  of  the  Indians  was  beautiful,  and  for  a  moment 
Black  Hawk  out-generaled  Gen.  Gaines. 

Henry  Gratiot  was  sent  on  a  new  mission,  to  release  two 
young  girls  taken  prisoners  by  the  Sauks  and  Foxes,  whose 
agent,  Mr.  Felix  St.  Vrain,  had  been  murdered,  and  the  un- 
dertaking was  one  of  great  danger.  He  was  taken  prisoner 
by  the  Indians,  and  we  felt  the  greatest  anxiety  on  his  ac- 
count. Two  Winnebago  chiefs  undertook  to  negotiate  for 
his  release.  They  met  with  much  opposition.  They  offered 
a  large  ransom  for  him  and  the  girls.  After  two  days'  de- 
liberation, he  was  liberated  at  midnight,  with  the  two  girls, 
and  silently  conducted  to  a  canoe  and  paddled  with  great 
speed  by  the  two  friendly  chiefs  until  daylight.  It  was  all 
owing  to  his  high  standing  with  these  savages  that  his  ef- 


Mrs.  Gratiot's  Narrative.  273 

'otts  were  successful,  and  he  was  known  to  be  the  only  per- 
son who  could  accomplish  the  task.  These  girls  were  the 
^^Ij  survivors  of  a  murdered  family  on  Sugar  river.  I 
^ave  forgotten  their  names.*  During  all  this  time  we  were 
^t  the  Grove  —  a  prey  to  much  anxiety. 

We  could  not  hear  from  below,  all  the  ascending  boats 
being  pressed  into  service.  The  land  mail  had  been  cut  off 
several  times,  and  we  could  hear  nothing  but  floating 
rumors.  Mrs.  Henry  Gratiot  was  composed,  but  I  was  ter- 
rified, and  never  thought  my  children  and  myself  safe  except 
under  the  shadow  of  her  wings.  At  last  my  husband  ar- 
rived, after  four  days'  detention  at  Rock  Island,  seeing  no 
prospect  of  passage  on  a  boat,  fitted  up  a  canoe,  and  with 
four  trusty  Canadians  paddled  up  the  river  in  three  days, 
nearly  as  fast  as  any  steamer.  It  was  a  dangerous  under- 
taking, the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  swarming  with  hostile 
Indians.  Mr.  Gratiot  immediately  made  every  preparation 
for  our  removal  to  a  place  of  security.  Mrs.  Henry  Gratiot 
followed  us  to  Galena,  but  she  would  not  consent  to  leave 
the  country  until  her  husband  was  released  from  the  hands 
of  the  Indians,  which  was  effected  soon  after.  Then  fol- 
lowed another  exodus,  and  a  new  period  of  trials  and  anx- 
iety. Soon  after  the  battle  of  Bad  Axe  was  fought,  and 
peace  once  more  restored,  we  were  allowed  to  return  to  our 
homes  to  gather  up  the  scattered  remnants  of  our  household 
effects. 

In  1833,  the  two  brothers  dissolved  partnership.  Henry, 
tired  of  the  many  losses  to  which  they  had  been  subjected 
by  the  two  Indian  wars,  preferred  farming  to  mining,  with 
all  its  uncertainties.  We  then  left  the  Grove  where  we 
had  spent  several  happy  years,  and  came  to  reside  near 
Galena. 

In  1834,  Mr.  Gratiot  sent  our  eldest  son  to  New  York  to  be 
educated.  Col.  Wm.  S.  Hamilton,  long  a  friend  of  both  our 
families,  gave  him  letters  of  introduction  to  his  mother. 


♦Mipses  Sylvia  and  Rachel  Hall  were  capture  i,  not  on  Sugar  river,  but 
on  Indian  Cre*k,  La  Salle  county,  Illinois;  they  were  not  liberated,  however 
at  the  same  time  with  Col.  Gratiot.  L,  C.  D. 


274  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Mrs.  Alex.  Hamilton.  She  treated  him  with  the  greatest 
kindness,  and  placed  him  in  an  excellent  school  of  her  own 
selection. 

In  February,  1836,  my  husband  and  his  brother  Henry, 
left  together  for  the  East,  partly  on  business  and  also  to  pay 
a  visit  to  their  elder  brother.  Gen.  Charles  Gratiot,  the  Chief 
of  the  Engineer  Corps.  Henry  remained  in  Washington. 
After  a  week  Mr.  J.  P.  B.  Gratiot  proceeded  to  New  York. 
While  there  he  was  introduced  to  Mrs.  Hamilton.  He  was 
charmed  with  her  cordial  yet  dignified  manners.  She  spoke 
of  coming  the  next  year  to  the  West,  to  pay  a  visit  to  her 
son.  Mr.  Gratiot  made  her  promise  to  come  to  our  house 
during  her  stay.  This  visit  to  Washington  City,  which  had 
promised  to  be  so  pleasant,  terminated  in  the  death  of 
Henry  Gratiot,  one  of  the  best  of  men,  deeply  lamented  by 
his  family,  ana  deeply  regretted  by  all  his  friends,  and  all 
who  knew  him. 

Mrs.  Gen.  Hamilton,  the  widow  of  Alex.  Hamilton^  her 
daughter  and  son-in-law,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sidney  Holley,ar- 
'^ rived  in  Galena  on  the  first  of  June,  1837.    She  was  on  a 
visit  to  her  youngest  son.  Col.  William  S.  Hamilton,  then 
living  at  Hamilton's  Diggings,  Wisconsin  Territory.    We 
had  the  pleasure  to  entertain  them  for  several  weeks.    The 
souvenir  of  this  lovely  old  lady  stands  among  my  dearest 
recollections.    Pleasant  and  unaffected,  she  bore  eighty-four 
years  with  graceful  dignity.     Remarkably  active,  every 
morning  before  breakfast  she  would  take,  unattended,  a 
long  walk  in  search  of  wild  flowers;  she  would  return  with 
her  hands  full,  her  garments  saturated  with  dew,  but  per- 
fectly delighted  with    the  blooming    prize.      Mrs.  HoU^y 
remonstrated  in  vain;   the  amiable  lady  would  shake  b^^ 
head  and  say,  *•  It  is  a  pleasure  —  I  must  take  my  mornioK 
walk."    Mrs.  Hamilton  was  fond  of  playing  back-gamma^' 
every  evening  after  tea,  she  had  a  game  with  my  brotb^^ 
Leon. 

Having  expressed  a  desire  to  visit  the  Falls  of  St.  A^^ 
thony,  on  the  24:th  of  June,  we  left  Galena  for  the  Upp^ 
Mississippi  on  the  steam-boat  Burlington,  Capt.  ThrockmC^ 
ton.    We  had  a  very  pleasant  voyage.    Mrs.  Hamilton  w 


Mrs.  Fratiot's  Narrative.  -275 

lightdd  with  the  scenery,  which,  I  believe,  has  no  parallel 
»r  beauty  and  loveliness.  We  arrived  at  Fort  Snelling  on 
16  morning  of  the  20th  at  sun-rise.  At  eight  o'clock,  Mrs. 
[amilton  received  the  visit  of  Col.  Campbell  and  the  oflfi- 
ers  stationed  at  the  Fort,  in  full  uniform.  At  nine,  the 
Jolonel's  barouche  and  a  Jersey  wagon  drove  down  to  the 
mding,  to  take  her  and  party  to  the  Falls,  a  distance  of 
ight  miles.  After  a  most  delightful  ride,  stopping  at  every 
otable  point,  such  as  Lake  Calhoun,  the  Falls  of  Minne- 
aha  and  St.  Anthony,  we  returned  to  the  Fort  at  five  in  the 
fternoon.  Col.  Campbell  and  the  officers  were  in  waiting 
t  the  entrance,  and  he  offered  Mrs.  Hamilton  his  arm  to 
induct  her  through  the  parade  ground.  A  carpet  had  been 
pread,  an  arm  chair  ready  to  receive  her,  the  troops  were 
nder  arms,  we  passed  between  two  double  rows  of  soldiers, 
ttd  a  very  fine  band  was  playing.  After  enjoying  the  mil- 
ary  display  for  some  time,  the  Colonel  took  his  distin- 
iiished  guest  into  the  quarters  where  refreshments  were 
•epared,  and  we  were  introduced  to  Mrs.  Col.  Campbell,  a 
lost  agreeable  and  intelligent  lady.  At  sun-set  Mrs.  Ham- 
X)n  was  accompanied  to  the  boat,  after  a  day  to  us  all,  of 
lalloyed  enjoyment.  She  received  these  marks  of  respect 
ith  the  peculiar  charm,  ease  and  simplicity  which  belonged 
her.  She  remained  with  us  until  the  middle  of  Septem- 
r,  leaving  after  her,  recollections  never  to  be  effaced, 
[n  1841,  circumstances  led  us  to  emigrate  from  the  Galena 
iad  Mines  to  the  lead  mining  region  of  Missouri,  and  we 
:t  the  land  so  dear  to  us,  never  more  to  return. 


k 


EARLY  \Vl:'T.iiNSlN  EXPl.OUATION  AND  SETTLEMENT. 


By  Hon.  JAMES  SUTHERLAND. 


Whence  originated  the  aborigines  of  this  country,  is  noi 
and  perhaps  always  will  remain,  a  mystery  to  both 
antiquarian  and  the  historian.  Some  have  endeavored  tt 
trace  their  origin  to  the  Greeks,  others  to  the  Romans,  oth- 
ers to  the  Egyptians,  while  yet  others  have  tried  to  identify 
them  with  the  lost  tribes  of  Israel,  It  is  contended,  in  thfl_ 
latter  case,  tliat  having  roamed  eastward,  through,  Asia 
Behring  Straits,  these  wandering  Israelites  crossed  over 
the  northwestern  portion  of  our  continent,  gradually  sprei 
ingover  the  greater  portions  of  both  North  and  South  Am( 
ica.  More  recently,  plausible  arguments  have  been  preseul 
to  prove  that  the  aborigines  of  the  country  came  from  Japi 
and  also  from  China.  From  whatever  source  this  antec< 
ent  race  had  its  origin,  it  is  fairly  to  be  conjectured,  that 
natives  inhabiting  the  middle  portion  of  our  contiaent, 
not  the  whole  of  it,  when  Columbu;*  and  other  early  nai 
gators  arrived  on  ita  coasts,  were  their  lineal  descendants. 

That  this  earlier  race  possessed  a  higher  degree  of  intelli- 
gence and  a  better  knowledge  of  the  arts,  than  their  de- 
scendants, is  readily  seen  from  the  remains  they  have  left 
behind  them.  These  consist  of  earth-works,  the  traces 
of  palisades,  various-shaped  mounds,  some  of  which  appear 
to  have  been  designed  for  the  purpose  of  defence,  others 
look-outs,  game-drives, places  of  sepulture,  while  others, 
haps,  were  designed  as  places  or  objects  of  worship.  In 
wonderful  remains  at  Aztalan,  large  quantities  of  rude  brick 
were  found,  and  in  others,  articles  of  pottery  evidently  used 
forculiniiry  purposes.  Their  fortificatiotis  were  construol 
in  various  forms.  Some  of  them  were  circular,  others  reel 
gular,  others  octagonal;  but  all  of  thetn  seem  to  have  b( 
laid  out   in  geometrical    order,  unless  where  the  groui 


sear 

i 


\         Eakly  Wisconsin  Exploration  and  Settlement.      277 

Were  not  well  adapted  to  that  end.    The  sites  chosen  were 
places  well  suited  for  defensive  operations,  near  some  stream 
or  lake,  and  generally  in  the  vicinity  of  rich  soils.    Doubt- 
1^8,  in  those  earlier  times,  the  different  tribes  or  clans  were 
^^  the  habit  of  making  war  upon  each  other;  and,  therefore, 
found  it  necessary  to  have  their  towns  fortified.    The  en- 
ti'ances  to  these  defences  were  the  most  difficult  of  access 
from  without,  and  the  more  easily  defended  from  within. 
Altogether  they  exhibited  a  good  degree  of  military  science. 
The  mounds  which  abound  so  extensively  throughout  the 
Mississippi  valley,  have  elicited  a  great  amount  of  specula- 
tive controversy.    Some  of  them  are  circular  in  form,  oth- 
ers are  in  the  shape  of  birds  or  quadrupeds;  they  are  also 
of  various  sizes.    That  some  of  them  were  used  for  the  pur- 
poses of  sepulture  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that,  on 
opening  them,  human  bones  have  occasionally  been  found 
in  great  abundance.    As  others  bear  no  traces  of  having 
heen  used  for  such  purpose,  it  has  been  conjectured  that 
they  were  constructed  as  monuments  of  victory  in  war,  or 
as  places  for  observing  their  religious  rites.    As  the  largest 
forest  trees  are  found  upon  both  the  fortifications  and  the 
mounds,  it  is  evident  they  are  of  ancient  origin,  and  must 
have  existed  anterior  to  the  discovery  of  the  country  by 
European  navigators. 

The  principal  Indian  tribes  inhabiting  the  country  now 
known  as  Wisconsin,  when  first  explored  by  the  whites, 
were  the  Menomonees,  Winnebagoes,  Sacs,  Foxes  and  Chip- 
pewas.  There  were  several  other  tribes  having  a  partial 
residence  upon  our  territory.  By  treaty  the  most  (ft  these 
have  ceded  their  lands  to  the  General  Government,  and  re- 
tired westward  before  the  march  of  civilization,  until,  at 
present,  we  find  but  comparatively  few  remaining  of  these 
once  powerful  races  and  lords  of  the  soil. 

The  Oneidas,  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  State,  the 
Brothertowns,  residing  in  Calumet  county,  and  also  the 
Stockbridges,  who  once  resided  in  the  same  county,  immi- 
grated from  the  State  of  New  York,  having  previously  pur- 
chased their  lands  from  the  Menomonees  and  Winnebagoes, 
about  the  year  1822.     They  were  induced  to  remove  vie^t- 


278  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

ward,  mainly  through  the  influence  of  the  Rev.  Eleaz^ 
Williams,  who  has,  since  that  time^  claimed  to  be  the 
Dauphin,  or  lawful  heir  to  the  crown  of  France,  and  who 
had  previously  been  a  missionary  of  the  Episcopal  church 
among  the  Oneidas  for  some  five  or  six  years.  As  these  In- 
dians were  partially  Christianized,  Mr.  Williams^  claimed, 
that,  by  intermingling  with  the  wild  men  of  the  West,  they 
might  be  the  means  of  converting  the  latter  to  the  principles 
of  Christianity.  It  has,  however,  been  asserted,  that  there 
had  been  chartered  a  powerful  land  company  in  the  State  of 
New  York,  whose  pre-emption  attached  to  the  lands  occu- 
pied by  these  bands,  as  soon  as  they  might  leave  that  State; 
and  that  this  company  operated  in  a  quiet  way  upon  Sir., 
Williams  and  the  agents  of  the  General  Government,  to 
bring  about  their  removal.  They  did  not,  however,  all  come 
to  Wisconsin  immediately  after  their  new  purchase,  but  im- 
migrated at  intervals  for  several  successive  years.  After 
coming  West,  there  was  quite  a  lengthy  negotiation  amoDg 
the  parties,  before  they  were  peacefully  and  permanently 
settled. 

In  the  year  1S30,  the  Brothertowns  sent  a  petition  to  Con- 
gress, to  be  recognized  as  citizens  of  the  United  States. 
Their  request  was  granted.  They,  therefore,  abolished  their 
tribal  government,  and  became  subject  to  the  laws  of  the 
United  States  and  of  Wisconsin.  They  exercise  the  elective 
franchise,  by  virtue  of  our  State  Constitution,  which  confers 
that  right  upon  '*  persons  of  Indian  blood,  who  have  once 
been  declared,  by  law  of  Congress,  to  be  citizens  of  the 
United  States."  In  the  year  1S43,  the  Stockbridges  were, 
also,  by  act  of  Congress,  admitted  to  the  rights  of  citizen- 
ship. They  subseijuently.  however,  became  divided  upon 
this  subject,  and  a  majority  of  them  returned  to  their  old 
form  of  government.  On  coming  to  their  new  homes,  these 
two  tribes  settled  in  what  has  become  Calumet  county, 
though  since  that  time  some  of  the  Stockbridges  have  re- 
movevl  farther  to  the  north.  They  built  comfortable  homes, 
and  erec*teii  saw  and  grist-niills.  It  is  claimed  by  the  Broth- 
ertowns, that  they  built  the  first  steam-boat  which  ever 
plied  u|H>n  Lake  Winnebago,  called  by  them  the  Manchester* 


Early  Wiscoxsix  Exploration  and  Settlement.      279 

In  the  year  183S,  the  Oneidas^  acting  under  the  advice  of 

leir  missionary,  Rev.  Solomon  Davis,  resolved  to  sell  a 

wrtion  of  their  lands,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  money 

with  which  to  make  some  needed  improvements  on  their 

domain;  and,  for  this  purpose,  sent  Mr.  Davis  with  some  of 

their  chiefs,  to   Washington.     A  treaty  was  accordingly 

signed,  which  was  ratified  by  the  United  States  Senate.    By 

the  terms  of  this  treaty,  they  sold  to  the  United  States  all 

their  lands,  except   a  piece  situated  on  Duck  Creek  near 

Green  Bay.    These  Indians  have  never  been  declared  by 

act  of  Congress^  to  be  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  are 

not,  therefore,  entitled  to  the  rights  of  State  citii^enship. 

They  maintain  their  own  form  of  government. 

The  Indians  now  residing  in  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  are 
*he  following: 

Several  bands  of  the  Chippeways,  who  are  a  part  of  the 
original  and  war-like  tribe  better  known  as  Ojibwas,  whose 
territory  originally  extended  along  the  shores  of  Lakes 
Huron,  Superior,  and  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 
and  as  far  west  as  the  Mississippi  river.  They  number 
something  over  1,200. 

There  are  about  the  same  number  of  Menomonees,  who 
have  a  reservation  mainly  in  Shawano  county,  of  some 
230,000  acres.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  ilenomonees 
have  made  substantial  advancements  in  civilization,  and  are 
engaged  in  the  pursuits  of  agriculture.  That  portion  of  the 
Stockbridges  who  separated  from  their  brethren  in  Calumet 
county,  and  whose  numbers  are  now  less  than  300,  are  loca- 
ted on  a  reservation  near  the  Menomonees. 

The  Oneidas  number  some  1,600,  and  have  their  reserva- 
tion of  over  00,000  acres,  located  near  Green  Bay.  They  are 
also  engaged  mainly  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  There 
are  also  some  stray  bands  of  the  Winnebagoes  and  Potto- 
watamieSy  numbering  nearly  1 ,000,  who  did  not  remove  with 
their  respective  tribes  west  of  the  ^Mississippi,  or  who  re- 
turned soon  after  their  removal,  and  who  are  now  scat- 
tered through  the  central  and  northern  portions  of  the  State. 
They  subsist  mainly  by  cultivating  small  patches  of  ground, 
and  by  hunting  and  fishing. 


280  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

All  not  admitted  to  citizenship,  excepting:  the  roving  bands, 
have  their  tribal  governments.  Of  the  303,000  Indians  now 
inhabiting  the  States  and  Territories  of  the  United  States, 
only  about  5,000  of  them  make  their  homes  within  the  State 
of  Wisconsin. 

When  the  Europeans  first  landed  on  the  Western  conti- 
nent, the  character  of  the  Indian  was  far  different  from 
what  it  is  at  the  present  time.    Then  he  was  temperatei 
strong,  and  brave.    He  walked  with  majestic  mein— was 
proud,  bold  and  independent.     Now,  we  find  him  weak, 
deceitful,  intemperate,  and  filthy.    All  the  once  noble  char- 
acteristics of  his  soul  seem  to  have  vanished  by  contact 
with  the  vices  which  have  followed  the  train  of  civilization. 
The  governmeuts  then  existing  among  the  various  tribes, 
were  patriarchal  in  character.     At  a  remote  period,  each 
tribe  must  have  been  few  in  numbers,  forming  no  more 
than  a  family  or  clan.    Some  one  from  age,  superiority  in 
wisdom  or  in  war,  or  because  of  parental  authority,  was 
designated  as  chief.    As  but  little  progress  was  made  in  a 
written  language,  among  any  of  them,  what  are  called  the 
'•  laws"  of  a  tribe,  may  be  considered  as  nothing  more  than 
customs  and  practices,  which  had  been  handed  down  by 
tradition.    These  became  sacred  and  binding,  like  the  com- 
mon law  among  civilized  nations  from  long  usage.    There 
were,  in  some  instances,  several  clans  existing  among  the 
same  general  tribe  or  nation,  whose  principal  or  leader  was 
also  denominated  a  sachem  or  chief.     Hence  we  account 
for  the  fact,  that  several  persons  in  the  same  tribe  bear  the 
title  of  *'  chief."    These  ininor  chiefs,  however,  held  only 
subordinate  positions.    Indeed,  the  leading  chief,  in  time  of 
peace,  was  not  invested  with  any  extraordinary  powers.  AU 
matters  of  importance  had  to  be  settled  by  the  tribe,  in  gen- 
eral council.    When  a  chief  died,  his  position  was  claimed, 
as  a  general  rule,  by  his  son.  or  some  kinsman,  as  a  heredi- 
tary right:  but  oftener,  perhaps,  the  succession  was  in  the 
female  line.    In  some  instances,  when  this  right  fell  to  one 
who  was  judged  unworthy  to  possess  it.  the  tribe  chose  their 
own  chiefs.    As  instances  of  this  kind:  Brant  of  the  Mo- 


Eablt  Wisconsin  Exploration  and  Sbttlkmbnt.     281 

Ivawks^  and  Tomah  of  the  Menomonees,  were  placed  in  that 
position,  for  their  superior  wisdom  and  valor. 

All  of  the  tribes  had  some  kind  of  religion.  They  gener- 
ally believed  in  a  God,  whom  they  called  the  Manitou  or 
"Great  Spirit."  Some  of  them  believed  in  the  existence  of 
inferior  deities.  They  also  entertained  some  ideas  of  a  fu- 
ture state  of  existence.  Their  heaven,  however,  was  not 
like  that  of  the  enlightened  Christian,  spiritual  and  holy; 
but  it  was  a  repetition  of  their  earthly  existence,  where 
game  and  all  earthly  comforts  existed  in  great  plenty. 
Perhaps  the  Indians'  views  and  hopes  of  the  future  were 
never  more  beautifully  expressed  than  in  the  oft-repeated 
stanzas  of  Pope's  Essay  on  Man  : 

"  Lo,  the  poor  Indian,  whose  untutured  mind, 
Sees  Ood  in  clouds,  and  hears  him  in  the  wind. 
His  soul,  proud  science,  never  taught  to  stray, 
Far  as  the  solar  walk,  or  milky  way; 
Yet,  simple  nature  to  his  hope  has  given. 
Behind  the  cloud-capped  hill,  an  humbler  heaven. 
Some  safer  world,  in  depth  of  woods  embraced. 
Some  happier  island  in  the  watery  waste. 
Where  slaves  once  more  their  native  land  behold. 
No  fiends  torment,  no  Christian  thirsts  for  gold. 
To  be,  contents  his  natural  desire  — 
He  asks  no  angel's  wing,  no  seraph's  fire  — 
But  thinks,  admitted  to  that  equal  sky. 
His  faithful  dog  shall  bear  him  company." 

The  earliest  civilized  explorers  of  the  country  now  known 
as  Wisconsin,  were  either  immigrants  from  France,  or  the 
descendants  of  the  French,  who  had  originally  settled  in 
Canada.  They  did  not  come  among  the  natives  like  the 
Spanish  adventurers,  who  first  explored  Mexico  and  Peru, 
as  plunderers  and  murderers.  They  came  rather  as  breth- 
ren, professbig  to  teach  the  arts  of  peace,  and  the  way  of  a 
higher  life.  They  were  generally  of  that  order  of  the  Cath- 
olic church  called  Jesuits,  whose  office  is  the  reverse  of  that 
of  monks  and  friars;  for  while  these  latter  seclude  them- 
selves from  the  world,  holding  little  or  no  intercourse  with 
it,  the  Jesuit  goes  out  and  mingles  with  his  kind,  for  the 

a 


282  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

purpose  of  extending  the  dominion  of  the  Pope,  and  strength- 
ening the  church  he  holds  most  dear. 

Jean  Nicolet  was  the  explorer  to  whom  history  ascribes 
the  honor  of  first  visiting  the  territory  now  known  as  Wis- 
consin. He  had  emigrated  from  France  to  Canada,  as  earlj 
as  the  year  1018.  Here  his  associations  were  mainly  with 
the  natives.  He  learned  their  languages,  studied  their  man- 
ners and  customs,  and  so  far  adopted  their  habits  of  life, 
the  better  to  ingratiate  himself  into  their  confidence,  that 
he  almost  became  an  Indian  himself,  all  which  well-fitted 
him  to  become  a  useful  interpreter.  He  was  honored  by 
his  Government  as  its  agent  in  negotiating  all  the  treaties 
made  in  that  region  with  the  Indians  during  that  early 
period.  In  his  intercourse  with  those  who  came  from  the 
Far  West  and  South- West,  he  obtained  a  faint  idea  of  the 
great  inland  seas  and  rivers.  After  establishing  the  mission 
at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  between  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  he 
determined  on  a  voyage  to  the  country  of  which  he  had 
heard;  and  accordingly  passed  through  the  straits  of  Mack- 
inaw, whence  he  proceeded  around  the  northern  and  west- 
ern shores  of  Lake  Michigan,  until  he  entered  Green  Bay. 

This  was  in  the  year  1G34,*  only  four  years  after  the  land- 
ing of  the  Pilgrims  on  Plymouth  Rock.  Here  Nicolet  held 
a  council  with  some  four  or  five  thousand  warriors,  whoas- 
sonibUni  to  see  the  strange  white  man,  who  had  ventured 
upon  their  far-distant  territory.  They  informed  him  further 
about  the  great  river  of  the  West,  and  gave  him  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  route  thither.  He  therefore  determined  upon  a 
yet  further  voyage  of  discovery.  After  leaving  Green  Bay 
ho  passed  up  the  Fox  river  to  the  villages  of  the  Mascou- 
tins:  but,  wearying  of  his  journey',  or  from  some  other  cause, 
he  did  not  reach  the  Wisconsin,  much  less  descended  any 
portion  of  it,  but  returned  to  Green  Bay,  and  thence  to  Que- 
Ih*o,  In  the  vear  1042,  while  on  a  mission  to  deliver  one  of 
his  countrymen,  who  had  fallen  a  prisoner  into  the  hands  of 
the  Indians,  his  canoe  was  upset  in  a  streanou  and  h^ 
drowiuHi.  Thus  perished  the  noble  and  adventurous  Nicolet, 


♦  H'lJL  Hisi.  CMm.,  Tiii.  1$^ €t  seq^; Soi\«%  Uilmqts;  Botter6em  JSkdd- 


Haklt  Wisconsin  Exploration  and  Settlement.     283 

)  was  the  first  civilized  explorer  of  the  territory  which 

ses  a  part  of  the  present  State  of  Wisconsin. 

he  next  similar  adventurer  upon  our  soil  was  Father  M6- 

d,  a  French  Catholic  missionary,  who  had  been  laboring 

the  eastward  among  the  Hurons,  for  many  years.    He 

abUshed^  in  the  year  1660,  a  mission  on  the  southwestern 

)re  of  Lake  Superior,  at  a  place  he  called  La  Pointe.    He 

s  far  advanced  in  life,  at  this  time,  and  it  is  stated  that 

soon  after  perished  in  the  Menomonee  river,  which  forms 

!  north-eastern  boundary  of  the  State. 

ylaude  AUouez  was  the  first  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries 

0  explored  extensively  the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan, 
came  to  Green  Bay  in  the  year  1669.  The  next  Spring 
passed  up  the  Fox  river,  then  part  way  down  the  Wis- 
isin,  when  he  also  returned  to  Green  Bay.  This  was  some 
rty-five  years  after  Nicolet's  abortive  effort  to  reach  the 
isconsin,  and  the  Great  Father  of  Waters.  He  subse- 
ently  established  a  mission  among  the  Illinois  Indians^ 
iich  was  at  length  broken  up,  and  the  remainder  of  his 
tory  is  clouded  in  obscurity. 

)n  the  13th  of  May,  1673,  Father  James  Marquette,  a 
mit  missionary,  and  Joliet,  an  enterprising  fur-trader,  a 
ident  of  Quebec,  accompanied  by  five  other  persons,  left 
>  mission  on  the  St.  Mary's  river,  in  two  birch- bark 
ices.    They  passed  up  through  the  straits  of  Mackinaw, 

1  coasted  around  the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan,  until  they 
iered  Green  Bay.  They  then  passed  up  the  Bay  until 
•y  came  to  the  Fox  river.  Journeying  up  that  stream 
tte  distance,  they  came  to  an  Indian  village.  Here  they 
d  a  consultation  with  these  villagers,  and  acquainted 
m  with  the  objects  of  their  voyage,  which  were  to  pass 
to  the  great  river  of  the  West,  of  which  they  had  heard, 
I  to  prepare  the  way  for  the  introduction  of  civilization, 
^  the  religfion  which  they  professed.  They  requested  that 
ie»  might  accompany  them  a  part  of  the  way,  which 
i  readily  granted.  On  the  10th  of  June,  of  the  same 
t,  they  left  this  Indian  village,  in  their  canoes,  with  their 

guides,  and  renewed  their  journey  up  tYie  xWeT.    MX«t 
^mgtbrougb  Lake  Winnebago  and  the  upper  ¥ox  xv^ex^ 


284  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

they  came  to  the  portage  between  it  and  the  Wisconsm, 
over  which  they  carried  their  canoes,  when  their  Indian 
guides  returned  to  their  homes.  Here  these  strong-hearted 
men,  nothing  daunted  by  the  uncertainties  and  dangers 
which  lay  before  them,  launched  their  canoes  upon  the 
lonely  waters  of  the  Wisconsin.  They  passed  with  the  cur- 
rent down  to  its  entrance  into  the  Mississippi. 

One  great  object  of  their  journey  was  now  accomplished 
They  then  descended  the  Great  River  to  within  a  few  hun- 
dred miles  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  when  they  concluded  to 
retrace  their  route,  and  paddled  up  that  turbulent  stream  to 
the  Illinois,  which  they  ascended,  and  probably  the  Des 
Plains,  crossing  over  to  the  Chicago,  and  down  that  water- 
course to  Lake  Michigan,  and  thence  to  Green  Bay.  Here 
Joliet  separated  from  Marquette,  and  embarked  for  Canada. 
Before  reaching  his  destination,  his  canoe  was  upset  in  a 
storm,  when  he  lost  all  his  papers  containing  a  narrative  of 
his  voyage.  He  barely  escaped  with  his  life,  and  subse- 
quently dictated  from  memory  a  concise  account  of  his 
adventures.  It  is,  therefore,  mainly  to  the  journal  of  Mar- 
quette, as  published  in  France,  that  we  are  indebted  for  a 
full  account  of  this  first  great  journey  through  the  territory 
of  Wisconsin,  and  upon  the  Mississippi  river. .  This  faith- 
ful missionary,  after  preaching  to  various  tribes  for  some 
two  years  subsequent  to  his  great  voyage,  desired  one  day 
of  his  companions  to  be  left  alone  for  prayer.  And  going 
from  them  a  short  distance,  he  was  soon  after  found  dead. 
His  remains  have  until  within  a  few  years,  supposed  to  have 
been  interred  near  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  on 
the  bank  of  a  river  which  yet  bears  the  name  Marquette; 
but  it  is  now  quite  apparent  that  Marquette  died  some  sev- 
enty miles  further  north,  a  little  below  what  is  known  as 
Sleeping  Bear  Point,  in  Leelenaw  county,  Michigan,  in  May, 
1675;  and  the  next  Spring,  his  remains  were  removed  by  a 
band  of  Indians  to  the  church  at  Point  St.  Ignace,  opposite 
the  Island  of  Mackinaw.  Researches  made  in  October,  187?i 
were  successful  in  discovering  at  that  place  the  remains  of 
the  great  explorer,  and  early  missionary  of  the  North-West 

In  the  year  1679,  Robert  I)elaa^a\Ve,^.^T^TLOa.^w35^,^^<^ 


Sasly  Wisconsin  Exploration  and  Settlement.     285 

lad  left  his  native  couatry  in  early  life,  and  sought  a  home 
CL  New  France,  built  upon  the  upper  part  of  the  Niagara 
iver  a  vessel  of  some  sixty  tons  burdens,  which  he  called 
he  QriflSn.  It  was  doubtless  the  first  considerable  craft 
^hich  sailed  upon  the  Upper  Lakes.  On  the  seventh  of  Au- 
l^st  of  that  year,  the  vessel  was  launched,  and  her  sails 
spread  to  the  breeze.  Passing  up  through  the  great  chain 
>f  lakes  and  rivers,  and  having  erected  a  trading  house  at 
Kfackinaw,  we  at  length  find  him^casting^anchor  at  the  vil- 
lage of  Green  Bay.  Here  he  opened  up  a  trade  with  the  na- 
tives; and  having  loaded  his  vessel  with  furs  and  peltries, 
he  dispatched  her,  under  command  of  his  crew,  back  to 
Canada. 

With  La  Salle  was  Louis  Hennepin.  ^The  spirit  of  enter- 
prise prompted  these  bold  explorers  to  coast  the  western 
shore  of  Lake  of  Michigan,  to  where]South  Bend  is  now  lo- 
cated; and  passing  over  the  portage  of  the  Kankakee,  they 
descended  that  stream  and  the  Illinois  to  Peoria  Lake, 
where  La  Salle  erected  a  fort,  and  dispatched  Hennepin 
with  a  single  companion  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  to  the 
Upper  Mississippi.  Meanwhile  La  Salle  re-visited  Green  Bay, 
and  then  made  his  adventurous  descent  of  the  Mississippi. 
He  eventually  lost  his  life  in  an  attempt  to  reach  the  Eldo- 
rado in  Mexico,  in  March,  1687. 

Hennepin  was  more  fortunate.  He  had  continued  his 
voyage  up  the  Mississippi,  to  the  great  falls,  which  he 
named  St.  Anthony,  by  which  they  have  ever  since  been 
known.  Here  he  and  his  companion  were  captured  by  the 
Sioux  Indians,  and  detained  as  prisoners  for  a  few  months. 
After  their  release,  they  returned  to  Canada,  via  the  Missis- 
sippi, the  Wisconsin  and  the  Fox  rivers,  and  the  lakes. 
From  the  conflicting  statements  given  by  him  of  his  jour- 
ney, his  exaggerated  account  of  the  height  of  the  falls  of 
St.  Anthony,  which  he  stated  was  from  fifty  to  sixty  feet 
and  from  his  efforts  to  rob  La  Salle  of  the  laurels  he  had 
won  as  an  explorer,  we  are  led  to  the  conclusion  that  he  was 
not  possessed  of  much  veracity  and  integrity  as  the  Jesuit 
adventurers  generally.    However,  much  honor   justly  at- 


286  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

taches  to  his  name,  as  an  early  and  intrepid  explbrer  of  the 
wilds  of  the  West. 

Let  us  now  advert,  very  briefly,  to  the  wars  which  oc- 
curred between  the  English  colonists,  on  the  one  side,  and 
the  French  and  Indians  on  the  other.  Though  these  con- 
flicts at  arms  were  in  the  Eastern  portion  of  our  country, 
yet  as  our  territory  was  partly  the  inciting  cause,  it  is 
proper  in  this  connection  to  make  some  mention  of  them. 
The  English  colonists  held  possession  of  all  the  country 
along  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  as  far  West  as  the  Alleghany 
mountains.  They  claimed  generally  a  right,  by  virtue  of 
their  charters,  to  all  the  country  west  to  the  Paciflc 
Ocean.  The  French  had  taken  possession  of  the  country 
along  the  borders  of  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  and  the  great 
chain  of  lakes,  and  had  also  established  various  settlements 
and  trading-posts  throughout  the  Mississippi  valley,  and 
they  in  turn,  claimed  the  country  by  virtue  of  their  discov- 
eries. It  was  evident  from  this  conflict  of  claims,  that  a 
clash  of  arms  would  ultimately  ensue.  Frequent  wars 
broke  out  across  the  ocean,  between  England  and  France, 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  ICth  century,  and  much  of  the 
17th.  The  colonists  very  naturally  took  sides  with  their 
respective  parent  countries,  and  thus  the  spirit  of  war  was 
kindled  in  the  New  World.  When  the  conflict  was  once 
commenced  here,  the  parent  countries  sided  with  their 
respective  colonies,  and  furnished  material  aid  for  carrying 
it  on.  The  English  colonists,  with  the  aid  of  the  mother 
region,  were  finally  victorious:;  and  our  territory,  as  well 
as  all  others  which  had  been  held  by  the  French  in  this 
region,  fell  to  the  English,  and  the  former  lost  all  claims 
to  the  country  ever  after.  The  martial  spirit  awakened, 
and  the  partial  union  effected  for  prosecuting  these  wars, 
doubtless  had  much  to  do  in  leading  the  colonies  subse- 
quently to  declare  their  independence  of  the  mother  country. 

A  brief  reference  will  now  be  made  to  a  few  of  the  ear- 
liest permanent  white  settlers  of  Wisconsin.  About  the 
year  1745,  Augustus  De  Langlade,  a  native  of  France,  but 
who  in  early  life  had  taken  up  his  abode  in  Canada,  and 


Early  Wisconsin  Exploration  and  Bkttlembnt.     287 

became  an  Indian  trader,  with  his  son  Charles — the  first 
•  bom  by  his  marriage  with  an  Indian  woman.  Accompanied 
by  a  few  others,  the  Langlades  left  the  settlement  which 
had  been  formed  at  Mackinaw,  and  effected  a  lodgment  at 
Green  Bay.  They  located  upon  the  south-east  side  of  Fox 
river,  just  above  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Green  Bay. 
Here  they  constructed  homes,  and  are  generally  regarded  as 
the  first  permanent  white  settlers  in  the  country. 

Charles  De  Langlade  took  an  active  part  in  the  war  be- 
t^ween  the  French  and  English  Colonies.  He  marched  at 
the  head  of  several  bands  of  warriors  of  various  tribes,  in 
the  North- West,  accompanied  by  several  distinguished 
chiefs  —  among  those  who  joined  him  on  the  way  was  the 
noted  Pontiac  —  to  aid  the  French  at  Fort  Du  Quesne,  now 
Pittsburgh.  It  is  claimed  that  he  was  one  of  the  principal 
commanders  in  the  battle  which  resulted  in  the  defeat  and 
death  of  General  Braddock.  He  was  also  at  the  battle  of 
Quebec,  in  the  year  1759,  when  the  city  fell  into  the  posses- 
sion of  the  English;  and  took  part  in  several  other  engage- 
ments during  the  French  and  English  wars.  When  the 
country  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  British,  he  en- 
g^aged  in  their  service,  and  sided  against  the  Americans  in 
the  war  of  the  Revolution.  He  lived  to  an  advanced  age, 
and  boasted  of  having  been  in  ninety-nine  battles  and  skir- 
mishes, regretting  that  he  could  not  fight  one  more  to 
round  out  the  number  to  an  even  hundred. 

Prom  the  commencement  of  the  permanent  settlement  in 
Green  Bay,  in  1745,  up  to  1785,  a  period  of  forty  years,  there 
was  but  little  increase  in  the  number  of  its  permanent  set- 
tlers, as  at  that  time  there  were  not  in  all  more  than  six  or 
seven  families  residing  there,  which,  with  the  persons  in 
their  employ,  amounted  in  all  to  about  fifty  individuals. 
From  the  year  1791,  up  to  the  year  1S12,  several  other  set- 
tlers, principally  from  Canada,  took  up  their  residence  there, 
making  the  number  of  families,  at  this  latter  date,  about 
thirty,  with  a  population  of  some  two  hundred  and  fifty 
souls. 

Among  the  inhabitants  of  Green  Bay,  at  this  time,  was 
the  rather  notorious  Charles  Reaume,  who  sub€>ec\vie>\i\\'^  \i^- 


♦$5i  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

v^iue  known  as  Judge  Reaume.     This  legal  title  was  ac- 
qiuriHl  from  having  been  commissioned,  in  the  year  1808,  a 
jwstioo  of  the  peace,  by  General  Harrison,  then  Governor  of 
tho  North- West  Territory.    He  was  a  native  of  Canada,  and 
had  received  in  early  life  more  than  an  ordinary  educatioa 
for  that  day.    He  subsequently  engaged  in  the  mercantile 
business:  but,  being  unfortunate  in  that  pursuit,  he  aban- 
doned his  early  home  and  friends,  and  sought  a  refuge  ia 
It^ss  civilized  society.    He  was  a  proud,  pompous  man,  who 
gt^norally  managed,  by  fair  means  or  foul,  to  live  as  well  as 
the  country  could  afford.    A  red  coat,  which  he  wore,  to 
distinguish  himself  from  the  more  common  citizen,  majr 
now  be  seen  in  the  cabinet  of  the  State  Historical  Society  at 
Madison.    A  variety  of  anecdotes  are  related  in  the  earlier 
volumes  of  this  Society,  of  the  queer  modes  of  practice  in 
his  court,  and  of  his  quaint  judicial  decisions.    He  was  the 
tlrrtt  commissioned  civil  oflBcer  in   Green  Bay,  and  in  the 
ouuntry  which  at  present  makes  up  the  State  of  Wisconsin. 
Though  his  commission  was  never  renewed,  he  continued 
to  ttot  under  it,  until  the  organization  of  Brown  county,  by 
iht)  Tt^rritorial  Legislature  of  Michigan,  in  the  year  1818;  a 
l^t^riod  i)f  ten  or  eleven  years.    His  library  did  not  contain 
ovtui  so  much  as  the  statutes  of  the   Territory.      It  is  not 
kiwkwu  that  he  over  kept  docket.     After  the  organization  of 
lh\»wa  oouiity,  which  embraced  about  one  half  of  Michigan 
Torritory  west  of  Lake  Michigan,  Judge  Reaume  sold  his 
jio^-ios-iious  uoar  Green  Bay,  aud  settled  about  ten  miles 
^ihll\t^  o\\  the  river,  where  he  lived  until  the  year  1823, 
\>  \\o\\  ho  ilitul  at  the  age  of  some  sixty-five  or  seventy  years. 

Aiihmg  others  who  early  settled  at  this  place,  may  be 
Mumihiutiil  PituTe  (xrignon,  a  native  of  Montreal,  who  mar- 
Mnd  h«r  hirt  HtuuMid  wife,  a  daughter  of  Charles  De  Langlade. 
UiiU'ii  h.i.v  WHS  his  home,  and  the  head-quarters  for  his 
liuituii^ih  o|MU*ations.  lie  had  several  other  trading  posts  or 
»hi»'uv'ioh  lor  tniflickingvvitu  thel/i  liaus.  He  was  an  intelli- 
^i  ul  tiu\l  Hiuuu'Hsful  business  man. 

\\u;ustiu  (Jrignon,  who  resided  for  many  years  on  his 
(tuui.  ou  tho  northern  shore  of  Fox  river,  a  few  miles  above 
f)ip  lil.v  of  Oslikoah,  in  Winnebago  county,  was  one  of  his 


Early  Wisconsin  Exploration  and  Settlement.      289 

sons.  He  is  also  represented  as  an  intelligent  and  worthy 
'3  ■'"*?  citizen,  though  of  mixed  French  and  Indian  blood.  In  his 
r.  ^^~  I  ^i^^nrative,  obtained  by  Corresponding  Secretary  of  our  State 
"  ^  -*  Historical  Society,  a  large  amount  of  valuable  history  of 
the  early  times  in  Wisconsin  has  been  preserved  from  obliv- 
ion.   Augustin  Grignon  died  in  the  year  1860,  at  the  age  of 


£i  ^-  I 


'.  ^1     about  eighty  years. 


One  early  event  in  the  history  of  Wisconsin  deserves 
'-f     particular  mention.     In  the  year  17GI,  Lieutenant  James 
^*i     Qorrell,  attended  by  a  body  of  soldiers  in  the  British  Service, 
''^  I      visited  the  country  in  and  around  Green  Bay.    This  was 
near  the  close  of  the  French  and  Indian  wars  against  the 
British  American  Colonies.    His  mission  was  to  establish 
friendly  relations  between  the  Indians  and  traders,  and  the 
British  Government,  which  had  come  into  the  possession  of 
tho  country.    He  made  presents  of   powder  and  belts  of 
WGtupum  to  the  Indians;  and  assured  them  that  he  had  not 
come  to  their  homes  as  their  enemy,  but  to  preserve  peace 
Bixcl  order.    The  Indians,  wherever  he  went,  received  him 
with  kindness,  and  expressed  their  gratitude   that  their 
Great  Father,  the  English  King,  was  willing  to  pardon  them 
for  having  lately  taken  up  arms  against  him,  in  behalf  of 
the  French.    They  promised  to  treat  the  English  traders 
''^©11,  who  might  come  to  their  settlement;  and  expressed 
the  hope  that  they  would  get  goods  much  cheaper  of  them 
than  hey  had  of  the  French. 

The  English  Government  continued  thereafter  to  hold 

possession  of  the  country  now  known  as  Wisconsin,  until 

fifter  the  war  of  the  American  Revolution,  wlien  it  fell  into 

^    possession  of  tlie   Government  of    the  United  States, 

toaugfh  the  transfer  was  not  formally  made  until  after  Jay's 

««aty  in  the  year  1795.    During  all  those  early  times,  Green 

^y  '^as  a  great  emporium  of  trade  between  the  Indians  and 

*^®  Whites. 

"*-  *^^  United  States  Government  built  Fort  Howard,  just 

is  the  river  from  Green  Bay,  in  the  year  isi<;.    It  was 

^tly  after  that;  Green  Cay  was  visited  by  James  Biddle, 

ittsburgh,  Pennsylvania,  who  was  a  contractor  to  sup- 

"this  and  other  military  posts  in  the  North- We^t»  y?\ya. 


Bhi 


290  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

provisions.  In  a  communication  from  him,  some  years  ago, 
to  our  Historical  Society,  we  gather  something  in  relation 
to  the  country  and  its  inhabitants  at  that  period.  The  Win- 
nebagoes  occupied  the  region  about  Lake  Winnebago,  and 
the  Menomonees  around  Green  Bay.  Tomah  was  then  the 
chief  of  the  latter  tribe.  He  did  not  hold  the  chieftainship, 
as  heretofore  explained,  by  an  hereditary  right,  but  was 
appointed  to  that  position  for  his  superior  sagacity  and 
wisdom. 

About  the  year  1811,  Mr.  Biddle  states,  the  celebrated  In- 
dian chief,  Tecumseh,  visited  the  Menomonees  for  the  pur- 
pose of  enlisting  them  in  the  cause  of  the  British  against 
the  Americans.    For  this  object  he  went  to  the  region  of 
Green  Bay,  where  he  obtained  a  council,  and  hearing  from 
Tomah  and  his  people,  whom  he  addressed  in  a  manner  as 
he  best  could.    In  the  course  of  his  speech,  with  true  In- 
dian eloquence,  he  pictured  the  glory  as  well  as  the  certainty 
of  success;  in  confirmation  of  which,  he  recapitulated  to 
them  his  own  hitherto  prosperous  career,  the  number  of  ba^ 
ties  he  had  fought,  the  victories  he  had  won,  the  enemies  he 
had  slain,  and  the  scalps  he  had  taken  from  the  heads  of 
warrior  foes.    Tomah  appeared  sensible  of  the  influence  of 
such  an  address  upon  his  people,  and  feared  its  conse- 
quences, for  ho  was  opposed  to  leading  them  into  a  war. 
His  reply  was  in  a  tone  to  allay  the  feeling  produced  by  the 
speech  of  Tecumseh,  in  the  course  of  which,  he  said  to  bis 
warriors,  that  they  had  heard  the  words  of    Tecumsel^^ 
heard  of  the  battles  he  had  fought,  of  the  enemies  he  bB»d 
slain,  and  of  the  scalps  he  had  taken.     He  then  paused,  ai^^ 
wliihj  the  deepest  silence  reigned  throughout  the  audien<^^ 
ho  slowly  lifted  his  hands,  and  with  his  eyes  fixed  up^^^ 
them,  and  in  a  lower,  but  not  less  prouder  tone,  continued- — 
"  But  it  is  my  boast  that  these  hands  are  unsullied  by  hum^^ 
blood  I"    He  concluded  his  speech  by  saying  that  he 
aware  of  the  encroachments  of  the  Americans  upon 
Indians;  he  thought,  however,  that  their  condition  would 
equally  bad,  if  their  country  fell  into  the  possession  of 
British.    He  counseled    his    tribe  against  embracing  t>l^ 
proj)osition  of  Tecumseh;  but  finally  said,  that  if  any  of 


Early  Wisconsin  Exploration  and  Settlement.     291 

young  men  wished  to  join  the  Shawanoe  leader,  they  were 
at  liberty  to  do  so.  His  counsel  for  a  period  prevailed;  but 
at  length  the  intrigues  and  influences  of  Col.  Robert  Dick- 
son, and  other  British  traders^  inveigled  them  into  the  war 
of  1812-15  against  the  Americans. 

Passing  over  the  early  settlements  at  La  Pointe,  Prairie 
du  Chien  and  Milwaukee,  the  Black  Hawk  War,  our  twelve 
years  of  Territorial  pupilage,  and  thirty-six  of  full  State- 
hood, we  come  down  to  the  year  1885,  with  a  population  of 
a  ixiillion  and  a  half  within  our  borders,  ranking  far  above 
the  average  of  the  States  of  the  Union  in  point  of  wealth, 
edixcation  and  importance  —  made  up  of  energetic  and  in- 
telligent citizens  from  nearly  all  States  and  all  regions  — 
presenting  a  rich  and  prosperous  country,  all  dotted  over 
with  thousands  of  beautiful  churches,  public  and  normal 
soliools,  colleges  and  seminaries  of  learning,  with  our  mag- 
luficent  State  University,  and  our  almost  unequaled  public 
Libraries  —  all  proclaiming  a  splendid  triumph  over  the 
early  savage  state,  and  the  advent  of  a  permanent  and 
Ler  civilization. 


NOTES  ON  EARLY  WISCONSIN  EXPLORATION,   FORTS  A-^^ 

TRADING  POSTS. 


TltB 


^- 


By:Rev.  EDWARD  D.  NEILL^D.  D., 

Corretponding  Member  Mcusachuaetts  and  Wisconsin  Historical  Societies^  and 
Vice  President  of  the  New  England  Historic-Otnealogical  Society, 

Benjamin  Suite,  in  Notes  on  Jean  Nicolety  published  i 
1879,  in  Vol.  VIII,  of  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Collections^- 
shows  that  this  interpreter  of  a  trading  company,  Nicolet 
Tisited  as  early  as  1634,  the  region  around  Qreen  Bay,  am 
the  next  year  returned  to  Canada.    This  paved  the  way  fo: 
other  enterprising  explorers  and  traders.    It  is  only  of  recent 
occurrence  that  we  have  had  a  full  account  of  the  early  ex- 
plorations of  Radisson  and  Groseilliers  in  Wisconsin  and 
Minnesota. 

Mr  Gideon  D.  Scull,  of  London,  discovered  not  long  since, 
in  the  library  of  the  British  Museum,  manuscript  journals 
of  Peter  Radisson,  the  Frenchman,  who  with  his  brother- 
in-law,  Medard  Chouart,  the  Sieur  des  Qroseilliers,  had 
penetrated  Central  Wisconsin,  and  was  the  first  to  visit  the 
region  now  known  as  Minnesota.  Mr.  Scull  transcribed  the 
journals  for  the  Prince  Society,  Boston,which  published 
them  in  1885. 

Radisson  was  not  a  scholar,  was  careless  about  dates,  and 
the  transcriber  of  the  manuscripts,  or  the  type-setter,  has 
mangled  many  Indian  words;  and  yet  there  are  facts  in  the 
volume  which  may  modify  some  of  the  statements  of  mod- 
em historians  as  to  the  exploration  of  the  North- West. 
These  manuscript  journals  have  a  curious  history.  They 
once  belonged  Samuel  Pepys,  of  the  court  of  Charles  the 
Second,  whose  charming  '*  Diary"  is  found  in  every  well 
filled  gentleman's  library.  In  time  they  became  attached 
to  the  Bodleian  collection  of  manuscripts^  and  at  length 
found  their  way  to  the  British  Museum. 


NoTBS  ON  Early  Wisconsin  Exploration.         293 

romantic  carbkr  of  radisson. 

Peter  d'Esprit,  Sieur  Radisson,  was  born  at  St.  Malo,  and 
when  young,  in  1651,  arrived  in  Canada.    The  next  year, 
while  on  an  expedition,  he  was  captured  by  the  Moliawks, 
and  reached  Fort  Orange,  now  Albany,  where  for  a  time  he 
acted  as  interpreter.    He  went  to  Manhattan^   now  New 
York  City,  and  from  thence  sailed,  and,  in  January,  1654,  ar- 
rived .at  Amsterdam.    In  a  few  months  he  returned   to 
Canada,  and  in  1657  was  among  the  Onondagas,  but  in  the 
spring  of  1658  returned  to  Three  Rivers,  Canada.    Groseil- 
liers  and  his  brother-in-law,  Radisson,  in  1658,  determined 
to  explore  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes.    Radisson.  in  his 
journal,  writes:    "As  soon  as  the  resolution  was   made, 
many  undertake  the  voyage;  for  where  is  lucre,  there  are 
enough  people  to  be  had." 

In  the  middle  of  June,  with  twenty-nine  Frenchmen  and 
six  Indians,  they  left  Three  Rivers,  and  by  way  of  the 
Ottawa  river  reached  Lake  Huron.*  Thence  they  visited 
Manitoulin  island,  where  the  Hurons  had  a  village.  Passing 
through  the  Straits  of  Mackinaw  to  Lake  Michigan,  they 
reached  Green  Bay,  and  after  visiting  the  Standing  Hair 
tribe,  so  called  because  they  kept  their  hair  brushed  up, 
they  went  to  the  Poutauotemick  village.  During  the  winter 
they  became  acquainted  with  the  Escotecke  or  Maskoutens, 
and  learned  about  the  Sioux  and  Christines. 

In  the  spring  of  1659,  Radisson  proposed  that  the  Hurons  of 
their  party  should  visit  the  refugees  of  their  tribe  toward 
the  sources  of  the  Wisconsin  and  Black  rivers.    In  October, 
1659,  a  visit  was  made  to  the  Sault  of  Lake  Superior,  to  the 
Indians  whom  Radisson  calls  Pauvestigouce.    The  Algon- 
quins  called  these  Pawitagouek,  People  of  the  Falls.    Here 
the  French  passed  the  winter;  and,  in  the  spring  of  1660,  re- 
turned to  the  Green  Bay  region,  where  Radisson  mentions 
lie  went  up  a  great  river  which  branched,  one  turning  west 
and  the  other  south  toward  Mexico.  It  is  possible  he  may  have 
followed  the  Wisconsin  as  far  as  the  Mississippi  river.    In 
August,  1660,  Radisson  and  Groseilliers  returned  to  Quebec* 

>  Badi88on*B  Journal. 

'JaurruU  des  Jesuitea,  par  M.  M.  les  Abbes  Iia.vecdi<^t^  ^Xi  C^^gn^  ^E^^ 

Imo.  1771. 


294  Wiscoxsix  State  Historical  Socirt. 

EXPEDmOX  OF  1662. 

In  the  spring  of  1662,  Grosseillerd  and  Badisson  proposed 
to  make  another  tour  to  the  remotest  nations,  and  the  Got- 
emor  of  Canada  expressed  his  willing^ness  to  give  them  a 
license,  provided  they  would  take  with  them  two  of  his  ser- 
vants and  allow  him  one  half  of  the  peltries  obtained.  Look- 
ing upon  the  demand  as  unjist,  they  quietly  made  their  ar- 
rangements to  slip  away,  which  they  did  on  the  second  of 
May,'  in  company  with  a  party  of  Indians  returning  to  the 
Sault,  at  the  entrance  of  Lake  Superior.    Their  purpose  was 
to  find  Hudson's  Bay  by  way  of  Lake  Superior.    In  time 
they  camped  by  the  Utawas,  now  Ottawa  river.  Lake  Huron, 
*' ready"  writes  Radisson,  "to  wander  on  that  sweet  sea." 
Following  the  route  from  Qaorgian  Bay,  by  the  straits  of 
the  Manitoulin  island,  they  came  to  the  rapids  "  that  make 
the  separation  of  the  Lake  of  the  Hurons  and  that  we  call 
Superior,  or  Upper  "  lake.    Here  they  rested  for  some  time, 
and  ate  ^*  assickamack, "  whitefish. 

EXPLORATION  OF  LAKE  SUPERIOR. 

While  Radisson's  dates  are  confusing,  yet  he  gives  a  very 
correct  account  of  the  earliest  explorations  of  the  south 
shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  asserts  that  he  was  the  first 
white  man  to  visit  the  Arched  Rock.  The  first  stopping 
place,  after  entering  Lake  Superior  was  an  isle  designated 
as  "  Isle  of  the  Four  Beg8:ar3;"  from  thence  they  paddled 
toward  the  south  shore,  and  came  to  a  small  stream,  which 
the  Indians  called  Pawabick  Konesibis,  and  in  the  vicinity 
found  pieces  of  copper,  and  were  told  that  it  was  abundant; 
probably  the  Little  Iron  river.  The  weather  was  becoming 
cold,  and  they  pushed  on  to  an  escarpment  of  rocks,  which 
Indians  called  Namitouck  Sinagoit.  Within  an  arch  was  a 
cave,  and  Radisson  writes:  "  I  gave  it  the  name  of  the  Por- 
tal of  St.  Peter,  because  my  name  is  so-called,  and  that  I  was 
the  first  Christian  who  ever  saw  it. " 

The  next  they  saw  were  three  beautiful  islands  in  front  of 

a  very  deep  bay.     The  islands  are  called  Trinity;   these,  on 

lodern  maps,  are  marked  Huron.  i^VaT^d^.     Going  to  the 


NoTBS  ON  Early  Wisconsin  Exploration.         296 

land,  they  camped  three  days  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hu- 
river.  The  next  journey  was  the  Portag^e  river,  on  the 
it  shore  of  Keweenaw  Bay,  where  much  was  heard  of 
Jtoh  copper  deposits.  Here  the  canoes  were  taken  ashore, 
by  a  well-beaten  trail  a  portage  was  made  to  the  other 
of  Keweenaw  Point  and  much  distance  saved.  Five 
jpflqrs'  journey  along  the  south  shore  of  the  lake  brought 
NfeMir  canoes  to  an  encampment  of  ChristinoSs  not  far  from 
■|m  Montreal  river  of  modem  maps.  A  half-  day's  journey 
|lM<oiight  the  two  explorers  to  a  point  two  leagues  long  jutting 
ImhI  into  the  lake,  but  only  sixty  paces  in  width.  By  a  short 
the  beautiful  bay  of  Cheguamegon  was  discovered, 
Groseilliers  and  Eadisson,  with  their  Huron  guides, 
it  to  the  head  of  the  bay  and  camped  near  a  small  stream, 
tetween  the  modem  towns  of  Ashland  and  Washburn, 
'Wisconsin. 

FIRST  EUROPEAN  FORT  ON  LAKE  SUPERIOR. 

The  Hurons  told  the  Frenchmen  that  they  wished  to  go 
to  a  village  five  days'  distant,  to  visit  their  wives  and  friends. 
A  settlement  of  refugee  Hurons  was  at  this  time  toward 
the  sources  of  the  Black  and  Chippewa  rivers,  in  Wisconsin. 
Oroseilliers  and  Radisson  agreed  to  wai£  for  them  fourteen 
days,  and  occupied  the  interval  in  building  the  first  rude  Euro, 
pean  fort  or  trading  post  on  Lake  Superior.  It  was  of  pick- 
ets In  the  shape  of  a  triangle.  The  door  faced  the  lake, 
fi^place  in  the  middle,  and  sleeping  place  in  the  right-hand 
comer.  It  was  surrounded  by  an  abattis  of  branches  of 
^^oes,  and  around  the  whole  was  suspended  a  long  cord 
upon  which  were  small  bells  which  took  the  place  of  sen- 
ses. A  small  brook  was  near  by.  On  the  twelfth  day  of 
^ir  residence  at  the  Bay,  some  of  the  Hurons  came  back 
^ith  fifty  young  men,  and  preparations  were  made  to  visit 
ttieir  village.  The  Frenchmen,  after  a  march  of  four  days 
tkrough  the  forest,  reached  a  village  near  a  lake  eight 
*®ftgue8  in  circumference.  The  next  day  they  reached  a 
•dement  of  one  hundred  wigwams,  and  were  the  guests 
tf  the  chief.  Here  were  met  some  Malhominees  (Meno- 
^^^ii^ftes),  and  an  old  man  of  the  tribe  adopted  Radisson  aa 


t>k 


296  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

bis  son.  The  winter  was  passed  in  following  the  Indians 
while  hunting.  The  snow  was  deep,  and  there  was  much 
suffering  from  scurvy  and  hunger.  In  the  Spring,  a  deputa* 
tion  of  Nadoues-Seronons  (Sioux),  known  as  the  Bceuf  or 
Buffalo  people,  arrived,  vQd  in  a  great  council  expressed 
their  wish  to  be  on  friendly  terms  with  the  French.  The 
French  were  told  that  Tantanga  was  the  name  for  the  buf- 
falo. The  Sioux  wore  in  their  noses  and  ears  rings  of 
copper  wire,  to  which  in  cold  weather  they  attached  feathers 
or  down  to  break  the  force  of  the  wind  —  rude  face-mufflers. 
Their  drums  were  earthen  pots  wound  with  dried  skins. 
They  wanted  to  have  thunder  to  take  home  with  them  — 
that  is,  a  gun,  which  they  called  miniskoick  —  and  the 
French  to  make  peace  for  them  with  the  Christines,  their 
enemies.  Radisson  mentions,  that  after  this  council,  he 
visited  the  Boeuf  Sioux^  who  were  distant  '*  seven  small 
journeys,"  and  found  a  prairie  town  of  lodges  of  skins  and 
mats,  the  population  very  numerous,  and  one  man  had  four- 
teen wives;  that  wjiere  they  were  there  was  no  wood,  but 
in  the  winter  they  moved  to  the  woods  of  the  north.  These 
were  probably  Prairie  Sioux  or  loways,  who  in  the  summer 
hunted  below  the^  Minnesota  river.  After  remaining  six 
weeks  he  returned  to  the  Huron  village.  Returning  to  Lake 
Superior,  Groseilliers  and  Radisson  coasted  along  the  west- 
ern shore,  and  heard  of  another  lake,  probably  Nepigon, 
and  explored  the  region  from  Groseillier,  now  Pigeon  river, 
northward  to  the  tributaries  of  Hudson  Bay,  but  did  not  go 
to  Lake  Winnipeg,  as  some  have  written. 

This  primitive  establishment  at  the^southem  extremity  of 
C  heguamegon  Bay,  became  a  great  depot  for  Indian  trade, 
which  flourished  for  some  time.'    Pierre  Boucher,  in  a  little 

'This  locality  of  Radisson  and  Qroseilliers  seems  to  have  been  selected 
for  the  early  mission  establishment  of  Father  Allouez  —  at  the  head  o^ 
Cbequamegon  Bay;  or,  "near  the  southwest  comer  of  the  Bay,  and  be- 
tween the  head  of  the  Bay  and  the  modem  town  of  Washburn,"  as  Father 
Yerwyst  describes  it,  as  indicated  by  the  Jesuit  map  of  1671,  moet  probably 
drawn  by  Marquette  and  Allouez.  This  was  probably  not  very  far  from 
the  mouth  of  Whittlesey  Creek,  nearly  three  miles  west  of  Ashland,  when 
was  a  migratory  colony  of  Eurons  and  Ottawas,  which  Father  AJlouci 


NOTBS  ON  E^RLY  WISCONSIN  EXPLORATION.  297 

book  published  in  Paris^  in  1664,  meations  that  four  or  five 
Frenchmen  lately  returned  from  Lake  Superior,  who  had 
discovered  a  large  island  full  of  copper^  and  had  been  absent 
three  years. 

DISPUTE  WITH  GOVERNOR  OF  CANADA. 

Returning  to  Quebec,  for  £4,000,  the  Governor  gave  them 
permission  to  make  a  fort  at  Three  Rivers,  and  bear  a  coat- 
ofarms.  But  his  exactions  became  so  great  that  they  went 
to  the  English  settlements,  and  in  1665  they  went  with 
Commissioner  Carteret  in  Capt.  Gillam's  vessel  to  England. 
They  were  entertained  at  Oxford  by  Carteret,  and  the  next 
winter  passed  three  months  at  Windsor  with  Sir  Pater 
Colleton.  Radisson  married  in  London  a  daughter  of  Sir 
John  Kirk,  and  accompanied  from  the  Thames  Capt. 
Gillam,  of  Boston,  in  1607,  in  the  ship  Non  Such  to  Hudson's 
Bay,  where  Gioseilliers  and  he  established  English  trading 
posts.  A  son  of  Gov.  Winthrop,  of  Connecticut,  on  Dec.  11, 
1071,  writes  to  his  father  from  Boston:  "All  the  news  is 
that  Zachary  Gillam  is  returned  from  the  North-West  pass- 
age with  abundence  of  beaver."  ^  * 

Hayes  River,  of  Hudson's  Bay,  was  named  from  Sir  Peter 
Hayes,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  company, 
who  always  remained  friendly  to  the  two  Frenchmen  who 
had  been  the  occasion  of  organizing  the  corporation;  but 
with  others  they  had  some  dispute,  and,  in  1675,  they  went 
to  Paris  and  offered  themselves  to  the  French.  In  1082,  they 
appeared  in  Hudson's  Bay,  under  the  French  flag,  and  cap- 
tured their  former  associates,  and  changed  the  name  of 
Port  Nelson  to  Port  Bourbon,  and  seized  an  English  ship 
called  the  "Bachelor's  Delight.''  Toward  the  close  of  De- 
cember, 1083,  the  Frenchmen  again  arrived  in  Paris.  Lord 
Preston,  the  English  ambassador,  on  Jan.  19,  1084,  wrote 
home:  "  Sent  my  secretary  to  know  if  the  king  had  ordered 
any  answer  concerning  the  attack  upon  Nelson's  post.    I 

found  there  in  1665.    Jesuit  Relations,  1667;  Rev.  Chrysostom  Verwyet's 

Missionary  Labors  of  Father  Marquette^  Menard  and  Allouez  in  the  Lake 

Superior  Region,    Milwaukee  and  Ciiicago,  1SS6,  pp.  175-lSd. 

L.  C.  D. 
20— H.  C. 


298  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

find  the  great  support  of  Mons  de  la  Barre,  the  present  gov- 
emor  of  Canada,  is  from  the  Jesuits  of  this  court,  which 
order  hath  always  a  great  number  of  missionaries  in  that 
region,  who,  besides  the  conversion  of  infidels,  have  had  the 
address  to  engross  the  whole  castor  trade  from  which  they 
draw  considerable  advantage.  *  *  *  Radition  (Radis- 
son)  arrived  about  the  time  you  mentioned  at  Rochelle,  and 
hath  been  in  Paris  these  five  days.  There  came  on  shore, 
at  the  same  time,  from  a  merchant  vessel,  Les  Grosellieres,  a 
person  whose  story  is  well  known  in  those  countries." 

By  the  persuasions  of  Lord  Preston  and  Sir  James  Hayes, 
the  two  Frenchmen  agreed  to  go  to  England,  were  presented 
to  the  king  in  the  spring,  and  Radisson  sailed  for  Hudson's 
Bay,  where  he  had  the  French  flag  lowered,  and  the  English 
banner  again  hoisted. 

In  1GG5,  some  traders  from  Cheguamegon  visited  Canada, 
and  invited  the  Jesuit  Allouez  to  return  with  them.   He 
reached  the  Bay  on  the  first  of  October.    He  remained  there 
several  years,  but  on  the  third  of  November,  1669,  left  Sault 
Ste.  Marie  for  the  Green  Bay  region.    He  writes:    "Two 
canoes  of  Pouteouatamis  wishing  to  take  me  to  their  country, 
not  that  I  might  instruct  them,  they  having  no  disposition 
to  receive  the  faith,  but  to  pacify  some  young  Frenchmen, 
who  were  among  them  for  the  purpose  of  trading."  '    On 
the  second  of  December,  the  eve  of  St.  Francis  Xavier's  day> 
he  reached  a  point  in  the  Green  Bay  region  where  wer6 
French  traders;  and,  the  next  day,  eight  of  them  attended 
mass. 

In  September,  1680,  Du  Luth  and  some  other  white  men# 
left  the  Sioux  of  theMille  Lacs  region.  Hennepin,  who  had 
accompanied  two  of  La  Salle's  traders  up  the  Mississippi, 
and  had  met  with  Du  Luth,  who  had  been  in  the  Lake 
Superior  region  for  a  long  period,  writes  as  follows: 
"  Toward  the  end  of  September,  having  no  implements  to 
begin  an  establishment,  we  resolved  to  tell  these  people,  that 
for  their  benefit  we  would  have  to  return  to  the  French 
settlements.    The  grand  chief  of  the  Issati  or  Nadouessioux 


Jesuit  Relations,  1669-70. 


Notes  on  E^rly  Wisconsin  Exploration.        299 

oonsented^  and  traced  in  pencil^  on  paper  I  gave  him^  the 
route  for  four  hundred  leagues. " 

La  Salle,  under  date  of  August  22, 1882,  wrote  in  opposition 
to  Du  Luth  engaging  in  trade,  as  follows:  "  But,  if  they  go 
"by  way  of  the  Ouisconsing,  where  for  the  present,  the  chase 
of  the  buffalo  is  carried  on,  and  where  I  have  commenced 
an  establishment,  they  will  ruin  the  trade,  of  which  I  am 
laying  the  foundation." ' 

Du  Luth  was  in  France  early  in  1683,  but  in  the  spring 
xetumedto  Canada.  The  Jesuit  Eagelran,  on  August  26, 
1683,  wrote  that  on  the  eighth  of  the  month,  Du  Luth  had 
left  Mackinaw,  with  thirty  men,  by  way  of  Green  Bay,  to 
trade  with  the  Sioux.  Before  1G89,  a  trading  post  or  fort 
was  established  at  the  headwaters  of  the  Siint  Croix  river^ 
the  point  which  in  June,  1860,  had  been  visited  by  Du  Luth.. 
It  IS  marked  on  Franquelin's  map. 

In  the  spring  of  1685,  Nicholas  Perrot  was  made  com- 
mandant for  the  west,  and  the  next  winter  he  passed  on 
the  banks  of  the  Mississippi,  where  he  was  first  visited  by 
theloways.  Upon  Franquelin's  map  of  1688,  is  marked  the 
^'butte,"  where  the  French  wintered,  not  far  from  the  Black 
river.  La  Potherie  asserts,  that  they  stopped  where  there 
^ere  woods,  at  the  foot  of  a  high  hill  (au  pied  d'une  Monta- 
one,)  behind  which  was  a  large  prairie.'  Major  Long,  in  his 
Canoe  Voyage  of  lSi7,  writing  of  '' Montagae  qui  trempe 
f cau  "  refers  to  "  high  bluff  lands,  insulated  by  a  broad,  flat 
prairie." 

Perrot  was  soon  ordered  to  proceed  with  allies  to  join  the 
l^rench  in  the  war  against  the  Senecas  of  New  York.  In 
*he  fall  of  1687,  after  ice  had  begun  to  form  on  the  Fox 
river,  Perrot  passed  down  the  Wisconsin,  to  the  Mississippi 
river,  and  returned  to  the  post  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river,' 
^here  in  1685-6,  he  had  passed  the  winter. 

^  Miuyry  ii,  26^. 

'IdiPKftherie,  Vol.  IL,  Paris,  1732. 

'WhenPenicautin  1700,  passed  through  Lake  Bon  Secours,  as  Pepin, 
^tfl  this  period  had  been  called,  the  fort  was  standing  on  the  east  shore. 
^  WQcdB  translated  are:  "To  the  right  and  left  of  its  shores  there  are  also 
P'^te;  in  that  on  the  right,  on  the  Lake  Shore,  there  is  a  tott,  ^YAOii'vi^a 


300  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SocncTY. 

According:  to  La  Potherie^  it  was  not  until  the  next  spring 

^f ter  the  river  was  free  from  ice,  that  the  Sioux  came  don 

to  the  post,  and  escorted  him  to  their  country.    A  recent 

perusal  of  La  Potherie  convinces  the  writer  that  there  wai 

CO  post  on  Lake  Pepin  before  this  period. 

Penicaut,  a  member  of  Le  Sueur's  expedition,  in  1700,  w 
fers  to  the  fort  built  by  Perrot,  on  the  right  bank  of  thft 
Xake,  to  one  ascending,  and  upon  Franquelin's  map  sbon 
the  "Rdes  Sauteurs,"  the  Chippewa  river  of  our  man 
appears  marked  "  Fort  St.  Antoine;"  and  here  in  May.lbM^ 
Perrot  took  formal  possession  of  the  region.  In  the  "  Procei 
Verbal,"  *  among  others  mentioned  as  present  durinp;  thii 
ceremonial,  is  M.  de  Bois-Guillot,  commandant  les  Franooif 
aux  environs  de  Siskonche,  sur  le  Mississippi." 

Upon  Franquelin's  map,  just  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wifr 
consin,  the  site  of  Prairie  du  Chien  on  the  Mississippi,  ii 
marked  "Fort  St.  Nicolas,"  which  must  have  beenBois- 
Guillot's  post. 

When  Perrot  ascended  the  Mississippi.,  some  of  the  Fox  In- 
dians at  the  portage  of  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivers, 
changed  their  residence  and  established  themselves  on  the 
banks  of  the  Mississippi  river.' 

In  a  a  map  of  JeflFery's,  geographer  to  the  King  of  Eng- 
land, prepared  in  KG'^,  more  than  seventy  years  after  that 
of  Fran  quell  n  was  drawn,  a  copy  of  which  is  appended  to 
the  Report  on  Ontario  Boundaries,  by  David  Mills,  the  mark 
"O"  appears  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  river,  cover- 
ing both  sides,  and  the  point  is  designated  "Fort  Nicholas 
destroyed."  In  Jeffery's  map,  in  JNeilFs  History  of  Minn^' 
sota,  this  fort  is  erroneously  placed  below  the  mouth  of  th^ 
Wisconsin  river.' 


built  by  Nicolas  Perrot.  It  still  to-day  bears  his  name."  Penicaat  d^ 
ecribiog  this  locality  on  his  upward  voyage,  refers  to  the  fort  on  the  easteT^ 
shore  as  en  the  right. 

*  This  document  in  French  is  given  in  Tailhan'a  Perrot,  pages  8H  8(^ 
published  in  Leipzig  and  Paris,  1S64.  , 

*La  Potherie,  vol  ii,  p.  218. 

'  In  1858,  when  the  first  edition  of  the  History  of  Minnesota  was  pr^ 
pared,  I  found,  in  an  old  book  on  the  North- West  coast>  a  map  purporting 


Notes  on  Early  Wisconsin  Exploration.        301 

f  Perrot,  on  his  return  to  the  Green  Bay  region,  in  1690,  re- 
jjieived  a  present  of  a  lump  of  lead  ore  from  a  chief  of  the 
Sliami  tribe;  and  he  promised  that  in  twenty  days^  he 
NIroald  establish  a  post  below  the  mouth  D*Ouiskonche. ' 
lia  Potherie  mentions,  that  the  chief  told  Perrot  that  lead 
bfem  could  be  found  forty  leagues  from  the  place  where  he 
Monversed  with  him.  According  to  promise,  Perrot  visited 
lead  mines,  and  found  "the  lead  hard  to  work,  because  it 
between  rocks  which  required  blasting.  It  had  very 
[little  dross,  and  was  easily  melted." 

Penicaut,  the  companion  of   Le  Sueur,  in  his  narrative 

jfablished  in  the  fifth  volume  of  the  Margry  Collections, 

tells  where  these  mines  were  situated.      After  mentioning 

the  passage  of  the  rapids  of  the  Mississippi  at  Rock  Island, 

;  he  writes:   "We  found  both  on  the  right  and  left  bank  the 

lead  mines,  called  to  this  day  the  mines  of  Nicolas  Per- 

fot,the  name  of  the   discoverer.      Twenty  leagues  "from 

there,  on  the  right  was  found  the  mouth  of  a  large  river,  the 

Ouisconsin." 

The  Jesuit,  Tailhan,  in  his  notes  to  Perrot's  Memoir  upon 
Indian  customs  and  religions,  published  for  the  first  time  in 
1864,  mentions  that  Perrot,  in  1090,  learning  that  the  Miamis, 
Maskoutins  and  Outagamis  had  formed  a  league  against  the 
Bioux  and  Sauteurs,  hastened  to  his  old  fort  in  the  Sioux 
Wgion,  to  act  as  a  barrier  against  their  foes.  Having  estab- 
IWied  friendly  relations,  he  came  back  to  the  post,  which  he 
had  recently  built,  which,  Tailhan  remarks,  was  probably 
at  the  lead  mines,  twenty-one  leagues  above  the  Des  Moines 
river— the  "  Mouingouena." 

There  appears  then,  before  1700,  to  have  been  a  post  on 
the  Mississippi,  just  above  the  Wisconsin,  according  to 
^fanquelin,  and  a  post  some  leagues  below,  near  the  lead 

*o  be  a  copy  of  Jeffery's,  and  I  had  a  portion  of  it  engraved.     The  map  of 
''Aery's  in  the  Ontario  Boundaries,  by  David  Mills,  is  more  accurate. 
'  la  Foiherie,  edition  1753,  ii,  251 . 

Penicaut*B  estimate  of  distances  cannot  be  relied  upon.  He  gives  the 
^'^^tance  from  the  Saint  Croix  River  to  Falls  of  Saint  Anthony  as  eight 
*^^iieaL  Major  Long,  in  his  •*  Canoe  Voyage  of  1817,"  makes  the  distance 
'^^^^>e  than  fifty  miles;   while  the  U.  S.  land  survey  makes  it  thirty-nine 


302  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

mines.  The  post  on  the  site  of  Prairie  du  Chien^  and  those 
elsewhere,  were  all  abandoned  when,  in  1700,  Le  Sueur 
explored  the  Minnesota  rivrer. 

In  June,  1?27,  an  expedition  left  Montreal  under  Reni 
Boucher,  the  Sieur  de  la  Perriere,  to  establish  a  post  on  Lake 
Pepin.  His  paity  arrivirg  there  on  the  17th  of  September 
following,  built  a  post,  according  to  Father  Ouignas,  upon 
the  western  shore  of  Lake  Pepin,  "about  the  middle  of  the 
north  side,  on  a  low  point,  where  the  soil  is  excellent.  * 
*  *  We  are  here  on  the  parallel  of  43  deg.,  and  41  min." 
Frontenac,  in  Goodhue  county,  occupied  the  site  of  this  M 
fort,  and  recently,  a  four  and  a  six  pound  cannon  ball  were 
found  at  the  railway  station,  five  feet  below  the  surface.  It 
is  noteworthy  that  Sieur  La  Perriere  Boucher,  the  officer  in 
command  of  the  Indians  who  surprised  Haverhill,  Mass, 
killed  the  minister  of  the  town,  scalped  his  wife  and  broke 
the  skull  of  his  child  against  a  rock,  and  shot  one  Samuel 
Sibley,  said  to  be  a  relative  of  Hon.  H.  H.  Sibley,  of  St  Paul, 
was  the  person  who  established  this  post  at  Point  du  Sable 
of  Lake  Pepin. 

A  connection  of  the  leader  of  the  expedition,  was  the  wife 
of  a  person  named  Pepin,*  and  this  may  account  for  the 
name  of  the  lake.  The  post,  in  compliment  to  the  Governor 
of  Canada,  was  called  Beauharnois.  Bellin,  the  geographer, 
mentions  the  early  post  above  the  Chippewa  River,  and  then 
another  post  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake. 

Though  not  within  the  borders  of  Wisconsin,  yet  ranking 
prominently  as  one  of  the  line  of  early  upper  posts,  a  fur- 
ther notice  of  Fort  Beauharnois  will  find  a  proper  place  in 
this  connection.  It  was  located  at  the  sandy  point  which 
extends  into  Lake  Pepin  opposite  the  celebrated  Maiden's 
Eock.  Boucher  built  a  stockade  of  pickets  twelve  feet  high, 
forming  a  square  of  ICO  feet,  with  two  bastions,  and  called  the 
post  Foit  Beauharnois,  in  compliment  to  the  Governor  of 
Canada.  On  the  15th  of  April,  1728,  the  water  in  the  lake 
was  unusually  high,  and  overflowed  the  point,  so  that  the 
log  buildings  within  the  enclosure  were  full  of  water,  and 

'  Jean  Pepin,  on  November  23,  1685,  married  Madeline  Loiseau  a  BoQcb' 
erviUe. 


Notes  on  Early  Wisconsin  Exploration.        303 

it  was  necessary  for  two  weeks  to  dwell  upon  higher 
ground.  The  principal  trader  at  the  post  at  this  time  was 
the  Sieur  de  Montbrun  Boacher,  a  brother  of  the  command- 
ant, and  the  armorer  and  blacksmith  was  Francis  Campau^  a 
brother  of  him  who  settled  at  Detroit,  and  whose  descendants 
are  so  numerous  in  Michigan. 

Owing  to  the  hostility  of  the  Renards  or  Fox  Indians, 
early  in  October,  1728,  the  post  was  left  in  charge  of  a  young 
man,  the  Sieur  Dutrost  Jemeraye,  and  a  few  voyageurs, 
while  the  rest  placed  the  goods  in  canoes,  retreated  down  the 
Mississippi  toward  the  Illinois  River,  and  were  captured  by 
allies  of  the  Renards.  The  Sieur  Jemeraye,  early  in  1729, 
abandoned  the  post,  and  nothing  was  done  toward  its  re- 
eetablishment.  In  March,  1730,  the  Sieur  Marin,  a  bold  of- 
ficer, moved  against  and  had  an  engagement  of  the  "warmest 
character'*  with  the  Renards  in  Wisconsin,  and  in  September 
1.  of  the  same  year  another  French  force  attacked  them, 
killed  many  of  their  warriors  and  compelled  them  to  escape. 
After  this  defeat  of  the  Foxes,  it  was  determined  to  build  a 
I  now  post  on  higher  ground,  yet  in  the  vicinity  of  the  first 
i  rtockade,  which  had  been  destroyed.  The  new  commandant 
1  ^pointed  was  the  Sieur  Linctot,  and  the  second  officer  was 
the  Sieur  Portneuf.  Linctot's  son,  Campau,  and  several 
others  were  licensed  to  trade  with  the  Sioux.  Linctot  passed 
the  winter  of  1731-2  at  "  Montague  qui  trempe  dans  Teau," 
now  corrupted  to  Trempealeau,  and  early  in  the  spring  of 
1J32,  proceeded  to  the  vicinity,  Sandy  Point,  Lake  Pepin,  and 
found  at  the  site  of  the  old  stockade  a  large  number  of 
Sioux  awaiting  his  arrival.  Selecting  a  better  position,  he 
erected  a  larger  post,  the  pickets  enclosing  1*^0  feet  square, 
ftnd  there  were  four  bastions. 

The  Sieur  Linctot,  in  1733,  asked  to  be  relieved,  and  the 
able  oScer,  Sieur  Legardeur  Saint  Pierre,  was  sent  to  com- 
*nand.  Upon  the  6th  of  May,  1730,  Saint  Pierre  was  in- 
formed  by  letters  from  Lake  Superior  of  the  dreadful  massa- 
cre of  twenty- one  Frenchmen  on  an  island  in  the  Lake  of  the 
Woods  by  a  party  of  Sioux.  The  16th  of  September,  there 
^^toie  to  the  Lake  Pepin  post  a  party  of  Sioux  with  some 
"^▼er  skins  as  a  pledge  of  friendship,  and  Wi^  Ti«x.\»  ^'a,^ 


aC4  Wwcoif^is  State  HsTtHOCAL 


^a^^Aber  partj.oceof  whom  w.^rein  hrr  mr^  liTTrr  prndint 
Wfa/>o  axked  bj  ^'L  Pierre  bow  he  obcaiced  ih^  nmammt^hc 
ref U4i^  to  az^wer,  and  the  captain  tore  it  frotn  his  ear  and 
found  that  it  was  frimiliar  in  workmanship  to  those  sold  hj 
the  trader*,  and  then,  placed  him  under  guard.  The  Sioaz 
in  Jjecember  were  nnmlj.  and  bamed  the  pickets  around 
the  garden  cf  ^inignas,  chaplain  of  the  post.  In  the  spring 
of  IT;?,  a  war  partj  of  Ojibwajs  appeared  from  the  St 
lymh  river  of  Lake  S'jperior.  and  wished  to  attack  the 
Sioux,  and  threatened  Sl  Pierre:  and,  after  conferring  with 
the  fton  of  Linctot,  the  second  officer,  in  May,  1737,  he  set 
fire  to  the  pOAt,  and  descended  the  Mississippi 

After  a  few  years,  the  Sioux  begged  that  the  French  would 
return  to  J^ke  Pepin,  and  in  175*),  the  Governor  of  Canada 
sent  the  great  Indian  fighter  and  stem  officer,  Pierre  Paul 
Marin,  to  take  command  there,  and  Marines  son  was  sta- 
tioned at  Chagouamigon  of  Lake  Superior.     In  1 752,  Marin 
the  elder  was  relieved  at  Lake  Pepin,  and  his  son  became 
his  successor.      The  next  year  the  father  arrived  with  an 
army  at  Vreh(\n  Isle,  now  Erie,  Penn.,to  prevent  the  settle- 
m(mt  of  the   English  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio.      From 
Pref-qu'  Isle  he  cut  a  road  of    fifteen  miles  to  what  was 
called  by  the  English,  French  Creek,  and  there  built  a  stock- 
ado  which  was  guarded  at  the  gate  by  a  cannon  of  four- 
pound  caliber, and  the  pieces  in  the  bastions  were  six  pound- 
erH.    During  the  month  of  October,  the  elder  Marin  was  taken 
sick,  and  while  down  upon  his  bed  he  received  from  the 
(i()V(»rnor  of  Canada  the  decoration  of  the  military  order 
of  St  Louis.    Near  sunset,  on  the  2!)th  of  the  month,  he  died, 
and  was  buried  at  that  post.    Capt.  Legarduer  Saint  Pierre, 
who  preceded  him  at  Lake  Pepin,  was  made  his  successor, 
and  (»arly  in  December,  1753,  he  assumed  command.    Seven 
days  later  there  appeared  at  the  post  in  north-western  Penn- 
sylvania a  young  man  about  twenty-one  years  old,  named 
(Jeorgo  Washington,  with  a  letter  from  Gov.  Dinwiddie,  ot 
Virginia. 

The  war  between  the  French  and  English,  which  contin- 
ued teveral  years,  led  to  the  abandonment  of  the  post  at 


Notes  on  Early  Wisconsin  Exploration.        305 

Lake  Pepin.  Capt.  Jonathan  Carver^  the  first  British  trav- 
eler in  Minnesota,  mentions  in  his  book  of  travels  in  1766 
'^  he  observed  the  ruins  of  a  French  factory  where  it  is  said 
Capt.  St.  Pierre  resided,  and  carried  on  a  very  great  trade  with 
the  Naudoweesies  before  the  reduction  of  Canada.  Lieut. 
Pike,  the  first  officer  of  the  United  States  army  to  pass 
through  Lake  Pepin,  writing  in  1806  of  Point  du  Sable,  or 
Sandy  Point,  which  he  reached  on  the  same  day  of  the  same 
month  as  LaPerriere  in  1727,  observes:  **The  French  un- 
der the  government  of  M.  Frontenac,  drove  the  Renards  or  Ot- 
taquamies  from  the  Ouisconsing,  and  pursued  them  up  the 
Mississippi;  and,  as  a  barrier,  built  a  stockade  on  Lake  Pe- 
pin on  the  west  shore  just  below  Point  du  Sable,  and,  as  was 
generally  the  case  with  that  nation,  blended  the  military 
and  mercantile  professions  by  making  their  fort  a  factory 
for  the  Sioux." 

A  short  distance  from  the  extreme  end  of  the  Point,  near 
the  mouth  of  what  Pike,  on  his  map,  calls  Sandy  Point 
creek,  there  is  an  eminence  from  which  there  is  an  extensive 
view  of  Lake  Pepin  below  and  above  the  sandy  peninsula. 
There  is  evidence  that  there  has  been  once  a  clearing  there, 
and  it  is  the  most  suitable  spot  in  the  vicinity  for  a  stockade, 
and  visible  to  any  one  coming  up  in  a  boat  from  the  bend 
near  where  Lake  City  is  now  situated.  By  the  valley  of  the 
creek,  the  Sioux  of  the  prairies  could  readily  bring  their 
peltries  to  the  post.  The  cannon  balls  found  in  the  ground 
at  Frontenac  station  may  have  been  discharged  in  some 
engagement  with  hostile  Indians,  or  they  may  have  been 
taken  from  the  fort,  after  its  abandonment,  and  placed  in 
a  cache. 

The  only  satisfactory  map,  in  relation  to  the  early  posts, 
is  that  of  Franquelin,'  De  V  Isle's  "  Catie  de  la  Louisiane  et 
cours  du  Mississippi,^'   published    in  1718,  calls  Lake  St. 

J  Jean  Baptiste  Franquelin  was  the  great  cartographer  of  his  day.  He 
^as  bom  in  1653,  and,  in  1685,  married  Elizabeth  Aubert,  the  widow  of 
^ertrand  Chesce.  Gov.  De  la  Birre,  of  Canada,  in  1688,  wrote  to  the 
^Yench  Government:  "  The  map  of  the  country  I  have  had  prepared  for 
^ou,  will  give  you  a  perfect  knowledge  of  everything,  and  the  means  of 
tuteresting  his  Majesty  therein .    The  young  man  who  made  tbeai^  xci<db^  \% 


VA  Wkcojesdt  State  Hbtokk  al  3 


Croix,  '^IjAn  Pepin  r  shows  the  lead  iiuzsfis  aboTe  "Des 
Moioe^  on  iloin^ona  Rirerf  places  a  p>st  aboTe  the  St. 
Croix  River:  smother  below  Lake  Pepin,  <m  the  west  side; 
and  fort  V  Huillier,  on  a  tributaiy  of  the  Minnesota  Rirer. 
The  position  of  the  las;  is  correctly  given,  while  that  of  the 
othera  w  incorrect. 

In  '' CVir/« <Zu  Canada "  of  De F  Isle,  revised  by  his  sonin- 
k»w,  Philip  Buache,  1745,  Fort  Le  Saeur,  built,  in  ir.95,  upon 
an  inland  al»ve  Lake  Pepin,  is  marked  as  below  the  Lake, 
and  destroyed,  and  no  other  post  is  shown  on  the  banks  of 
the  MiHsinsippi  above  Rock  Island. 


n^nuA  Fr*n/|ueliD.  He  is  as  skillful  as  any  in  France.  *  *  *  He  is  at 
work  ifti  a  vfrj  cjfTTeci  map  of  the  country,  which  I  shall  aend  you,  next 
y«ar,  in  his  name.** 

llarriMt  spfsaks  of  a  drawing  of  a  map,  in  the  Archiyes  of  France, 
signM  Johannes  Ludovicus  Franquelin,  pinxit,  and  thinks  it  was  drafCeJ 
In  1091 '  a  tracing  from  the  original  is  in  the  Parliament  Library  of  Canada 
Upon  this  map  is  an  attempt  to  fix  the  residences  of  tribes  north  of  Uis- 
koiiN,  pethsfis  intended  for  Miskons,  or  Wisconsin  Riyer.  The  ChaieDS 
(Cli4^y(nnifs)«  allies  of  the  Sioux,  are  marked  as  dwelling  in  Northern  Uin- 
n<*m;tii,  as  they  did  at  that  i>eriod. 

In  10H4,  FrarKjuelin  finished  the  map  to  which  Gov.  De  la  Barre  alluded, 
iMMcci  ti  jH)n  tlie  observations  of  twelve  years.  In  1688,  he  drew  another  map 
of  Nortii  America,  an  eDgraving  of  which  first  appeared  in  1883,  in  tlu 
fourth  <?dilion  of  Neiirs  Iliittory  of  Minnesota,  based  upon  sixteen  yean 
of  oiwrvation;  and,  in  1689,  he  drew  yet  another  map,  according  to 
llarriHH. 


FRENCH  FORT  AT  PRAIRIE  DU  CHIEN  A  MYTH. 


By  C.  W.  BUTTERFIELD. 

On  the  evening  of  the  first  Monday  in  January,  1884,  a 
paper  entitled  '' American  History,'^  written  by  me,  was 
read  before  the  Madison,  Wisconsin,  Literary  Club,  in  which 
I  took  occasion  to  point  out  "  some  assertions  not  altogether 
warranted,"  as  I  believed,  made  by  Wisconsin  historians.  I 
called  these  assertions,  "  mock  pearls  in  Wisconsin  history." 
One  of  the  errors,  I  spoke  of  was  as  follows: 

'^  It  has  long  been  a  tradition,  and  this  tradition  has  now 
8o  hardened  into  print  as,  I  fear,  to  be  well- nigh  indestructi- 
ble, that  the  French  government,  when  it  dominated  over 
the  North- West,  erected  upon  the  prairie  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Wisconsin  river — 'Prairie  des  Chiens/  as  it  was  an- 
ciently called,  but  now  *  Prairie  du  Chien '  —  an  extensive 
fort,  and  garrisoned  it  with  regular  troops.    As  early  as 
1820,  a  map  was  published  by  the  United  States,  on  which  is 
delineated  this  famous  fortification;  huge  walls  with  their 
salient  projections,  all  shown  as  if  some  mighty  military 
genius  had  planned  its  construction.     And  it  is  only  last 
year  that  our  excellent  Historical  Society  devoted,  in  the  last 
volume  of  their  *  Collections/  considerable  space  to  the  dis- 
cussion of  its  precise  locality. 

*'Now,  after  all  this,  what  dare  we  say?  I  can  only  ven- 
ture in  *  accents  low '  —  there  was  never  on  the  *  Prairie  des 
Chiens'  —  never  within  what  are  now  the  boundaries  of 
Crawford  county,  Wisconsin  —  a  French  military  post  of 
any  kind;  never  a  stockade  or  fortification  built  there  by  the 
French,  or  while  France  held  dominion  over  this  region;  nor 
were  French  soldiers  over  stationed  there.  No  official 
French  document  has  ever  been  discovered  giving  any  ac- 
count of  a  fort  there.  No  traveler  visiting  the  '  Prairie  des 
Chiens '  during  the  French  domination  in  the  North- West 
(a  period  extending  from  1671  to  1761^  men\»\oiv^  ^si^  lotNisS.- 


30*  WisroxsDf  Stxtk 


cation  there.  Xo  one  has  ever  placed  on  record  that  he  had 
been  told  that  there  was  sach  a  fort  there,  by  one  who  had 
g€^en  ixJ^ 

The  "  History  of  Crawford  County,  TVisconsin,^  was  pub- 
lished £oon  after  the  reading  of  that  paper.  In  it,  extending 
from  paKe  320  to  page  334,  inclusive,  is  an  article^  written 
by  me,  entitled  "The  French  Fort  —  a  Myth."  I  repeated 
in  that  article  substantially  what  is  found  in  the  foregoing 
extract,  leaving  out  all  reference  to  the  United  States  map 
of  IfiiO.  I  do  this  in  the  first  paragraph  on  page  329  of  that 
work;  then  the  authorities  bearing  upon  the  subject  are 
given,  and  my  reasons  for  the  grounds  taken. 

THE  REAL  ISSUE. 

The  reader  will  not  fail  to  observe  that  the  only  purpose  I 
have,  both  in  the  Address  and  County  History,  in  treating 
of  the  subject  at  all  is,  to  prove  that  there  never  was  a 
French  fort  within  the  present  limits  of  Crawford  County, 
Wisconsin.  Prof.  James  D.  Butler,  LL.  D.,  and  Lyman  C. 
Draper,  LL.  D.,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  State  Histor- 
ical Society  of  Wisconsin,  say  there  has  been  such  a  fort 
within  what  now  are  the  limits  of  that  county;  and  this 
makes  up  the  issue  between  us. 

Now,  if  the  reader  will  turn  back,  in  this  volume,  he  wi^^ 
find  an  article  entitled,  ''French  Fortifications  near  th^ 
rnouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  'Hold  the  Fort,"'  extending  frot^^ 
pac:e  51  to  page  g:),  inclusive;  wherein  Prof.  Butler  argu^^ 
his  side  of  the  question,  and  Dr.  Draper  annotates  what  b-^ 
says,  with  approval  generally,  citing  an  additional  authoriO-? 
and  corroborating  the  Professor's  statement  that  there 
within  what  are  now  the  limits  of  Crawford  County,  Wi 
consin,  a  French  fort— at  least  one,  probably  two.    Pro 
Butler's  paper  and  Dr.  Draper's  annotations,  together  const^ 
tute  a  criticism  upon  what  I  had  previously  written  coi^ 
corning  the  supposed  French  fort  in  Crawford  County. 

And  now  as  to  Prof.  Butler's  article:     He   begins  b^ 
quoting  from  my  paper  read  before  the  Madison  Literar^ 
Club,  the  real  point  at  issue;  but  he  simply  quotes  and  makes;^ 
no  comments  thereon.    Then  Vie  follows  with  a  paragrapl# 


French  Fort  at  Prairib  du  Chien  a  Myth.        309 

beginning  thus:  "  Such  is  the  language  of  a  recent  historian 
[meaning  myself],  who  further  declares  belief  in  any  French 
fort  near  Prairie  da  Chien  to  be  'one  of  the  mock  pearls  in 
Wisconsin  history.'"  Here  is  raised  an  entirely  new  ques- 
tion—  an  entirely  new  issue;  for  every  one  knows  there 
might  have  been  many  such  forts  built  near  Prairie  du  Chien , 
and  not  one  of  them  within  what  are  now  the  limits  of 
Crawford  County.  No  such  language  is  used  by  me,  either 
in  the  paper  read  before  the  Madison  Literary  Club  or  in  the 
History  of  Crawford  County, 

Again,  on  page  57  of  this  volume  of  Collections y  Dr.  Butler 
says:  "Even  in  the  absence  of  all  evidence  then,  it  would 
appear  a  bold  assertion  [one  I  have  never  madej  that  there 
was  never  any  French  military  post  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Wisconsin,  unless  ^some  official  French  document  can  be 
discovered  giving  an  account  of  such  work,  or  3om3  traveler 
mentions  it.'"  Here  is  raised  another  entirely  new  ques- 
tion—  another  entirely  new  issue;  for  every  one  knows  there 
might  have  been  any  number  of  such  posts  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Wisconsin,  and  not  one  of  them  within  the  present 
limits  of  Crawford  County. 

If  the  reader  will  turn  back  and  read  over  Prof.  Butler's 
article  carefully,  he  will  not  fail  to  find  that  a  very  large 
portion  is  taken  up  in  arguing  these  new  issues  —  in  answer- 
ing these  new  questions;  each  of  which  is  of  his  own  mak- 
ing—  of  his  own  asking. 

Dr.  Butler  proves  to  his  own  satisfaction  (and  certainly 

to  mine):  (1)  that  one  Nicholas  Perrot,  about  the  year  1685, 

build  a  fort  on  the  Mississippi  river  below  the   Wisconsin; 

C^)  that  it  was  a  French  fort  —  occupied  by  French  soldiers; 

('^}  that  it  had  an  advantageous  situation  as  against  attacks 

of    an  enemy;  and   (4)  that  it  was  named  and  known  as 

''  -F'ort  St.  Nicholas."    Each  and  every  one  of  these  proposi- 

^''o^:t  8, 1  believe  to  be  true.    But  what  have  they  to  do  with 

^*^^    question  at  issue?    Surely,  if  Fort  St.  Nicholas  was  be- 

to^m^^  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  it  was  not  in  what  is  now 

*"^   city  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  nor  was  it  in  any  part  of  Craw- 

l^^^^^  County,  as  now  bounded;  and  its  boundaries  have  not 

^^^^^  changed  for  a  number  of  years.    1  do  noXi  ^^^  \Jsi%X.»\i%- 


310  Wiscx)NsiN  State  Historical  Society. 

cause  there  was  a  fort  below  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin, 
there  must  necessarily  be  one  above  it,, at  Prairie  du  Chien. 

Reference  is  made  in  Prof  Butler's  article  to  the  maps  of 
Franquelin,  D'  Anville,  Bellin  and  Jeffreys,  and  to  the  atlas 
of  Covens  and  Mortier,  as  showing,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Wisconsin,  Fort  St.  Nicholas.    Granted:  but  they  do  not 
all  show  a  fort  beloiv  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin.    Fran- 
quelin's  and  D'  Anville's  show  it  above  and  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Mississippi.    These  two  maps  proved  too  much  for 
the  Professor;  and,  if  they  were  to  be  relied  on,  they  would 
prove  too  much  for  me.    Prof.  Butler,  not  knowing  how  to 
meet  the  diflSculty,  totally  ignores  it.    But  that  close  ob- 
server of  all  things  appertaining  to  Western  history  —  Dr. 
Draper, —  knowing  what  the  real  issue  is,  and  being  deter- 
mined to  stick  to  it,  calls  the  attention  of  the  reader  to  the 
fact  that,  on  the  maps  of  Franquelin   and  D'Anville,  » 
French  fort  —  "  Fort  St.  Nicholas" — is  marked  immediately" 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  and  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, just  where  Prairie  du  Chien  is  now  situated.    There- 
fore, there  is  but  one  thing  forme  to  do:    I  must  discredit 
these  maps  as  to  the  location  of  the  fort,  or  I  "  lose  my  case." 
The  important  question  then  is,  were  these  map-makers 
correct?    I  say  no;  and  so  says  Dr.  Butler;  yet  he  asks,  as  to 
Franquelin,  "why  should  we  reject  his  testimony?"    After 
going  over  a  great  deal  of  ground,  he  answers  the  question 
by  proving  Fort  St.  Xicholas  to  have  been  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, beloiv  the  Wisconsin.    I  would  say  then  to  my  critic: 
"Hold  the  French  fort,"  but  continue  to  **  hold  iV  outside 
of  Crawford  County,  Wisconsin. 

Dr.  Draper  says  (ante,  page  G3,  note  2)  that  "  It  [Fort  St. 
Nicholas]  had,  very  likely,  but  a  brief  existence."  Exactly 
that  view  I  have  heretofore  held;  but  Perrot's  "Minute  of 
Taking  Possession  of  the  country  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,^^ 
shows  conclusively,  as  I  now  discover,  that  it  was  occupied 
as  late  as  1689  —  four  years  after  its  erection.  The  com- 
mander of  its  garrison,  at  that  date,  was  Borie  Quillot.  Sup- 
posing, then,  that  Fort  St.  Nicholas  had  been  abandoned, 
and  knowing  that  that  Frenchman  had  command  of  "  the 
French  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Wisconsin,  on  the  Mis- 


French  Fort  at  Prairie  du  Chien  a  Myth.        311 

fdssippi/'  I  came  to  the  conclusion  that  he  must  have  been 
Btationed  at  Perrot's  upper  fort,  near  Lake  P^pin,  and  so 
stated  in  the  History  of  Crawford  county.    Borie  Guillot  was 
beyond  all  doubt  in  command,  in  1G89,  of  Fort  St.  Nicholas.* 
Franquelin  finished  his  map  in  1GS8,  which  must  have 
been  during  the  occupancy  of  the  fort  just  mentioned.    Is 
it  reasonable  to  suppose  that,  at  the  same  time,  belonging 
to  the  same  king,  that  there  should  be  two  forts  of  the  same 
name,  one  immediately  below  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsm, 
the  other  immediately  above  it?    The  law  of  historical  criti- 
cism says  it  could  not  be  so;  one  or  the  other  is  a  myth. 
But  Prof.  Butler  has  very  clearly  proven  that  the  one  below 
tte  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  was  a  reality;  therefore,  the  one 
ofto-wc must  have  been  "  as  baseless  as  the  fabric  of  a  vision;" 
Of^  to  speak  in  plain  prose,  Franquelin  put  his  little  mark 
above  the  mouth  of  that  river,  when  he  should  have  put  it 
below. 

Now,  this  Franquelin  was  the  king's  hydrographer,  and 
Ws  map  is  "  very  correct,"  and  the  "  most  remarkable  of  all 
*^^  early  maps  of  the  interior  of  North  America;"  and  yet 
^oirt  St  Anthony  (Antoine)  is  put  down  by  him  as  on  the 
^st  bank  of  the  Mississippi;  just  below  Lake  Pepin,  when 
it  ^^vas  actually  at  the  head  of  Green  Bay."  That  was  a 
8*^oat  mistake;  his  marking  Fort  St.  Nicholas  above  the 
^Outh  of  the  Wisconsin  when  it  should  have  been  below  it, 
^^«  a  slight  error. 

fiowever,  lest  the  reader  should,  after  all,  imagine  that 
tti^re  might  have  been  two  forts,  each  called  St.  Nicholas, 
l©t  him  turn  back  to  page  G3  of  this  volume  and  there,  in 
^ote  2,  he  will  see  that  the  learned  Secretary  of  the  State 
historical  Society  infers  there  was  but  one;  and  he  is  right: 
^^t  he  also,  it  is  manifest,  inclines  to  the  opinion  that  that 
^^6  was  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  differing  from 
^^.  Butler  and  myself;  for  he  says:  '^  Thus, good  authorities 
P^int  out  the  establishment  of  Perrot's  Fort  St.  Nicholas,  in 

*  New  York  Colonial  Documents,  Vol.  IX,  p.  418.    CJompare,  in  this  con- 
>^«otioii,  Tailhan'8  Perrot,  p.  804  805,  82a 

*  Compare  the  authorities  just  cited  with  Franquelin's  map  in  Neill's 
^iirtory  of  Minneeota 


812  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SdcnBTY. 

1685,  just  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  according  to 
Franquelin  and  D'Anville,  or  just  below,  according  to  La 
Potherie."  And  he  also  says  "that  Dr.  Neill,  one  of  the 
very  ablest  historical  investigators  in  the  North- West,  lo- 
cates Perrot's  establishment  of  1685,  at  Prairie  du  Ciiiea." 

Just  what  Dr.  Neill  does  mean  is  not  entirely  clear.  What 
he  says  is  this:  "  It  [Franquelin's  mapj  also  marks  where 
the  first  party  of  Perrot  wintered  above  Black  River,  and 
the  first  trading  post  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  called,  in  compli- 
ment to  Perrot's  baptismal  name, '  Fort  St.  Nicholas.' "  *  It, 
however,  he  really  means  what  Dr.  Draper  thinks  he  does, 
it  is  because  he  has  not  studied  La  Potherie  on  the  subject 
of  that  fort  as  closely  and  carefully  as  Prof.  Butler.' 

There  is  another  reason  why  Fort  St.  Nicholas  must  have 
been  below  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin.    La  Potherie  tells 
us  how  far  it  was  above  the  lead  mine  Perrot  discovered -* 
twenty  French  leagues  —  forty-eight  English  miles.    Now, 
Perrot's  lead  mine,  it  is  well  known,  was  at  the  site  of  th® 
present  city  of  Dubuque,  Iowa,  and  that  city  is  sixty  mile^ 
below  Prairie  du  Chien.    Fort  St.  Nicholas  was,  therefor© 
not  only  some  distance  beloiv  the  mouth  of  the  WisconsitJ 
but  an  Indian  tradition  says  it  was  on  the  west  side  of  tb 
Mississippi,  in   what  is  now  the  State  of  Iowa;  and  tb- 
topos:raphy  of  the  valley  would  seem  to  confirm  this  tradi 
tion;  for  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  on  the  east  side  such  a^ 
advantageous  situation  as  is  described  by  La  Potherie,  inn 
mediately  below  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin. 

But  there  are  physical  reasons  why  Fort  St.  Nicholas  wai 
not  above  the  Wisconsin.  A  broad  prairie  extends  froa 
that  stream  up  the  Mississippi,  on  the  east  side,  for  nearlj 
eight  miles.  Portions  of  this  prairie  are  sometimes  sub 
merged;  and,  along  the  river,  in  no  one  place  is  it  but  littlt 
if  any  above  high- water  mark.  It  certainly  does  not  in  the 
least  answer  to  the  advantageous  site  of  Fort  St.  Nicholas 
as  so  particularly  described  by  La  Potherie. 

*  NeiU*8  History  of  Minnesota,  p.  779. 

'  On  Jeffrey*'  map  in  NeiU*8  History  —  the  same  map  cited  by  Prof. 
Butler — Ft.  Nicholas  is  dearly  Mow  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin. 


French  Fort  at  Prairie  du  Cheen  a  Myth.        313 

Ivery  argument  and  fact  militating  against  Franquelin 
5  militates  equally  against  the  one  or  two  map-makers 
.0  followed  him,  and  doubtless  copied  from  him,  in  locat- 
C  Fort  St  Nicholas  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin, 
lere  was  not,  then,  at  any  time  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
:ort  at  what  is  now  Prairie  du  Chien,  or  within  the  pres- 
t  limits  of  Crawford  county,  Wisconsin. 

SUPPOSED  FRENCH  FORT  OF   1755. 

I  now  come  to  the  consideration  of  the  supposed  French 
rt  erected  upon  the  site  (or  adjacent  thereto)  of  the  pros- 
it city  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  in  1755.  And  here,  for  the  first 
ne,Prof.  Butler  discusses  the  real  issue;  for  the  first  time 
eks  to  prove  that  there  was  once  a  French  fort  in  Prairie 
I  Chien,  or,  if  the  reader  please,  within  the  present  bound' 
ies  of  Crawford  county. 

The  words  of  Dr.  Draper  (ante,  page  63,  note  2)  are  these: 
Another  fort  was  established  in  1755,  at  what  is  called 
>wer  Town  of  Prairie  du  Chien;"  that  is,  another  French 
rt  was  established.    Then  he  adds:  "  the  particular  locality 

which  is  designated  in  volume  nine  of  the  Wisconsin 
istorical  Society's  Collections,  pages  286-291."  By  refer- 
g  to  this  volume,  it  will  be  discovered  that  his  authority 
exactly  the  same  for  his  declaration  as  that  given  below 
^  Dr.  Butler;  but  he  speaks  of  the  fort  as  the  "  old  French 
rt  said  to  have  been  established  in  1755.'* 
In  regard  to  the  supposed  French  fort  of  1755,  Prof.  Butler 
ys:  "In  the  American  State  Papers  regarding  Public 
inds,  we  read  that  on  February  25,  1818,  Hon.  George 
^bertson,  from  the  Committee  on  Public  Lands,  reported 
the  House  of  Representatives,  that  in  the  year  1755,  the 
ovemment  of  France  established  a  military  post  near  the 
outh  of  the  Wisconsin."  Then  Dr.  Butler  adds:  "The 
port  to  Congress  was  based  on  information  given  by  a 
^vernment  agent  who  had  visited  Prairie  du  Chien,  and 
ithered  up  testimony  on  the  spot."  That  statement  by 
f«  Butler  is  wholly  erroneous.  No  Government  agent  had, 
'©vious  to  the  making  of  that  report  by  Robertson,  ever 
Bited  Prairie  du  Chien  for  any  such  purpose  as  indicated 

•  21-H.  a 


3U  Wiscoxaiy  State  Historical  Socbtt. 

by  Prof.  Butler.  Robertson's  Report  was  "  based  on  infor- 
mation "  derived  simply  from  a  petition  sent  in  by  some 
citizens  of  Prairie  du  Chien;  and  every  reference  to  a  Fiend 
fort  having  been  erected  in  that  place  in  1755,  was  made  hj 
them  from  tradition  only. 

In  1820,  two  years  subsequent  to  the  date  of  Robertson'i 
Report,  Isaac  Lee,  an  agent  of  the  United  States,  visited 
Prairie  du  Chien  to  report  upon  land  titles;  and,  to  that  end, 
*'  gathered  up  testimony  on  the  spot"  But,  in  his  report^ 
not  a  word  is  said  about  a  French  fort  having  been  buflt  in 
Prairie  du  Chien,  in  1755.  The  report  of  Robertson  is  based 
wholly  upon  tradition;  that  of  Lee,  upon  sworn  evidenoa 
Prof.  Butler  then  comments  on  the  evidence  taken  by  Lee, 
just  as  though  it  had  been  the  foundation  for  Robertson's 
report.  He  does  not  say  that  of  all  this  ''testimonj 
gathered  up  on  the  spot"  as  to  a  French  fort,  not  one  word 
was  given  by  anyone  claiming  to  have  ever  seen  the  fort 
or  claiming  to  have  seen  any  person  who  had  seen  the  fort; 
but  such  was  the  fact.  And  Dr.  Butler  then  adds:  "  Accord- 
ing to  the  oldest  inhabitants,  some  of  whom  had  resided 
there  well-nigh  from  the  cloee  of  the  Revolutionary  War, 
it  was  only  during  that  contest  that  the  French  fort  was 
burned."  This  last  sentence  is  well  calculated  to  carry 
the  idea  (1)  that  white  settlers  were  living  at  Prairie  dtt 
Chien  during  the  whole  continuance  of  the  Revolution;  (2) 
that  it  was  during  that  contest  the  fort  was  burned; 
and  (.'5)  that  the  oldest  inhabitants,  some  of  whom  had  lived 
there  well  nigh  from  the  close  of  the  war  had  been  told  by 
those  who  lived  there  before  them,  that  they  had  seen  the 
fort  and  that  they  saw  it  when  it  was  burned;  and  that, 
therefore,  the  "  testimony  "  gathered  from  the  "  oldest  in- 
habitants" by  the  Government  Agent  must  have  great 
weight. 

If  the  reader  will  take  pains  to  read  over  just  what 
these  oldest  inhabitants  said  (it  has  all  been  published  Oi '^^ 
will  quickly  reach  the  conclusion  that  no  such  inference  as 
that  contained  in  the  first  and  third  propositions  can  be 

1  See  American  State  Papers  (Public  Lands),  voL  IV.,  pp.  807-6781 


French  Fort  at  Prairie  du  Chien  a  Myth.        315 

drawn  from  what  they  have  left  on  record.      But  this  will 
lie  more  fully  disscused  hereafter.     As  to  the  second  propo- 
sition, I  will  say  that  what  was  supposed  to  have  been  a 
T^nch  fort  tvcis  burned  during  the  Revolution.    But  I  will 
presently  explain  why  it  was  that  what  was  burned  was 
thought  to  have  been  a  fort. 

Here,  let  me  again  invoke  the  law  of  historical  criticism. 
No  traveler  visiting  "Prairie  des  Chiens"  during  French  dom- 
ination in  the  North-West  mentions  any  French  fort  either 
on  the  "prairie  "  or  in  any  portion  of  what  is  now  Crawford 
county  —  and  that  domination  lasted,  as  we  have  already 
stated,  from  1C71  to  1761.      There  is  not  extant  any  official 
or  unofBcial  document  giving  any  account  of  the  supposed 
French  fort  of  1755.     No  one  has  ever  put  it  on  record  that 
he'has  ever  seen  any  such  fort.      No  one  has  placed  on  re- 
cord that  he  had  been  told  by  one  claiming  to  have  seen 
Buch  a  fort,  that  it  was  in  existence  there,  either  in  1755  or 
later.* 

No  list  of  names  of  any  officers  or  privates  said  to  have 
been  stationed  there  is  in  existence  or,  so  far  as  is  known, 
^ver  has  been.  No  map  of  1755  or  later  has  upon  it  any 
*tich  fort.  There  was  a  terrible  war  raging  in  the  West  at 
this  very  date  between  France  and  England  for  possession 
of  this  country,  the  incidents  of  which  war  have  been  care- 
fully written  by  a  number  of  able  writers;  yet  not  one  of 
them  mentions  the  existence  of  such  a  fort.  Now,  in  view 
of  all  this,  the  impartial  historian  declares  he  would  not  be 
justified  in  saying  that  such  a  fort  had  ever  existed,  even 
though  there  was  a  tradition  (be  it  ever  so  positive,  but 
simply  a  tradition)  to  the  contrary.  To  offset  all  this,  what 
have  we?    Only  a  tradition,  and  an  exceedingly  vague  one, 

'  According  to  the  tradition  upon  which  both  my  critics  rely,  the  sup- 
posed fort  was  erected  in  1755  and  destroyed  by  fire  in  177b  —  the  second 
year  of  the  Revolution.  During  that  period,  Jonathan  CarTer,  an  exceed- 
ingly close  obeerrer  and  careful  writer  visited  (in  1766)  the  '*  prairie."  Can 
any  one  for  a  moment  suppose  that  so  striking  an  object  as  a  fort  on  that 
low  and  level  expanse,  and  particularly  a  FYench  fort  (for  Carver  was  En- 
glishy  and  this  was  [soon  after  the  close  of  the  Old  French  War)  would 
h^T^  cfloaped  his  notice?    But  Carver  mentions  no  fort  of  any  kind  \»bst«k 


816  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

that  there  was  such  a  fort  on  the  "  prairie."  But  it  is  very 
plain  to  be  seen  how  this  tradition  became  rife  among  the 
settlers  at  Prairie  du  Chien. 


ORIGIN  OF  the  tradition  AS  TO  THE  FRENCH  FORT  OF  1755. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  year  1780,  there  were  on  the 
*' Prairie  des  Chiens "  what  were  subsequently  called  "the 
remains  of  ancient  works,  constructed  probably  for  military 
purposes/'  very  numerous  and  of  great  extent.  The  para- 
pets and  mounds  were  connected  in  one  series  of  worb. 
"Wherever  there  was  an  angle  in  the  principal  lines,  a 
mound  of  the  largest  size  was  erected  at  the  angle;  the 
parapets  were  terminated  by  mounds  at  each  extremity,  and 
also  at  the  gateways.  No  ditch  was  observed  on  either  side 
of  the  parapet.  In  many  places,  the  lines  were  composed  of 
parapets  and  mounds  in  conjunction,  the  mounds  being  ar- 
ranged  along  the  parapets  at  their  usual  distance  fromeadi 
other,  and  operating  as  flank  defences  to  the  lines.'"  These 
were  prehistoric  earthworks  of  the  same  character  as  others 
now  known  to  be  scattered  all  over  the  West  and  North- 
west; but  when  first  seen  by  the  Canadian  French,  who 
settled  upon  the  "prairie"  in  1781,  they  supposed  them  to 
be  the  remains  of  an  ancient  French  or  Spanish  fort  And 
an  event  happened  just  before  their  arrival  to  help  on  their 
belief. 

Early  in  the  summer  of  1780,  a  log-house,  capable  of  hold- 
ing three  hundred  and  sixty  packs  of  furs,  is  positively 
known  to  have  been  in  existence  upon  the  *'  prairie."  That 
log-house  was  built  on  one  of  those  prehistoric  earthworks, 
just  described  as  having  parapets  and  other  peculiarities  of 
an  ordinary  fort.  In  June  of  the  year  last  mentioned,  about 
three  hundred  of  the  packs  were  taken  out  of  this  log- hous6 
and  transported  to  "  Fort  Michilimackinac,"  for  the  reason 
that  there  was  danger  of  their  falling  into  the  hands  of  tho 
enemy  —  the  Americans.  The  sixty  remaining  packs  wer© 
burned  as  of  little  value.    Reason  and  tradition  both  say 

'S.  H.  Long's  Narrative,  by  W.  H-  Keatiog,  Vol.  1,  pp.  940, 341. 


French  Fort  at  Prairie  du  Chien  a  Myth.        317 

-tbey  were  burned  by  setting  fire  to  the  building.'    That 
"building  would  have  been  a  capital  place  for  a  detachment 
of  George  Rogers  Clark's  soldiers  to  have  used  as  quarters. 
This  building.  Prof.  Butler  says,  it  seems  to  him,  was  more 
properly  a  fort  than  a  log-house;  but  the  man  who  describes 
the  building  —  who  was  in  it — who  helped  to  take  ''out 
about  three  hundred  packs  of  the  best  skins,"  —  declares, 
''the  merchants'  peltry,  in    packs,"  was  in   a   log- house, 
guarded  by  Captain  Langlade  and  some  Indians;"'  — quite 
different  language  from  my  critic,  who  says  "  it  was  de- 
fended by  a  body  of  armed  men,  as  forts  are  wont  to  be." 

But  my  critics  are,  after  all,  suspicious  that  this  log-house 
was  the  supposed  French  fort.    Secretary  Draper  has  pre- 
viously given  it  as  his  opinion  that  the  tradition  concerning 
the  burning  of  the  fort  referred  to  the  burning  of  that  build- 
ing; and  Dr.  Butler,  by  declaring  that  the  log-house  seems 
to  him  properly  "  named  a  fort,"  prepares  himself  for  the 
following  sentence:   "  It  was  so  named  by  almost  everybody 
known  to  have  been  acquainted  with  those  who  had  seen  it." 
^18  implies  that  many  persons  whose  names  are  known 
knew  people  who  had  seen  the  structure,  and  that  these 
^^nj  persons  all  called  it  a  fort  because  those  who  had  seen 
^*  Called  it  so.    I  challenge  Dr.  Butler  to  produce  the  name 
^'  one  single  person  who  has  placed  on  record  that  he  called 
^^  ^  fort  because  some  one  who  had  seen  it  called  it  so.'    But, 
***<J  one  person  or  a  great  many  persons  so  called  it,  would 
^'^a.t  make  it  a  fort?    Not  at  all. 


'  l)r.  Butler  says,  "there  is  no  evidence  that  the  house  was  biimed.** 
*^-  Draper  (in  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society's  Collections,  Vol.  IX, 
^  ^M,  note)  says  it  is  the  *'  Brisbois  tradition  "  that  it  was  burned. 

*  J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels,  p.  151. 

*  "  My  father,  Michael  Brisbois.  told  me  that  lie  had  never  seen  a  fort  nf 

**^^kind  on  the  *  prairie'  at  an  early  day;  that   what  he  did  t-ee  were  re- 

''^ViM  thought  to  have  been  vestiges  of  a  French  fort;  and  no  i)cr8on,  my 

*^*lier  aid,  ever  told  him  that  he  harl  seen  anything  except  what  were 

"Uiie  remains,  supposed  to  be  such  a  fort,  on  the  *  prairie.'  '*    Verbal  state- 

'■^•■tof  B.  W.  Brisbois  to  the  writer,  in  January,  1884.    Compjiro.  in  this 

^'^ttnecstion,  the  Certificate  of  B.  W.  Brislwis.  in  the  History  of  Crawford 

^^^^^'Uxlfi  p.  xiii,  wherein  he  approves,  inferential ly,  of  all  said  in  that 

as  to  Ifae  Buppoeed  French  fort. 


'1 

a; 


3 : 5  ^iV  D^o: >"^L>-  S  r ATK  Historical  Socikty. 

No  ;ce  :av::  in  Wisconsin   History   is  better  establisliedl  ^ 
thjLii  :>..i:  ^a<:I  frlarti.  Pic-rre  Antava  and  Augustin  Angel'f '^ 
s*?::N.\i  uyt.u  •  yr-jLiri-f  dcs  Chiens"  in  1781.     Soon  after,  dm- 1^*" 
ir^  '>e  5vi:v.^  y  r^-.  .'ar^r?  Miohael  Brisbois.     There  is  not  omV^ 
par:;;!-^  o:  i'v:.--?cv;>?   fi'Jkn:   that  any   white  persons— ot I ^'' 
Fr^'L'.vrh  or  ;:":-  :*,i:.  nilitv  —  settled  on  the  "  prairie"  be- 
fore* :hcs<:*  y  c:v;>.  '.'.i::i.iijLas  came.     The  first  three  named  |  ^ 
CALtie  .w  :•--  >.vv.?  ::::::-r.     Taere  is  a  great  deal  of  evidence 
^xm:;:  :b.'.:  -v.^:-  zl\^y  cazne  they  found  upon  the " prairie" 
sirai^y  *^'--    :Lv.:ut:i   v/.la^e —  nothing:  more.*     Let  us  now. 
bearv/iC  :r.i>  *:i  r.::-.-!  and  remembering  the  year  of  thecom- 
ir*:  o:  :r.ose  -^.r^:  >t'::lr?r^,  look  at  the  whole  of  the  Report  as 
to  :ho  suvvose*:  yr^w:ch  for:  of  l:o3  and  the  first  settlemoit 
of  ^1*0   ■  v'"^^'- '^^'    ^i5i  iivec  by  Hon.  George  Robertson^ and 
upon  w'-:^»h  :v.y  or'::o:>  so  much  rely:   "  In  the  year  1755, the 
CiovtTu.r.or,:  o:  yruiLoo  cs:ablished  a  military  post  nearthe 
mouth  o:    :ho  W:scoc>ir::    iha^  [during  that  year]  many 
Krcroh  t;i:v.."'.es  se::le\.i  themselves  in  the  neighborhood, and 
ostab'ishc^i  :ho   v::.ai:e  of  Prairie  du   Chien:  that,  by  the 
treaty  of  Vcrs.i:l-e<.  i:i  ^he  year  ITi'o,  the  village  and  the 
for:,  fo'.l.^w.-.T^  :;-o  oo::.:::i^*n  o:  uhe  Canadas  and  the  Illinois 
country.  ;v.i<si:\.i  :o  t'r.o  Cro^r.  of  England."    How  absolutely 
has  all  u\.\:  ■;♦>:"  vr ;veo  ov-r  and  over  again  to  be  wholly 
erronc'ous 


C^:v;\«r*-.  :■.•.  :'.'  <  .'  ::>:'.•  Li't.  llisrory  of  Crawford  County,  Wisconsin, 
pp.  i > ,:  : S>  .1 : Si\  J  l  •  ■•  jt ■  >  v  .•  -.-a ^s  aa i  Travel*,  p.  14'?:  Waahbume'fl 
EJ.VI- :!.-'.:*  V.ivc^-  V  '-'  "^^  *'^-  I-'-'^s  *  K^wncion  by  K^atioj^)  VoL  1.  p.  242. 
In  jArv.arv.  '.v>4.  '.  .-a'-O-i  :!'-?  i::«f'^::on  Ov  R  W.  Brisbois  to  what  he  i» 
n?cr«:<t:::f.l  ds  si>  -.v^  ii  I'.'rf  '^■«?i.-.-"w:rt  >z.'.ie  H'storiL-M  Society'*  Ca//«rfi<wiii 
V.i.  IX.  V-  ■-■'"■  H.^r-^j^'y  :o  -v.-*  wjl*.  coar  ihe  wonl*:  "Thcrw  was  certainly 
3cc-.c:;  ici: ..:  vi  yrv-x-;:,  j.5  w--.:  a*  I:: Mas.  «:clenit?ac  theie  ac  chat  time"- 
wer^:  n.:  wl*  i"  V-:  wtcr-JTV-  :■:  ?ay  i  and  :aas  he  eicher  had  written  to  Mr. 
rnp^r  cr  i::ir':.l  d  :.'  W7::t  :*  iii-i:.  ibo:i:  :ae  niitcer.  Mr.  Brisbois ab;) 
rra-i-?  :^c  s^iru-e  rvri-^JLr'i  :;  V::e  ^.:iver=:nj:  ::w  word*  on  the  same  page  of 
tht?  0.it'::::c?—  dfi'ir  i>?  yre-o::  s«.I:iery  who  had  forted  there,  bad 
re::r^'-'.' —  i^  i  c.-i  -JL^r.-^^izAiir i;\y  *:^::e.l  :ce  (>?rtidcate  to  be  found  in  the 
H i = '•-■  f 5*  '-■  f  '-' r-i ^ ' ' C'^  ^"" ' "-1  =i * y .  ^^' is:'." c 5 i a.  o a  p   x i Li . 

-  But  ever.  ih:<  :*  n-n  all  '>t  tlie  Ri^-oi.rt.  whioh  the  reader  wiil  undert«nd 
was  simply  base«i.  x-  I  have  already  shown,  upon  a  petirion  sent  in  from 
gome  of  the  inh.ibi:a-its  in  Prairie  dv  Cbi-n  in  I'JL!?  to  the  Hoow  of  Rep- 
reeentativ€s,  in  WaihiEgton.    '•  Ixi  \Yi«  i*^t  US;!,"  adds  Bobertmo,  "the 


French  Fort  at  Prairie  du  Chibn  a  Myth.        319 

The  charred  remains  of  that  log- house  upon  the  prehis- 
toric earthwork  before  described,  were  noticed  by  the 
French  Canadians,  who  settled  upon  the  ''  prairie  "  the  next 
year,  adding  much  to  the  appearance  of  there  having  been 
at  one  time  a  fort  there.' 

The  tradition  was  still  alive  in  18*^0,  when  '^  Isaac  Lee, 
Agent  of  the  United  States  to  report  upon  land  titles,"  who 
has  already  been  mentioned,  visited  the  '* prairie."  After 
gathering  all  of  it  (that  is,  the  tradition)  bearing  upon  the 
subject  he  could,  this  is  what  he  says:  '' The  remains  of 
what  is  commonly  called  the  Old  French  Fort,  are  yet  [in 
1802J,  very  distinguishable.  Though  capacious  and  appar- 
ently strong,  it  was  probably  calculated  for  defence  against 
musketry  and  small  arms  only.  None  can  recollect  the 
time  of  the  erection  of  this  fort;  it  was  far  beyond 
the  memory  of  the  oldest:  nor  can  the  time  of  its  erec- 
tion be  determined,  by  any  evidence  to  be  obtained."' 
Well,  I  think  not.    Bat  this  is  not  all  Mr.  Lee  says,  —  he 

events  of  the  American  Revolution  again  changed  their  condition,  and  on 
the  let  of  June,  1796,  the  village  and  fort  were  formally  surrenc^ered  by 
the  British  to  the  (Jnited  States;  that  many  of  the  petitionerH  coutinued 
their  ref>idence  and  enjoyed  uninterrupted  tranquillity  till  the  capime  oi 
the  fort  by  the  enemy  during  the  last  war  [that  is,  the  war  of  1812-15].*' 
That  Robertson  had  been  hugely  imposed  upon  by  the  petition  sent  in  from 
Prairie  du  Chien.  became  quickly  manifest  to  the  United  States  Agent,  in 
1820,  when  he  came  to  take  the  testimony  of  the  "oldest  inhabitants."  in 
Prairie  du  Chien,  as  his  Report  shows. 

'  Dr.  Draper,  in  the  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society's  Collections,  Vol. 
IX,  p.  290,  note,  says:  **  that  Dennis  Curtois,  who  settled  at  Prairie  du 
Chien  in  1791,  stated  in  1 830,  that '  the  old  French  fort  was  burnt  the  sec- 
ond year  of  the  Revolutionary  War. ' "  What  Curtois  said,  is  this:  "  Ac- 
cording to  the  best  information  I  have  been  able  to  obtain  from  the  tradi- 
tion of  the  inhabitants  at  Prairie  des  Chiens,  the  old  French  fort  was 
burned  during  the  second  year  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  *' 

*  I  would  here  ask  Prof.  Butler,  if  the  log-house  of  1780,  was  the  fort,  to 
please  bear  in  mind  that  in  1820,  Mr,  Lee  found  its  '* remains"  ''very 
distinguishable,  "  that  it  was  very  "  capacious,  and  apparently  strong; " 
and  that  '*  it  was  probably  calculated  for  defence  against  musketry  and 
small  arms  only.  "  Exactly  how  all  this  could  be,  when  the  said  log-house 
(Prof.  Butler's  fort)  was  burned  in  1780,  according  to  the  "  Brisbois  tradi- 
tioii,  "  I  will  leave  for  the  reader  to  judge. 


3S0  Wisconsin  State  Historioal  Socirty. 

adds:  "  Some  difference  of  opinion  seems  to  exist  there  [at 
Prairie  du  Chien],  as  to  the  question  whether  it  was  origin- 
ally built  by  the  French  or  by  the  Spanish  government" 
Yet  Dr.  Butler,  upon  exactly  such  tradition  as  that  on  which 
Mr.  Lee  bases  his  report  as  to  the  fort,  says  it  was  certainly 
a  French  fort,  and  Dr.  Draper  is  equally  positive  that  it 
was  erected  in  1755. 

Accompanying  the  report  of  Mr.  Lee  is  the  ''United  States 
map,"  I  speak  of  in  my  paper,  read  before  the  Madison  Lit- 
ery  Club.  It  is  dimply  a  *'  Plan  of  the  Settlement  at  Prairie 
des  Chiens,''  in  1820,  on  which  is  marked  the  supposed 
French  fort.* 

'  For  Mr.  Lee's  Report  and  accompanying  map,  see  American  State  Aitp- 
era  (Public  Lands),  Vol.  IV,  p.  867.  The  reader  will,  in  examining  tint 
Beport,  observe  that,  in  the  testimony  of  five  or  six  of  the  inhabitanti, 
therein  given,  the  French  fort  is  spoken  of,  as  if  it  then,  in  1820,  was  in 
existence;  bat  the  references,  as  the  context  shows,  are  only  to  the  tpot 
where  tradition  has  fixed  the  location  of  the  supposed  fort. 


EARLY  FRENCH  FORTS  IN  WESTERN  WISCONSIN. 


By  LYMAN  C.  DRAPER. 

From  a  sense  of  duty,  rather  than  in  any  spirit  of  contro- 
versy, I  will  proceed  to  submit  a  few  notes  on  some  of  the 
statements  made  by  Mr.  Butterfield^in  his  preceding  paper. 
While  investigating:  and  studying  the  few  points  in  which  I 
think  Mr.  Butterfield  errs,  and  which,  it  seems  to  me,  are 
important  to  a  proper  understanding  of  the  primitive  his- 
tory of  Wisconsin,  I  have  ventured  to  add  other  matters 
that  struck  me  as  worthy,  in  this  connection,  of  permanent 
preservation. 

A  just  elucidation  of  our  true  history,  so  far  as  we  can  as- 
certain it  from  recorded  facts,  and  reach  reasonable  deduc- 
tionSs  is  all  I  seek.  I,  too,  may  err,  as  even  the  most  faith- 
ful investigators  are  liable  to  do,  for  want  of  full  knowledge, 
or  misled  by  partial,  distorted,  or  erroneous  statements. 
Further  historical  discoveries  by  Margry,  Parkman,  Neill 
or  others,  may  yet  throw  a  flood  of  light  on  all  our  doubtful 
and  disputed  points;  and  when  they  do,  we  should  all  readily 
acknowledge  their  force. 

THE  FIRST  PROBABLE  ESTABLISHMENT  AT  PRAIRIE  DU  CHIEN. 

Before  entering  upon  the  question  of  the  locality  of  Fort 
St.  Nicholas,  it  is  proper  to  notice  what  was  apparently  a 
prior  establishment  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  a  few  years  earlier 
than  Perrot's  post  at  that  point.  In  La  Salle's  letter  of 
August  22,  1082,  he  complains  of  the  encroachment  of 
Du  Luth  on  the  territory  expressly  assigned  him  for  the  pur- 
poses of  trade.  "  But  the  King,"  he  says,  "  having  granted 
us  the  trade  in  buffalo  hides,  this  would  be  ruined  in  going 
to,  or  coming  from,  the  Nadouesioux,  by  any  other  route 
than  by  Lake  Superior,  by  which  Count  Frontenac  ha& 


322  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

power  to  send  him  there  in  search  for  beaver,  in  the  pur- 
suance of  the  authority  which  he  has  to  grant  permits.  Bat 
if  they  go  by  way  of  the  Ouisconsing,  where  for  the  present 
the  chase  of  the  buffalo  is  carried  on,  and  where  I  have 
commenced  an  establishment,  they  will  ruin  the  trade,  of 
which  alone  I  am  laying  the  foundation,  on  account  of  the 
great  number  of  buffaloes'  which  are  taken  there  every 
year,  almost  beyond  belief." ' 

La  Salle  further  states  in  the  same  letter:  "  Six  weeks 
afterward,  all  having  returned  to  to  the  Ouisconsing  with 
the  Nadouesioux  on  a  hunt,  the  R  P.  Louis  Hennepin,  and 
the  Picard,  resolved  to  go  to  the  mouth  of  the  river,  where 
I  had  promised  to  send  messages,  as  I  had  done  by  six  men, 
whom  the  Jesuits  deceived,  telling  them  that  R.  P. 
Louis  and  his  fellow  travelers  had  been  slain.  They  allowed 
them  to  go  there  alone."  Then  La  Salle  speaks  of  their  be- 
ing pillaged,  because  of  jealousy,  ''  as  they  [the  Indians] 
were  from  different  villages,  and  but  few  from  that  where 
the  Frenchmen  were  to  go;  they  did  it  in  order  to  secure 
their  portion  of  the  merchandise,  of  which  they  feared  they 
would  receive  none  if  they  once  entered  the  village  where 
the  Frenchmen  were  to  go."  ' 

It  would  seem  highly  probable,  that  La  Salle's  establish- 
ment at  the  Wisconsin,  was  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  where 
he  was  so  anxious  to  send  messages,  no  doubt  to  persons 
connected  with  his  "  establishment,"  and  where  Hennepin 
and  his  fellow  travelers  were  destined,  and  it  would  appear 
also,  that  there  was  an  Indian  village  there  at  that  early 
period.    A8  the  locality  of  Prairie  du  Chien  was  confessedly 

^  Gov.  D'lberville,  of  Louisiana,  suggested,  in  1703,  that  the  great  Sioux 
nation  be  removed  to  the  Missouri  country,  so  as  to  be  more  convenient  for 
securing  their  trade;  that,  in  four  or  five  years,  a  commerce  could  w 
established  with  them  of  sixty  or  eighty  thousand  buffalo  skins.  ^ 
Neiirs  Minnesota,  171-72. 

'  Margry's  Decouvertes  Des  Francais  Dans  UAmerique,  ii,  254;  NeiU* 
Notes  on  Early  Wisconsin  Explorations,  etc.,  in  this  volume;  and  Win* 
chell^s  Historical  Sketch  of  Explorations  and  Surveys  in  MinnesotOf  IS^ 
p.  12. 

«Magry  ii,  257-58;  Winchell's  HUtorical  Sketch,  p.  14. 


Eahly  French  Fokts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      323 

3  moBt  fitting  place  for  trading  purpoBes  of  any  point  in 
i  WiaconBin  country,  we  may  well  judge,  that  La  Salle, 
Srith  hia  long  experience  and  observation,  was  not  slow  to 
:  his  trading  establishment  at  that  favorite  locality,  and 
D  deserves  the  credit  of  having,  in  all  probability,  been  the 
^mitive  trader  at  that  point,  so  far  as  we  have  any 
jcorded  evidence.  Whatever  he  did,  however,  was  not  so 
Buch  in  the  interest  of  effecting  the  settlement  of  the 
lountry,  as  in  securing  trade  and  profit  in  furs  and  peltries, 
irhich  was  equally  true  of  all  the  early  traders,  with  their 
Sorts  and  trading  eetablishments  scattered  along  the  lakes 
od  streams  of  the  North-West. 

PEBKOT'S  fort  ST,  NICHOLAS. 

[  Mr.  Butterfield  states,  that  any  old  French  fort  at  Prairie 
iSn  Chien  is  a  myth.  If  this  be  so,  then  nearly  all  the  early 
map-makers  on  the  North-West,  during  the  seventeenth 
and  eighteenth  centuries,  and  the  early  settlers  of  Prairie 
H^lu  Chien,  dating  back  over  a  century,  have  alike  labored 
^kmder  a  grave  mistake. 

^B  The  "great  map  of  Franquelin,"  as  Parkraan  worthily 

^Benominates  it,  of  1G84,  improved  in  1088,  together   with 

^Bioth  B'Anville's    and  Bellin's,  of   1755,  Coven's  and  Mor- 

^faer's  Amsterdam  Atlas,  of  1757,  and  the   Atlas   Modeme 

Paris,  17t>e,  all  locate  Fort  St.  Nicholas  north  of  the  mouth 

of  the  Wisconsin  —  unquestionably  referring  to  the  locality 

of  Prairie  du  Chien.  Bellin's  Atlas,  of  1704,  again  repeats  the 

Hlocality  as  north  of  the  Wisconsin.     In  Bellin's  published 

^mSemarks,  of  1775,  explaining  and  describing  his  map,  he 

■vtates:    "Nicholas  Perrot  built  a  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the 

Wisconsin,"  and  his  map  shows  that  it  was  on  the  northern 

side.     This  is  certainly  a  formidable  array  of  authorities, 

who  rank  among  the  ablest  cartographers  of  the  past  two 

centuries. 

Jefferya,  a  noted  English  map  publisher  and  geographer 
in  the  time  George  Third,  has  alone  been  cited  as  placing 
Fort  St.  Nicholas  below  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin;  but 
this  is  doubtful,  as  Dr.  Neill  has  indicated  in  the  present  vol- 

Ee.    By  a  careful  examination  of  Jefiferys'  Map  of  North 
, 4 ■* 


824  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

America^  prefixed  to  his  work  on  the  Natural  and  Civil 
History  of  the  French  Dominion  of  North  America,  1760, 
we  find  that  he  placed  the  legend  '^Ouisconsia  River"  on 
the  upper  side  of  the  stream  at  its  mouth,  and  thus  filling 
the  space,  placed  the  other  legend  below  —  "  Port  St  Nicho- 
las destroyed;"  but  without  any  indication  or  mark  of  the 
locality  of  the  fort  itself.  In  the  text  of  his  work,  Jefferys 
makes  no  reference  whatever  to  Fort  St.  Nicholas.  So  we 
need  not  wonder  that  David  Mills,  in  the  first  edition  of  his 
Report  on  the  Ontario  Boundaries,  1873,  in  reproducing 
Jefferys'  Map,  and  finding  the  old  fort  unlocated,  placed  it 
athwart  the  Wisconsin  river. 

But  even  admitting  that  Jefferys  had  really  placed  Fort 
St.  Nicholas  below  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  he  would 
stand  solitary  and  alone  among  all  those  early  authorities, 
and  in  opposition  to  all  the  earlier  and  more  distinguished 
geographers  of  the  country.    Surely,  their  combined  evi- 
dence^  had  such  a  condition  existed,  ought  far  to  out-weigh 
his;  besides,  in  their  case,  the  locality  of  Prairie  du  Chienis 
a  fitting  one,  while  no  suitable  spot  for  such  an  establish- 
ment is  found  below  the  mouth  for  some  considerable  dis- 
tance.    Had  there  really  been  any  conflict  of  statement, 
those  early  French  cartographers  had  far  better  means  of 
procuring  correct  infromation  about  the  early  French  set- 
tlements in  the  West,  than  an  English  geographer  at  a 
much  later  period  —  seventy  odd  years  after  Franquelin*^ 
time.    After  all,  there  is  no  reliable  evidence  that  Jeffer"^^ 
differed  from  them.' 

As  Franquelin  was  the  first  geographer  to  give  the  lo(^^^ 
tion  and  record  the  name  of  Fort  St.  Nicholas,  his  credil™  "^ 
ity  as  a  writer  may  very  properly  be  considered.    He 
the  hydrographer  of  the  king  of  France,  under  the  patn 


'  In  Neill^s  first  edition  of  his  History  of  Minnesotat  p.  188.  he  fell  i 
two  errors  in  stating  that  Fort  St.  Nicholas  was  established  in  1683,  beft 
Perrot  had  yet  vi»ited  the  country,  and  that  it  was  located  below  the  mo 
of  the  Wisconsin,  misled  as  to  location,  by  an  erroneous  reprint  of 
ferys'  Map,  which  mistakes  he  corrected  in  later  editions  of  his 
Mills,  following.  Dr.  NeilPs  original  statement,  committed  the  same  errors 
in  his  Ontario  Boundaries,  revised  edition,  1877,  p.  14-15. 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      325 

age  of  the  Government,  residing  at  Quebec  —  the  place  of 
all  others,  at  that  period,  where  he  could  best  meet  and 
interview  returning  officers,  traders,  missionaries  and  explor- 
ers from  the  Great  West.  Gov.  De  La  Barre,  of  Canada, 
commended  the  first  map  of  Franquelin,  not  so  full  as  the 
subsequent  one,  for  the  "  perfect  knowledge  "  of  the  region 
of  New  France  it  represented;  that  he  was  "as  skillful  as 
any  in  France,"  and  that  he  was  then  at  work  on  "  a  very 
correct  map  of  the  country  " —  that  of  1688,  re- produced  from 
tracings  of  the  original  in  Neill's  revised  edition  of  his  His- 
tory of  Minnesota. 

Parkman  declares  it  "  a  great  map  —  the  most  remarkable 
of  all  the  early  maps  of  the  interior  of  North  America;"  and 
that  "  La  Salle  and  others  of  his  party  undoubtedly  supplied 
the  young  engineer  with  materials."  Dr.  Neill,  the  able 
historian  of  Minnesota,  pronounces  it  "  the  most  complete  of 
the  impublished  maps  in  the  French  archives,"  and  "  an 
advance  on  geographical  accuracy;"  and  gives  a  copy  of 
the  tracing  of  it  in  his  History  of  Minnesota. 

Judge  C.  C.  Baldwin,  President  of  the  Western  Reserve 
and  Northern  Ohio  Historical  Society,  and  author  of  an 
interesting  monogram  on  the  Early  Maps  of  Ohio  and  the 
West,  writes:  "The  Franquelin  of  1688,  is  a  wonderful 
map;  and  I  think  so  afresh  every  time  I  look  at.  It 
seems  to  me,  that  Franquelin,  by  his  position,  ability,  care 
and  learning,  is  the  very  best  authority  as  to  the  locality  of 
Fort  St,  Nicholas."  Unstinted  praise,  on  every  hand,  is 
accorded  to  this  master-piece  of  North- Western  cartology 
made  by  Franquelin  two  centuries  ago. 

Mr.  Butterfield  supplied  or  inspired  an  article  in  the  Mad- 
ison  Democrat,  of  December  3, 1885,  animadverting  on  Dr. 
Butler's  paper  on  a  French  fort  at  or  near  Prairie  du  Chien, 
and  the  brief  note  I  appended  to  it;  declaring  that  these 
"  statements  are  likely  to  be  all  traced  back  to  the  same 
source  —  La  Potherie  —  who  wrote  without  having  seen  the 
country,  and  without  sufficient  knowledge  of  it." 

In  Mr.  Butterfield's  article,  preceding  this  paper,  he  seems 
to  have  abandoned  this  untenable  position  —  untenable,  at 
leasts  so  far  as  my  statements  are  concerned*^  and  liONq  W^.^^ 


326  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

ajuBterview  of  the  situation.  He  says:  "If  the  maps 
Franquelin  and  D'Anville  were  to  be  relied  on,  they  prove' 
too  much  "  for  him;  for  they  locate  Fort  St.  Nicholas  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Mississippi,  and  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wis- 
consin. "I  must,"  says'Mr.  Butterfield,  "discredit  these  maps 
or  lose  my  case."  And  so  he  deliberately  goes  to  work  to 
discredit  them,  and  in  a  very  unique  way  —  at  least  he  thus 
disposes  of  Franquelia's  map:  "Franquelin  put  his  little 
mark  [indicating  the  locality  of  Fort  St.  Nicholas]  above 
the  mouth  of  that  river  [the  Wisconsin],  when  he  should 
have  put  it  below."  No  authority  is  given  for  this  bold 
statement  —  a  statement  which  applies  with  equal  forcft  to 
the  other  worlhy  cartographers,  who  have  also  placed  their 
"little  mark"  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  namelyi 
D'Anville,  Bellin,  Coven  and  Mortier,  and  the  author  of 
Atlas  Moderne,  of  1703.  Here,  then,  we  have  a  mere  mods! 
em  supposition,  on  the  one  side,  and  Franquelin,  backed  by 
Gov,  Le  Barre,  and  several  notable  geographers,  on  the  other; 

"  There  are  physical  reasons,"  says  Mr,  Butterfield,  "  whj 
Fort  at.  Nicholas  was  not  above  the  Wisconsin;"  becaua^ 
he  says,  that  the  prairie  which  extends  up  from  that  streai 
nearly  eight  miles,  is  "  sometimes  overflowed,"  and  "  in  a 
place,  is  it  but  little  if  any  above  high  water  mark."  To  SA 
nothing  of  the  earlier  forts  which  by  many  are  believed  1 
have  been  located  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  we  need  only  to  ai 
vert  to  the  recognized  fact,  that  during  the  war  of  ISH-l. 
the  Americans  and  British  in  turn  maintained  a  fort  ther 
which  our  Government  re-established  in  1816,  occupying: 
continuously,  with  only  a  single  years  intermission,  ti 
18oB  —  thus  showing  that  a  fortdid  find  a  foot-hold  there fc 
forty  years,  until  there  no  longer  existed  any  occttsioa  fq 
one.  Mr.  Butterfield's  HisfoTy  of  Crawford  County  may  bi 
cited  as  fully  subBtantiating;  this  statement. 

But  these  "physical  reasons"  apply  with  much  more  fona 
to  the  region  below  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin.  In  ttH 
treaty  of  1804  between  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  and  the  Unite) 
States,  those  tribes  conceded  to  our  Government  the  righ 
to  establish  a  military  post  "at  or  near  the  mouth  of  thi 
Ouiaconaing,"'  and  "  as  the  land  on  the  lower  side  of 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      327 

river  may  not  be  suitable  for  that  purpose,"  they  agreed 
that  such  fort  might  be  established  either  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Wisconsin,  or  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Mississippi, 
as  might  be  found  most  fitting  for  the  object. 

Gten.  John  H.  Rountree,  Gov.  Nelson  Dewey,  Hon.  Robert 
Glenn,  Sr.,  and  Nathaniel  W.  Kendall,  all  early  settlers  of 
Grant  county,  Wisconsin,  having  resided  there  from  forty 
to  sixty  years,  and  long  familiar  with  the  region  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  unite  in  declaring,  that  they  have 
never  heard  of  any  tradition  or  any  vestiges  of  an  early  post 

• 

south  of  the  Wisconsin  in  that  quarter;  that  the  country 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  to  the  locality  of  Wyalu- 
sing,  about  four  and  a  half  miles,  is  altogether  too  low  for  a 
suitable  locality  for  a  fort,  frequently  overflowing  to  the 
distant  bluffs  on  the  east.  If,  therefore,  located  below 
the  Wisconsin,  it  must  from  necessity  have  been  quite 
a  number  of  miles  from  its  mouth.  Major  A.  Macken- 
zie, U.  S.  Engineer,  stationed  for  many  years  at  Rock 
Island,  and  superintending  the  Government  surveys  and 
improvements  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  gives  it  as  his  opin- 
ion, that  "  the  ground  .between  Prairie  du  Chien  and  Wyalus- 
in^  affords  no  point  suitable  for  a  fort;"  and  that  the  site  of 
Fort  Crawford,  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  is  the  locality  to  which 
reference  is  made  as  a  military  point,  '^at  or  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Wisconsin." 

At  a  point  seven  or  eight  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Wisconsin,  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  and  on  a 
high  piece  of  bottom  land  that  seldom  overflows,  many  rel- 
ics have  been  found,  including  leaden  balls  and  shot,  bits  of 
lead  apparently  dropped  upon  the  ground  in  a  molten  state, 
together  with  buttons  and  silver  ornaments.  This  would 
seem  to  have  been  the  locality  of  an  Indian  village,  or  other 
settlement;  but  within  the  past  fifteen  or  twenty  years,  sev- 
eral rods  of  this  bottom  have  been  washed  away,  so  that 
where  most  of  these  relics  were  picked  up,  is  now  in  the 
channel  of  the  river.' 

Hon.  Horace  Beach,  an  old  resident  of  Prairie  du  Chien, 

>  Mb.  letter  of  Bobert  Qlenn,  Jr.,  of  Wyaluaing. 


328  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SociETy. 

and  a  close  antiquarian  observer,  writes:  "  The  locality  of 
the  old  French  fort  at  this  place  is  on  the  first  high  ground 
above  Wyalusing  suitable  for  such  an  establishment^  and 
is  the  first  dry  prairie  that  could  be  reached  by  boat  above 
that  place.  The  '  Pig's  Eye '  affords  an  ample  channel 
from  the  Mississippi  to  the  main  land  of  sufficient  width 
and  depth  for  the  largest  river  boats,  and  is  the  only  chan- 
nel of  the  kind  above  Wyalusing,  which  is  about  six  miles 
below.  Another  reason  why  this  place  presented  a  strong 
claim  as  a  suitable  location  for  a  trading  post  was,  that  it 
was  a  favorite  resort  for  the' Indians,  whose  relics  are  to 
this  day  found  scattered  all  over  the  surface  at  this  locality." 

But  after  Mr.  Butterfield  has,  as  one  would  suppose,  satis- 
factorily corrected  Franquelin,  by  venturing  to  remove  the 
"  little  mark  "  from  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  to 
some  point  below,  then  he  seems  dissatisfied  with  his 
strange  historical  and  geographical  feat,  or,  perhaps,  en- 
couraged by  the  easiness  of  the  removal  —  then  pushes  the 
"  little  mark "  to  a  point  on  the  western  bank  of  the 
Mississippi,  twenty  French  leagues,  or  forty-eight  English 
miles,  as  he  has  it,  above  the  Lead  Mines  or  Dubuque,  and, 
as  he  reckons  distance,  about  twelve  miles  below  Prairie 
du  Chien.  In  fixing  this  locality  for  Fort  St.  Nicholas, 
strange  to  say,  Mr.  Butterfield  relies,  in  part,  on  La  Potherie, 
whom  he  had  previously  declared,  "  wrote,  without  having 
seen  the  country,  and  without  sufficient  knowledge  of  it;'* 
and,  in  part,  on  an  unlocated  Indian  tradition,  and  for 
which  he  gives  no  authority. 

In  this  case,  La  Potherie  is  erroneously  credited  with  the 
statement,  that  Fort  St.  Nicholas  was  located  twenty  leacrues 
above  the  Lead  Mines  or  Dubuque.  In  point  of  fact.  La 
Potherie  no  where  mentions  the  name  of  Fort  St.  Nicholas  — 
gives  no  intimation  to  warrant  that  it  was  situated  on  the 
western  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  and  hints  nothing  about 
the  twenty  league  locality  above  the  Lead  Mines.  It  is  true, 
however,  that  Dr.  Butler,  on  page  (30  of  this  volume,  conveys 
such  an  idea,  which  Mr.  Butterfield.  perhaps,  unwittingly 
followed;  but  when  too  late  to  correct  the  text,  Dr.  Butler 
discovered  his  error,  which  is  set  right  in  the  errata-- 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      329 

showing  that  the  Lead  Mines  were  twenty-one  leagues^  ac- 
cording to  Charlevoix,  above  the  Moingona,  or  Des  Moines 
river,  and  nothing  whatever  is  said  by  La  Potherie  or 
Charlevoix  a3  to  the  distance  of  Fort  St.  Nicholas  above  the 
Lead  Mines  —  La  Potherie  referring  to  this  fort,  if  at  all, 
only  by  vague  reference,  and  Charlevoix  making  no  men- 
tion of  it. 

Even  had  La  Potherie  stated,  as  Mr.  Butterfield  erro- 
neously supposes,  that  Fort  St.  Nicholas  was  twenty  leagues 
above  the  Dubuque  Lead  Mines,  it  would  have  been  approx- 
imately the  correct  distance  to  Prairie  du  Chien.  By  Gov- 
ernment survey,  as  Maj.  A.  Mackenzie,  the.  U.  8.  Engineer 
at  Rock  Island,  informs  me,  it  is  fifty-seven  and  a  half 
Hiiles  from  Dubuque  to  Prairie  du  Chien.  Webster,  Wor- 
cester, Chambers,  and  the  Revised  Imperial  Dictionary 
agree,  that  in  France  the  common  league  is  about  two  miles 
and  three-quarters,  or  literally  2.76,  and  the  legal  league, 
2.42  statute  miles;  Chambers'  Clyclopedia  adding  that  the 
league  of  25  to  a  degree  is  2.76  statute  English  miles,  and 
this.  Dr.  Butler  informs  me,  is  the  common  reckoning  of  the 
French  —  or  a  little  over  two  and  three- fourths  English 
miles  to  a  league.  According  to  this  reckoning,  twenty 
French  leagues  would  be  nearly  fifty  six  miles. 

No  man  living  has  paid  so  much  attention  to  the  early 
French  explorations  of  the  North-West,  by  long  and  faith- 
ful investigations  into  original  sources,  as  has  Dr.  Neill. 
Mr.  Butterfield  professes  not  to  be  certain  that  he  under- 
stands Dr.  Neill's  meaning  when  he  states,  that  Fort  St. 
Nicholas  was,  in  his  opinion  located  "  at  Prairie  du  Chien.'' 
If  this  plain  and  emphatic  language  is  not  sufficiently  com- 
prehensible, a  mere  look  at  Franquelin's  map  cannot  fail  to 
explain  the  idea  Dr.  Neill  intended  to  convey. 

It  is  not  clear  when  Fort  St.  Nicholas  was  established.  It 
might  have  been  when  Perrot  first  visited  the  Wisconsin 
and  Upper  Mississippi  country,  in  1685.  Certain  it  is,  that 
Perrot  and  Bois-Guillot  were  ''  trading  near  the  Mississippi " 
in  1687;*  and  on  Franquelin's  map  of  1688,  we  find  our  first 

•^ 1 —  -  -    -  ^ 

'Shea's  Charletx>ix,  Ui,  280;  Neili'e  Minnesota,  to\&xth  ediWon,  V^'J^A^'^- 


830  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

certain  knowledge  of  Fort  St.  Nicholas.  When  Perrot  took 
formal  possession  of  the  Upper  Country  at  Fort  St.  Antonie, 
near  the  foot  of  Lake  Pepin,  May  8th,  1689,  hi  especially 
refers  to  Bois-Guillot  as  "  commanding  the  French  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Wisconsin,  on  the  Mississippi."  This 
designation  of  Quillot's  post  by  Perrot  himself  is  signifi- 
cant—  in  the  "environs"  or  neighborhood  of  the  Wisconsin, 
and  not,  as  Mr.  Butterfield  supposes,  several  miles  below  the 
Wisconsin,  and  on  the  western-side  of  the  Mississippi.  "  In 
the  neighborhood  of  the  Wisconsin."  very  fittingly  describes 
the  locality  of  Prairie  .du  Chien,  where  Franquelin  and 
other  early  cartographers  locate  Fort  St.  Nicholas. 

How  long  Fort  St.  Nicholas  existed,  we  have  no  means  of 
determining.  The  last  certain  knowledge  we  have  of  it, 
Bois-Guillot  was  still  there  in  May,  1680.  It  might  have 
been  abandoned  when  Perrot  finally  left  the  country  in  1G92, 
to  take  command  among  the  Miamis  near  Kalamazoo,  in 
Michigan.  No  mention  is  made  of  any  fort  there  by  Peni- 
caut  when  he  ascended  the  Mississippi  in  1700  —  prior  to 
which,  according  to  the  early  maps  of  D'Anville,  Bellin  and 
others,  it  had  probably  been  "destroyed;"  but  precisely  when, 
or  how,  are  only  left  to  conjecture. 

perrot's  fort  opposite  the  lead  mines. 

The  different  posts  established  by  Perrot  for  trading  pur- 
poses along  the  Mississippi  has  doubtless  proved  somewhat 
confusing.  Three  such  were  erected  on  and  about  Lake 
Pepin,  and  Fort  St.  Nicholas,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wiscon- 
sin named  in  honor  of  his  patron  saint.  These  trading 
posts  had  gradually  extended  from  the  Fox  River  Valley  to 
the  Wisconsin,  and  thence  into  the  Sioux  country. 

If  we  may  credit  La  Potherie,  Perrot  located  yet  another 
post  on  the  Mississippi.  It  was  below  the  mouth  of  the  Wis- 
consin, which  would  seem  to  imply  that  it  was  on  the  sa  ne 
or  eastern  side  of  the  Mississippi.  The  circumstances  which 
led  to  its  establishment  are  briefly  these:  Having  served 
in  the  war  against  the  Iroquois,  Perrot,  in  the  spring  of  1090, 
left  Montreal,  accompanied  by  Louvigny  and  others,  with 
meseages  and  presents  for  the  '    "       ^f  the  Upper  country, 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      331 

with  the  further  purpose  of  obtaining  peltries  which  he  had 
not  in  former  years,  been  able  to  transport  to  market  in 
consequence  of  the  Iroquois  war.* 

After  reaching  the  Wisconsin  country,  a  delegation  of 
Miami  Indians,  then  residing  on  the  Mississippi,  met  Perrot, 
and  made  him  a  present,  among  other  things,  of  a  specimen 
of  lead  ore,  from  a  "ruisseau" —  brook  or  rivulet  — which  emp- 
ties into  the  Mississippi;  and  requested  him  to  fix  a  trading 
post  for  their  convenience  below  the  Wisconsin,  which  he 
readily  promised  to  do,  within  twenty  days. 

Having  fulfilled  this  purpose,  Perrot  hastened  to  the  Sioux 
country,  and  exerted  his  good  oflBces,  backed  by  Government 
presents,  with  which  he  was  charged,  in  bringing  about  a 
precarious  peace  among  the  hostile  Indians  in  that  quarter; 
and  then  "  returned  to  the  post  which  he  had  recently  builV* 

Tailhan  and  Dr.  Neill  suggest  that  this  establishment  was 
in  the  region  of  Perrot's  Lead  Mines,  which  Charlevoix 
states  were  twenty-one  leagues  above  the  Moingouna — a 
great  error,  if  by  the  Moingouna  was  meant  the  D^s  Moines; 
for,  in  point  of  fact,  it  is  nearly  three  times  that  distance 
from  the  Des  Moines  to  the  Perrot  or  Dubuque  mines.  It  is 
well  established  that  the  Perrot  mines  were  located  twenty 
leagues  below  the  Wisconsin,  as  proven  by  the  statement  of 
Penicaut,  who  ascended  the  Mississippi  in  1700,  and  by  De 
Lisle's  map  three  years  later;'  and  that  is  the  approximate 
distance  from  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  to  Dubuque. 

La  Potherie  mentions  that  the  lead  at  these  mines  was 
difficult  to  obtain,  as  it  was  in  rocky  crevices.  The  earliest 
mines  at  Dubuque  were  worked  along  Catfish  Creek  —  no 
doubt  the  "  ruisseau  "  alluded  to  by  La  Potherie  —  a  mile  or 

'  Tailhan'a  Perrot,  823;  New  York  Colonial  Documents,  ix,  470;  Neill's 
Minnesota,  fourth  edition,  146;  his  Explorers  and  Pioneers  of  Minnesota, 
1881,  88;  his  Concise  History,  1887, 20;  his  Notes  on  Early  Wisconsin  Ex- 
plorationM,  Forts  and  Trading  Posts,  in  this  volume,  and  sketch  of  Perrot, 
in  Hiatorical  Magazine,  July,  1865. 

*Charlwoix,  fourth  edition,  1744,  iii,  397-W8;  Tailhan,  in  Perrot,  326- 
888;  sketch  of  Perrot,  in  Historical  Magazine,  July,  1865;  Neill's  Minne- 
MOkif  146,  and  his  Concise  History,  20. 

*Margry,  Y,,  412;  Neill's  Minnesota,  889,  and  hia  Conciae  H\«tonru,'^^ . 


832  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

two  below  that  city;  and  "the  simplest  form  in  which  lead 
ore  is  found  in  this  region  is  in  the  vertical  or  upright  crev- 
ice, from  one  to  three  inches  in  thickness."  * 

La  Potherie  states,  that  there  was  a  French  establishment 
opposite  to  the  Lead  Mines."  The  indefinite  article  before  the 
word  establishment  shows  that  a  post  not  before  mentioned 
is  meant,  otherwise  La  Potherie  would  have  written  "the 
French  establishment,"  as  he  does  on  page  261  of  the  same 
volume.  So  it  is  clear  that  it  refers  to  neither  of  his  upper 
posts  previously  established.  As  the  Perrot  Mines  at  Dubuqae 
seem  to  have  been  the  one  referred  to,  this  new  establish- 
ment was  apparently  located  at,  or  a  little  below,  Dunleith, 
which  the  venerable  Gen.  Q.  W.  Jones,  of  Dubuque,  says, 
in  a  recent  letter,  afforded  a  good  position  for  a  trading  post, 
either  on  the  plateau  or  on  the  elevated  bluffs  in  the  rear— 
the  latter  especially  fulfilling  La  Potherie's  description,  that 
it  was  a  "  situation  very  strong  against  the  assaults  of  neigh- 
boring tribes,"'  should  they  at  any  time  evince  a  hostile  dis- 
position. 

If,  as  some  might  suppose,  this  establishment  was  located 
opposite  the  Galena  Mines  —  which  Penicaut  evidently  in- 
cludes in  his  reference  to  Perrot's  as  "  on  the  right  and  left'* 
of  the  Mississippi  —  still  there  was  a  fitting  elevation  for 
such  a  fort  equally  '•strong  against  assaults,"  a  hundred  feet 
above  the  river,  on  the  western  side,  on  a  commanding  rocky 
point,  just  above  the  mouth  oi'  Tete  des  Morts  creek,  and 
some  ten  or  eleven  miles  below  Dubuque/ 

The  fact  that  the  village  of  the  grand  chief  of  the  Miamis 
was  but  four  leagues  below  this  new  French  establishment,' 
was  a  good  reason  for  locating  it  at  this  place,  where  it  would 
be  convenient  for  him  and  his  people  to  barter  their  furs  for 
the  necessaries  of  which  they  stood  in  need,  and  near  the 
famous  Lead  Mines  which  the  Miami  leader  had  taken  so 


*  Historical  Atlas  of  Iowa,  341. 
2  La  Potherie,  ii.  810. 
»  La  Potherie,  ii.  270. 

^  NeiU*8  Minnesota  edition,  186S,  189;  MS.  letter  of  A.  C.  Simpson,  sur- 
veyor of  Jackson  Ca,  Iowa. 
^  La  Potherie,  li,  2im. 


Early  Fre.n"ch  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin. 


inuch  pains  to  bring  to  Perrot's  notice.   Very  likely  the  grand 

liief,  and  perhaps  Perrot  aa  well,  felt  impressed  with  the 

mportance  of  the  Lead  Mines  as  a  place  of  future  resort  and 

lommerce  alike  to  the  red  man  and  the  white.    Wherever 

enterprising    traders    penetrated     with    their    French 

ffusils"  —  so  great  an  improvement  on  the  ancient  bow  and 

—  a  constant  d'-mand  was  necessarily  created  for  lead. 

athUB,  itwill  be  seen,  thatthislocality  opposite  of  the  Dubuque 

■ead  Mines  was  a  most  suitable  one  for  a  trading  establish- 

nent  made  at  the  instance  of  tlie  grand  chief  of  the  Miamies. 

liese  Miamies  seem  to  have  made  frequent  removals;  for, 

tot  very  long  thereafter,  we  find  a  hundred  of  them  "  on  the 

IFisconsin,"  while  the  rest  bad  gone  to  the  Chicago  country, 

1  account  of  the  beaver,' 

That  this  "new  fort"  made  by  Perrot  below  the  Wiscon- 
Bin,  in  1(590,  was  not  Fort  St.  Nicholas,  is  sufficiently  evident 
from  the  fact,  that  this  latter  post  is  indicated  as  in  exist- 
ence at  least  two  years  earlier,  as  proven  by  Franquelin'a 
Map  of  1C88,  and  by  the  fact  that  it  was  represented  by  its 
commandant,  Bois-GuiUol,  a  year  before  the  founding  of 
this  new  estalilishment,  at  Perrot's  notahlt?  ccrrmo'iy  of 
taking  pi>ssfShion  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  cuunir.v,  at  FurC 
St.  Antoine,  near  the  foot  of  Lake  Pepin,  in  May,  1689. 


r 


SECOND  KHENCH  FORT  AT  PBAtRIE  DU  CHIitN, 


While  the  date  of  the  first  permanent  French  settlement 
'at  Prairie  du  Chien  is  clouded  with  uncertainty,  it   may  be 
mentioned,  in  this  connection,  that  the  time  of  the  location  of 
the  Fox  Indians  there  —  including,  no  doubt,  the  Des  Chiens 
family    among    Ihera  —  can   he   more   readily  determined. 
Carver,    who  visited  this  region  in  17(i(J,  states  that    he 
learned  from  the  Indians,  that  about  thirty  years  before  his 
Tiait,  they  were  located  in  a  large  town,  in  a  pleasant  situa- 
tion on  the  Wisconsin,  about,  five  miles  abuve  its  mouth  — 
i      apparently  at  what  is  now  Wright's  Ferry,  the   ruins  of 
^Lwhich  old  settlementthe  Captain  saw.  Here  the  Indians  had, 
^K»r  thought  they  had,  a  warning  from  the  Great  Spirit,  to 
^Huit    their   habitations.     They    then    removed   to   what  is 


^KeiU'a  ConciaeHMori/.  note,  p.  22. 


33t  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SociETr. 

now  Prairie  du  Chien,  where  Carver  found  about  three 
hundred  families,  in  well-built  houses^  pleasantly  situated 
on  very  rich  soil;  that  thetown,he  says,  was"the  great  mart" 
for  Indian  trade  —  where  the  traders  had  their  quarters  and 
goods,  with  which  to  carry  on  with  the  ad  jacent  tribes,  the 
gainful  commerce  in  which  they  were  engaged.  This  would 
fix  the  time  of  the  settlement  of  the  Fox  Indians  at  Prairie  da- 
Chien,  about  1736,  or  nineteen  years  before  the  old  French 
fort  is  said  to  have  been  established  there. 

Mr.  Butterfield  lays  much  stress  on  the  fact,  that  because 
Carver  does  not  mention  having  seen  a  fort  at  Prairie  du 
Chien  when  there  in  1706,  there  could,  therefore,  have  been 
nothing  of  the  kind.  There  were  large  and  interesting  pre- 
historic works  in  all  that  region  to  which  Mr.  Butterfield 
abundantly  testifies;  so  it  would  hardly  do  to  boldly  and  de- 
fiantly ignore  these  numerous  remains,  simply  because  Car- 
ver failed  to  notice  them,  though  he  mentions  in  the  Lake 
Pepin  region,  with  much  apparent  interest,  similar  pre-his- 
toric  structures  of  "  great  antiquity,"  but  without  any  "vis- 
ible ditch." 

In  Carver's  time,  the  old  fort  at  Prairie  du  Chien  had 
probably  gone  into  both  disuse  and  decay;  and  the  palisades 
even  may  have  disappeared;  but  the  probabilities  are  that 
the  traders  then  occupied  some  of  the  remaining  tenements, 
or  had,  at  least,  erected  "  a  log  building  "  there,  for  trading 
and  storage  purposes.  Carver  states,  that  Prairie  du  Chien 
was  a  great  trading  mart  for  an  extensive  region;  but  he 
does  not  go  into  details,  and  note  the  tenements  used  by  the 
traders  in  carrying  on  their  business  operations.  And  yet 
they  must  have  had  at  least  one  building,  if  not  more,  for  the 
protection  and  display  of  their  goods,  and  storage  of  their  furs 
and  peltries.  Such  a  trading  point  would  very  naturally 
form  around  it  the  nucleus  of  a  settlement  of  voyageurs  and 
hangers-on  generally,  with  their  Indian  wives  and  progeny. 
Such  was  the  natural  result  at  Old  Mackinaw,  Vincennes, 
Kaskaskia,  Green  Bay,  and  other  noted  trading  posts. 

Carver  does  not,  in  his  Travels,  mention  the  interesting 
fact,  that  there  was,  at  that  day,  a  Lower  Town  of  Prairie 
du  Chien;  which,  however,  he  notes  0)i  his  map  accompany- 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wiscx>nsin.      335 

ing  his  work,  with  the  mark  indicating  an  Indian  village 
just  below  it.  This  suggests  and  implies,  that  there  must 
have  been  an  Upper  Town  as  early  as  1766;  and,  as  all  the 
traditions  corroborate  Carver's  locality  of  the  Indian  village 
below  the  Lower  Town,  it  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the 
Upper  Town  had  become  an  extension  of  the  old  French 
settlement,  though  very  likely  a  small  one  at  that  period. 

Hon.  David  Mills,  an  able  writer  on  our  early  North 
Western  settlements,  asserts  that  the  French  settled  at 
Prairie  du  Chien  before  1730.*  He  cites  no  authority,  and  is 
not  now  living  to  inform  us  as  to  his  source  of  information; 
but  we  suspect,  as  he  elsewhere  cites  our  Society's  Collec- 
tions, that  he  adopted  Dr.  Brunson's  views  based  on  the 
traditions  of  the  early  settlement  of  the  Cardinal  family,  of 
the  extreme  antiquity  of  which  we  have  expressed  our 
doubts  in  volume  ix  of  our  Society's  Collections. 

Judge  James  H.  Lockwood,  it  may  be  added,  who  located 
at  Prarie  du  Chien  in  1816,  regarded  the  ancient  establish- 
ment there  as  a  trading  post,  with  a  stockade  around  its 
dwellings  for  protection  against  the  ludians,  and  dating 
back  to  about  1737  —  which  would  have  been  just  after  the 
Fox  Indians  located  there.'  As  Mrs.  Cardinal  lived  some 
eleven  years  after  Judge  Lock  wood's  settlement*  there,  he 
probably  formed  his  opinion  from  her  statements." 

With  reference  to  the  French  fort  said  to  have  been  es- 
tablished at  Prairie  du  Chien  in  1755,  our  chief  sources  of 
information  at  present,  are  the  report  of  Judge  Robertson 
in  Congress,  Feb.  25,  1818;  Col.  Isaac  Lee's  report  on  the 
Prairie  du  Chien  land  claims,  together  with  the  allegations 
of  old  settlers  appended  to  Lee's  document,  and  the  uniform 

*  Report  on  the  Ontario,  or  Canadian  Boundaries,  Toronto,  1877,  p.  21 . 

*  Wis,  Hist.  Collections,  ii,  p.  114. 

^Mr.  Butterfield  supposes  that  Mrs.  Cardinal  referred  to  the  great  flood 
of  1785,  as  fixing  the  time  of  the  advent  of  herself  and  family  to  Prairie  du 
Chien.  This  is  highly  improbable,  as  by  the  statement  of  B.  W.  Brisbois 
both  to  me  and  the  late  Dr.  Brnnson,  the  Cardinals  were  certainly  located 
at  Prairie  du  Chien  wh^n  the  elder  Brisbois  settled  there  in  1781;  and,  ac- 
cording to  Col.  Brisbois  and  Charles  Menard's  tradition,  Mrs.  Cardinal  was 
a  witness  of  Capt.  Long's  removal  of  the  fur  deposits  from  the  old  trading- 
post,  in  June,  1780. 


1 

L 


336  Wiscossis  State  Historical  Society. 

traditions  of  their  successors,  extending  back  over  a  cen- 
tury; while  the  remaiaa  o£  the  old  fort  itself,  are  still  point- 
ed out  to  attest  the  traditioa  oF  its  ancient  existence. 

It  is  proper,  ia  this  connection,  to  advert  to  the  tru8^ 
worthiness  of  the  Hon.  George  Robertson,  who  made  tba 
report  to  Congress,  in  1818,  stating  that,  "in  the  year  1755, 
the  Government  of  France,  established  a  military  post  new 
the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin;  that  miny  French  families 
settled  themselves  in  the  neighborhood,  and  established  tha 
village  of  Prairie  du  Chien. "  He  was  a  representative  in 
Congress  from  Kentucky,  from  1817  to  IS'il;  four  yean 
Speaker  of  the  Legislature  of  that  State;  Secretary  of  State, 
Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  fifteen  years  Chief  Justice 
of  Kentucky,  and  twenty  three  years  Professor  of  Law  in 
the  Kentucky  Tr.msylvania  Uoiversity,  declining  maoy 
offices  of  high  public  trust,  including  that  of  Governor  and 
Attorney  General  of  his  State,  four  times  refusing  a  prof- 
fered seat  in  the  Federal  cabinet,  twice  a  seat  in  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  and  two  diploiiiatic  appoiat- 
menta.  These  honored  poeltions,  covering  a  period  of 
nearly  half  a  century,  together  with  his  many  legal  opin- 
ions, and  his  volume  on  Law,  Politics,  Men  and  Times  of 
Kentucky,  sufBciently  attest  his  prominence  and  ability, 
and  in  the  language  of  the  historian  of  Kentucky.  "  evince 
at  once  depth  of  thought,  laborous  research,  accurate  dis- 
crimination, and  sound  philosophy.  "  Judge  Robertson  diecl« 
full  of  honors  and  years,  in  1874.  We  may  well  judge,  that 
80  able  and  scholarly  a  man,  was  careful  in  writing  hia  re- 
port, to  state  nothing  but  what  seemed  to  him  well  attested 
facts.  The  petition  of  the  inhabitants  of  Prairie  du  Chien, 
upon  which  Judge  Robertson's  report  was  based,  appears 
unfortunately  to  have  been  lost. 

Col,  Lee,  of  Michigan,  who  served  with  distinction  on  the 
Mississinewa  campaign,  and  on  other  occasions  during  tha 
war  of  l>iii,  as  well  as  in  public  positions  in  civil  life,  states 
«  in  his  report  in  October,  i  tiiO,  that  "  among  the  most  aged  ot 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Prairie,  none  could  be  found  who' 
could  recollect,  or  who  had  any  knowledge  of  the  first  estab- 
lishment of  the  French  there,  nor  could  any  satisfactory 


r 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      337 

Kount  be  obtained  by  any  traditions  among  them  touch- 
\g  this  point.  The  remains  of  wtiat  is  commonly  called 
e  old  French  fort,  are  yet  very  distinguiahable.  Tliough 
,pacious  and  apparently  strong,  it  was  probably  calculated 
r  defence  against  musketry  and  small  arms  only.  None 
n  recollect  the  time  of  the  erection  of  thii  fort —  it  was 
r  beyond  the  memory  of  the  oldest;  nor  can  the  time  of  its 
action  be  determined  by  any  evidencp  to  be  obtained, 
me  difference  of  opinion  seems  to  exist  there  as  to  the 
estion,  whether  it  was  originally  built  by  the  French  or 

the  Spanish  Government.  It  is  evidently  very  ancient." 
Among  "the  moat  aged  "of  the  Prairie  du  Chien  people 
aom  Col.  Lee  most  likely  consulted,  was  Michael  Brisbois, 
bo  settled  there,  as  he  states,  in  ITfil;  Dennis  Curtois,  in 
91;  Joseph  Crelie  as  early  or  earlier,  and  the  venerable 
idow  of  Jean  Marie  Cardinal,  at  this  time,  apparently,  the 
idow  of  her  former  Indian  servant,  Nicholas  Colas,  who  had 
icompanied  Cardinal  and  wife  when  they  first  settled  at 
rairie  du  Chien,  at  a  very  uncertain  date,  but  clearly  seme- 
me anterior  to  the  advent  of  Capt.  Long,  in  1780,  and  of 
ichael  Brisbois  the  following  year.  Had  Madame  Cardi- 
al, with  her  husband  and  servant,  been  the  very  first  white 
ittlers  there.  Col.  Leo,  who  was  instituting  inquiries  on  this 
ipy  point,  would  have  readily  learned  the  fact  from  her 
id  her  long-time  neighbors;  but  as  Col.  Lee  asserts,  none 
>uld  tell  when  the  French  first  settled  there  —  "  it  was,"  he 
ids,  "for  beyond  the  memory  of  the  oldest,"  and  Mrs.  Car- 
ina! had  the  undoubted  reputation  of  being  the  oldest  sur- 
iving  settler.  This  would  imply  an  earlier  settlement  than 
le  Cardinal's,  and  an  earlier  one  than  Brisbois'  in  1781;  and 

would,  too,  seem  so  suggest,  that  there  must  have  been, 
I  addition  to  traders,  at  least  some  scattered  settlers  there 
t  the  time  of  Carver's  visit  in  1700,  and  Capt.  Long's  in 
''Kl,  though  not  of  sufficient  numbers  to  have  elicited  any 
fecial  notice.  According  to  the  tradition  of  Joseph  Rolette 
fid  Charles  Menard,  Mrs.  Cardinal  at  least  witnessed  the 
ffair  of  Capt.  Long,  which  fact  was  derived  from  Mrs.  Car- 
inal  herself. 
We  should  bear  in  mind  that  Col.  Lee's  object  was  not 


33S  Wiacossis  State  HianoRiCAL  SociBrr. 

primarily  to  gain  information  about  the  old  French  fortybat 
to  adjust  the  land  claims  of  the  settlers;  and  the  inqmi^ 
about  the  old  fort  was  merely  a  secondary  consideration  if 
even  so  much  as  that  He  evidently  refers  to  the  old  f<Hi 
and  its  apparent  antiquity,  as  evidence  that  an  early  settle- 
ment had  naturally  grown  up  around  it;  and  he  adverts  to 
it  briefly  in  his  report,  as  embodying  the  indefinite  ideas  of 
the  ancient  people  concemiug  the  period  of  its  establish- 
ment. Mr.  Brisbois,  therefore,  in  his  separate  statement,  did 
not  deem  it  necessary  to  repeat  what  he  had,  apparently, 
already  communicated  to  CoL  Lee,  and  which  heinvariablj 
spoke  of  to  his  son,  the  late  CoL  B.  W.  Brisbois,  as  "the  old 
French  fort." 

Xor  does  Dennis  Curtois,  who  settled  at  Prairie  du  Chien 
in  1701,  repeat  in  his  deposition,  anything  he  may  have  re- 
lated to  Col.  Lee  about  the  origin  of  the  old  fort,  but  adds: 
*'  According  to  the  best  information  he  had  been  able  to  ob- 
tain from  the  tradition  of  the  inhabitans  at  Prairie  des 
Chien,  the  old  French  fort  was  burned  during  the  second 
year  of  the  Revolutionary  war."    This  plainly  implies,  that 
some  "inhabitants''  were  there  when  Capt.  Long  made  his 
visit  in  17S0;  and,  having  witnessed  his  operations,  could 
narrate  the  story  of  the  burning.    The  old  fort,  at  this  pe- 
riod, may  have  had  but  a  single  log  house  remaining;  and 
this  appears  from  the  statements  of  Long,  Curtois,  and  B. 
W.  Brisbois'  tradition  from  his  father,  to  have  been  burned 
by  Long's  party,  not  in  the  second  year  of  the  Revolution- 
ary war,  as  Curtois  erroneously  supposed,  but  in  June,  1780, 
when  Long  was  sent  there  with  a  party  to  convey  to  Mack- 
inaw the  packs  of  traders'  furs  deposited  there  under  the 
protection  of  Capt.  Langlade,  to  prevent  their  falling  into 
the  hands  of  the  Spaniards  of  St.  Louis,  or  of  the  Ameri- 
cans at  Cahokia. 

There  are  some  historical  references  that  go  to  strengthen 
the  statements  of  Judge  Robertson,  Col.  Lee,  Brisbois  and 
others.  While  (ien.  St.  Clair,  was  Governor  of  the  North- 
West  Territory,  he  reported  to  President  Washingtop,  in 
17JK),  the  condition  of  the  extensive  region  over  which  he 
was  called  to  administer;  and  stated  of  Prairie  du  Chien, 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      339 

"what  he  had  undoubtedly  learned  from  its  most  intelligent 
citizens:  "  At  that  place  was  a  considerable  town  while  the 
country  was  in  the  hands  of  the  French.  It  has  gone  to 
ruin,"  According  to  this  statement,  there  was  quite  a  town 
there  while  the  J^orthWest  was  yet  in  possession  of  the 
French  —  that  is,  prior  to  the  peace  of  17G3,  when  the 
whole  country  not  already  given  up,  was  surrendered 
to  the  English;  but  the  old  French  settlement,  at  the 
Lower  Town,  had  gone  to  decay.  Gen.  Pike,  when 
he  visited  Prairie  du  Chien,  in  1805,  after  mention- 
ing the  settlement  of  Giard,  Antaya,  and  others, 
in  1783,  as  he  says,  but  which  was  really  two  years 
earlier,  adds:  '^  The  old  village  is  about  a  mile  below  the 
present  one,  and,  had  existed  during  the  time  the  French 
were  possessed  of  the  country/^  and  Schoolcraft,  who  was 
there  in  1820,  makes  substantially  the  same  statement. 
Lapham,  referring  to  the  surrender  of  the  Wisconsin  coun- 
try to  Great  Britain  at  the  peace  of  1763,  declares  that  "Green 
Bay  and  Prairie  du  Chien  were  then  the  only  posts  occu- 
pied within  our  limits;"  and  repeating  substantially  what 
St.  Clair,  Pike  and  Schoolcraft  have  asserted,  that  "  the  old 
town"  was  more  ancient  than  the  settlement  of  Giard  and 
party  in  1781,  adds:  "  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  French 
settlements  or  trading  posts."  * 

St.  Clair,  Pike  and  others  testify  to  the  existence  of  an  old 
French  settlement  at  Prairie  du  Chien  prior  to  the  transfer 
of  the  country  to  the  English  at  the  peace  of  1763,  which 
Carver  recognizes  on  his  map  of  1766;  and  not  merely 
the  statements  of  Judge  Robertson  and  Col.  Lee,  based  on 
the  traditions  of  the  ancient  settlers,  but  the  remains  of  the 
old  fort  itself,  yet  to  be  seen,  attest  the  fact,  that  it  was 
located  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  old  French  village.  Thus 
the  history,  the  facts,  and  the  traditions,  all  happily  combine 
to  corroborate  each  other. 

Hon.  Morgan  L.  Martin,  whose  early  visits  to  Prairie  du 
Chien  commenced  some  sixty  years  ago,  stated,  in  1851,  that 


^St.  Clair  Papers,  ii,  p.  175;  Pike's   Travels,  appendix,  part  1.  p.  46; 
Schoolcraft's  Narrative  Journal,  p.  888;  Lapham's   Wisconsin,  pp.  22,  194. 


Ur  » :Bcr^jis^  ^fz-^^^s.  msruaoLs^  X 


ryt  'CL  ^  una  j»  jzxitwtt  m1  ztmaea^  iaie>  id^ams  of  a 


'lit*:  2ii:»inii   :f  zhai:  Tiiz  t: 

«    «    * 


v>  "lilt*  If-ijiidfri^ci.  - — Tt*tr;tSr^"j  4f:f»r  n*  -faco^^rr."^    Ber. 

t2:-ai  ^  lis^  ±*^^  fin  :r  ir^t'^g  ptit?::  ttss  b-^i  j^tsi  below  the 

I;  wfi:  •»l-i§  &r  5ee=L-  i1a:  ••>:  t.  Si.  dair  asd  i^ol  Pike,  to 
ftaj  r.  vicing  'A  itrt  -:  ibr??.  I-earr'rii  sobssantiallT  the  same 
fa/ru  ai»i*  a  &t:i:l-esr.'eTii  ai  Prairie  d^i  Chien  during  the 
pf:ri  vi  'i/f  :h^  Fre?i?h  ^jer-^iif  >n  z4  ifee  o>aatnr — ^Pike  placing 
it  a>y>::J  a  mfl-e  l^lzir  ihe  i0cal::j  of  the  tillage  in  ISOS, 
which  woild  (oici  :•>  ihe  place  where  we  now  find  the  re- 
maiQa  of  ;h.e  cid  fort.  Here  then  is  corroboratiTe  evidence 
—  if  co:  •trictlj  about  the  old  fort  itself,  yet  of  an  ancient 
Miit]f:m^,n\  or  village  at  the  very  spot  where  the  old  fort  is 
fo'jfj'i.  In  those  earlv  times,  wherever  a  settlement  was 
formed  on  the  frontiers  the  ap»prehension  of  an  Indian  out- 
break wan  the  constant  fear  of  the  pioneers  bv  dav,  and  their 
fitful  dream  by  night:  so  that  wherever  a  settlement  was 
rna^Je,  a  protecting  fort  was  found  there  also  —  they  were 
nec^:Hf*arily  *'one  and  inseparable/' 

Among  the  most  intelligent  of  the  old  resident"*  of  Prairie 
du  Chien,  who  mingled  with  a  still  earlier  class  —  Col.  B. 
W.  Hrihlx>iH,  Judge  James  H.  Lock  wood,  H.  L.  Djusman, 
Hr,  If  on.  Ira  1>  Brunson,  Hon.  O.  B.  Thomas,  Gen.  John 
Lawjfjr,  Samuel  A.  Clark,  John  H.  Folsom  and  Hon.  Horace 
l^iach,  all  credit  the  tradition  of  the  old  French  fort.  Col.  Isaac 
Ijfif',  and  I  Ion.  Lucius  Ly  on,  who  was  subsequently  a  member 
from  Michigan  of  both  houses  of  Congress,  have  in  their  re- 
Hpecti  ve  maps  of  \H->0  and  1828  noted  the  existence  and  locality 
of  "  tho  old  French  fort."    No  early  resident  of  the  Prairie, 


'  Atldrenn  U^fore  the  WiscoDsin  Hist.  Society,  Jan.  21, 1851,  p.  19. 
"  Win.  Hint,  Collections,  iv,  250. 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      341 

>hat  "we  have  ever  heard  of^  doubted  for  a  moment  the 
general  correctness  of  this  ancient  tradition. 

A  little  distance  east  of  the  old  fort  is  an  old  well^  marked 
on  Lyon's  map  of  1828,  "military  well,"  which  must  have 
been  used  by  the  early  dwellers  in  this  old  fortress.  Hon. 
Horace  Beach,  states,  that  it  is  now  about  a  dozen  feet  deep, 
Euid  thinks  it  could  not  have  been  the  work  of  the  mound- 
builders,  as  they  located  along  the  streams  for  their  water 
supply.  Mr.  S.  A.  Clark  says,  when  he  first  saw  this  well, 
nearly  fifty  years  ago,  there  was  a  tree  growing  out  of  it 
from  sixteen  to  twenty  inches  in  diameter;  that  the  well  ap- 
peared to  have  been  orginally  curbed  up  with  pieces  of  tim- 
ber to  keep  out  the  sand,  and  as  these  decayed,  the  well 
must  have  partially  filled  up. 

Col.  B,  W.  Brisbois*  Statement: — In  December,  1882,1 
visited  Col.  Brisbois  with  a  single  view  of  obtaining  his 
recollections  and  traditions  with  reference  to  the  early  set- 
tlement and  pioneer  settlers  of  Prairie  du  Chien.  I  had  no 
purpose,  and  made  no  eflfort  whatever,  to  warp  or  misrepre- 
sent his  opinions;  and  when  I  had  hurriedly  noted  them 
down,  I  carefully  read  them  over  to  him  for  any  corrections 
or  further  suggestions.  He  gave  them  his  approval  as  cor- 
rect. After  their  appearance  in  the  9th  volume  of  our  Col- 
lections, he  wrote,  stating  that  I  had  misunderstood  him 
with  reference  to  one  of  his  Winnebago  connections,  and  in 
no  other  particular  whatever — not  a  word  with  reference 
to  his  views  of  the  old  French  fort  as  being  misrepre- 
sented. What  he  said  to  me,  and  approved  when  put  to 
paper  and  read  over  to  him,  was  this: 

"  The  old  French  fort  was  at  what  is  now  the  Lower  Town, 
a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  Court  House,  and  where  the  old 
Indian  town  was  located  about  where  the  College  now  is. 
My  father,  M.  Brisbois,  Sr.,  used  to  say,  that  the  fort  was 
built  by  the  Canadian  traders;  it  was  about  where  the 
Hound  House  and  yard  are  in  the  Lower  Town.  Occasion- 
ally the  Spanish  would  send  up  a  gun-boat  to  sieze  all  furs 
and  peltries,  as  British  property  secured  on  Spanish  terri- 
tory^ without  Spanish  license  or  permission.  Learning  that 
the  Spanish  were  coming,  the  traders  at  Ptaiii^  ^m  Cj\i\^Ti 


342  WiscJONSiN  State  Historical  Society. 

sent  their  furs  and  property  to  Mackinaw^  and  burned  the 
fort.  No  idea  as  to  the  size  of  the  fort;  the  traders  burned 
up  the  remainder  of  the  deer  peltries,  and  the  least  valuable 
furs,  which  they  could  not  carry  away.  Thinks  certainly 
there  was  a  French  and  Indian  settlement  here  then.  Insists 
that  it  was  Spanish,  not.Americans,  whom  the  traders  feared. 
A  former  American  invasion  did  not  get  so  high  up:  but 
had  heard  of  a  large  accumulation  of  furs  at  Prairie  da 
Cuien." 

I  wrote  out,  more  systematically,  Mr.  Brisbois'  RecoUec- 
tions  and  Traditions,  immediately  after  taking  them  down 
from  his  lips;  and,  as  the  caption  of  the  paper  shows^  made 
such  "  notes  and  annotations,''  in  connecting  and  explain- 
ing his  statements,  as  seemed  necessary,  without  intending 
to  add  to  or  embellish  his  views  in  any  particular.  I  in- 
cluded some  few  facts  which  he  stated,  not  noted,  from 
memory;  only  one  of  which  I  maj,  perhaps,  have  misunder- 
stood —  where  the  remark  is  made,  on  the  strength  of  what 
he  learned  from  his  father,  Mrs.  Cardinal  and  Colas,  that  it 
was  "  after  the  French  soldiery,  who  had  forted  there,  had 
retired,"  that  the  Cardinals  settled  in  the  country.  The  idea 
was  plainly  conveyed,  that  it  was  after  this  old  fort  had 
been  abandoned  by  its  original  occupants,  whether  soldiers 
or  traders,  that  the  Cardinal  party  made  their  advent  to 
Prairie  du  Chien.  Whether  Col.  Brisbois  made  use  of  the 
words  "  French  soldiery  "  or  not,  there  was  no  necessity  for 
using  them;  it  was  done  hurriedly,  and  without  any  design 
of  mis-statement;  and  was  simply  intended  to  convey  the 
idea,  that  it  was  after  the  first  occupants  of  the  old  fort, 
whoever  they  were,  had  retired,  the  Cardinals  came  and 
settled  on  the  Prairie. 

However  this  may  be,  it  has  very  little  to  do  with  the 
main  questions  at  issue  touching  the  old  fort  —  whether  it 
was  of  French  origin,  or  was  constructed  by  the  mound- 
builders.  Col.  Brisbois  has  stated  not  only  to  me,  but  to 
several  others,  that  his  father  as  well  as  himself,  fully  be- 
lieved, that  the  old  fort  was  built  by  French  Canadian 
traders.  The  evidences  on  this  head  are  too  strong  to  be  suc- 
cessfully controverted. 


Eablt  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      343 

'.  Butterfield  speaks    somewhat  triumphantly  of  the 

;,  that  some  fourteen  months  after  Col.  Brisbois  had 

le  his  statement  to  me,  he  signed  the  certificate  endors- 

the  History  of  Crawford  County,  in  which  the  old  fort 

pronounced    "  a  myth/'  and    simply  the  work  of   the 

**^ound  builders.    Many  petitions  are  signed  without  exam- 

■  ^X^ation;  and  very  likely  Col.  Brisbois,  in  his  feeble  old  age, 

*tid  with  his  confiding  character,  signed  the    certificate 

"^^ithout  knowing  what  was  stated  in  the  work  as  to  the  asser- 

'    "kicn  and  reasonings  that  it  was  merely  the  production  of 

'^e  mound-builders.    It  is  idle  to  say  that  Col.  Brisbois  ever 

Cherished  or  expressed  such  an  opinion. 

It  is  not  enough  that  Mr.  Butterfield  should  call  in  ques- 
tion my  representation  of  Col.  Brisbois'  settled  belief,  that 
the  old  fort  at  Prairie  du  Chien  was  of  French  origin;  but 
he  must  also  disprove  the  statements  corroborating  mine,  of 
Charles  Menard,  Hon.  O.  B.  Thomas,  Gen.  John  Lawler, 
Samuel  A.  Clark,  John  H.  Folsom^  and  Hon.  Horace  Beach^ 
all  old  residents  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  men  of  unimpeacha- 
ble reputation. 

Charles  Menard's  Statement: — States,  through  John  H. 
Folsom,  that  he  was  born  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  has  lived 
all  his  life  there  and  in  that  vicinity,  and  is  now  over  eighty 
years  old.  Knew  Mrs.  Cardinal  as  far  back  as  he  can  re- 
member, who  was  then  an  old  woman.  I  remember  hearing 
her  say  to  my  mother,  that  a  party  from  Mackinaw  carried 
off  a  portion  of  the  trader's  furs,  deposited  in  the  store- 
house at  the  old  fort,  and  burning  what  they  could  not  carry 
away;  and  Mrs.  Cardinal  said,  that  she  was  then  living  at 
Prairie  du  Cliien,  and  witnessed  this  affair. 

I  do  not  remember  anything  definite  of  Mrs.  Cardinal 
speaking  of  the  length  of  time  she  had  been  residing  at 
Prairie  du  Chien  before  this  fur  affair,  nor  whether  there 
were  other  settlers  there  when  she  came.  She  spoke,  I 
thinks  of  Capt.  Langlade,  but  the  particulars  have  escaped 
me. 

Mrs.  Cardinal,  and  other  old  settlers,  always  claimed  that 
the  old  fort  was  built  by  French  traders,  and  not  by  the 
momid-builders;  and  I  have  heard  Col.  Brisbois  ixlsJlq  t\i<^ 


344  Wisconsin  State  Hittobical  Society. 

Ik*"-' 
same  statement.    I  do  not  remember  any  evidences  of  b»l^^  t 

tions  or  block- houses.  1^  ^': 

Judge  Ira  B.  Brunson^s  Statement:  —  The  old  French  fort  l^:^v 
is  located  on  the  front  or  west  end  of  farm -lot  numtei 
thirty-nine,  and  about  200  feet  from  a  bayou  of  the  Mim- 
sippi,  which  is  navigable  only  by  canoes  in  low  water.  I 
have  just  visited  the  ground  where  the  old  fort  stood,  ac- 
companied by  S.  A.  Clark,  who  built  his  d  welling-hoott 
within  its  ancient  ramparts,  about  forty  years  ago;  and, in 
building,  he  used  the  stones  with  which  the  old  fire  places 
and  chimneys  were  constructed.    The  stockade  ditches  on 
the  east  and  north  sides  are  still  very  distinct,  not  having 
been  disturbed  by  cultivation.    The  fort  proper  was  small, 
but  was  surrounded  by  a  sort  of  palisade,  enclosing  nearly 
two  acres,  as  I  traced  the  trench  on  the  east  side  3?0  feet,  in 
a  very  distinct  and  straight  line.    The  stone  chimneys  or 
fire-places  were  laid  up  with  clay,  no  appearance  of  lime 
having  been  used.    Mr.  Clark  noticed  the  clay  when  here- 
moved  the  stone.    I  lately  visited  the  old  fort  locality  in 
company  with  Col.  Brisbois  and  Mr.  Clark;  and,  after  a 
thorough  examination  of  the  surroun^iings,  and  the  map 
and  notes  of  Lyon,  Col.  Brisbois  very  reluctantly  conceded 
that  he  has  entertained  an  erroneous  notion  as  to  the  locality 
of  this  old  landmark,  of  which  Mr.  Clark  and  I  had  no 
doubt  —  he  supposing  it  was  in  the  region  of  the  Rail-Road 
round-house  and  shops,  where  there  are  no  old  fort  or  mili- 
tary remains. 

Samuel  A,  Clark's  Statement: — I  came  to  Prairie  du 
Chien  June  19th,  1838.  There  was  then  a  man  residing  in 
the  Lower  Town  of  the  name  of  Brimmer,  an  English- 
man, who  had  the  only  framed  building  in  that  pan  of  the 
village.  He  said  to  me  that  he  was  on  the  spot  where  the 
iold  French  fort  or  trading  post  was  located,  and  showed  me 
he  old  stone  that  were  used  for  the  fire-places.  The  stone 
gave  evidence  that  they  had  been  used  around  fire,  and  the 
place  had  the  appearance  of  having  been  the  site  of  an  old 
fashioned  stick  chimney,  plastered  with  such  clay  as  is 
found  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  there  in  the  bluff.  It 
had  the  appearance  of  having  been  burned  down;  there  was 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      345 

^ood  to  be  seen,  and  the  clay  lay  on  top  of  the  rock.    I 

"^l^ink  there  were  three  or  four  of  these  chimney  piles.    He 

"^en  showed  me  the  size  of  the  enclosure,  which  was  dis- 

"^itictly  marked,  and  can  yet  be  seen  for  some  distance.    A 

'qw  years  since,  I  showed  the  same  to  Ira  B.  Branson  and 

^ .  W.  Brisbois,  and  after  telling  them  where  certain  trees 

^tood,  and  other  land  marks,  they  were  satisfied  I  was  correct. 

I  have  often  heard  Col.  B.  W.  Brisbois  speak  of  the  old 
,^f>Tt,  and  he  always  carried  the  idea  to  me,  that  it  was  the 
'^^rk  of  the  early  French  traders. 

From  the  north-e€U9t  corner  of  the  old  fortification,  the- 
^orth  wall  or  embankment  extends  towards  the  bayou  or 
^YBT,  about  at  right  angles,  some  200  feet.  The  locality  of 
"the  chimneys  extended  from  north  to  south  in  a  row,  and 
dbout  in  the  central  portion  of  the  enclosure.  There  were 
two  small  mounds,  perhaps  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  apart, 
one  south  of  the  other,  also  nearly  in  the  center  of  the  en- 
closure, and  hence  not  near  any  of  the  outward  walls.  The 
house  built  in  1836,  and  repaired  by  me  in  1843,  was  a  little 
south  of  the  northern  mound.  These  mounds  were  so  smalt 
as  scarcely  to  deserve  the  name.  The  southernmost  of  the 
four  chimney  remains,  was  on  the  locality  of  the  southern 
mound*  Where  the  southern  line  of  the  enclosure  extended, 
is  now,  and  has  long  been^  a  plowed  field. 

After  a  few  years,  I  bought  the  Brimmer  building,  and 
fitted  it  up  for  a  dwelling,  and  lived  in  it  from  1843  till  1857. 
I  used  the  stone  and  clay,  the  remains  of  the  old  chimneys,  to 
put  around  my  house.  I  think  there  were  a  few  pieces  of  pot- 
tery found  about  the  chimneys  —  the  only  marks  of  civiliza- 
tion I  can  recall.  The  whole  had  the  appearance,  to  me,  of 
a  wooden  palisade  —  I  could  see  the  depressions  made  by 
the  decaying  of  the  stockade  posts.  I  think  the  buildings 
were  burned^  and  the  barricade  or  picketing  became  extinct 
by  the  ravages  of  time. 

There  is  no  foundation  for  the  theory  that  this  structure 
was  the  work  of  the  Mound  Builders.  The  remains  of  those 
pre-historic people  are  most  distinct  to  any  observing  person; 
there  were  several  of  those  mounds  in  the  neighborhood  of 
this  structure^  but  they  presented  a  more  ancient  a^^^^i^\i^^. 

a 


34C  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Statement  of  John  H.  Folsom.  —  Joseph  Rolette  and  Den- 
nis Curtois  often  talked  to  me  with  regard  to  this  old  French 
fort.  Rolette  mentioned  that  a  party  came  here,  and  car- 
ried oflf  all  the  furs  they  could,  and  burned  the  remainder. 
He  also  informed  me  that  Mrs.  Cardinal  witnessed  thisaffwr 
of  Oapt.  Long;  and  my  recollection  is,  that  Rolette  said  he 
received  the  information  directly  from  Mrs.  Cardinal  her- 
self.' I  remember  hearing:  a  conversation,  in  1837,  about 
this  old  fort,  between  Judge  Lockwood,  Judge  Lawe,  and 
Lewis  Rouse,  all  old  Indian  traders,  who  talked  about 
Long's  operations  in  removing  the  better  portion  of  the  furs 
and  peltries,  burning  the  balance  and  the  building  used  by 
the  traders,  and  perhaps  the  stockade  with  it. 

At  that  early  period,  fifty  years  ago,  there  were  evidences 
of  the  old  fort  not  now  discernible  —  the  clay  that  closed  the 
cracks  between  the  logs,  and  signs  that  at  least  a  portion  of 
the  building  had  been  banked  up;  and  the  tops  of  the  old 
picketing  could  still  be  seen  near  the  surface  along  the  ram- 
parts. For  three  or  four  months,  in  1840, 1  lived  a  little  way 
below  the  South-west  corner,  and  frequently  viewed  these 
ancient  remains. 

This  old  Pig's  Eye  fort  was  probably  designed  for  trading 
purposes,  having  a  store-house  for  storing  furs  and  out-fits 
for  traders,  and,  when  necessary,  guarded  by  a  company  of 
men  in  the  long  ago,  probably  before  the  Revolutionary  war. 
Outside  of  this  building,  it  is  my  opinion,  the  enclosure  was 
used  for  a  garden;  and  the  whole  designed  for  military  pur- 
poses in  emergencies.  All  early  frontier  settlements  had 
their  principal  residences  palisaded.  Rolette's,  Fisher  sand 
Lockwood's  were  all  thus  protected,  so  as  to  resist  Indian 
attacks.  In  early  times,  as  I  understood,  the  village  of  the 
Sauks  and  Foxes  was  a  little  below  this  old  fort. 

Viewing:  recently  the  old  fort  locality  in  company  with 
S.  A.  Clark,  I  am  satisfied  that  where  he  points  out  as  the 
north-east  corner  is  correct;  and  so,  probably,  is  the  meas- 
urement of  the  east  embankment  by  the  late  Judge  Branson, 

*  Rolette  no  doubt  learned  this  fact  from  Mrs.  Cardinal,  he  having  set- 
tled at  Prairie  du  Chien  twenty-three  years  before  her  death. 

L.  C.  D. 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      347 

as  about  three  hundred  and  seventy  feet  in  length.    The 

•outhern  end  of  this  east  line,  perhaps  thirty  to  fifty  feet, 

has  been  leveled  down  by  many  years*  plowing.    Mr.  Clark 

and  I  measured  west  from  the  north-east  corner,  and  found 

of  the  north  line  about  three  hundred  feet,  and  thence  to 

the  water  was  a  hundred  and  fifty  to  two  hundred  feet.   The 

embankment  is  about  two  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ground. 

Mr.  Clark  pointed  out  to  me,  as  he  has  in  his  statement  to 

the  Historical  Society,  the  situation  of  the  old  mounds.    I 

recollected  nothing  of  them;  they  might  have  been  mounds. 

Fifty  years  ago  there  was  a  ditch  outside  the  embankments, 

and  where  the  old  pickets  were.    The  earth  was  probably 

taken  from  the  outside,  and  thrown  against  the  pickets. 

There  are  now  no  indications  of  any  entrance  or  sally-port, 

Hor  bastions  or  block-houses  on  the  corners.    All  the  early 

settlers,  Mr.  Ourtois,  Col.  B.  W.  Brisbois  and  others,  claimed 

that  the  old  fort  was  built  by  the  French;  and  Rolette  used 

in  some  way  to  connect  the  Spanish  with  it  —  perhaps  that 

it  was  intended  to  resist  their  approaches.    It  fronted  the 

Pig's  Eye  bayou. 

I  have  spoken  of  Mr.  Curtois.  He  had  five  daughters.  I 
may  add,  that  the  Rev.  Alfred  Brunson  took  much  pains  to 
ascertain  Mrs.  Cardinal's  great  age  —  she  was  a  centenarian 
—  and  to  fix  the  time  when  she  settled  here. 

Qen.  John  Lawler's  Statement: —  The  old  French  fort  was 
located  on  a  spot  in  Lower  Town  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  about 
a  mile  south  of  the  present  court  house,  at  a  point  on  the 
Mississippi  known  and  designated  by  the  classic  and  cu- 
phoneous  name  of  Pig's  Eye,  through  which  steamers 
passed  until  1864,  when  the  business  was  transferred  to  the 
Upper  Town,  which  left  the  "Eye  "to  repose  in  its  primi- 
tive undisturbed  beauty. 

I  pretty  distinctly  call  to  mind,  that  the  old  settlors,  Col. 
Brisbois  included,  gave  no  credit  to  the  Mound  Buildors  for 
constructing  .the  old  fort.  The  fort  was  the  work  of  the 
French. 

Hon.  O.  B.  Thomas,  who  represents  this  district  in  (Urn- 
gress^  whose  residence  here  dates  back  to  early  boylxKxl,  is 
thoroughly  familiar  with  the  legends,  traA'v\,\ov\v«>  viwvV  IvAV- 


348  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socibtt. 

lore  of   this  historic    old   treasure  trove,  and  can  tell  all 

4 

about  it . 

Hon.  0.  B,  Thomas^  Statement: —  Ever  since  I  can  remem- 
ber, the  old  military  remains  you  inquired  about,  have  been 
called  "the  old  French  fort,"  though  some  insist  that  it 
was  a  Spanish  structure.  If  we  take  tradition  as  our  guide, 
there  is  no  more  question  as  to  its  having  been  a  fort,  than 
there  is  about  Fort  Crawford  havinig  been  erected  for  mili- 
tary purposes.  I  have  never  heard  a  doubt  expressed  by 
the  old  settlers,  that  what  is  known  as  the  old  French  fort 
was  designed  by  the  whites  as  a  fort  for  defensive  purposes. 
The  late  Col.  H.  L.  Dousman,  Sr.,  John  H.  Fonda,  B.  W.Bris- 
bois,  and  all  the  old  French  inhabitants,  spoke  of  it  as  a 
fort,  and  the  most  of  them,  as  a  fort  erected  by  the  French. 
Col.  Isaac  Lee's  statement,  and  the  affidavits  of  the  old  set- 
tlers, taken  by  him  in  1820,  found  in  the  fourth  volume  of 
the  American  State  Papers,  represent  the  tradition  as  I  have 
heard  it  all  my  life.  This  old  fort  was  located  near  the  bank 
of  the  Mississippi,  on  the  west  of  the  present  highway,  and 
on  the  west  end  of  farm  lot  No.  39,  in  what  is  now  called 
Lower  Town. 

Mr.  S.  A.Clark  showed  me  where,  in  an  early  day,  he 
dug  up  rock  on  this  ground  to  use  in  building,  which  were 
limestone,  such  as  are  found  in  the  bluffs.  These  rocks 
were  burned,  or  had  the  appearance  of  having  been  used  in 
a  fire- place  ard  chimney;  he  found  three  such  places.  He 
thought;  the  rampart  was  where  the  stockade  was,  and  there 
appears  to  have  been  an  order  ditch  or  fosse.  Messrs.  Bnin- 
son  and  Clark  are  correct  as  to  the  location  of  the  old  fort. 

I  went  over  the  ground  with  Mr.  Clark,  who  showed  me 
the  old  lines,  or  so  much  of  them  as  can  now  be  seen.  The 
east  line  is  quite  distinct;  the  west  line,  near  the  river,  has 
been  obliterated  by  cultivation  and  the  construction  of  the 
rail-road;  the  line  on  the  north  has,  in  many  places,  been 
destroyed  by  the  plow,  and  the  line  on  the  south  is  entirely 
gone,  being  now  in  a  cultivated  field.  The  highway  from 
the  Upper  to  the  Lower  Town,  used  for  many  years,  and 
which  I  can  trace  back  fifty  years  or  more  by  the  old  people, 
was  where  it  now  is,  immediately  east  of  the  old  fort. 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.     349 

What  I  designate  as  the  eastline^  is  quite  distinct.  It  is 
slight  elevation  which  can  be  traced  on  that  side^  running 
3rtherly  and  southerly.  It  must  have  been  three  or  four 
iindred  feet  long;  part  of  this  on  the  south  end^  runs  into 
plowed  field,  so  that  I  think  its  exact  length  cannot  now  be 
a,ted  from  actual  measurement.  Judge  Brunson  is  prob- 
fc)ly  correct  in  stating  the  length  to  be  about  370  feet.  On  the 
%tside,  or  eastern  side  of  this  elevation,  is  a  depression, 
hich  is  now  very  slight;  but  there  is  no  depression  or  ditch 
a  the  inside  —  what  might  appear  at  first  as  such  is  evidently 
aiused  by  the  difference  between  the  elevation  and  level 
round.  The  elevation  was,  it  appears  to  me,  made  by  the 
Eurth  taken  from  this  ditch  or  depression  on  the  outside. 

It  must  be  remembered,  that  all  these  appearances  are  not 
ow  as  distinct  as  they  were  thirty,  forty  or  fifty  years  ago. 
'he  prairie  is  composed  of  a  deep  bed  of  sand,  supposed  to 
^  over  a  hundred  feet  in  thickness,  covered  with  but  a 
light  sod  of  prairie  grass,  easily  effected  by  time.  It  is  to 
ae  a  great  wonder,  that  there  is  any  appearance  of  trench 
r  wall  left.  The  north  side  elevation  or  wall  is  not  as  ob- 
lervable  as  that  on  the  east;  still  it  may  yet  be  traced  from 
he  north-east  corner  towards  the  river;  but,  as  before  stated, 
fc  has  been  destroyed  in  many  places. 

There  are  no  absolute  indications  of  a  bastion  at  the 
Lorth-east  comer,  though  tradition  is  not  wanting  to  show 
hat  there  were  rude  block-houses  or  bastions  at  each  of  the 
our  corners.  The  enclosure  was  probably  nearly  square, 
IS  there  is  much  more  than  enough  room  for  it  between  the 
iver  and  the  .eastern  line.  Judge  Brunson's  statement 
ibout  the  old  fort  extending  to  within  200  feet  of  the  river, 
t  seems  to  me,  is  a  mistake.  I  should  think  it  was  nearer 
ihough  it  might  be  so,  if  we  suppose  the  fort,  or  enclosure 
^as  an  oblong  in  shape.' 

The  places  where  Mr.  Clark  indicated  by  the  old  rocks 

>  On  CoL  Lee's  map  of  1S20,  the  old  fort  is  represented  as  square  in  form; 
rhile  on  Lyon*s  map  of  1828,  it  is  given  as  somewhat  oblong  in  sliape, 
ronting  the  river  lengthwise,  and  in  both  cases,  regular  bastions  are 
hewn  at  each  comer. 


350  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

and  clay,  as  the  locality  of  the  old  iSre-places,  were  about 
the  center  of  the  ground  from  north  to  south,  and  also  about 
centrally  located  from  east  to  west,  if  the  enclosure  by  its 
walls  and  trenches  was  about  370  feet  each  way — in  other 
words  a  square.  This  is  simply  my  judgment;  if  Messrs. 
Clark,  Folsom,  and  others  give  you  the  exact  measurement, 
that  will  be  more  reliable. 

The  river  opposite  the  site  of  the  supposed  fort  has  been 
called  a  bayou;  but  it  is  really  the  Mississippi  river,  and  is 
the  first  place  on  the  bank,  after  leaving  the  mouth  of  the 
Wisconsin,  where  a  boat  of  any  kind  could  land  on  the 
prairie;  and  both  the  bank  and  landing  place  are  as  good  as 
could  be  desired. 

There  are  no  mounds  that  I  am  able  to  discover  near  the 
supposed  wall  or  embankment.  There  are  many  mounds 
on  the  prairie,  and  several  places  that  look  as  though 
mounds  that  once  existed  within  the  enclosure,  had  been 
leveled  so  as  hardly  to  be  distinguished,  and  I  am  unable 
to  see  that  the  supposed  ramparts  have  any  connection 
whatever  with  these  mounds.  There  was  a  very  large 
mound  on  the  site  of  Fort  Crawford. 

In  my  opinion,  this  old  fort,  conceding  that  it  was  a  fort, 
was  designed  as  a  defense  against  Indians;  the  buildings 
being  probably  of  logs,  and,  as  a  farther  protection,  having 
a  sort  of  palisade,  or  row  of  posts,  set  firm  in  the  ground, 
with  a  ditch  on  the  outside,  and  probably  rude  bastions  on 
each  corner.  Thus,  I  think,  you  get  all  there  ever  was  of 
"  the  old  French  fort." 

Hon.  Horace  Beach's  Statement:  —  It  seems  quite  certain 
that  there  was  a  stockade  fort  on  S.  A.  Clark's  old  home- 
stead, on  farm  lot  No.  3D,  near  the  Mississippi.  Tradition 
says  it  was  built  by  some  adventurous  Frenchmen  for  pur- 
poses of  Indian  trade;  Col.  B.  W  Brisbois,  among  others, 
made  this  statement.  That  the  Spanish  Governor  of  St. 
Louis,  apprised  of  this  trade,  concluded  to  send  a  detachment 
of  men  to  seize  the  furs  and  destroy  the  stockade;  learning 
of  this  intended  movement  by  some  friendly  Indians,  the 
traders  hastily  loaded  their  best  furs  into  boats,  setting  fir® 
to  the  stockade,  and  burning  all  that  could  not  be  carried 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.     351 

away,  and  escaped  up  the  Wisconsin.  This  I  learned  from 
B.  W.  Brisbois. 

The  stockade  was  built  near  the  bank  of  the  river,  which 
afforded  plenty  of  water,  with  springs  along  its  banks.  In 
company  with  S.  A.  Clark,  I  have  examined  the  site  of  the 
supposed  old  French  fort.  Not  much  is  left  to  indicate  its 
exact  locality.  Mr.  Clark  informs  me,  that  when  he  occu- 
pied the  ground,*  nearly  fifty  years  ago,  there  was  some 
evidence  of  a  fort  and  stockade;  that  there  were  ruins  of 
three  or  fourj'stone  chimneys  or  fire  places,  in  a  straight 
line  from  north  to  south,  and  laid  up  with  clay  mortar;  that 
the  stone  of  these  J  chimneys  remains,  which  showed  evi- 
dence of  contact  with  fire,  and  which  he  used  in  making  im- 
provements about  his  house.  The  rampart  or  wall,  I  should 
judge,  was  about  350  to  375  feet,  as  pointed  out  by  Mr. 
Clark,  on  the  eastern  side. 

This  old  fort  was  located  a  little  below  the  Pig's  Eye  —  this 
Pig's  Eye  bayou  is  the  first  and  only  opening  from  the  main 
channel  of  the  Mississippi,  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wiscon- 
sin. It  was  a  very  natural  and  convenient  locality  for  a  fort. 
What  appears  to  have  been  a  ditch  and  embankment  sur- 
rounding a  parallelogram  is  still  to  be  seen;  but  no  vestige 
of  any  remaining  palisades.  The 'ground  is  not  now  en- 
closed^ but  appears  to  have  been  plowed.  I  hardly  think 
plowing  up  against  fences  would  have  thrown  up  such  an 
embankment  as  now  exists.  The  eastern  embankment  or 
fosse  is,  in  some  places,  from  twenty  inches  to  two  feet 
higher  than  the  prairie  outside;  and,  in  some  places,  there 
appears  to  have  been  a  ditch  outside,  but  distinct  evidence 
of  the  ditch  is  not  now  very  satisfactory. 

As  to  mounds,  there  are  no  vestiges  of  any  inside  of  the 
old  fort  enclosure.  About  two  hundred  feet  north  of  the 
north  embankment,  there  is  slight  evidence  of  mounds, 
which,  if  they  ever  existed,  have  been  mostly  obliterated. 
Mound  works  are  very  common,  and  exist  all  over  this 
prairie. 


Thus  we  have  a  uniform  and  unbroken  line  of  tradition 
of  this  old  French  fort  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  for  over  a  cen- 


252  WiscoNsnr  State  Historical  Society. 

tury,  and  not  one  of  the  early  settlers  ever  questioning  or 
doubting  it;  while  no  solitary  tradition  can  be  cited,  dot 
any  fort  remains  pointed  out  at  any  point,  within  reason- 
able distance,  below  the  Wisconsin. 

THE  OLD  FORT  NOT  THE  WORK  OF  THE  MOUND -BUILDERS. 

Mr.  Butterfield,  in  the  preceding  paper,  as  well  as  in  his 
History  of  Crawford  County ,  attempts  to  account  for  the 
old  French  fort  by  boldly  declaring  that  it  was  no  French 
fort  at  all,  but  simply  the  work  of  the  Mound-Builders.    He 
cites  no  authority  to  sustain  his  opinion,  save  a  palpable 
misconstruction  of  Iiong's  Travels^  and  Snyder  and  Van  Vech- 
ten's  Historical  Atla%  of  Wisconsin,  of  which  latter  work  he 
himself  was  the  principal  writer,  and  doubtless  prepared 
the  very  statement  to  which  he  now  refers  to  strengthen  his 
position. 

Col.  Isaac  Lee,  an  oflScer  who  had  seen  much  service  dur- 
ing the  war  of  1812,  unhesitatingly  pronounced  it,  in  1820, 
a  military  structure  of  the  French,  as  did  Hon.  Lucius 
Lyon  a  few  years  later;  and  both  marked  upon  their  respec- 
tive maps,  a  fortress  with  bastions  at  each  corner,  and 
denominated  it  "the  old  French  fort."  Rev.  Dr.  Alfred 
Brunson  states,  in  our  Society's  fourth  volume  of  Collec- 
tions, that  Crawford  County,  in  which  Prairie  du  Chien  is 
situated,  was  very  prolific  in  remains  of  the  Mound- 
Builders,  having  at  least  five  hundred  of  those  interesting 
tumuli  within  its  borders,  of  which  a  hundred  could  be 
found  in  the  towns  of  Prairie  du  Chien  and  Wauzeka  alone. 
The  old  settlers  of  Prairie  du  Chien  were  familiar  with 
these  prehistoric  remains  —  some  of  which  were  from  ten 
to  twenty  feet  in  height;  and  neither  Dr.  Brunson  nor  any 
others  of  the  old  settlers  ever  regarded  "  the  old  French 
fort "  as  ranking  in  that  class  of  antiquities. 

In  Squier  and  Davis'  Ancient  Monuments  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley,  the  opinion  is  expressed,  and  cited  with  ap- 
proval in  Dr.  Foster's  able  work  on  the  Pre  Historic  Races, 
that  among  the  Mound-Builders  there  seems  to  have  ex- 
isted a  great  defensive  line,  or  system  of  defences,  extend- 
ing  from  the  sources  of  the  Alleghany  and  Susquehanna, 


Eably  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      358 

in  New  York,  diagonally  through  central  and  Northern 
Ohio,  to  the  Wabash.  These  works,  regarded  as  defensive, 
are  the  largest  and  most  numerous  in  the  country.  Here 
the  trenches  are  on  the  outside  of  the  parapet;  while  in 
most  of  the  other  works,  where  there  are  any  trenches  at 
all,  they  are  on  the  inside —^  perhaps  excavated  for  the 
material  with  which  to  construct  the  parapets,  and  which 
class  Dr.  Foster  regards  as  sacred  enclosures.'  Bishop  Madi- 
son, an  early  and  able  writer  on  American  antiquities,  de- 
clares that  the  ditch  is  found  inside  the  walls  of  nearly  all 
the  remains  to  be  traced  in  his  day. 

Wisconsin  was  no  exception  to  this  general  rule  —  that 
the  great  line  of  contest  and  defence  in  pre- historic  times 
extended  from  Western  New  York  to  the  Wabash.  Remote 
from  those  scenes,  the  character  of  our  ancient  remains 
go  to  corroborate  the  idea,  that  their  early  occupants  were 
not  a  warlike  people.  Dr.  Brunson  remarks  that  ".while  in 
Ohio  the  most  prominent  of  these  tumuli  were  forts  or  forti- 
fications, in  Wisconsin  but  few  of  that  description  are 
found;"  and  he  adds,  ^^I  can  now  call  to  mind  but  one  such, 
that  at  Aztalan."  *  This  exception  is  an  error;  for  Squier 
and  Davis,  Dr.  Lapham  and  Dr.  Foster,  unite  in  declaring 
that  the  works  at  Aztalan  were  not  built  for  defensive  pur- 
I>08e8,  having  no  ditches,  and  completely  commanded  from 
the  summit  of  a  ridge,  extending  along  the  west  side,  much 
higher  than  the  west  walls  themselves,  and  within  fair 
arrow  shot.  Judge  Gale  remarks,  that  "Wisconsin  can 
scarcely  dignify  any  of  her  old  earth-works  into  fortifica- 
tions," and  adds,  that  there  is  no  probability  that  Aztalan  is 
an  exception.' 

Dr.  Lapham  records  the  existence  of  but  a  single  ancient 
structure  in  Wisconsin  '^  with  a  regular  ditch  or  fosse  all 
around  the  walls,"  located  at  or  near  Plover  Portage,  on  the 
Upper  "Wisconsin;  and  this  he  did  not  personally  inspect, 
but  gives  the  statement  on  the  representation  of  a  corres- 

>  Foster's  Pre-Historic  Races,  174-76. 
•  TTis.  Hist.  Colls.,  iv.^  224-25. 
'Gkde's  Upper  Wisconsin,  28. 


854:  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

pendent.*  Hon.  C.  D.  Robinson,  in  his  Legend  of  the  Red 
Banks,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Green  Bay,  about  twelve 
miles  from  Green  Bay  City,  describes  an  earth-work  bear- 
.  ing  a  singular  resemblance  to  modern  military  defences, 
having  a  ditch  or  moat  on  the  outside  of  its  walls;  *  while 
Hon.  M.  L.  Martin,  inhis  address  before  our  Society  in  1851, 
speaks  of  the  parapet,  making  no  reference  to  any  dilch. 
These  two  exceptions,  if  true,  do  not  invalidate  the  general 
rule,  that  thousands  of  structures  of  mounds  and  effi- 
gies within  our  borders,  are  surviving  witnesses  of  the 
peaceful  occupations  of  those  who  constructed  them. 

Rev.  Stephen  D.  Feet,  editor  ot  the  American  Antiquarian, 
and  author  of  several  treatises  on  the  pre-historic  remains 
of  the  North-West,  writes:  ''The  difference  between  a  fort, 
whether  French,  Eiglish  or  American,  and  any  of  the 
Mound-Builders'    works,  is  manifest  in  several  particulars. 

"  First:  The  forts  ordinarily  have  trenches  on  the  outside; 
the  mound- builders'  enclosures,  if  they  had  trenches  at  all, 
had  them  on  the  inside. 

"Second:    The  wall s  of  forts  are  generally  straight,  and 
the  angles  in  the  walls  are  sharp  and  well-defined.     The 
Mound-Builders'  enclosures  are  ordinarly  circular,  and  with- 
out bastions.    Occasionally  a  straight  wall,  like  that  at 
Aztalan,  may  be  found;  but  the  bastions,  so  called,  in  this, 
are  mere  projections,  looking  like  mounds,  rounded  on  the 
outside,  with  a  slight  break  in  the  wall  in  the  rear  of  them. 
This  is  an  exception  to  Mound-Builders'  enclosures;  prob- 
ably not  another  one  like  it  in  the  State,  and  only  two  in  the 
United  States,  namely  in  Tennessee. 

"  Third :  The  forts  generally  contain  remains  of  chimneys, 
fire-places,  stone- walls  and  houses.  No  Mound-Builders'  en- 
closure ever  contains  any  such  tokens. 

"Fourth:  Wells  are  out  of  the  question  with  Mouud- 
Builders'  works.  There  may  be  excavations  inside  the  wall 
as  at  Fort  Ancient,  and  springs  outside  the  walls,  but  never 
wells.  The  sink-hole  or  cistern  at  Marietta  has  not  been 
explained;  it  is  an  exception  if  it  is  a  well. 

^  Lapham's  Antiquities^  73. 
Wfs.  Hist,  Co/is.,  ii,  491. 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      355 

"Fifth:  The  fortifications  made  by  stockades  were  oom- 
men  among:  the  Mound-Biiilders  and  Indians  alike;  generally^ 
however,  without  trenches,  and  always  on  a  circle.  Stock- 
ade forts,  by  civilized  people,  are  always  straight,  with 
sharp  angles  at  the  corners.  There  is  no  need  of  mistaking 
a  stockade  of  the  Mound-Builders  and  Indians,  for  the  stock- 
arle  of  the  French,  the  Spanish,  or  Americans. 

"  I  should  say  from  the  description  given  by  Mr.  Brunson, 
that  the  tokens  which  he  and  Mr.  Clark  discovered,  were 
those  of  a  fort,  either  French  or  American.  They  could  not 
have  been  those  of  the  Mound  Builders.  There  are  no 
enclosures  belonging  to  the  Mound-Builders  near  Prairie  du 
Chien.  There  are  many  long  mounds  on  the  bluffs  in  vari- 
ous directions.  These  long  mounds  run  in  a  continuous 
line,  sometimes  a  mile  or  more,  broken  at  intervals  so  as  to 
make  the  mounds  about  eighty  feet  long.  Effigies  are 
scattered  about  near  them.  They  are  not  fortifica- 
tions, though  Carver  and  Gen.  Pike  mistook  them  for 
such.  They  are  more  likely  to  be  elevated  platforms 
for  the  purpose  of  watching  game  —  hunters  could  run 
along  on  the  top  of  them,  and  hide  behind  them;  the  game 
would  pass  between  them  at  the  open  places.  They  are 
found  on  the  summit  of  the  narrow,  precipitous  tongues  of 
land,  and  run  from  the  edge  of  the  cliff  back  to  the  level 
plateau. 

'*  Village  enclosures  near  Prairie  du  Chien  are  made  up  of 
mounds,  large  conical  mounds,  arranged  in  a  large  circle  — 
too  large  for  a  stockade.  The  prairie  mounds  were  used  for 
platforms  —  as  resorts  in  the  time  of  flood.  No  Indian  stock- 
ade can  be  seen  near  Prairie  du  Chien.  I  think  that  the 
site  described  by  Mr.  Brunson  must  have  baen  a  fort  erected 
by  whites. 

"Indian  stookades  were  found  near  Milwaukee.  There 
-was  no  regular  ditch  connected  with  them,  as  miy  be  seen 
in  New  York;  but  merely  two  lines  of  walls,  forming  a 
8emi-circle«  parallel  with  one  another.  No  trench,  I  believe, 
has  been  found  in  connection  with  any  prehistoric  wall  in 
the  State  —  that  is  rather  singular." 

It  is  a  wild  conjecture,  under  such  circumstances,  to  sui^- 


856  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

pose  that  the  old  fort  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  with  its  ditch  or 
xnoat  outside  of  its  ramparts^  was  a  military  structure  of  the 
Mound-Builders,  while  all  surroundinc:  works  confessedly 
theirs,  are  of  a  peaceful  nature.      Mr.  Butterfield,  referring 
to  the  old  fort,  declares,  that  "  the  parapets  and  mounds 
were  connected  in  one  series  of  works."     Mr.  Samuel  A. 
Clark,  who  nearly  half  a  century  ago,  lived  on  the  old  fort 
lot,  declares  there  were  but  two  small  mounds  within  the 
inclosure;   these  were  near  the  center,  and  had  no  connec- 
tion whatever  with  the  parapets;    and  Hon.  O.  B.  Thomas 
states  that  these  mounds  were  without  significance.     There 
was,  a  little  north  of  the  old  fort,  a  row  of  five  mounds,  ap- 
parently parallel,  and  another  row  of  three  just  west  of  the 
others,  as  shown  on  Lyon's  map  of  1828;   but  no  military 
man  or  antiquarian  has  ever  regarded  the  fort  as  in  any 
manner  connected  with  these  ancient  earth- works,  or  eith  r 
in  any  way,  dependent  upon  the  other. 

This  very  phrase,  of  "parapets  and  mounds  connected 
in  one  series  of  works,''  which  Mr.  Butterfield  applies  to 
the  old  fort,  he  cites  from  Long's  Narrative  by  Keat- 
ing in  such  a  way  as  to  lead  the  reader  to  suppose,  that  Col. 
Long  was  actually  describing  the  ancient  structure  under 
discussion;  while,  as  he  says,  he  refers  to  works  ^*on  the  high- 
lands" from  three  to  five  hundred  feet  above  the  prairie  lo- 
cality of  the  old  fort,'  and  perhaps  miles  away.  And  to 
make  Mr.  Butterfield's  pretended  citation  yet  more  inappro- 
priate. Long  says  of  these  works  "  on  the  highlands,"  that 
"no  ditch  was  observed  on  either  side  of  the  parapet."  At 
the  old  French  fort,  there  was  a  ditch  on  the  outside  of  the 
wall.  In  this  same  work  of  Long  and  Keating,  it  is  stated, 
that  we  have  derived  our  notions  of  fortifications  from 
the  Romans,  and  have  continued  to  this  day  "  to  place  the 
ditch  outside  the  rampart;"  while  the  Mound  Builders  and 
Indians  make  their  excavations  by  throwing  up  dirt  before 
them,  in  the  direction  from  which  they  apprehend  an  attack, 
and  shelter  themselves  in  the  hollow.  Hence  the  inside 
ditches.' 

^  Long's  Expedition  by  Keating,  i,  241,  242. 
'Long,  i,  29. 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.     357 

Col.  S.  H.  Lon^  belonged  to  the  United  States  engineer 
corps,  had  been  an  assistant  professor  at  West  Point,  and 
was  an  accomplished  officer  of  the  army.  He  seems  to  have 
had  an  observant  eye  for  all  remarkable  pre-historic  works 
wherever  he  went,  and  freely  made  his  observations  on 
them;  and  while  he  described  those  '^on  the  highlands/' 
without  ditches,  as  he  states,  he  surely  would  not  have  over- 
looked the  well  known  structure,  only  a  mile  from  Upper 
Prairie  du  Chien,  with  its  ditches  outside  of  its  ramparts, 
had  he  regarded  it  as  the  work  of  the  Mqand- Builders. 

This  visit  of  Col.  Long  and  party  to  Prairie  du  Chien  was 
in  1823.  Schoolcraft,  the  distinguished  antiquary  and  In- 
dian historian,  visited  there  three  years  before;  and  he,  too, 
makes  no  reference  in  his  Narrative  Journal^  to  this  old  fort, 
as  he  surely  would  have  done,  had  he  deemed  it  the  remains 
of  the  pre-historic  age.  Richard  C.  Taylor,  who  personally 
inspected  our  mounds,  and  gave  his  views  of  them  in 
Silliman's  Journal  of  Science^  in  1838;  and  Stephen  Taylor, 
then  a  Wisconsin  resident,  gave  the  results  of  his  observa- 
tions in  the  same  Journal,  in  1843,  and  neither  make  any 
reference  to  this  ancient  fort,  which  they  would  have  done 
bad  they  regarded  it  as  a  work  of  the  Mound-Builders. 
Rev.  Dr.  Alfred  Brunson,  who  long  resided  at  Prairie  du 
Chien,  read  a  paper  before  our  Society  in  1850,  on  the  Ancient 
Mounds  or  Tumili  in  Crawford  County,  and  makes  no 
reference  whatever  to  this  old  fort  as  among  the  notable 
remains  of  the  pre  historic  age;  but  expressly  declares  else- 
where, that  it  was  "a  fort  or  trading  post"  of  the  early 
white  adventurers.*  And  finally,  that  keen  antiquarian 
observer.  Dr.  I.  A.  Lapham,  visited  Prairie  du  Chien  in  1852, 
collecting  materials  for  his  great  work  on  Wisco7isin  Anti- 
quitieSy  published  by  the  Smithsonian  Institute,  makes  not 
the  slightest  reference  to  this  ancient  fortress  as  coming 
within  the  scope  of  his  collections.  The  non-belief  of  such 
an  antiquary  as  Dr.  Brunson,  so  long  a  resident  of  Prairie 
du  Chien,  and  the  silence  of  the  eminent  Dr.  Lapham,  suffi- 
ciently attest  their  views  of  the  old  fort  —  that  whoever 
else  constructed  it,  it  was  surely  not  the  work  of  the  Mound- 
Builder  race. 

^  WiK  Hist.  CoUs.,  W,  178-84'  ^  v  ^50. 


358  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

fort  st.  antoine  at  lake  pepin. 

Perrot  established  two  forts  near  the  foot  of  Lake  Pepin, 
one  on  either  side  —  so  states  Dr.  Neill.    That  on  the  eastern 
side  must  have  been  built  first,  probably  in  the  spring  of 
1686,  after  leaving  his  wintering  place  at  Trempealeau,  and 
certainly  not  later  than  the  spring  of  1688.    The  locality 
of  this  establishment,  named  Fort  St.  Antoine,  has  been 
preserved   by    Franquelin,    Penicaut,  Bellin,   and   others. 
The  other  post,  on  the  western  bank  of  the  stream,  was 
apparently  erected  after  1688,  else  Franquelin  would  have 
located  it  on  his  map  of  that  year  as  well  as  the  other.    We 
can  justly  quote  Mr.  Butterfield  also,  both  in  his  History  of 
Craivford  County,  and  in  his  paper  in  this  volume,  as  recog- 
nizing this  '^  upper  fort  "of  Perrot  near  the  foot  of  Lake 
Pepin,  on  its  eastern  shore.    The  first  impulse  was  a  sense 
of  relief  and  gratitude,  that  Mr.  Butterfield    had    kindly 
spared  us  one  of  Parrot's  old  forts  just  where  the  good  voy- 
ageur  had  located  it.    But  this  would  seem  a  strange  ad- 
mission on  the  part  of  one  who  has  shown  so  little  faith  in 
Franquelin.    Though  he  has  twice  conceded  the  existence 
and    locality  of  Perrot's  "  upper  fort,"  where  Franquelin 
places  it;  yet,  on  further  thought,  Mr.  Butterfield  ruthlessly 
proceeds  to  repudiate,  as  we  shall  see,  this  Fort  St.  Antoine 
locality,  as  given  by  Franquelin,  Penicaut,  and  Bellin,  and 
adopted  by  Dr.  Neill,  and  even  by  Mr.  Butterfield  also,  thus 
correcting,  at  one  bold  effort,  '^  a  great  mistake,"  as  he  terms 
it,  of  five  notable  historical  errorists. 

Mr.  Butterfield  discovers,  or  thinks  he  discovers,  that  Fort 
St.  Antoine,  after  all,  was  not  located  near  the  foot  of  Lake 
Pepin,  and  states  the  case  in  this  wise:  "Fort  St.  Anthony 
(Antoine)  is  put  down  by  him  [Franquelin]  as  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Mississippi,  just  below  Lake  Pepin,  when  it 
was  actually  at  the  head  of  Green  Bay.  That  was  a  great 
mistake;"  and  then  adds,  that  as  compared  with  this, 
Franquelin's  "making  Fort  St.  Nicholas  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Wisconsin,  when  it  should  have  been  below  it,  was  a 
slight  error." 

This  "sh'ght  error"  "Mr, Bullei^^l^  x^rcL^died  with  mar- 


Eablt  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      359 

Teloiis  ease  and  success,  by  simply  removing  Franquelin's 
^*  little  mark, "  indicating  the  locality  of  Fort  St.  Nicholas, 
and  placing  it  some  fifteen  miles  away.  Having  accom- 
plished this  skillful  performance,  he  now  essays  to  cor- 
rect a  "  great  mistake  "  of  the  great  geographer,  and  one 
which  he  himself  has  twice,  perhaps  unwittingly,  endorsed. 
Now,  by  a  single  dash  of  his  pen,  he  proceeds  to  remove 
Fort  St.  Antoine  from  the  foot  of  Lake  Pepin,  two  hundred 
miles  to  the  head  of  Green  Bay.  In  this  case  Mr.  Butter- 
field  cites  what  he  deems  good  authority,  and  we  give  him 
the  benefit  of  doing  so  with  good  intention3.  That  he  errs 
in  his  construction  of  this  authority,  I  trust  the  evidence  to 
be  adduced,  will  be  regarded  as  reasonably  conclusive. 

The  only  authority  that  appears  to  have  any  application 
to  the  case,  which  Mr.  Butterfield  cites,  is  in  volume  IX  of 
New  York  Colonial  Documents,  p.  418,  where  we  find  Per- 
TOt^s  proceS' verbal  for  taking  possession  of  the  Upper  Miss- 
issippi country.  This  will  bear  a  little  examination.  As 
€arly  as  October  8, 1G86,  Gov.  Denonville,  of  Canada,  im- 
formed  the  French  Government,  that  he  had  received  let- 
ters*'from  the  Upper  Mississippi,  where  they  propose 
wonders  to  me,  were  I  to  establish  posts  for  the  missions, 
and  for  the  beavers  which  abound  there."  *  It  is  curious  to 
observe,  that  those  who  suggested  these  far-off  posts,  held 
out  a  double  object,  missions  and  beavers;  but,  we  fear,  the 
former  was  used  as  a  sort  of  gilding,  while  they  had  an 
eye  to  ''the  main  chance" — the  valuable  furs  of  the 
country. 

It  is  a  serious  charge  against  the  great  Canadian  carto- 
grapher of  two  centuries  ago,  that  he  committed  not  merely 
**a  slight  error"  but  "a  great  mistake;"  and  it  is  not  so 
much  my  aim  to  attempt  the  defence  of  Franquelin's  geo- 
graphical labors,  so  highly  eulogized  by  Gov.  De  La  Barre, 
Farkman,  Neill  and  Baldwin,  as  it  is  to  maintain  the  integ- 
rity of  our  early  Wisconsin  history. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  the  French  Minister,  March  8th,  1088, 
directed  the  Governor,  "  in  order  to  render  incontestible  his 

>  New  York  Colonial  Documents,  ix,  801, 


360  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Majesty's  right  to  the  countries  discovered  by  his  subjects" 
in  the  great  North-West,  to  send  capable  persons  to  "take  pos- 
session anew  "  of  all  that  region,  by  setting  up  posts  with  his 
Majesty's  arms  affixed,  and  using  all  the  usual  forms  cus- 
tomary on  such  occasions/    Hence  Perrot  wslb  sent  by  Gov. 
Denonville,  as  we  see  by  the  proces-verbal  of  May  8th,  1689, 
to  take  formal  possession  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  country; 
and  Perrot  declares  in  that  document,  that  "  being  come 
from,  the  Bay  des  Puants  —  i.  e.,  Greeif  Bay  —  to  the  Lake  of 
the  Wisconsin  and  river  Mississippi,  iDe  did  transport  our- 
selves to  the  country  of  the  Sioux"  etc;  and  after  naming 
the  Sioux  and  other  upper  tribes,  then  takes  formal  posses- 
sion of    the  country,  after  declaring   himself  as   locally 
"  commanding  for  the  King  the  post  of  the  Sioux."    Perrot 
mentions  among  the  witnesses  of  the  ceremony,  Bois-Guil- 
lot,  commanding  the  French  *'  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Wisconsin  on  the  Mississippi,"  Father  Marest  "  missionary 
among  the  Sioux,"  and  Le  Sueur  the  early  explorer,  trader 
and  fort  builder  in  the  Sioux  country.    These  were  all  nota- 
ble characters  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  Sioux  territory 
—  the  very  region  where  the  proces-verbal  itself  plainly  in- 
dicates possession  was  taken. 

Dr.  E.  B.  O'Callaghan,  an  able  antiquarian,  and  editor  of 
the  Xeto  York  Colonial  Documents,  gives  at  the  head  of  the 
proces-verbal,  his  understanding  of  its  aim  and  character: 
^'Minute  of  the  taking  possession  of  the  country  on  the  Up- 
per Mississippi^ 

In  Perrot's  Memoire,  p.  304,  Tailhan  expressly  states: 
"  Perrot,  who  had  been  recalled,  in  1G85,  from  the  country 
of  the  Sioux,  received,  four  years  later,  an  express  order  to 
take  possession  of  it  in  the  name  of  the  King,  as  appears 
of  the  following  proceeding; "  then  citing  at  length  Per  - 
rot's  document  of  May  8,  1689.  So  Dr.  Neill  and  others 
writing  upon  the  subject,  take  the  same  view. 

When  Columbus  took  formal  possession  of  the  New  World, 
De  Tracy,  of  the  Mohawk  forts  and  settlements.  La  Salle, 
of  Arkansas  and  Louisiana,  De  Nonville,  of  the  Seneca 
country,  and  Celeron,  of  the  Ohio  Valley,  in  each  and  every 

^N,  Y.  Colonial  Documents^  ix,  ^1^, 


Early  French  Forts  m  Western  Wisconsin.      3G1 

instance,  the  ceremonies  of  the  proces-verhal  took  place  in 
the  country  itself;  indeed,  there  could  be  no  authentic  min- 
ute of  formally  taking  possession  of  any  region  unless  ac- 
complished at  some  central  or  prominent  point  in  the  terri- 
tory in  question.  The  very  act  of  "taking  possession" 
implies  this;  and  it  would  be  difiScult^  if  not  impossible,  to 
cite  a  case  where  any  such  formalities  were  performed  hun- 
dreds of  miles  away.  It  would  be  like  a  "  chimney  corner 
survey,"  unworthy  of  recognition.  So  Perrot  expressly 
states  in  \iv&  proces  verbal^  that  his  act  of  taking  possession 
of  the  Upper  Mississippi  country  was  "done  at  Post  St.  An- 
toine"  and  nowhere  else,  which  being  centrally  located  on 
the  Upper  Mississippi,  and  in  the  region  embraced  in  this  for- 
mal procedure,  was  a  most  fitting  place  for  such  a  ceremony. 
Mr.  Butterfield  has  discovered  what  he  evidently  supposed 
was  a  hitherto  overlooked  fact,  namely,  that  at  the  head  of 
Parrot's  proces-verbal,  as  given  in  the  New  York  Colonial 
Documeiits,  are  the  words,  "  Canada,  Bay  des  Puantsf  and 
hence  infers,  that  "post  St.  Antoine"  was  located  at  Green 
Bay.  It  is  true,  these  words  are  given  at  the  head  of  the 
copy  in  the  New  York  archives;  but  it  is  quite  obvious,  that 
they  formed  no  part  of  Perrot's  original  document,  but  were 
simply  the  endorsement  on  the  paper,  made,  no  doubt,  by 
some  clerk  in  the  public  oflSce  where  received,  when  filed 
away.  The  original  document  was  sent  to  the  Governor  at 
Quebec;  and  on  July  25, 1750,  Dulaurent,  the  King's  notary 
at  Quebec,  certifies  to  a  collated  copy,  transmitted  to  the 
French  Government,  preserved  in  the  Archives  of  the  Mar- 
ine, at  Paris,  from  which  both  Tailhan  and  Margry  obtained 
their  copies,*  neither  of  which  has  the  endorsement  which 
the  copyist  of  the  New  York  Colonial  Documents  has  given. 
It  is  plain  that  Tailhan  and  Margry  did  not  regard  this  en- 
dorsement as  a  part  of  the  original  document,  and  hence 
omitted  it.  It  would  seem  that  the  endorsement  was  made 
on  the  copy  after  reaching  Paris,  else,  if  made  at  Quebec, 
the  word  "Canada"  would  have  been  unnecessary.* 

JTailhan's  Perrot,  304-5;  Margry,  v,  33-4. 

*  Application  was  made,  through  the  courteBy  of  Douglas  Brymner,  Esq. 
Canadian  Arnliivist,  to  the  proper  authorities  at  Quebec,  to  aacertaia 
94^H.  a 


362  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

But  why  the  endorsement  "  Bay  dea  Puants,"  if  the 
ces-verbal  was  really  performed  two  hundred  miles  away  at 
Post  St.  Antoine,  on  Lake  Pepin?  This  is  the  answer:  At 
that  early  period,  and  for  more  than  a  century  thereafter, 
each  prominent  poet  in  the  North-West  had  its  dependencies 
—  as,  "  Detroit  and  its  dependencies,"  "  Vincennes  and  its 
dependencies,"  and  "  Michilinacklnac  and  its  dependen- 
cies," and  "  Green  Ba\j  and  ita  dependencies."  These 
depandencies,  whether  posts  or  settlements,  dependent  upon, 
and  subject  to,  the  head  post  of  its  region,  often  embraced 
a  large  extent  of  country. 

Boug-ainville,  an  aid  to  Montcalm,  in  his  ^femoir  on  the 
condition  of  New  France,  1T57,  gives  ibii  example:  "La 
Mer  d'  Oueet  is  a  post  that  includes  the  posts  of  St.  Pierre, 
St.  Charles,  Bourbon,  De  la  Reine,  Dauphin,  Poskoyac,  and 
Des  Prairies,  all  of  which  are  built  with  palisades  that 
give  protection  only  against  Indians." '  Bougaio' 
further  states,  that  Fort  Abbitibi,  in  the  Hudson's 
region,  "  is  a  post  dependent  upon  Temiscamingue, 
hundred  and  tisenty  leagues"  away.  During  the  war  of 
1812-15,  the  British  made  Mackinaw  their  North- Western 
head- quarters,  including  Geen  Bay  and  Prairie  du  CI 
among  its  dependencies.' 

While  Perrot,  at  the  time  of  taking  possession  of 
Upper  Misaiasipi,  and  adjacient  countries,  in  May,  ml 
modestly  claims  in  his  report  to  have  the  local  command 
the  "  post  of  the  Nadouesioux,"  or  Sioux,  he  had  also  tb* 
management,  as  the  2}roces-verbal  itself  shows,'*©/  the  in- 
terests of  commerce  among  all  the  Indian  tribes  and  people 

whether  Ihe  endorsement  reterred  to,  formed  any  part  of  Perrot'a 
Minute.  Mr.  Brymner  replies:  ''Rei<pectinf;  Peirot'a  proci^s-verbal,  m 
has  everywhere  been  mode  at  Quebec:  but,  I  regret  to  say.  unaucoeasfiil 
for  the  document  in  qiieetion,  Search  n-ag  made  amoDg  the  recordi  d 
tite  CoDBiel  Suporieur,  in  the  RegiBter'a  office,  and  among  the  aclaot  Dul 
rent,  deposited  amonc  ibe  court  reuorde.  all,  however,  to  no  purpriee." 

'  This  valuable  work  of  BcugaiDville  is  tpven  in  a  volume  of  Memoint 
Relatiwis  ft  Inedits,  from  llie  French  Archives  of  the  Marine  and  Colonies, 
by  Pierre  Margry.  Paris,  1867,  See  also  Dr.  Neill's  iwper  in  JUinncaota 
BUtoricalColleetiont,  v.  430;  Miira  Ontario  Report,  1817,  p.  87.  ^ 

'Jud^Lockwood,  IVu.  Hist.  Coils.,  ii,  US-IT.  ^M 


Early  French  J'orts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      863 

of  the  Bay  des  Puants,  Nadouesioux,  Maskoutins,  and  other 
western  nations  of  the  Upper  Mississippi"  When  sent  to 
Green  Bay,  in  1685,  he  says,  as  showing  the  large  extent  of 
country  over  which  he  was  directed  to  hold  sway :  "I  was 
dispatched  to  this  Bay  with  a  commission  to  be  Commander 
in  Chief  there,  and  in  the  regions  further  west,  and  also 
those  I  should  be  able  to  discover.'^  * 

The  New  York  Coloinal  Documents,  volume  IX,  gives  an 
enumeration  of  the  Indian  tribes,  in  1736,  on  Lake  Michigan 
and  its  dependencies,'^  naming  the  Menomonies,  Pottawat- 
tamies,  Sauks,  Foxes,  Kickapoos,  and  Mascoutins.  Bougain- 
ville states,  in  1757,  that  the  Indian  nations  dependent  upon,. 
and  carrying  on  their  trade  at  Bay  des  Puants,  or  Green  Bay, 
were  the  FoUes-Avoines,  Sakies,  Outagamies  or  Renards, 
Puants,  Maskoutins,  Kickapous,  Sioux-des-Prairies,  and 
Sioux  des  Lacs. 

In  a  copy  of  a  manuscript  document,  of  Gov.  Guy  Carle- 
ton,  kindly  furnished  from  the  Canadian  Archives,  (by 
Douglas  Brymner,  Esq.,  Canadian  Archivist),  in  advance 
of  its  publications  in  his  Report  of  1886,  we  have  a  list 
of  the  Upper  French  posts  in  1754,  in  which,  among  others, 
are  enumerated  "  Detroit  and  dependencies,"  "  Missili- 
makinac  and  dependencies,"  and  "ia  Baye  and  depend- 
enciesy  By  this  report  it  appears  that  Green  Bay,  at 
this  period,  had  one  officer,  one  sergeant,  and  four 
soldiers,  with  thirteen  canoes  of  Indian  goods  annually 
iransported  thither  for  trade,  whose  computed  cost  was 
about  seven  thousand  livres  each,  making  the  cost  of  Indian 
goods  sent  to  Green  Bay  and  dependencies  aggregate  nearly 
eighteen  thousand  dollars  annually.  Accordiog  to  Bougain- 
ville, three  years  later,  the  post  of  La  Baye  had  given  in 
three  years  to  Messrs.  Rigaud  and  Marin,  312,000  francs, 
and  that  at  the  time  of  Marin,  who  was  associated  with 
De  La  Jonquiere  and  Bigot,  the  Governor  and  Intendent  of 
Canada,  it  produced  150,000  francs  per  annumn  besides  pay- 
ing all  expenses.  Montcalm  charged  these  two  corrupt  offi- 
cials with  intent  only  of  amassinfi^  fortunes. 

Dr.  Neill,in  his  interesting  pamphlet  on  "  The  Last  French 

^TaUhan's  Perrot,  188,  808. 


364  Wisconsin  State  Historicajl  Society. 

post  in  the  valley  of  the  Upper  Mississippi,^^  thus  refers  to 
Green  Bay  and  its  dependencies:     "The  department  of 
trade  called  'La  Baye'  included   all  the  French  posts  be- 
tween Green  Bay  and  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.    Bellin,  the 
distinguished  geographer,  in  *  Remarques  sur  la  carte  de 
VAmerique  Septentrionale,'  published  in  1755,  at  Paris,  re- 
fers to  those  on  the  shores  of  the  river  Mississippi  and  its 
tributaries,  and  mentions  '  Fort  St.  Nicholas  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Wisconsin';  a  small  fort  at  the  entrance  of  Lsike  Pe- 
pin; one  above,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Lake;  and  another 
on  the  largest  isle  just  above  the  Lake,  built  in  1695,  by 
Le  Sueur.    Nicholas  Perrot,  when  commandent  of  the  '  La 
Baye'  district,  in  the  autumn  of  1685,  ascended  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  passed  the  winter  at  '  Montague  qui  tremps  dans 
Teau'  just  beyond  Black  river,  according  to  Fran  quel  in's 
map,  and  subsequently  built  the  fort  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Lake,  on  the  same  map,  marked  '  Fort  St.  Antoine.'    In  1689, 
Le  Sueur  was  one  of  his  associates  at  Lake  Pepin,  and  Bois- 
Ouillot,  for  a  time  in  charge  of  Mackinaw,  then  at  a  post  on 
the  Mississippi  just  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin." 

The  well-known  Canadian  antiquary  and  historian,  Ben- 
jamin Suite,  thus  writes:  "There  is  no  doubt,  in  my  opin- 
ion, that  Green  Bay  was  a  head-quarter,  and  that  Perrot 
conducted  from  there  the  business  of  the  Wisconsin  river, 
and  also  such  localities  as  Prairie  du  Chien  and  others  along 
the  Upper  Mississippi.  The  fort  built  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Wisconsin,  whether  above  or  below,  and  whether  far  or 
near  from  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  was  .a  dependency 
of  Green  Bay,  especially  at  the  period  of  108G-90,  when  it 
is  supposed  the  fort  in  question  was  built." 

So  Fort  St.  Antoine  was  clearly  a  dependency  of 
Green  Bay,  though  two  hundred  miles  distant.  .It  could 
not  have  been  located  at  Green  Bay,  or  we  should  find  some 
reference  to  it  by  the  early  geographers  and  writers  on  the 
North- West.  No  particular  name  was  given  to  the  fort  es- 
tablished at  Green  Bay  in  the  early  French  official  docu- 
ments, or  by  early  French  writers;  they  always  refer  to  it 
as  La  Bay,  or  La  Bay  des  Puans  —  the  Bay  of  the  Winne- 
bagoes.    Sir  William  Jo\xii^oii,  ^\io  ^'e^  SM^^rintendent  of 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      365 

Indian  Affairs  for  the  Northern  Department  of  the  Colonies, 
had  sub-agents  scattered  all  over  the  country,  almost  in- 
variably refers  to  the  post  as  La  Baye,  and  only  once  indi- 
cating the  name  of  the  fort  —  Edv^ard  Augustus,  given  to 
it  by  the  English  on  locating  a  garrison  there  in  1761. 

The  attempts  of  the  geographers  and  a  few  early  writers 
to  attach  a  name  to  the  fort  there,  are  singularly  at  vari- 
ance, and  evidently  without  foundation.  Father  Crespel, 
who  went  there  with  De  Lignery's  troops  in  1728,  calls  it 
Fort  St.  Francis,  suggested  doubtless  by  the  mission  of  St. 
Francis  Xavier,  at  De  Pere,  five  miles  above  Green  Bay. 
When  Capt.  DeVercheres  was  sent  to  command  there  in  1747, 
it  was  simply  "  to  command  at  the  Bay."  Bellin,  in  1755, 
merely  refers  to  the  "French  fort"  there;  Palairet,  in  the  same 
year,  both  on  his  map  and  in  his  Description  of  the  English 
and  French  possessions  in  North  America^  names  the  fort 
as  "  Fort  Sakisda,"  or  Fort  of  the  Sauks,  locating  it  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Fox  river. 

On  the  map  appended  to  Mills'  Report  on  Ontario  Bound- 
aries, showing  the  country  claimed  by  France  in  1756,  is  this 
legend:  "Fort  dela  Baie  des  Puants."  On  Vaugondy's  map 
of  New  France,  1758,  we  find  "  Fort  Sakis;''  and  on  Jeffery's 
map  of  1760  and  1762, "Fort  St.  Xavier."  "Fort  Edward 
Augustus,"  was  the  English  name  by  which  the  fort  at 
Green  Bay  was  known  during  Gorrell's  command  — 1761- 
1763  —  as  may  be  seen  in  Vols.  I  and  VIII,  of  our  Society's 
Collections,  and  New  York  Colonial  Documents,  VII,  658. 
Carver,  in  1766,  speaks  of  "Fort  La  Bay/'  and  on  Vaugon- 
dy's  corrected  map,  1783,  he  changes  "  Fort  Sakis,"  of  his 
former  edition,  to  "  Fort  Ochagras,"  fort  of  the  Winneba- 
goes.  All  these  designations  seem-  invariably  to  refer  either 
to  the  name  of  the  mission  at  Depere,  or  to  the  Sauks  or 
Winnebagoes,  save  only  during  Gorreirs  brief  command  at 
Green  Bay;  and  in  all  these,  we  find  no  reference  whatever 
to  Fort  St.  Antoine  as  at  that  locality. 

With  all  this  array  of  facts,  I  do  not  see  how  any  fair- 
minded  investigator  can  reach  any  other  conclusion,  than 
that  Fort  St.  Antoine,  one  of  the  dependencies  of  Green  Bay, 
was  located  on  the  eastern  shore,  and  near  the  foot  of  Lake 


366  Wisconsin  State  Historicajl  Society. 

Pepin,  where  Franquelin  placed  it  two  hundred  years  ago.  He 
gained  his  information  at  first-hand  —  the  only  source  of 
obtaining  it  at  that  day;  and  most  likely  from  Perrot  him- 
self, who  repeatedly  visited  Montreal  and  Quebec  in  Fran- 
quelin's  time;  or  from  Father  Marest,  or  somd  other  reliable 
person  who  was  intimately  acquainted  with  both  the  name 
of  the  fort  and  its  locality. 

PERROT'S  post  at  TREMPEALEAU. 

A  few  notes  on  the  probable  localities  of  the  early  posts 
above  Fort  St.  Nicholas,  will  very  properly  form  the  conclu- 
sion of  this  paper. 

Franquelin  places  Perrot's  establishment,  where  he  spent 
the  winter  of  1G85-86,  above  the  mouth  of  Black  river.  La 
Potherie  describes  it  as  in  a  wooded  country,  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  in  the  rear  of  which  was  a  large  prairie.  Dr. 
Neill  j  ustly  concludes  that  the  "  butte "  or  mountain  noted 
by  Franquelin  on  his  early  map,  must  have  been  the  Trem- 
pealeau bluffs  —  the  first  elevated  locality,  some  three  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  Black  river,  which  fully  meets  the  de- 
scription given  by  La  Potherie,  and  noted  by  Franquelin. 
"This  remarkable  bluff,"  says  Lapham,  "  is  about  five  hund- 
red feet  high,  affording  a  beautiful  and  extensive  view  of 
the  Mississippi  and  the  surrounding  country." 

This  range  of  bluffs  commences  at  Trempealeau  village, 
and  extends  up  the  river  some  three  miles.  Back  of  the 
river,  a  little  distance,  is  a  beautiful  plateau,  where  Mr. 
Hastings  suggests,  that  Perrot  may  have  established  his  little 
post,  and  from  the  bluff  near  by  issues  a  fine  living  spring; 
or,  if  a  point  nearer  the  river  was  preferred,  it  might  well 
have  been  fixed  not  far  from  the  springs  at  the  head  of  the 
pond.' 

Or,  it  may  be,  that  he  located  his  little  establishment  near 
the  notable  Mont  Trempealeau  —  ''The  Mountain  that  Dips 
in  the  Water '^  —  some  three  miles  above  Trempealeau  vil- 

^  Statements  of  Hod.  S.  D.  Hastings,  Hon.  R.  Bunn,  Charles  A.  Leith, 
and  B.  F.  Houston.  A  fine  representation  of  the  southern  end  of  the 
Trempealeau  Bluffs  is  given  as  the  frontispiece  to  the  fourth  volume  of 
fVisconsin  Geological  Eeporta. 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      3G7 

lage.  It  is  a  singular  mountain,  cut  off,  by  some  powerful 
convulsion  of  nature,  from  the  range  of  bluffs  to  which  it 
belonged.  It  stands  conspicuously,  solitary  and  alone,  in 
the  Mississippi  river,  near  the  eastern  shore;  rising  sheer 
out  of  the  water,  and  is  covered  with  timber.  It  rises  to  an 
altitude  of  five  hundred  and  sixty  feet,  and  is  about  a  mile 
in  circumference.  "Nothing,"  says  Bryant,  "can  be  con- 
ceived more  beautiful  than  the  approach  to  this  most  roman- 
tic and  picturesque  spot." 

Between  this  Mountain  Island,  as  it  is  sometimes  calh^d, 
and  the  Wisconsin  shore,  is  a  body  of  still,  clear  water,  half 
a  mile  wide,  usually  termed  Trempealeau  Lake;  directly 
east  of  which,  somewhat  above  the  river  bottom,  on  a  beau- 
tiful plateau,  gushes  out  from  the  foot  of  the  bluff  a  noble 
spring.  Here,  in  1836,  some  Protestant  Swiss  missionaries 
—  Rev.  Daniel  Gavin  and  an  associate,  with  their  excellent 
•wives  —  established  a  mission  for  the  civilization  and  Christ- 
ianization  of  the  Sioux  Indians.  But,  as  Mr.  Houston  states, 
*'  being  neither  French  nor  Catholic,  the  well  intended  en- 
terprise met  with  no  favor  from  the  traders;  and  like  all 
other  missions,  it  encountered  the  personal  hostility  of  the 
influential  chief,  Wah-pa-sha.  As  if  this  were  not  enoi:^jii^ 
the  land  itself  was  transferred  by  the  Sioux,  in  1837,  tolte 
United  States,  and  the  poor  missionaries,  the  following  y^wr^ 
broke  up  their  establishment,  and  joined  Messrs.  Poodwrf 
Riggs  in  their  labors  among  the  Da-ko  tas." 

It  might  have  been,  that  Perrot  fixed  his  post,  mK!  I|fp9sn 
the  winter  of  1685-86,  near  the  spring  where  the  SDM^frt 
Swiss  mission  was  located.  The  locality  itself —^M^.jirtte^. 
were  the  others  suggested  —  was  sufficiently  ekmmlinf  ^HM. 
romantic,  to  have  attracted  the  attention  of  theflMlitt^vru^r 
lover  of  Nature  in  all  its  primitive  wildnest  attl|ftaBA^  :ur 
beauty. 

No  wonder  Perrot  selected  this  lovely  \i 
at  the  foot  of  the  Trempealeau  bluffs  — tMi] 
wilderness  —  for  his    temporary  abodat. 
Slyke  has  written  a  pamphlet,  seriouslj 
stantiate  the  proposition,  that  the  T] 
ter  fulfills  the  Bible  description  of  tha 


868  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

any  other  spot  yet  discovered.  However,  this  may  be, 
Bryant,  in  his  Picturesque  America,  compares  these  roman- 
tic bluffs  to  those  of  nearly  twice  their  altitude,  immortal- 
ized by  Byron: 

**  The  castled  crag  of  Drachenfels 
Frowns  o*er  the  wide  and  winding  Rhine." 

« 

Though  the  Trempealeau  bluffs  have  no  ruined  castle, 
like  the  Drachenfels,  to  attract  the  attention  of  visitors, 
they  have,  what  appeals  to  the  veneration  of  the  thought- 
ful and  the  curious  —  remains  of  the  Mound-Builders, 
stretching  along  their  summit,'  platforms  or  look-outs  for 
the  hunters  of  former  ages. 

Byrant  pays  this  high  and  deserved  compliment  to  Trem- 
pealeau: "This  little  place  ought  to  be  visited,  during 
the  summer  months,  by  every  painter  and  poet  in  America, 
and  should  become  the  headquarters  of  everyone  who  loves 
the  scenery  of  his  country.'' 

LOCALITY  OF  PORT  ST.   ANTOINE. 

Franquelin  places  Fort  St.  Antoine  on  the  eastern  bank  of 
the  Mississippi,  apparently  a  little  below  the  mouth  of  Lake 
Pepin.  The  lower  end  of  the  Lake  is  only  about  a  mile 
above  the  Chippewa  river,  while  the  low  swampy  land  ex- 
tends some  two  miles  above  the  mouth  of  that  stream,  up 
the  eastern  shore  of  the  Mississippi  and  Lake  Pepin,  ttius 
rendering  it  altogether  improbable,  if  not  impossible,  that 
the  post  was  located  below  the  out-let  of  the  Lake.  About 
two  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Chippewa,  Roaring  Creek 
empties  into  Lake  Pepin;  and  a  little  above  this  creek  com- 
mences the  elevated  prairie  forty  or  fifty  feet  higher  than  the 
bottom  lands,  where  Perrot  could  have  located  his  post. 
Pepm  village  is  over  a  mile  still  higher  up  the  prairie, 
occupying  a  beautiful  situation. 

Bellin,  in  his  "  Remarks  "  on  his  map  of  1755,  mentions  a 
small  fort  at  the  entrance  of  Lake  Pepin,  and  another  above, 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Lake.  Dr.  Neill  is  of  the  opinion, 
that  the  one  at  the  entrance  of    the  lake  was  Fort   St. 

^Statement  of  Hon.  A,  W.  Newman, 


Eably  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      369 

Antoine^  while  one  above,  and  on  the  opposite  side  refers  to 
Fort  Beauharnois,  at  or  near  Fontenac,  some  nine  miles 
above  the  foot  of  the  Lake^  on  the  western  shore.  It  seems 
to  me,  however,  that  Fort  Perrot,  at  or  near  the  mouth  of 
the  lake,  on  the  western  bank  was  the  post  first  referred  to 
by  Bellin,  and  the  one  above  on  the  other  side  of  the  lake 
was  Fort  St.  Antoine.  Dr.  Neill  while  making  no  attempt 
to  fix  the  exact  locality  of  Fort  St.  Antoine,  does  place  it 
above  the  out-let  of  the  Lake,  and  on  its  eastern  shore.' 

Hon.  Edward  Lees,  L.  Kessinger,  surveyor  of  Buffalo 
county,  A.  W.  Miller,  surveyor  of  Pepin  county,  and  fion. 
John  Newcomb,  all  agree  that,  during  their  long  residence 
in  that  region,  they  never  heard  of  any  vestigep,  nor  any 
remains  of  embankments  or  ditches,  nor  any  traditions,  of 
any  old  fort  in  or  near  the  locality  of  Pepin  village.  It  is 
proper  to  add,  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Miller,  who,  as  a  land 
surveyor,  hsLS  been  familiar  with  the  Pepin  region  for  thirty- 
two  years,  that  had  there  been  any  old  fort  remains  there, 
the  drifting  sand  would  undoubtedly  have  long  sinca  buried 
them  out  of  sight. 

Both  Mr.  Newcomb  and  Mr.  Miller,  however,  state,  that 
there  are  some  vestiges  of  an  old  fort,  on  the  east  side  of 
Lake  Pepin,  about  six  miles  above  its  out-let,  and  a  little 
above  the  mouth  of  Bogus  creek,  which  were  quite  distinct 
thirty  to  forty  years  a^o,  at  the  first  settlement  of  the  coun- 
try; but  that  the  plow  and  cultivation  have  nearly  obliter- 
ated them. 

"  During  my  stay  at  Lake  Pepin  in  1855,"  writes  Mr.  Mil- 
ler, ''surveying  the  villages  of  Pepin  and  Stockholm,  my 
attention  was  called  to  the  remains  of  what  was  then  de- 
nominated "  the  old  French  fort,^^  on  the  Lake  shore,  in  Sec- 
tion 20,  T.  23,  n.  of  Range  15,  w.,  located  about  one  hundred 
and  thirty  or  forty  rods  above  the  mouth  of  Bogus  creek,  in 
a  generally  timbered  region.  I  found  the  lines  of  it  to  be 
nearly  rectangular,  and  the  lines  or  embankments  were 
from  one  to  two  feet  above  the  surrounding  surface.     At 

'NeUl's-Hwt.  Minn,,  fourth  edition,  p.  833;  bis  Pioneers  and  Explorers 
of  Minnesota,  p.  31;  his  Concise  History,  p.  18;  his  Last  French  Post,  p.  1. 


370  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

the  south-west  angle,  there  was  quite  a  large  pile  of  stone, 
composed  of  three  qualities  —  some  from  the  Lake  shore, 
some  from  the  surface  in  and  around  the  place,  and  some 
sandstone,  such  as  were  found  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff,  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  to  the  north  of  the  fort  site. 

"I  inquired  of  the  oldest  settlers,  who  had  lived  in  that 
vicinity  since  1846,  how  any  one  knew  that  these  remains 
were  those  of  an  old  French  fort?  They  answered,  that  the 
Indians  and  half  breeds,  who  were  born  at  Wabasha,  and 
were  then  gray-headed  men,  had  always  been  told,  that  the 
French  people,  many  years  ago,  came  and  built  a  great  te- 
pee (house),  and  dug  a  well  in  it  there.  This  was  the  tradi- 
tion. There  was  a  slight  depression  in  the  ground  near  the 
south-east  angle,  on  the  inside  of  the  lines,  about  eight  or 
ten  feet  in  diameter,  nearly  circular,  and  about  a  foot  in 
depth  in  the  center.  This  may  have  been  the  site  of  the 
traditional  \\ell.  The  nearest  spring  along  the  Lake  is  just 
below  the  famous  cliflf  of  the  Lover's  Leap,  some  three 
miles  above. 

"  In  August,  1857, 1  removed  to  Pepin  village.  On  several 
occasions  I  took  visitors  to  the  site  of  the  old  French  fort, 
nearly  four  miles  distant,  to  excavate  for  old  nails.  We  al- 
ways found  the  old-fashioned  wrought-iron  nail  among  the 
coal  and  ashes,  from  two  to  three  feet  below  the  surface. 
The  charcoal  and  ashes  were  indications  of  the  destruction 
of  the  fort  by  fire.  The  nails  found  were  in  all  stages  of 
oxidation,  while  some  of  them  remained  quite  perfect.  A 
plowed  field  now  occupies  the  old  fort  locality,  and  the 
G.  B.  &  N.  R.  R.  must  approach  close  to  the  front  of  the 
ancient  structure. 

"  I  never  took  the  pains  to  measure  the  lines  of  the  founda- 
tion; but  according  to  my  best  recollection,  it  occupied  a 
space  of  about  sixty  by  forty-five  feet,  and  stood  about 
seventy  feet  back  from  the  point  of  highest  water-mark  on 
the  Lake  shore;  and,  I  should  think,  it  was  from  ten  to  four- 
teen feet  above  high-water.  I  never  doubted  the  former  ex- 
istence of  an  old  fort  at  that  place;  in  fact,  the  evidence  was 
conclusive.  It  was  the  most  suitable  locality  for  such  a 
structure  that  could  be  found  anywhere  between  Bogus  and 


Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisconsin.      3U 

Pine  creeks,  a  distance  of  some  six  miles,  of  which  the 
upper  half  is  one  continued  series  of  perpendicular  rocks, 
from  two  hundred  and  fifty  to  three  hundred  feet  high, 
jutting  close  to  the  Lake." 

This  old  fort  locality  presents  apparently  the  strongest 
probability  of  having  been  the  site  of  Fort  St.  Antoine.  We 
have  no  historical  evidence  of  any  other  early  establish- 
ment having  been  erected  on  the  south- eastern  shore  of  Lake 
Pepin. 

It  may  be  added,  in  this  connection,  that  Dr.  Neill  in  his 
earlier  publications  —  notably^  his  Explorers  and  Pioneers  of 
Minnesota,  supposed  that  La  Potherie's  description  of  Per- 
rot's  wintering  establishment  at  the  "butte"  or  bluff  of 
Trempealeau,  with  the  post  at  the  foot  of  the  bluflf,  where 
timber  was  plentv,  and  the  large  prairie  in  the  rear,  referred 
to  the  locality  of  Fort  St.  Antoine  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
Lake  Pepin;  but  when  he  came  across  Franquelin's  map,  and 
examined  the  Trempealeau  region,  he  discovered  his  error 
—  so  that  description  has  no  application  whatever  to  Fort 
St.  Antoine  and  its  situation. 

fort  BEAUHARNOIS  not  in  WISCONSIN. 

In  Dr.  Neill's  earlier  publications,  he  indicated  that  htr 
thought,  perhaps,  that  Fort  Beauharnois,  established  in 
1727,  was  first  erected  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Pepin. 
"  Mislead,' '  he  writes,  "by  Quignas'  statement,  that  it  wa« 
placed  on  the  north  side  of  the  Lake,  I  erroneously  infetrbt 
in  one  of  my  publications,  that  it  was  first  temporararL-j 
located  on  the  Wisconsin  side,  and  afterwards  remo«'*jc  i; 
the  opposite  shore  of  the  Lake.  After  expressing  thic  ^^ 
ion,  I  visited  the  Lake,  and  found  that  the  trend  as  ?..*::: 
du  Sable  was  toward  the  north,  whence  the 
it  was  really  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Laket, 
my  latest  publication,  '  The  Last  French  Patft 
tenac.'  Snyder  and  Van  Vechten  copied 
locality  of  Fort  Beauharnois  into  their 
Wisconsin,  suggesting  that  its  locality 
the  town  of  Stockholm,  in  Pepin  county. 

But  Dr.  Neill  is  unquestionably  correet  7i 


872  Wisconsin  State  Historicajl  Society. 

never  had  a  foot-bold  on  Wisconsin  soiL  Gui^as«  in  Shea's 
Early  Voyages,  says  this  fort  was  located  on  a  low  point 
about  the  middle  of  the  north  side  of  Lake  Pepin^  and  Neili 
adds^  that  it  was  on  the  point  of  land  in  sight  of^  and  opposite 
to^  the  celebrated  Maiden's  Rock,  which  is  on  the  eastern 
bank  of  the  Lake^  and  over  four  hundred  feet  high.  Pike, 
in  his  Travels,  states  that  just  below  Point  du  Sable,  on  the 
western  shore  of  Lake  Pepin,  the  Freach  built  a  stockade 
fort.  Point  du  Sable  is  near  the  village  of  Frontenac,  mid- 
way on  the  Lake,  and  in  plain  si^ht  of  Maiden's  Rock,  nearly 
three  miles  distant. 

The  old  French  fort  near  Bogus  creek  —  Fort  St.  Antonie, 
as  we  believe — "cannot  be  seen"  writes  Mr.  Miller,  "from 
Maiden's  Rock,  as  a  prominent  bluff  or  head- land,  a  mile  or 
so  above  Stockholm  village,  intervenes  to  obstruct  the  view." 
So  the  Bogus  creek  fort  could  not  have  been  Fort  Beauhar- 
nois. 


Note  —  While  I  gratefully  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  the  several 
gentlemen,  whose  names  are  cited  as  authorities,  in  the  preparation  of  this 
paper,  I  feel  under  especial  obligations  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  E.  D.  Neill,  Dr.  J.  D. 
Butler,  Douglas  Br^mner  and  Benjamin  Suite,  for  translations  and  sug- 
gestions. 


AUTOGRAPH  COLLECTIONS  OF  THE  SIGNERS  OF  THE  DEC- 
LARATION OF  INDEPENDENCE,  AND  OF  THE  COXSTITl- 
TION. 


By  LYMAN  C.  DRAPER. 

The  London  Athenceum  declared,  in  1855,  that  "  the  story 
of  what  History  owes  to  the  autograph  collectors  would  make 
a  pretty  book."  Interesting  as  this  phase  of  the  subject 
might  be  made,  it  is  not  the  purpose  of  the  present  paper  to 
attempt  its  elucidation. 

Sir  Richard  Phillips,  whose  career  extended  from  1767  to 
1840,  claimed  in  his  day  to  have  been  the  pioneer  in  the  col- 
lection of  autographs.  This  may  have  been  true  so  far  as 
England  is  concerned,  limiting  his  collection  to  varieii^ 
made  for  the  single  object  of  curiosity.  An  autograph  eoi- 
lection,  in  the  ordinary  acceptation  of  the  term,  should  not 
be  confounded  with  collections  of  historical  manuserijtt. 
made  and  preserved  by  Governments,  Libraries,  and 
torians,  for  purposes  of  public  records,  and  as 
for  historic  literature.  Such  collections  date  back  fcr  ^su^ 
times  of  papyrus  manuscripts,  and  the  Alexandrian  libnrr, 
long  anterior  to  the  discovery  of  printing. 

Some  vague  references  to  autographs  may  be  tmmd  ui^:k 
to  the  palmy  days  of  Greece  and  Rome.    Aul 
tures  in  albums,  we  are  told,  were  known 
and  about  the  year  1550,  persons  of  quality  took 
them  elegant  blank  books  for  the  signatures  d* 
sons  or  valued  friends.    One  of  these  albumit 
the  British  Museum,  bears  date  1578.    In 
three  himdred  years  ago,  the  practice  of 
of  autographs  seems  to  have  been  quite 
with  noblemen,  and  persons  of  taste  and 
torn  soon  spread  to  other  countries.    Mngr 
collections  were  formed  in  the  sixteentk 


37*1:  Wiscx)NsiN  State  Historical  Society. 

those  in  France  of  Antoine  LomeniS  de  Brienne  and  Le 
Croix  du  Maine  —  Brienne's  collection  reaching  340  large 
folio  volumes,  preserved  in  the  French  National  Library. 

Simular  collections  have  been  made  in  England.  Sir 
Robert  Bruce  Cotton,  Sir  Hans  Sldane  and  Sir  Thomas  Bod- 
ley  were  the  pioneers  of  this  good  service  in  that  country. 
(yOtton's  career  extended  from  1570  to  1631;  and  his  gather- 
ings embraced  ancient  records,  charters  and  other  manu- 
scripts, which  had  been  dispersed  from  the  monastic  libra- 
ries during  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII  —  among  which  is  the 
original  of  the  famous  Magna  Charta,  the  foundation  of 
British  constitutional  freedom,  wrung  by  the  sturdy  baroDS 
from  the  reluctant  King  John,  in  151«.  His  library  and 
manuscripts,  which  had  received  numerous  additions  from 
his  son  and  grandson,  after  having  been  partially  destroyed 
by  fire  in  1731,  was  transferred,  while  still  numbering  over 
/J0,000  articles,  to  the  British  Museum,  m  1757.  This  was  ap- 
parently the  earliest  collection  of  the  kind  made  in  England. 

Sir  Hans  Sloane,  born  in  16C0,  and  dying  in  1752,  made  a 
wonderful  gathering  of  autographs  in  his  day,  commencing 
early  and  continuing  to  the  end  of  his  extended  life  of 
nearly  ninety  two  years.  As  a  great  physician  and  natural- 
ist, and  long  President  of  the  Royal  Society,  his  tastes  were 
largely  in  the  line  of  natural  science;  yet  his  collections 
embraced  many  works  and  manusciipts  on  history,  and  his 
cabinet  of  curiosities,  was  the  finest  of  his  time.  Extremely 
solicitous  that  the  rich  garnerings  of  a  life-time  should  not 
be  scattered  at  his  death,  and  unwilling  that  so  large  a  por- 
tion of  his  fortune  should  be  entirely  lost  to  his  children,  he 
bequeathed  the  whole  to  the  public  on  condition  that  Parlia- 
ment should  make  good  £20,000  to  his  family.  This  sum, 
though  large  in  appearance,  was  scarcely  more  than  the 
intrinsic  value  of  the  gold  and  silver  medals,  the  ores  and 
precious  stones,  in  the  cabinet;  for  in  his  last  will  he  de- 
clares, that  the  first  cost  of  the  whole  collection  amounted 
to  £50,0000.  Parliament  accepted  his  legacy,  and  from  this 
ample  beginning  the  British  Museum  had  its  origin,  supple- 
mented shortly  after  by  the  noble  Cottonian  collection. 
Among  the  Sloane  Library  of  upwards  of  fifty  thousand 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  375 

volumes,  there  were  three  hundred  and  forty  seven  illus- 
"trated  with  cuts  finely  engraved,  and  colored  from  nature; 
and  four  thousand  one  hundred  volumes  of  manuscripts,  to- 
£:ether  with  an  infinite  number,of  rare  and  curious  works  of 
every  kind. 

Sir  Thomas  Bodley  gathered  his  library  and  manuscripts 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  which 
formed  the  nucleus  of  the  noble  Bodleian  Library  of  Oxford, 
since  augmented  by  many  additions  to  22,000  volumes;  and 
in  many  departments,  these  collections  are  unique  and  in- 
valuable. 

The  subsequent  manuscript  additions  to  the  British  Muse- 
um, since  the  Sloane  and  Cotton  foundation,  have  been  very 
large.  The  collection  of  Robert  Harley,  Earl  of  Oxford, 
numbered  over  7,H00  volumes,  containing  40,000  documents; 
the  Lansdowne  Mss.,  consisted  of  1,245  volumes;  while  the 
Hargrave,  Burney,  Grenville  and  other  collections,  have 
served  to  swell  this  great  store-house  of  manuscripts  to 
magnificent  proportions,  enriching  and  elucidating  every 
department  of  historic,  scientific,  and  miscellaneaus  litera- 
ture. 

Auction  sales  of  autographs  began  in  London  early  in  this 
century;  and  since  about  1823,  they  have  been  quite  frequent 
both  in  London  and  Paris. 

The  pioneer  autograph  collectors  in  the  United  States  were 
Israel  K.  Teff  t,  of  Savanah;  Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  B.  Sprague,  of  New 
York,  and  Robert  Gilmor,  of  Baltimore:    followed  by  B.  JK^ 
Thatcher,  Hon.  Mellen  Chamberlain,  Dr.  John  S.  H.  Fogg  and 
Chas.  P.  Greenough,of  Boston;  Howard  K.  Sanderson,  Lyva. 
Nathaniel  Paine,  Worcester;  Maj.  B.  P.  Poore,  Newburj*>/ur 
Mrs.  Wm.  Hathaway,  New  Bedford;  Prof.  E.  H.  Leflljugr^l 
New  Haven;  Mrs.  E.  H.  Allen,  Providence;  Dr.  Thovo^  .ix^« 
Emmet,  Col.  T.  B.  Myers,  Almon  W.  Griswold,  Joa.  vr,.>t»^r 
Hiram  Hitchcock  and  D.  Mc.  N.  Stauffer,  New  Yurir     .{*  ^ 
Henry  C.  Murphy,  and  Gordon  L  Ford,  BrookJyx> :  S^'/s    • 
8.  Randall,  Courtland  Village,.N.  Y.;  Henry  C,  Vjui  *!4^«»^-r 
Manilas,  N.  Y.;    Dr.  Lewis  Roper,  Ferd.  J.  l^wr    ^  ■:*.■.■; 
Oratz,  Robert  C.  Davis,  J.  J.  Mickley,  liaur^    1    ^-^-^ 
Charles  Roberts  and  Geo.  M.  Conarroe,  riii1iirtt)|fcfMi       ^  -■ 


376  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Frank  M.  Etting,  Concord ville,  Penn.;  John  M.  Hale,  Phfl- 
lipsburg,  Penn.;  Rev.  J.  H.  Dubbs,  Lancaster,  Penn.;  Dr.  J.L 
Cohen  and  Col.  Brantz  Mayer,  Baltimore;  Henry  A.  Wil- 
lard,  Washington;  Dr.  C.  Q.  Barney,  Richmond;  Prof.  RTfT. 
Gibbes,  Columbia,  S.  C;  Col.  C.  C.  Jones,  Augusta,  Ga.;  Lewis 
J.  Cist,  Cincinnati;  Chas.  F.  Gunther,  Chicago;  W.T.  Black, 
Des  Moines;  and  State  Historical  Society,  Madison, Wisconsin 

The  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  and  New  York 
State  Library,  though  having  valuable  sets  of  autographs, 
secured  them  in  their  collected  condition,  by  purchase,  and 
were  not  collectors  by  piece-meal.  Charles  De  F.  Burns,  of 
New  York,  as  a  dealer  in  autographs,  and  publisher  of  the 
American  Antiquarian,  has,  for  a  long  series  of  years,  ren- 
dered singular  aid  to  many  collectors  of  the  country. 

Mr.  Teflft  seems  to  have  been  the  precursor  in  the  collec- 
tion of  autographs  in  this  country.  Born  in  Smithfield, 
R.  I.,  February  12, 1795,  he  early  lost  his  parents,  and  was 
raised  on  a  farm.  He  acted  awhile  as  a  book-keeper  in  a 
manufacturing  establishment.  In  1816,  he  removed  to 
Savannah,  where  he  engaged  in  business,  till  misfortunes 
overtook  him,  when  he  served  successfully  as  a  clerk,  editor 
of  literary  papers,  and  cashier  of  a  bank.  He  commenced 
saving  autographs  as  early  as  1815-3G,  without,  apparently, 
at  its  commencement,  any  definite  purpose.  "  He  kept  it 
very  quiet  at  first,"  as  he  naively  said  in  after  years,  "  feel- 
ing for  some  time  very  shy  of  being  known  as  the  collector 
of  such  things."  He  could  not  have  entered  very  enthu- 
siastically into  the  work  until  many  years  thereafter;  for, 
Dr.  Sprague  says,  when  he  visited  Mr.  Teflft  at  Savannah, 
in  1830,  his  collection  was  in  a  very  incipient  state,  probably 
not  numbering  more  than  twenty  or  thirty  letters.  But 
some  of  these  must  have  been  rarities,  for  when  Dr.  Sprague 
made  this  visit,  Mr.  Teflft  most  courteously  and  generously 
oflfered  for  the  Doctor's  acceptance  such  of  his  autographs 
as  he  did  not  possess.  Dr.  Sprague  selected  quite  a  number, 
assuring  his  Savannah  friend  that  he  would  return  their 
full  equivalent.  At  first,  Mr.  Teflft  grieved  not  a  little  over 
the  loss  of  the  gems  of  his  collection,  and  felt  that  his  spirit 
for  further  gatheiing  'wa^  bxoken,  and    that    he    should 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  377 

scarcely  seek  to  make  good  the  ravages  of  this  great 
Northern  despoiler.  "But,"  said  Mr.  Tefift,  many  years 
after,  "  never  was  promise  more  faithfully  kept;  my  gift  to 
Dr.  Sprague  was  literally  bread  thrown  on  the  water  —  it 
returned  to  me  a  thousand  fold;  and  to  his  steady  liberality 
and  friendship  have  I  been  indebted,  more  than  to  all  others, 
for  the  value  of  my  collection." ' 

Another  anecdote  is  related  of  Mr.  Tefftj  which  illustrates 
how  accident  sometimes  furnishes  what  the  most  patient 
inquiry  had  failed  to  supply.  Visitiug  a  gentleman's  resi- 
dence near  Savannah  —  apparently  after  1845  —  Mr.  Tefft, 
finding  the  owner  absent,  walked  out  on  the  lawn;  when  a 
paper  was  blown  across  his  path,  and  listlessly  pickiug  it 
up,  he  joyfully  discovered  it  to  be  one  of  the  rare  autographs 
of  a  Georgia  Signer  of  the  Declaration  —  the  only  one  he 
then  lacked  to  complete  his  set,  and  of  which  he  had  long 
been  in  active  pursuit.  When  the  owner  returned,  and  Mr. 
Tefft  had  transiacted  his  business  with  him,  he  was  asked 
to  specify  the  amount  of  his  fee.  "  Nothing,"  said  Mr.  Tefft, 
*'*  if  you  will  allow  me  to  keep  this  piece  of  p§iper  I  found 
on  your  lawn."  The  owner  replied  that  he  was  welcome  to. 
it;  that  its  writer  had  once  occupied  the  place,  and  his  own 
servants  had  recently  cleaned  an  old  garret  of  papers  of 
which  this  was  a  waif.  Mr.  Tefft  related  this  circumstance 
with  great  enthusiasm,  and  evidently  valued  this  prodigal 
more  than  any  other  of  the  rarities  of  his  many  years  of 
preserving  search/  This  it  would  seem,  was  the  auto- 
graph of  Button  Gwinnett,  the  rarest  not  only  of  the  Georgia 
signers,  but,  save  Lynch,  of  the  whole  immortal  fifty- six, 

Mr.  Tefft,  after  having  formed  one  full  set  of  autographs 
of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration,  and  lacking  only  three  of 
another,  and  having  made  a  splendid  collection  of  other 
notable  characters  of  both  continents,  died  at  Savannah, 
June  30, 1862.  He  was  a  noble  man,  and  liberally  assisted 
his  fellow  collectors  with  duplicates  —  especially  of  Thomas 
Lynch,  Jr.,  that  rarest  of  autographs  of  the  Signers.     In 

'  American  Antiquarian,  Aug.,  1870. 

^  Historical  Magazine,  ApriJ,  1862;  American  Antiquarian^  Nov.,  ISTQ, 
25— H.  C. 


378  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Societt. 

1865,  Almon  W.  Griswold,  Esq.,  of  New  York,  purchased  of 
Mr.  Teflft's  widow  both  sets  of  the  autographs  of  the  Signers 
of  the  Declaration,  and  one  of  the  Signers  of  the  Constitu- 
tion. One  set  of  the  Declaration  Signers  was  subsequently 
sold  through  E.  French,  to  the  New  York  State  Library; 
and  the  other,  though  not  quite  complete,  was  disposed  of  a 
few  years  since,  through  Messrs.  Sabin  &  Sons,  to  Jos.  W. 
Drexel,  of  New  York.  The  remainder  of  Mr.  Tefft's  valu- 
able collection  was  sold  at  auction  in  New  York,  in  March, 
1867,  the  catalogue  filling  264  pages,  and  estimated  to  com- 
prise some  twenty-five  thousand  specimens. 

Dr.  Sprague  commenced  his  collection  apparently  as  early 
as  the  autumn  of  1815  —  as  soon,  perhaps,  as  Mr.  Tefft,  and 
possibly  even  earlier.  "  To  him,"  says  Charles  F.  Fisher, 
of  Philadelphia,  **  more  than  to  any  other  single  individual  in 
the  country,  are  we  probably  indebted  for  the  discovery 
and  preservation  of  large  masses  of  invaluable  correspond- 
ence of  the  Colonial  and  Revolutionary  times,  which  in  old 
trunks  and  boxes,  in  garrets  and  cellars,  were  fast  hasten- 
ing to  decay,  and  exposea  daily  by  accident  or  carelessness 
.  to  destruction,  until  rescued  by  his  zealous  and  untiring 
researches." 

Dr.  Sprague  was  born  at  Andover,  Conn.,  October  IG,  1795, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1815.  During  the  latter 
part  of  his  senior  year  in  college,  he  was  invited,  through 
the  Hon.  Timothy  Pitkin  and  Prof.  Silliman,  of  Yale,  to. go 
to  Virginia,  as  an  instructor  in  the  family  of  Maj.  Lawrence 
Lewis,  a  nephew  of  Gan.  Washington,  whose  wife,  nee 
Eleanor  Park  Custis,  was  the  grand-daughter  of  Mrs.  Wash- 
ington, and  the  adopted  daughter  of  the  Great  Chief.  He 
accepted  the  invitation,  and,  accordingly,  in  the  autumn  of 
1815,  he  set  out  for  Maj.  Lewis'  country  seat,  Woodlawn, 
which  had  been  a  part  of  Washington's  plantation,  near 
Mount  Vernon.  Here  he  was  cordially  received,  and  re- 
mained as  a  tutor  in  the  family  until  June,  181G.* 

It  was  during  this  period  —  embracing  probably  nearly 

*  Charles  B.  Moore's  Memoir  of  Dr.  Sprague,  in  N,  F.  Genealcgtc— Bio- 
graphical Record,  Jan.,  1877. 


Autographs  op  the  Siqnicrs.  379 

• 

all  of  it —  that  he  obtained  permission  from  Jadgfe  Bashrod 
Washington,  who  inherited  the  papers  of  his  distinguished 
uncle,  to  take  whatever  letters  he  might  choose  from  Gen. 
Washington's  voluminous    correspondence,    provided  only 
that  he  would  leave  copies  in  their  stead.  The  result  was,  that 
he  came  into  possession  of  some  fifteen  hundred  letters,  many 
of  which  were  included  in  the  three  sets  of  the  Signers 
which  he  completed.      "  Of  course,"  writes  his  son,  Wm.  B. 
Sprague,  Jr.,  "many  other  autographs  were  obtained  from 
friends  by  way  of  exchange;  but  a  very  large  number  of" 
his  collections  were  addressed  to  Washington,  and  bear  his- 
endorsement."    Dr.  Emmet  had  thought,  from  what  Dr.^ 
Sprague  had  told  him,  that  the  latter  had  with  his  exchange 
with  Mr.  Tefft,  made  up  from  his  Washington  collection  a- 
full  set  of  the  Signers,  and  all  the  Generals  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

Mr.  Gratz  states,  that  of  Dr.  Sprague's  best  set  of  Signers, 
which  eventually  came  into  his  possession,  twenty-one  were 
addressed  to  Washington;  and,  from  this  set,  five  had  prev- 
iously been  exchanged  with  Dr.  Emmet,  including  the 
Lynch  letter,  and  letters  of  Heyward  and  Middleton,  Mr. 
Gratz  adds,  that  a  few  of  the  letters  in  his  set  of  the  Signers^ 
obtained  by  Dr.  Sprague  from  the  Washington  manuscripts, 
are  represented  in  duplicate  in  the  second  Sprague  set  of 
the  signers,  now  belonging  to  the  Pennsylvania  Historical 
Society.  It  would  appear,  therefore,  that  aside  from  some 
duplicates.  Dr.  Sprague  did  not  acquire  from  the  Washing- 
ton manuscripts  to  exceed  twenty-nine  letters  of  the  Signers, 
—  except  duplicates,  a  little  more  than  one- half  of  the 
whole  number.  He  probably  had  to  exchange  duplicates 
for  many  he  did  not  possess,  not  only  with  Mr.  Teflft,  as  Dr. 
Emmet  states;  but  with  several  others,  as  indicated  by  Wm. 
B.  Sprague,  Jr. 

There  is  a  pretty  general  opinion  with  our  oldest  and 
most  intelligent  autograph  collectors,  that  Dr.  Sprague  ori- 
ginated the  idea  of  making  a  collection  of  the  autographs 
of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence;  and  that 
he  was  undoubtedly  the  first  to  complete  his  set.  The  date 
of  its  completion  is  not  known  —  it  waa,YiO^^^«t,^Tvcyt  V^ 


380  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

1835;  for  B.  B.  Thatcher's  letter  in  June,  of  that  year,  repro- 
duced in  Burns'  American  Antiquarian  of  September,  1871, 
states  that  Robert  Gilmor,  of  Baltimore,  had  made  his  col- 
lection of  the  Signers  complete,  with  the  single  exception  of 
Xiynch;  and  adds:  "Rev.  Mr.  Sprague  has  out-run  him  in 
this  field,  for  he  has  the  whole,  and  so  has  Dr.  Raffles,  of 
liiverpool,  and  these  are  the  only  two  complete  sets  in  the 
world"  Dr.  ^Raffles'  collection  was  not  yet  complete;  it  still 
lacked,  at  least  George  Taylor's  autograph.  Hon.  Mellen 
Chamberlain  states,  that  when  he  visited  Dr.  Sprague  at 
Albany,  in  1848,  he  thinks  he  then  had  two  complete  sets— 
one  designed  ioT  his  son. 

Dr.  Sprague  passed  away  May  7th,  1876,  but  not  until  he 
had  gathered  one  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  private 
collections  of  autographs  in  this  country  —  numbering,  it  is 
said,  forty  thousand  specimens.  He  completed  three  sets 
of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  —  two  of 
which  remain  intact,  and  hereafter  noticed;  while  the  third 
«et  has  been  broken  up,  and  gone  to  improve,  or  fill  up  de- 
ficiences  in  other  sets  —  some  in  completing  that  of  our  own 
Society. 

Mr.  Thatcher  testified,  in  1835,  to  Dr.  Sprague's  wonderful 
collection  —  as  "at  the  head  of  the  list  longo  intervallOyhe- 
ing  composed  of  twenty  thousand  specimens  at  least  —  an 
enormous  multitude,  indicating  most  significantly,  the  vast 
pains  which  must  have  been  taken  by  that  intelligent, 
amiable,  and  indefatigable  enthusiast  to  enhance  the  extent 
of  his  treasures." 

Dr.  Sprague  was  a  man  of  remarkable  industry.  Beside 
his  pulpit  ministrations,  he  wrote  no  less  than  sixteen  dif- 
ferent works  between  1821  and  1806  —  one  Annals  of  the 
American  Pulpit,  is  a  production  of  great  merit,  in  nine 
volumes.  He  also  wrote  numerous  introductions  to  bio- 
graphical and  other  works,  was  a  contributor  to  Appleton's 
Kew  American  Cyclopedia,  and  was  the  author  of  more 
than  one  hundred  pamphlets.  The  gathering  of  book  ma- 
terials, notably  for  his  great  work  on  the  American  Pulpit, 
largely  contributed  to  the  augmentation  of  his  wonderful 
.autograph  collection.     Tak^  Vum.  all  in  all,  Dr.  Sprague  fills 


AUTOGRAHHS  OP  THE  SIGNERS.  381 

a  distiDguished  and  unique  place  in  the  history  of  American 
literature,  and  is  accorded  on  all  hands  the  highest  rank 
among  the  early  American  autograph  collectors. 

Robert  Gilmor,  of  Baltimore,  was  also  an  early  and  suc- 
cessful collector  of  autographs.  He  was  a  man  of  liberal 
means;  and  one  year,  while  in  Europe,  he  expended  thirty 
thousand  dollars  for  paintings,  autographs,  and  other  ob- 
jects of  virtu.  Dr.  Jared  Sparks,  who  resided  a  while  in 
Baltimore,  aided  Mr.  Qilmor  very  materially.  Mr.  Thatch- 
er's description  of  his  collection,  as  it  existed  early  in  1835, 
represents  it  as  less  voluminous,  but  more  general  and  valu- 
able, autographically  considered,  than  Dr.  Sprague's.  It 
was  very  rich  in  specimens  of  noted  English  and  French 
characters  —  Mr.  Thatcher  enumerating  many  of  them. 
Mr.  Gilmor  lived  to  supply  his  wanting  Lynch  autograph; 
and  dying,  at  the  age  of  seventy-four,  Nov.  30, 1848,  his 
collection  mainly  passed  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Ferd.  J. 
Dreer,  of  Philadelphia,  including-  his  set  of  the  Signers, 
while  another  portion  was  scattered,  and  aided  materially 
in  making  up  and  improving  other  collections.  In  his  life- 
time, Mr.  Gilmor  had  bestowed  upon  the  Maryland  Histor- 
ical Society  a  rich  array  of  manuscripts,  illustrating  the 
period  of  the  French  and  Revolutionary  wars;  and  these 
Oilmor  Papers  will  long  serve  to  perpetuate  his  memory. 

The  deaths  of  several  of  the  Signers  during  the  Revolu- 
tionary contest  —  Morton  and  Gwinnett,  in  1777;  Living- 
ston, in  1778;  Hewes  and  Lynch,  in  1779;  Hart,  in  1780; 
Taylor  and  Stockton,  in  1781  — so  soon  after  appending 
their  names  to  the  immortal  Declaration,  have  contributed 
to  render  their  autographs  exceedingly  rare  in  any  form. 
Those  of  the  other  North  and  South  Carolina  Signers,  to- 
gether with  those  of  Thornton,  Samuel  Adams,  Ellery, 
Lewis  Morris,  Stone,  Wythe,  Braxton,  Heyward,  Middleton 
and  Hall  are  also  among  those  most  difficult  to  obtain. 

Sometime  prior  to  1834,  Dr.  Sprague  was  so  fortunate  as 
to  obtain  a  Lynch  signature  from  Gen  James  Hamilton  of 
South  Carolina,  a  nephew  of  that  Signer,  which  he  generously 
sent  to  Dr.  Raffles;  and  Mr.  Teflft  supplied  his  English  friend 


882  Wisconsin  State  H[storical  Society. 

with  a  receipt  signed  by  Qwinnett.  Stilly  Dr.  Raffles  lacked 
a  Taylor  autograph  to  complete  his  collection  —  so  he  wrote 
to  Mr.  Tefft.  This  letter  was  shown  to  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel 
Oilman,  of  Charleston,  S.  C ,  on  his  first  visit  to  Mr.  Teflft, 
in  1834:  "I  now,"  wrote  Dr.  Raffles,  "  possess  every  Signer 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  save  one,  viz.:  George 
Taylor."  On  Dr.  Oilman's  second  visit,  early  in  1837,*  Mr. 
Teflft  showed  him  a  letter  from  Dr.  Raffles,  "recently 
received  "  in  which  he  said:  "  Pray,  are  your  Signers  com- 
plete? I  look  with  mingled  emotions  of  sorrow  and  hope 
upon  the  only  hiatus  I  have  in  mine."  How  the  good  Doc- 
tor's heart  must  have  leaped  for  joy,  when  he,  not  long 
thereafter,  opened  a  letter  from  his  fellow  collector.  Dr. 
Sprague,  to  find  the  long -sought  "  hiatus  "  supplied.  It  was 
a  legal  document,  with  the  Christian  name  of  the  signature 
unfortunately  torn  off  —  still,  it  served  to  perfect  his  set  of 
the  Signers.  Its  genuineness  was  vouched  for  by  Dr. 
Sprague  as  an  "  original  manuscript  of  Oeorge  Taylor  one 
of  the  Signers." 

Mr.  Teflft's  first  collection  of  the  Signers,  at  the  time  of 
Dr.  Oilman's  second  visit,  in  1837,  was  still  far  from  being 
complete.  He  had  then  recently  received  from  his  friend, 
Dr.  Sprague,  of  Albany,  among  numerous  other  invaluable 
specimens,  the  autograph  of  Richard  Stockton,  one  of  the 
Signers  of  the  Declaration.  "It  had  been  for  years,"  adds 
Dr.  Oilman,  "  upon  his  list  of  desiderata,  and  was  almost 
despaired  of,  as  being  probably  no  longer  extant."  He  still 
lacked  seventeen  autographs  to  make  up  his  set  of  the  Sign- 
ers  —  those    of  Thornton,  Floyd,  Lewis  Morris,  Hart,  Mor- 

*  The  dates  of  these  two  visits  are  decermiQed  by  the  time  of  their  pub- 
lication in  The  Rose,  a  literary  journal,  edited  by  Dr.  Oilman  and  lady,  at 
Charleston  —  the  first  part  of  A  Week  Among  Autographs,  appearing  in 
the  issue  of  April  18,  1835;  while  the  results  of  the  second  visit  are  given 
from  June  10,  to  July  8, 1837.  The  papers  on  these  visits  were  re-produced, 
first  in  Mrs.  Caroline  Gilman^s  charming;  volume  Poetry  of  Traveling^  in 
1838;  and  somewhat  enlarged  in  Dr.  Oilman's  ContrihutioTM  to 
Literature,  in  1856.  A  file  of  Tlie  Rose  is  preserved  by  Dr.  Oilman's 
daughter,  Mrs.  Eliza  Oilman  Lippitt,  of  Washington,  who  has  kindly  fur* 
nished  these  dates  from  that  source. 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  383 

ton,  Ross,  Smith,  Taylor,  Wilson,  Read,  Rodney,  Stone, 
Braxton,  Nelson,  Penn,  Lynch  and  Middleton.  These  defi- 
ciences  having  been  made  known  by  the  publication  of  Dr. 
Gilman's  paper,  A  Week  Among  Autographs,  attracted  the 
notice  of  persons  who  furnished  him  with  these  desiderata — 
President. Sparks  alone  sending  him  three  letters.  Whether 
the  fortunate  discovery  of  the  Lynch  signatures  by  Dr. 
Oilman,  in  1845,  served  to  complete  Mr.  Tefft's  first  set,  we 
are  not  informed;  but  when  Dr.  Gilman  published  his  Con- 
tributions  to  Literature  in  1856,  in  which  his  autograph  es- 
say is  re-produced,  he  states,  that  since  its  original  publica- 
tion, and  in  consequence  of  its  appearance,  Mr.  Tefft 
had  completed  his  collection.  Mr.  Cist,  in  the  Histor- 
ical Magazine  of  August,  1851^,  says  "it  was  perfected  many 
years  ago."  Mr.  Tefft's  indomitable  perseverance  —  with 
a  supply  of  the  Lynch  signature  to  bank  on  —  enabled  him, 
in  a  few  years,  and  prior  to  the  out-break  of  our  civil  war, 
to  form  nearly  a  second  set,  lacking  only  Paine,  Sherman 
and  Stone. 

Up  to  1845,  no  collection  of  the  Signers  was  complete,  save 
only  Dr.  Sprague's  and  Dr.  Raffles'.  In  April  and  May  of 
that  year.  Dr.  Gilman  obtained  for  Mr.  Tefft  several  signa- 
tures of  Thomas  Lynch,  Jr.,  cut  from  a  volume  of  Latin 
translations  made  by  him  while  at  college,  preserved  by  his 
nieces,  the  Misses  Bowman,  of  Charleston,  and  from  fly 
leaves  of  printed  books  formerly  belonging  to  Mr.  Lynch, 
which  had  been  presented  by  Mr.  Bowman,  who  had  mar- 
ried a  sister  of  the  Signer,  to  the  Apprentices'  Library  of 
that  city;  and  these  precious  signatures  were  presented  by 
Dr.  Gilman  to  Mr.  Tefft,  at  whose  solicitation  he  had  pro- 
cured them.  Mr.  Tefft  at  once  shared  his  rich  acquisition 
with  Mr.  Gilmor,  Mr.  Oist  and  others,  thus  enabling  them 
to  complete  their  collections;  and  with  Dr.  Sprague  for  his 
additional  sets.  Hon.  Mellen  Chamberlain  writes:  "I  was 
at  Dr.  Sprague's  house  in  Albany,  I  think  in  1848,  and  he 
then  had  two  complete  sets  of  the  Signers — one  of  which  he 
designed  for  his  son."  The  discovery  of  the  Lynch  signa- 
tures has  had  the  happy  effect  of  completing  no  less  than 
twenty   collections    of    the   Signers,    while   at  least   one 


384  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

other  is  known  to  be  in  a  set  yet  incomplete^  an<:  that  of 
Dr.  Gibbes,  destroyed  at  the  burning  of  Columbia. 

The  difference  in  the  character  and  attractiveness  of  these 
several  collections  is  very  striking.  One  of  the  most  distin- 
guished collectors  in  the  country  very  justly  remarks:  "The 
difterent  sets  of  the  Signers  that  are  owned  in  the  United 
States  vary  greatly  in  character,  interest  and  valua  Some 
of  them  are  as  much  superior  to  others  as  a  perfect  Caxton 
imprint  is  superior  to  one  that  is  largely  made  up  of  leaves 
in  fac  simile.  Some  are  composed,  to  a  great  extent,  of 
A.  L.  S.  of  the  period,  on  public  matters,  while  others  are 
formed  mainly  of  letters  and  documents  of  a  private  busi- 
ness character,  written  at  a  date  remote  from  1776." 

It  is  not  strange,  that  some  autographs  of  the  Signers  — 
notably  that  of  Lynch  —  have  been  counterfeited.  "A  few 
years  ago,"  says  the  American  Antiquarian  of  Nov.,  1870, 
"  a  well  dressed  man  called  to  see  one  of  the  most  eminent 
collectors  in  Philadelphia,  and  offered  to  sell  him  a  letter  of 
Thomas  Lynch,  Jr.,  which  he  claimed  to  have  discovered 
somewhere  in  the  South.  A  single  glance  satisfied  the  col- 
lector that  it  was  a  base  forgery,  and  tearing  the  document 
in  pieces,  he  handed  back  the  fragments  to  the  stranger,  who 
accepted  them,  and  retired  without  saying  another  word.'' 
As  the  rare  specimens  of  the  Signers  become  still  more  rare, 
and  consequently  of  enchanced  value,  the  temptation  to 
counterfeit  them  will  be  greater. 

One  of  the  most  discriminating  autograph  collectors  in 
this  country,  writes:  "There  are  many  collections  that 
would  be  considerably  decreased  in  size,  if  an  expert  were 
to  examine  them,  and  cast  out  all  the  letters  or  documents 
that  are  not  genuine,  or  not  written  by  the  persons  whose 
handwriting  they  are  intended  to  represent." 

The  danger  of  taking  the  son  for  the  father,  or  vice  versa, 
or  the  wrong  man  of  the  same  name,  has  been  very  properly 
suggested  by  Mr.  Burns,  as  well  as  by  the  autograph  col- 
lector just  quoted.  There  were  two  Lynches,  father  and 
son,  so  of  Hart,  Carroll,  and  Heyward.  There  were  two 
Richard  Stocktons,  father  and  son,  both  eminent  lawyers 
and  statesmen  of  New  Jersey  —  the  Signer  dying  in  1781, 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  385 

while  the  son  outlived  the  father  forty-seven  years,  and 
whose  autograph,  by  those  not  familiar  with  such  things, 
and  unobserving  of  dates,  has  been  mistaken  for  the 
Signer's. 

There  were  two  Benjamin  Harrisons,  near  relatives,  and 
both  prominent  in  public  affairs  in  Virginia  during  the  Rev- 
olution—  one,  the  Signer,  was  contra -distinguished  from  the 
other  as  Benjamin  Harrison  of  Berkley;  while  his  kins- 
man was  known  as  Benjamin  Harrison  of  Brandon  —  Berk- 
ley and  Brandon  being  the  names  of  their  respective  seats 
on  the  banks  of  the  James  River.  Virginia  also  furnished 
two  Thomas  Nelsons  —  Thomas  Nelson,  Sr.,  familiarly 
known  as  Secretary  Nelson,  who  resided  in  Yorktown,  was 
the  unsuccessful  competitor  of  Patrick  Henry  for  the  first 
term  of  Governor  of  Virginia  under  the  Constitution  of  1776, 
and  when,  shortly  after,  chosen  one  of  the  Privy  Council, 
he  declined  on  account  of  the  infimities  of  age;  while  his 
nephew,  Thomas  Nelson,  Jr.,  also  of  York  county,  who 
was  the  Signer,  became  Governor  during  the  life-time  of  his 
namesake  uncle.  The  father  of  Secretary  Nelson,  and 
grand  father  of  Gov.  Nelson,  also  bore  the  christian  name 
of  Thomas. 

It  may  be  added,  that  Josiah  Bartlett,  Robert  Treat  Paine, 
Oliver  Wolcott,  Francis  Lewis,  Lewis  Morris,  George  Ross, 
and  others  of  the  Signers,  had  sons  of  the  same  name.  Col. 
James  Smith,  of  Pennsylvania,  afterwards  of  Kentucky,. 
has  some  times  been  mistaken  for  his  namesake,  the  Signer. 
George  Taylor,  also  of  Pennsylvania,  had  a  counterpart 
of  the  same  name.  There  was  a  second  John  Morton,  a 
Philadelphia  Quaker  merchant,  sometimes  mistaken  for  the 
Signer.  *'Ihave,"  writes  Mr.  Stauffer,  "a  series  of  about 
thirty-five  letters  that  I  call  my  set  of  wrong  men,  who  had 
the  same  name,  and  flourished  at  the  same  period  as 
the  genuine  ones."  These  are  points  that  require  the 
care  and  knowledge  of  an  expert,  in  order  to  prevent  errors, 
which  experienced  collectors  are  constantly  on  the  alert  to 
detect,  an(J  the  mere  suspicion  of  the  existence  of  one  of 
which,  would  injure  the  reputation  of  a  set  amongst  con- 


386  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socxety. 

noisseurs,^  The  recent  sale,  writes  Mr.  Barns,  of  the  Cist 
collection  of  Signers,  always  counted  among  the  complete 
sets  extant,  disclosed  the  fact,  that  the  autographs  of  Hart 
and  Taylor  were  not  of  the  right  men. 

The  progress  of  forming  sets  of  the  Signers  has  been  slow 
from  the  start.  It  took  from  1815  to  well  on  towards  1835, 
for  Dr.  Sprague  to  complete  his  first  collection;  and  till  1837 
before  Dr.  Raffles  succeeded  in  procuring  the  last  of  his 
fifty-six  autographs.  In  184%  we  judge,  Mr.  Qilmor  com- 
pleted his  set;  aud  others  probably  not  very  long  thereafter. 

In  August,  1870,  Mr.  Barns  enumerated  fourteen  sets  of 
the  Signers,  namely:  Dr.  Raffles',  Dr.  Sprague's  two  sets. 
New  York  State  Library's,  A.  W.  Gris wold's.  Dr.  Emmet's, 
Col.  Myers',  Mr.  Chamberlain's,  Mrs.  Allen's,  Prof.  Leffing- 
well's,  Mr.  Dreer's,  Mr.  Davis',  Mr.  Mickley's,and  Mr.  Cist's. 
The  Gris  wold  set,  now  Mr.  Drexel's,  was  then  incomplete,  and 
the  Mickley  and  Cist  collections  have  since  been  dispersed.  In 
November,  1870,  Mr.  Bums  announced  two  others  as  complete 
—  Dr.  J.  I.  Cohen's,  and  Dr.  Sprague's  third  set. 

Mr.  Sabin,  in  January,  187] ,  placed  the  numbers  of  sets  then 
in  existence  at  seventeen,  without  naming  them  —  "  some  of 
which,"  he  added,  "are  very  weak  in  specimens,  and  per- 
fect in  completeness  only.''  It  is  quite  certain  that  there 
were  not  so  many  complete  sets  at  that  day;  some  that 
were  so  reckoned,  doubtless  lacked  one  or  more  specimens; 
and  some,  then  incomplete,  have  sinoe  been  dispersed, 
going  to  improve  and  complete  others.  As  late  as  1876, 
Mr.  Brotherhead  gave  a  list  of  seventeen  persons  in  this 
country  engaged  in  making  collections  of  autographs  of 
the  Signers;  of  the  e,  however,  four  never  completed  their 
sets,  and  two  were  dispersed. 

When  the  first  edition  of  Brotherhead's  Book  of  the 
Signers  appeared,  in  18G1,  reference  was  made  in  a  notice  of 
the  work  in  the  Philadelphia  "  Press,"  to  Queen  Victoria  s 
collection,  *' which  we  have  seen  in  the  private  library  at 
Windsor  Castle,"  etc.  The  well-known  author,  Theodore 
Martin,  made  inquiries  regarding  this  pretended   set,  and 


*  Burn»'  American  Antiqaarian,  Aug.,  1870. 


AUTOaRAPHS  OF  THE  SIGNERS.  38T 

wrote  to  Mr.  Brotherhead,  June  21, 1875:  ''  In  his  last  let- 
ter to  me.  Gen.  Ponsonby,  Her  Majesty's  Private  Secretary, 
says:  *  When  Mr.  Brotherhood  sent  a  volume  through  the 
Foreign^  Secretary  in  1861,  he  said:  *  Your  Majesty  already 
possesses  nearly  a  complete  set  of  the  original  autographs 
of  the  Signers.'  I  can  find  no  trace  of  this  set  of  autographs, 
nor  can  I  ascertain  that  the  Queen  possessed  any  of  their 
autograpbs;"  And  in  a  letter  a  month  later,  to  Mr.  Brother- 
head,  Gen.  Ponsonby  further  says:  "  The  Librarian  assures 
me,  nhat  no  such  collection  is  in  the  library,  and  his  further 
search  has  confirmed  him  in  his  opinion,  that  the  Queen 
never  did  possess  these  autographs.  He  also  inquired  at 
the  British  Museum,  but  no  trace  of  any  such  collection  can 
be  found."  Dr.  Emmet  writes:  "  Queen  Victoria  has  no 
set;  for  I  tried  to  see  it  at  Windsor,  and  was  told  positively 
that  she  never  had  one."  This  should  be  regarded  as  con- 
clusive. 

In  enumerating  the  collections  of  the  Signers  extant,  Mr. 
Burns,  in  the  August  number,  1870,  of  his  Antiquarian, 
referred  to  tHe  Queen's  supposed  set,  adding:  "  Of  this,  we 
know  nothing  further  than  its  existence.  Can  any  one  tell  us 
whether  it  is  an  original  collection,  or  that  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Raffles?"  As  it  was  well-known,  that  the  Queen  had 
secured  no  set  of  the  Signers  in  this  country,  it  was  very 
naturally  surmised,  that  she  had  obtained  Dr.  Raffles'  col- 
lection; but  it  transpires  that  the  Doctor's  set  has  never 
passed  out  of  the  possession  of  his  family. 

During  our  civil  war,  a  cjmplete  collection  of  the  Signers, 
gathered  by  the  late  Prof.  Robert  W.  Qibbes,  of  Columbia, 
S.  C,  was  destroyed  at  the  burning  of  that  city  —  of  its  com- 
position, we  have  no  knowledge;  of  course,  to  have  been 
complete,  it  must  have  included  a  Lynch  signature.  During 
the  past  seventeen  years,  three  full  sets  have  been  dispersed 
—  Mr.  Mickley's,  one  of  Dr.  Sprague's  and  Mr.  Cist's,  while 
nine  have  been  completed,  namely:  Mr.  Gratz*s,  Dr.  Fogg's 
two  sets,  Wisconsin  Historical  Society's,  two  additional  ones 
by  Dr.  Emmet,  two  by  Col.  Jones,  of  Georgia,  and  J.  M.  Hale's. 

It  is  doubtful  if  more  than  a  single  other  set,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  present  number  of  the  Signers,  is  ever  com- 


388  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Societt. 

pleted;  though  possibly  some  of  the  incomplete  sets  extant^ 
may,  if  brought  into  the  market,  help  out  a  few  othen. 
It  would  seem  that  the  source  of  supply  of  the  Lynch  signa- 
tures is  practically  exhausted,  and  perhaps  the  Gwinnett 
also.  Dr.  Oilman  stated,  in  April,  1845,  that  the  Misses 
Bowman  informed  him,  that  a  large  trunk  of  the  papers  of 
their  uncle,  Thomas  Lynch,  Jr.,  had,  a  few  years  previously, 
been  deposited  for  safety  with  their  kinsmail.  Gen.  JamtV 
Hamilton,  and  were  destroyed  by  the  burning  of  his  resi- 
dence. They  added,  that  they  had  been  accustomed,  when 
they  went  into  the  country,  to  place  that  trunk,  with  its 
precious  contents,  in  the  bank;  but  had  unfortunately  on 
that  occasion,  deviated  from  their  usual  custom.  Other 
Southern  signatures,  notably  those  of  Middleton  and  Hey- 
ward,  seem  almost  as  difficult  of  procurement. 

Intimately  connected  with  a  collection  of  autographs  of 
the  Signers,  are  copies  of  the  engraved  portraits  and  views 
of  the  residences  of  the  writers,  for  their  proper  illustration. 
Such  engravings,  judiciously  selected,  and  properly  mounted, 
add  vastly  to  the  interest  and  attractiveness'of  any  set  of 
the  Signers  —  indeed,  they  are  quite  indispensable. 

As  early  as  1787,  while  our  distinguished  American  paint- 
er. Col.  John  Trumbull,  was  yet  in  Europe, he  seems  to  have 
formed  the  design  of  his  great  National  picture  of  the  Signers 
—  probably  then  painting  Adams  and  Jeff erson,  our  respec- 
tive representatives  at  the  courts  of  Great  Britain  and  France, 
and  probably  obtaining  their  suggestions.  In  1789,  he 
painted  portraits  of  such  Signers  as  were  then  in  Congress; 
or,  as  he  has  recorded  it  in  his  autobiography,  "  I  arranged 
carefully  the  composition  for  the  *  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence/ and  prepared  it  for  receiving  the  portraits  as  I  met 
with  the  distinguished  men  who  were  present  at  that  illus- 
trious scene.''  Again,  in  1790,  he  records:  "  In  May,  I  went 
to  Philadelphia,  where  I  obtained  some  portraits  for  my 
great  work."  In  September,  after  passing  some  time  in  the 
country,  he  went  to  Boston  and  New  Hampshire  in  quest  of 
heads:  and,  in  1791,  he  says,  "in  February,  I  went  Charles- 
town,  South  Carolina,  and  there  obtained  portraits  of  the 
Rutledges,  Pinckneys,  Middletons,  Laurens,  H-ey ward,  etc. 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  389 

*  ♦  ♦  In  April,  I  sailed  for  Yorktown,  <•  *  * 
and  then  rode  to  Williamsburg,  and  obtained  a  drawing  of 
Mr.  Wythe  for  the  ^Declaration.' "  Washington,  in  a  letter 
La  Fayette,  November  21, 1791,  spoke  of  "the  greatness  of 
the  design,  and  the  masterly  execution  of  the  work." 

As  a  few  of  the  members  who  were  present  when  the 
Declaration  was  passed  on  the  4th  of  July,  retired  before 
the  engrossed  copy  was  ready  for  signing,  and  thus  failed 
to  attach  their  names  to  the  great  American  Magna  Charta; 
while  others, -who  were  not  present,  but  subsequently  be- 
came members,  affixed  their  signatures  to  the  Declaration. 
Gol:  Trumbull  was  embarrassed  in  determining  how  to  treat 
these  classes.  He  finally  resolved  to  include  all  the  Signers^ 
of  whom  he  could  obtain  likenesses,  and  also  those  who 
were  present  when  the  Declaration  was  enacted.  Of  this 
latter  class,  however,  he,  for  some  reason,  cnnitted  Henry 
Wisner,  of  New  York,  Charles  Humphreys,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  John  Rogers,*  of  Maryland. 

Speaking  of  the  pictures  of  the  Signers,  Col.  Trumbull 
says:  "All  saw  the  correctness  of  the  portraits.  Many 
knew  the  accuracy  of  the  countenances  recorded."  He  has 
introduced  forty-eight  heads,  and  full-length  portraits,  into 
his  grand  representation  —  five  of  whom  were  not  Signers, 
namely,  George  Clinton,  R.  R.  Livingston,  Thomas  Whar- 
ton, John  Dickinson,  who  were  in  Congress  when  the  act 
was  passed,  but  not  at  the  signing,  and  Charles  Thomson, 
the  Secretary,  whose  name  attests  the  accuracy  of  the  doc- 
ument, and  genuineness  of  the  signatures  of  the  Signers. 
Of  these  forty-eight  persons  represented  in  the  picture.  Col. 
Trumbull  seems  to  have  faithfully  painted  thirty-eight  from 
life,  copied  nine  from  other  likenesses,  and  painted  one,  that 
of  Harrison,  from  directions  given  him  for  the  purpose. 

In  a  letter  written  by  Trumbull  to  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison, 
in  February,  1818, he  states:  "Since  I  wrote  you  last,  I  have 
inquired  of  Mr.  Peale,  and  have  received  for  answer  that  he 
possesses  no  portrait  of  your  father  in  his  museum.      My 

"With  reference  to  Rogers,  see  Ettinif's  Higtory  of  Independence  Hall. 
6S,  IM^  100, 177. 


890  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socikty.  ' 

sole  reliance  must,  therefore,  be  on  such  discription  as  you 
and  his  friend.  Col.  Meade,  of  Kentucky,  can  furnish  ma" 
As  Col.  Trumbull  seems  to  have  been  faithful,  pains-taking, 
and  conscientious,  it  is  but  fair  to  conclude,  that  he  painted 
the  Harrison  portrait  from  the  suggestions  of  Gen.  Harrison 
and  Col.  Meade,  and  that  his  drawing  was  submitted  to 
them,  and  met  their  approval.  Mr.  !^rotherhead  very  per- 
tinently asks:  "  Is  it  not  better  that  we  should  have  a  por- 
trait of  Harrison  under  these  conditions  than  have  none  at 
all?"  We  may  fairly  infer,  as  we  hear  of  no  similar  cases, 
that  Col.  Trumbull  met  with  no  other  obstacles  in  the  pro- 
curement of  the  forty-eight  portraits  introduced  into  his  great 
picture.  The  fullest  confidence  may  be  reposed  in  the  in- 
tegrity of  Trumbull,  and  the  genuineness  of  his  portraits. 

Of  the  other  thirteen  whose  heads  do  not  appear  in  the 
Declaration  painting,  eight  had  passed  away  before  CoL 
Trumbull  commenced  securing  likenesses  for  this  purpose— 
Gwinnett,  Morton,  Ross,  Hart,  Taylor,  Rodney,  Stone,  and 
Penn.  Hall  survived  till  1790;  Francis  Lightfoot,  Lee,  and 
Braxton,  till  1797;  Thornton  till  1803,  and  Smith  till  1806. 
Why  these  five  survivors  were  not  visited  by  him.  and 
painted,  is  a  matter  of  surprise  and  regret. 

It  was  not  till  early  in  1817,  that  Col.  Trumbull  received 
from  Congress  a  commission  to  paint  this,  and  three  other 
historical  pictures,  for  the  Rotunda  of  the  Capitol.  The 
painting  of  the  Signers  was  first  completed  —  in  Octo- 
ber, 1818,  when  it  was  placed  on  public  exhibition.  Durand 
was  employed  in  1820  to  engrave  it;  but  it  was  not  published 
till  1822,  and  is  the  original  of  the  millions  of  copies  of  all 
sizes  which  have  since  been  in  circulation. 

In  1840,  William  Hunt  prepared  the  Biographical  Pano- 
rama, printed  by  Joel  Munsell,  Albany,  and  illustrated  with 
woodcuts,  in  which,  among  others,  were  included  the  thir- 
teen deficiences  of  Trumbull's  picture.  In  1870,  Mr.  Burns 
commenced  the  publication  of  portraits  of  twenty-two  of 
the  Signers,  from  drawings  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  Emmet 
They  were  copied  and  engraved  or  etched  by  H.  B.  Hall,  and 
more  especially  designed  for  purposes  of  illustration.     The 


Autographs  of  the  SiGNERa  301 

twenty-two  were  made  up  of  Bartlett,  Thornton,  Whipple, 
Ellery,  Hopkins,  Williams,  Lewis  Morris,  Clark,  Hart, 
Stockton,  Smith,  Taylor,  Rodney,  Braxton,  Harrison,  F.  L. 
Lee,  Nelson,  Hooper,  Penn,  Gwinnett,  Hall,  and  Walton; 
and  Mr.  Burns  added  Rutledge  from  Sanderson's  Lives  of 
the  Signers — thus  supplying,  in  the  number,  ten  of  the 
thirteen  deficiences  of  Trumbull,  leaving  only  Ross,  Stone, 
and  Morton  unrepresented.  Fifty  sets  of  these  Burns  en- 
gravings were  issued,  when  the  plates  were  destroyed. 

Inquiries  having  been  made  concerning  the  origin  of 
some  of  these  twenty- two  Burns  engravingf*,  notably  that 
that  of  Hart,  prompted  Dr.  Emmet  to  writeastatment  of  the 
matter,  in  October,  1872,  to  a  friend,  which  has  never  been 
published;  and  which  he  has  recently  amended  and  enlarged 
ai  the  instance  of  the  writer  of  this  paper.  As  thus  cor- 
rected, it  is  well  worthy  of  a  place  in  this  connection: 

"I  am  very  much  obliged  to  you,"  writes  Dr.  Emmet,  "  for 
giving  me  the  opportunity  of  explanation  in  regard  to  the 
origin  of  these  Burns  engravings,  as  I  have  been  placed  in 
a  somewhat  false  position  with  reference  ta  them.  For 
many  years,  I  have  been  illustrating  Sanderson's  Lives  of 
the  Signers,  having  had  the  whole  book  inlaid  to  folio;  and, 
with  the  illustrations,  it  has  now  reached  some  twenty  vol- 
ume. As  but  a  small  portion  of  the  portraits  of  these  gen- 
tlemen  had  ever  been  engraved,  I  had  beautiful  water- 
colored  drawings  made  by  H.  B.  Hall  of  all  the  Signers 
given  in  Trumbull's  large  picture  at  the  Capitol  at  Washing- 
ton, which  contained  all  but  thirteen  of  the  fifty- six.  They 
were  copied  from  the  original  painting. 

"There  is  a  portrait  given  of  Stockton,  and  also  of  Wil- 
liams, in  this  Trumbull  picture;  but  the  Stockton  engraved 
for  Burns,  was  copied  from  a  likeness  sent  me  by  his  grand- 
daughter, Mrs.  George  T.  Olmsted,  of  Princeton  —  the  same 
picture  that  is  in  Princeton  College  Gallery.  The  head  of 
this  portrait  had  been  cut  out  by  an  Eaglish  officer  during 
the  Revolution,  and  it  was  thought  for  a  long  time  to  have 
been  lost,  but  was  at  length  found  behind  the  picture  where 
it  had  fallen  when  decapitated;  but  fortunately  it  was  not 
80  injurad  but  that  it  could  be.  and  was.  restored. 


892  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

"  The  Ellery,  in  the  Atnerican  Biographical  Panorama, 
printed  by  Joel  Man8ell,in  1849,  for  Wm.  Hunt,  I  found  was 
the  same  as  ^iven  in  an  unfinished  plate,  about  the  size  of 
TrumbuU's,  from  which  I  have  the  only  impression  I  ever 
saw  — the  plate  itself,  in  a  damaged  condition,  is,  I  am  told 
in  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society.  Of  its  history  I 
know  nothing. 

"  The  Thornton  likeness  in  the  Hunt  work  was  recognized 
by  relatives  as  having  been  copied  from  a  minature  then  lost 

"  The  Williams  was  taken  from  a  recently  published  his- 
tory of  Ihe  Williams  Family.  It  resembles  very  closely 
the  wood-cut  in  the  Hunt  work,  and  both  have  the  same 
peculiar  manner  of  wearing  the  hair.  The  Francis  Light- 
foot  Lee  in  Hunt's  book,  was  evidently  from  the  same  source 
that  Lossing  obtained  his,  as  given  in  the  frontispiece  to  the 
second  volume  of  his  Field  Book;  the  Burns  engraving  of 
Lee  was  from  the  Lossing  copy.  The  Bartlett,  in  the  Bums 
series,  corresponded  with  a  likeness  I  had  traced  to  his  fam- 
ily. The  Hall  likeness  was  taken  from  Brotherhead's  Book 
on  the  Signers;  while  the  Hart,  Braxton,  Gwinnett,  PenD, 
and  Thornton,  were  taken  from  engravings  in  Hunt's  pub- 
lication, which  were  copied  to  complete  my  series,  and  my 
friends,  and  all  who  have  seen  the  collection,  are  familiar 
with  their  source. 

•^After  Burns  issued  the  series,  a  great  grandson  of  Hart 
wrote  to  know  from  what  source  I  had  obtained  my  copy, 
as  it  was  recognized  by  other  members  of  the  family  as  a 
copy  of  the  original  which  had  been  lost.  A  Mr.  Thornton, 
then  an  officer  of  the  army,  wrote  to  Mr.  T.  B.  Myers,  of 
New  York,  for  information  regarding  the  lost  original,  stat- 
ing that  the  Burns  engraving  bore  a  remarkable  resem- 
blance to  different  members  of  the  Hart  family.  I  after- 
wards had  a  correspondence  with  a  Hart  descendant,  a 
lawyer  in  Newburyport,  who  had  been  struck  with  the  fam- 
ily resemblance,  and  wished  to  learn  from  what  source  it 
had  been  obtained.  Since  then,  the  Hart  family  have  had  a 
portrait  painted  from  this  engraving,  and  presented  to  the 
State  of  New  Jersey,  which  now  hangs  in  the  capitol  at 
Trenton. 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  393 

"Compare  the  Braxton  profile  engraving  as  published  by 
Burns  from  the  Hunt  work,  with  the  full-faced  etching  re- 
cently issued,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  b^th  likenesses 
were  from  the  same  original. 

'*  There  are  oiiher  curious  circumstaacas  and  corrobora- 
tions in  regard  to  these  Hunt  likenesses,  although  so  roughly 
executed.  That  of  Lewis  Morris  is  a  case  in  point.  I  had 
never  before  seen  a  portrait  of  Morris,  except  in  Trumbull's 
picture  as  a  young  man;  and  this  Hunt  representation  bears 
a  remarkable  resemblance  to  his  descendants  now  living  m 
New  York,  with  whom  I  have  been  personally  acquainted:!. 
both  in  the  present  and  past  generation.^ 

•'A  Miss  Morris,  of  the  family  of  Lewis  Morris,  Jr.,  has -• 
stated  to  me,  that  the  portrait  of  Lewis  Morris,  the  Signer,. 
which  this  wood-cut  in  Hunt  so  closely  resembles,  had  been 
for  many  years  in  the  possession  of  her  father,  near  Will- 
town,  South  Carolina;  but  during  Sherman's  march,  a  party 
of  officers  stopped  at  the  house  to  obtain  some  refreshments, 
which  was  prepared  by  the  ladies  of  the  family,  who  were 
alone.  After  the  meal,  one  of  the  officers  arose  from  the 
table,  and  with  his  sword  destroyed  this  picture  as  he  left 
the  room.  Miss  Morris,  on  being  shown  the  Hunt  likeness 
of  her  ancestor,  the  Signer,  said  that  it  had  evidently  been 
copied  from  the  family  portrait. 

*'  The  Morton  was  not  engraved  from  the  Hunt  work,  ass 
his  descendants  held,  that  there  never  had  been  a  portrait 
painted  of  him.  Yet  I  now  think,  that  tliis  evidence  proves 
nothing,  except  that  they  do  not  happen  to  know  of  any; 
for  it  was  the  custom  of  the  day  for  every  public  man  to 
have  his  portrait  painted  —  and  tlie  family  portraits  were 
about  the  only  wall  decorations  in  use. 

"The  Smith  and  Taylor  were  copied  from  two  wood-cuts, 

>Lo08iog.  in  his  Field  Book,  aod  Brotherliead,  in  two  editions  of  his 
Book  of  the  Signerit,  aubstantiallf  copy  Trumbull;  though  Brotherhead,  in 
the  first  edition  of  his  work,  reverses  the  view.  W.  A.  P.  Morris,  of  Mad- 
ison, Wis.,  a  grandson  of  the  Signer,  has  a  likeupss  of  his  father,  Gen.  Ja- 
cob Morris;  and  both  father  and  son,  in  addition  to  tht'ir  baldness,  indi- 
cate other  points  of  resemblinoe  to  bjth  the  Morris  engraving  in  the 
Bums'  series,  and  the  Trumbull  picture. 

a 


394:  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SociETy. 

which  I  purchased,  among  some  odds  and  ends^  at  the  TefiFt 
sale  of  autographi:,  in  March,  18f)7;  and  were  of  much  larger 
«ize,  and  of  older  date,  but  evidently  from  the  same  source 
.^s  the  wood-cuts  in  the  Hunt  book  —  from  some  older  work 
from  which  they  were  copied.  The  authenticity  of  these 
likenesses,  however,  must  remain  in  doubt.  I  was  surprised 
to  find,  that  the  Tefft  woodcuts  of  Smith  and  Taylor,  and 
•the  likenesses  in  Hunt's  book  were  evidently  from  the  same 
ifiource,  though  the  Hunt  ones  were  only  about  half  the  size 
of  the  TeflFt  cuts.  While  this  was  on  my  mind.  Dr.  B.  J. 
Lossing  paid  me  a  visit;  and  as  he  had  been  an  engraver,  I 
showed  him  one  of  the  Tefft  wood-cuts,  and  asked  him  if 
he  knew  anything  about  them.  He  pointed  to  the  engrav- 
er's name  on  the  block,  showing  that  the  period  when  these 
•cuts  were  made  ante-dated  Hunt's  work — the  engraver  dy- 
ing about  1820.     These  two  wood-cuts  have  since  been  lost 

"  The  Rodney  was  the  only  *  make-up '  of  the  whole  set 
issued  by  Burns.  It  was  done  by  St.  Memin,  from  the  por- 
trait of  the  Signer's  nephew,  Caemr  A.  Rodney,  whose  pro- 
file bore  a  remarkable  resemblance  to  his  uncle,  as  I  had 
been  informed  by  different  members  of  his  family. 

"  Regarding  Hunt's  Panorama,  so  often  referred  to  in  con- 
nection with  tlie  Barns  engravings,  I  may  add,  that  it  was 
evidently  written  for  the  purpose  of  using  a  number  of  odd 
plates  and  wood-blocks  of  different  styles,  originally  gotten 
up  for  other  purposes.  Muusell  told  me,  that  he  knew  noth- 
ing of  the  origin  of  the  portraits,  beyond  the  fact  that  he 
had  to  take  a  lot  of  old  plates  for  a  bad  debt,  and  these 
were  among  the  collection — and  the  book  was  written  to 
utilize  them. 

"And  yet  Mr.  Munsell  has,  in  a  playful  way,  stated  in  the 
catalogue  of  his  imprints,  that  these  engravings  were  the 
result  of  the  imagination  of  a  young  English  artist,  closeted 
in  a  room,  and  inspired  by  beer  and  tobacco.  1  never  saw 
a  man  laugh  more  heartily  than  Munsell  did,  when  telling 
the  late  F.  S.  Hoffman  and  myself  how  easily  he  gulled  a 
friend  of  his  with  the  story  of  shutting  up  an  English  en- 
graver to  prepare  a  set  of  the  Signers  for  him;  that  this 
friend  seemed  to  want  sorcvviUvvw^  of  the  kind,  so  he  gave 
bim  a  tough  yarn. 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  395 

* 

'*  Bat,  instead  of  these  Hunt  engravings  being  a  cheat  and 
deception^  it  is  evident  that  those  of  them  with  which  we 
are  familiar^  are  fair,  as  regards  likenesses,  though  very 
poorly  executed.  The  volume  is  filled  with  portraits,  and 
many  of  them  we  can  identify  by  comparison  with  other 
likenesses,  so  that  it  is  evident  that  the  artist  had  an  orig- 
itial  to  copy  from  in  almost  every  instance. 

"  Mr.  Burns  did  a  good  work  in  adding  so  many  authentic 
portraits,  while  the  uncertain  ones,  to  complete  the  series, 
were  done  by  request,  for  illustrations.  I  wish  that  we  had 
authentic  portraits  for  the  whole  number;  but  until  they 
can  be  found,  I  shall  be  satisfied  with  what  I  have,  feeling 
that  full  justice  has  be^n  done  them  in  the  ideal,  if  ever 
proved  so.  1  believe  that  portraits  once  existed  of  the  whole; 
for  the  custom  was  too  general  at  the  time  these  men  lived, 
and  they  may  yet  be  found.  But  until  then,  no  one  can  say 
positively,  that  some  of  these  portraits  are  without  founda- 
tion —  for  the  opposite  opinion  could  be  as  well  held." 

These  views  of  Dr.  Emmet  are  thoughtful  and  judicious. 
Another  well-known  and  intelligent  collector,  Robert  C. 
Davis,  of  Philadelphia,  remarks:  "Some  of  Mr.  Burns' 
series  of  the  Signers  are  doubtful;  but  if  we  desire  to  illus- 
trate their  Writings,  what  better  can  we  do?"  We  may  feel 
thankful  that  we  have  so  many  likenesses  of  the  Signers 
that  are  of  such  well-established  excellence  and  authenticity ; 
and  of  the  few  uncertain  ones,  we  may  very  properly  treas- 
ure them  in  our  illustrations  until  more  reliable  ones  can  be 
discovered. 

One  such  discovery  has  recently  occurred,  as  is  learned 
from  Mr.  Charles  Roberts,  of  Philadelphia,  who  writes:  **At 
the  New  Orleans  Exhibition  of  1885,1  found  a  photo^ra])h 
of  Carter  Braxton,  in  the  Virginia  display.  On  incjuiry,  at 
Richmond,  it  turned  out  to  be  genuine,  and  we  have  etched  it." 
Dr.  Fogg,  of  Boston,  writes  that,  in  his  opinion,  the  Bartl(?tt 
likeness  of  the  Hall  series  bears  no  resemblaiuje  to  th(j  i)aint- 
ing  of  that  Signer  by  Trumbull,  preserved  in  the  old  lionKj- 
stead  at  Stratham,  X.  IL,  which  has  been  engraved  at  private 
hands,  a  copy  of  which  he  sent  to  the  Wisconsin  Historical 
Society.    It  is  believed,  too,  that  there  \r  a  \\\t^w«^^a%  oV\a^\\Os\ 


396  Wisconsin  State  Uistorioal  Society. 

extant,  as  it  has  been  promised  by  his  friends  for  Indepen- 
dence Halt. 

Might  it  not  be  better  to  have  the  Morton  likeness,  from 
Hunt's  Panorama  reproduced,  or  one  made  from  promi- 
nent family  traits  suggested  by  its  members,  rather  than 
have  none  at  all? 

Since  Dr.  Emmet  penned  his  statement,  touching  Hunt's 
Panorama  and  its  engravings  of  the  Signers,  he  calls  at- 
tention to  the  fact,  which  he  had  overlooked,  that  while 
Hunt's  work  appeared  in  1^49,  Dr.  Lossing  had  publiHhed 
early  in  the  preceding  year,  his  Lires  of  the  Signers,  giving 
forty-nine  wood  cuts  of  the  Higners,  lacking  only  Thornton, 
Hart,  Morton,  Rodney,  Braxton,  Penn  and  Gwinnett;  and 
what  is  significant,  is,  that  all  of  these  forty-nine  likenessee, 
together  with  that  of  R.  R.  Livingston,  are  precisely  the 
same  as  those  in  Hunt's  book,  with  slight  changes,  in  some 
instances,  in  bust  or  costume,  but  noi  in  facial  expressioa 
Dr.  Lossing  must  have  had  good  foundation  for  all  these 
representations  — giving  six  more  than  Trumbull;  so  that 
Hunt,  after  all  copying  from  Lossing.  had  high  authority 
for  most  of  the  wood-cut  engravings  of  the  Signers  given  in 
his  Panorama. 

The  EUery,  Lewis  Morris,  Smith  and  Taylor  likenesses 
discussed  by  Dr.  Emmet,  are  thus  shown  to  have  been  ori- 
ginally brought  forward  by  Dr.  Lossing,  a  year  in  advance 
of  Hunt.  While  in  his  work  on  the  Signers,  Lossing  gives 
George  Taylor,  as  copied  by  Hunt;  yet  from  mere  accident 
this  Taylor  likeness  was  omitted  in  his  engraving  of  the 
Signers,  prefixed  to  the  second  volume  of  his  Field  Book  of 
the  Revolution,  published  four  years  later. 

Dr.  Emmet  makes  reference  to  Mr.  Lossing's  likeness  ot 
Francis  Lightfoot  Lee  in  his  representation  of  the  Signers. 
Much  credit  is  due  Dr.  Lossing  for  the  pains  he  took  in  per- 
fecting this  engraving.  Forty-eight  of  the  Signers  are  rep- 
resented in  the  picture,  together  withK.  R.  Livingston,  one 
of  the  Declaration  committee,  not  present  at  the  signing.  Be- 
sides F.  L,  Lee,  Dr.  Lossing  introduces  four  others,  not  given 
by  Trumbull  — Smith,  Ross,  Stone  and  Hall.  The  eight  not 
appearing  on  Lossing's  picture  are  Thornton,  Hart,  Taylor, 
JUorton,  Rodney,  ■BraxtoQ,VeMia.-Q4.G:-w\wife\%, 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  397 

Aside  from  the  gnroup  of  the  Declaration  committee^  Dr. 
LossiDg  thinks  he  did  not  copy  largely  from  Trumbull.  In 
[lis  extensive  travels  over  our  country  in  quest  of  historical 
matter,  and  while  visiting  the  families  of  the  Signers,  he, 
with  the  eye  of  an  artist,  not  unf requently  discovered  better 
delineations,  and  thus  availed  himself  of  his  rare  opportuni- 
ties for  improvement.  But  after  a  lapse  of  forty  years,  and 
having  gathered  and  engraved  so  many  hundred  likenesses, 
he  writes  that  he  cannot  at  this  late  day,  recall  the  sources 
from  which  he  obtained  them.  His  picture  of  the  Signers 
must  ever  be  regarded  as  invaluable  by  all  who  take  an  in- 
terest in  the  pictorial  literature  of  the  country. 

Dr.  Emmet  also  refers  to  the  Ellery  likeness  in  Hunt*s 
Panorama  as  being  the  same  as  that  given  in  an  unfinished 
plate,  in  possession  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 
At  the  sale  of  the  literary  effects,  some  ten  or  a  dozen 
years  ago,  of  the  late  W.  P.  Wiggins,  a  book-dealer  of  Bos- 
ton, Mr.  Burns,  of  New  York,  purchased  a  copy  of  an  en- 
graving of  the  Signing  of  the  Declaration,  very  different 
from  Trumbull's,  some  of  the  Signers  having  only  the 
heads,  but  the  plate  contained  a  large  number  of  the  Sign- 
ers; that  Mr.  Wiggins,  learning  of  the  plate,  got  permission 
to  have  a  few  impressions  taken  from  it.  Dr.  Emmet  has 
the  impression  obtained  by  Mr.  Burns.  Dr.  S.  A.  Oroon 
states,  that  the  unfinished  copper  plate,  about  twenty- two 
by  twenty-eight  inches  in  size,  was  presented  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society  m  1850,  by  Hon.  Leverett  Salton- 
stall,  who  says  that  he  obtained  it  from  the  treasurer  of  the 
Revere  Copper  Company,  of  Boston.  The  treasurer  rocoi  ved 
it  among  a  lot  of  scrap  copper,  and  was  curious  to  h^arn 
something  of  its  history;  but  was  unable  to  discover  any- 
thing. The  artist  is  unknown,  and  the  plate  itself  reveals 
nothing  of  its  origin. 

The  Morton  engraving  in  Hunt's  Biorjraphical  Pannrama, 
Mr.  Charles  Roberts  writes,  does  not,  he  is  informed,  resum- 
ble  the  family.  ''I  remember,"  he  adds,  "John  S.  Morton, 
who  lived  near  us,  and  our  families  visited.  I  understand 
that  he  made  every  effort  to  obtain  a  portrait  of  his  ances- 
tor, the  Signer,  but  without  success;  and  placed  a  tablet  vw- 


398  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

stead  in  Independence  Hall.  I  ^.m  satisfied  that  there  is  no 
authentic  portrait  of  Morton."  Mr.  Stauffer  adds:  *'  There 
is  no  portrait  extant  of  Morton^  save  one  through  amedium- 
istic  source  —  the  family  have  none;  every  branch  having 
been  diligently  interviewed." 

The  late  B.  B.  Thatcher,  of  Boston,  a  noted  litterateur  and 
autograph  collector  of  his  day,  declared,  over  fifty  years 
ago,  that  the  formation  of  a  set  of  autographs  of  the  Signers 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  the  ne  plus  ultra  of 
American  collectors  —  many  having  attempted  it,  and  but 
few  succeeded.  Brotherhead,  in  his  monograph  on  his  visit  to 
Mr.  Dreer's  collection  of  autographs,  in  1857,  speaking  of 
his  full  set  of  the  Signers,  adds:  "We  know  many  indus- 
trious collectors,  and  they  find  it  very  difficult  to  collect 
even  those  that  are  considered  the  most  common.  In  a  few 
years,  such  a  collection  will  bring  an  extrordinary  price,-" 
and  in  the  first  edition  of  his  Book  of  the  Signers,  1861,  he 
says:  "Both  at  home  and  abroad,  every  document,  letter, 
or  signature  from  the  hand  of  a  Signer,  has  become  valua- 
ble; and  the  autographs  of  some  of  these  worthies,  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  obtain.  A  complete  set  is  of  the  extremest 
rarity" — adding,  that  autographs  of  Hey  ward,  Ross,  Har- 
rison, Hall,  Livingston  and  Hopkins  are  scarce;  while  those 
of  Lewis  Morris,  Stockton,  Hart,  Morton,  Taylor,  Wythe, 
Penn,  Hewes  Lynch,  Middleton,  and  Gwinnett  "  are  almost 
impossible  to  obtain,  even  a  signature;  and  that  others  are 
becoming  rare,  and  bear  a  high  value  in  proportion  to  their 
scarcity."  Mr.  Burns  declared,  in  1870,  when  the  supply 
was  less  exhausted  than  now,  that  a  collection  of  autographs 
of  the  Signers  was  by  no  means  easy  to  be  brought  together; 
while  the  late  Mr.  Sabin,  a  year  later,  said  that  "  the  forma- 
tion of  a  set  now  is  excessively  difficult." 

It  is,  therefore,  ud  small  marvel  that  our  Society  should, 
at  this  late  day,  have  succeeded  in  completing  our  collec- 
tion, after  a  quarter  of  a  century's  efforts  —  aided  by  that 
prince  of  autograph  collectors,  Charles  De  F.  Burns,  of  l^e^ 
York.  Our  set  is  as  yet  unbound,  purposely  delaying  that  final 
completion  of  the  work,  with  the  hope  of  possibly  substitut- 
ing full  letters  for  some  of  the  five  signed  documents  of 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  899 

[art,  Morton,  Hey  ward,  Middleton  and  Gwinnett  — the 
iances  are,  however,  too  faint  to  warrant  an  expectation; 
nd  of  the  other,  the  Lynch  signature,  which  is  a  good  one, 
lere  is  not  the  least  prospect  whatever  of  improving  it. 
.nother  motive  for  delay  in  binding  the  collection,  is  to  add 
^mewhat  to  the  number  of  engravings  for  appropriate 
lustrations. 

When  ultimately  bound,  they  might  possibly  be  com- 
ressed  into  three  volumes;  one  for  each  of  the  old  divisions  of 
le  Union  —  the  Eastern,  Middle,  and  Southern  States.  But  it 
much  more  probable,  that  the  accumulation  of  illustrative 
latter,  views  and  engravings,  will  render  it  advisable  to 
ctend  the  number  of  volumes  to  perhaps  eight  —  viz.:  New 
[ampshire  and  Massachusetts,  with  their  illustrations,  eight 
igners;  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  six;  New  York  and 
ew  Jersey,  nine;  Pennsylvania,  nine;  Delaware  and  Mary- 
ind,  seven;  Virginia,  seven;  North  and  South  Carolina  and 
eorgia,  ten.  The  eighth  volume  to  be  composed  of  fac 
miles  of  the  Declaration,  a  printed  broadside  of  the  Dec- 
iration,  published  by  order  of  the  General  Assembly  of 
,hode  Island,  July  1'^,  1776,  a  copy  of  the  Pennsylvania 
^azette  of  July  10, 1776,  containing  the  Declaration;  to- 
ether  with  autographs  of  Charles  Tomson,  the  Secretary 
f  Congress,  and  of  those  members  who  voted  on  the  ques- 
on,  but  were  not  present  when  the  engrossed  copy  of  the 
declaration  was  subsequently  signed. 
Such  an  arrangement  of  the  autograph  letters  and  docu- 
lents,  with  appropriate  illustrations,  and  letter  press  of 
sinderson's  Biography  of  the  Signers,  with  perhaps  selec- 
ons  from  Brotherhead's  Book  of  the  SignerSyOXl  inlaid, and 
roperly  bound,  would  present  a  noble  record  of  the  Fath- 
Rs  of  American  Independence. 

A  brief  catalogue  of  our  Society's  set  of  these  almost 
riceless  letters  and  documents  cannot  prove  otherwise  than 
iteresting  —  noting  their  dates,  number  of  pages,  general 
>ndition,  and,  in  some  instances,  the  matter  to  which  they 
3late. 

An  explanation  seems  proper  of  the  abbreviations  used  in 
escribing  different  kinds  of  autographs,  with  their  relative 


400  WlSCOKSm  S  TATK  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 

rank  or  value.  la  making  a  collection  of  autographs,  all 
Beek  to  obtain,  if  possible,  A.  L.  S. —  autograph  letters  signed 
—  as  the  best  and  highest  class  of  specimens.  Some  regard 
L.  8. —  letters  signed,  the  body  written  by  a  clerk  —  as  next 
in  rank  of  desirableness;  but  it  would  seem  that  A.  D.  S.— 
autograph  documents  signed,  entirely  in  the  hand- writing  of 
the  Signer  —  should  be  preferred.  D.  S.  —  documents  signed, 
whether  printed,  or  written  by  another;  and  cut  signatures 
are  the  least  desirable  autographs;  yet  they  often  serve 
to  complete  sets  when  nothing  better  can  be  obtained.  Col* 
lectors  constantly  endeavor  to  improve  all  these  classes  by 
better  specimens,  in  date,  size,  subject  matter,  or  condition. 

New  Hampshire  Delegation. 

1.  JosiAH  Bartlett,  a.  L,  S. — autograph  letter  signed— 
December  C,  1794,  one  page,  in  good  condition. 

2.  William  Whipple,  A.  L.  S.,  September  7, 1779,  two 
pages,  in  good  condition^  addressed  to  his  associate  Signer, 
Mr.  Bartlett,  congratulating  his  friend  on  "  the  late  happy 
event  between  England  and  Spain" —  i.  e.,  their  getting  by 
the  ears,  by  which  the  struggling  young  Republic  hoped  to 
profit. 

3.  Matthew  Thornton,  A.  L.  S.,  October  9, 1775,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

Massachusetts  Delegation. 

4  John  Hancock,  A.  L.  S.,  September  9, 1780,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

5.  Samuel  Adams,  A.  L.  S.,  March  14th,  1768,  addressed 
to  the  people  of  Boston,  which,  says  that  experienced  and 
competent  judge  of  autographs,  C.  DeF.  Burns,  "  is  really 
the  most  satisfactory  specimen  of  the  name  I  have  ever 
had."  It  covers  two  pages,  dated,  signed,  and  in  the  hand- 
writing of  Mr.  Adams  —  a  beautiful  sample  of  chirography, 
finely  preserved.  It  conveys  facts  of  interest  concerning 
the  poverty  of  the  Bostonians,  and  its  causes,  a  few  years 
anterior  to  the  Revolution,  viz.: 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  401 

To  the  Free-holders  and  other  InJiabitants  of  the  town  ofBoBton^  in  An' 
nual  Town  Meeting  asaenibledf  March  litht  1768: 

The  Memorial  of  Samuel  Adams  showeth: 

That  your  Memoralist  was  chosen  by  said  Town  in  the  year  1764,  a  Col- 
lector of  Taxes, — in  which  capacity  he  had  before  served  the  Town  for 
nine  years  successively  —  and  being  dulyjsworn,  had  the  Province,  Town 
and  County  taxes,  assessed  the  same  year,  accordingly  committed  to  him 
to  collect;  at  the  same  time  he  became  bound  to  the  Town  Treasurer,  with 
saretys,  in  the  penal  sums  of  Five  thousand  Pounds  for  the  payment  of 
the  same  into  the  respectives  Treasurys. 

That  with  all  possible  diligence,  and  with  his  best  discretion,  he  attended 
his  duty;  but  was  greatly  retarded  by  means  of  the  small  pox,  which  then 
prevailed  in  the  Town,  and  other  obstructions:  So  that  he  was  unable  to 
make  any  great  Progress,  till  a  new  year  came  on,  when  a  new  Tax  was 
levied,  on  the  same  Persons  who  remained  indebted  to  him  as  aforesaid, 
which  Tax  was  committed  to  another  person  to  collect.  That  the  Town 
cannot  be  unmindful  of  the  difficulties  which  the  next  year  ensued,  by 
Reason  of  the  Stamp  Act,  and  the  Confusion  consequent  thereupon;  which 
in  a  great  Measure  interrupted  the  course  of  Business  of  every  kind.  By 
all  which  there  became  a  Burden  of  three  years*  taxes  upon  those  Persons, 
many  of  them  at  least,  who  had  not  paid  your  Memorialist  for  the  said 
year  1764. 

That  the  Town,  the  last  year,  saw  fit  to  direct  their  Treasurer  to  put  the 
Bond  afore'd  in  suit;  which  he  accordingly  did,  and  obtained  a  Judg- 
ment thereon;  and  altho*  your  Mem^st  has  since  been  able  to  lessen 
the  sum  by  Payments  into  the  Treasury,  yet  there  still  remains  a  large 
balance  due,  which  your  Treasurer,  if  called  on,  can  ascertain. 

Now  your  Memorialist  prays  the  Town  to  take  the  matter,  with  all  its 
circumstances,  into  candid  consideration,  and  grant  him  a  further  Time 
to  collect  his  out-standing  Debts,  that  he  may  be  enabled  thereby  to  com- 
pleat  the  Obligation  of  his  Bond:  Or  otherwise,  that  the  Town  will  do  that 
which  to  them  shall  seem  good. 

With  all  due  respects  to  the  Town, 

SAMUEL  ADAMS. 

6.  John  Adams,  A.  L.  S.,  November  7, 1789,  two  pages,  in 
good  condition. 

7.  Robert  Treat  Paine,  A.  L.  S.,  February  11, 1:9*2,  two 
pages,  in  good  condition. 

8.  Elbridge  Gerry,  A.  L.  S.,  April  27, 1814,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 


402  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Rhode  Island  Delegation. 

9.  Stephen  Hopkins,  A.  L.  S.,  June  17, 1758  —  a  note  to  the 
House  of  Deputies  of  that  Province,  about  surgeons  for  the 
R.  I.  regiment  then  in  service,  one  page,  in  good  condition. 

10.  William  Ellery,  A.  L.  S.,  May  21, 1786,  one  page.in 
good  condition. 

Connecticut  Delegation. 

11.  Roger  Sherman,  A.  L.  S.,  July  26, 1765,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

12.  Samuel  Huntington,  A.  L.  S.,  April  28, 1785,  two 
pages,  in  good  condition. 

13.  Oliver  Wolcott,  A.  L.  S.,  June  17..  1786,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

JTew  York  Delegation. 

15.  William  Floyd,  A.  L.  S.,  dated  Philadelphia,  August 
10, 1770,  expressing  anxiety  to  hear  about  the  situation  of  af- 
fairs on  Lond  Island,  where  he  then  resided  —  "What  has 
become  of  Gen.  Woodhull,  Mr.  Hobart,  Treadwell  and 
Smith  —  what  about  my  family  —  who  escaped,  or  what 
must  they  submit  to?"    Two  pages,  in  good  condition. 

16.  Philip  Livingston,  A.  L.  S.,  November  11, 1751,  one 
page,  in  good  condition. 

17.  Francis  Lewis,  A.  L.  S.,  July  13, 1779,  one  page,  in 
good  condition.  **  Doctor  Witherspoon  and  Col.  Atlee," 
writes  Mr.  Lewis,  "  two  of  the  committee  sent  to  Benning- 
ton, are  returned,  and  yesterday  offered  their  report  to 
Congress,  who  were  of  opinion  that  it  could  not  be  of- 
ficially received,  as  the  two  others  from  Connecticut  did  not 
join  them  at  the  conference.  *  *  *  Q^J. 
cruisers  have  of  late  been  successful  —  two  valuable  prizes 
arrived  here  yesterday  and  the  day  before." 

18.  Lewis  Morris,  A.  L.  S.,  March  6, 1784,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  403 

New  Jersey  Delegation. 

19.  Richard  Stockton,  A.  L.  S.,  April  5,  1779,  on  land 
matters,  one  page,  in  good  condition. 

20.  John  Witherspoon,  A.  L.  S.,  December  19, 1785,  one 
page,  in  good  condition. 

21.  Francis  Hopkinson,  A.  L.  S.,  July  31, 1777—  instruc- 
tions to  Capts.  Barry  and  Reed,  two  pages,  in  good  condi- 
tion. 

22.  John  Hart,  A.  D.  S.,  an  account  of  two  pages,  and 
endorsement,  January  1, 1778,  in  good  condition. 

23.  Abraham  Clark,  A.  L.  S.,  January  9, 1794,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

Pennsylvania  Delegation. 

24.  Robert  Morris,  A.  L.  S.,  March  18, 1795,  one  page,  in 
good  condition  —  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the  sword 
of  the  late  Admiral  Paul  Jones,  which  Mr.  Morris  says  he 
''presented  to  Com.  John  Barry,  the  senior  oflScer  of  the 
present  American  Navy,  who  will  never  disgrace  it." 

25.  Benjamin  Rush,  A.  L.  S.,  July  25, 179G,  two  paires,  in 
good  condition. 

26.  Benjamin  Franklin,  A.  L.  S.,  London,  May  2,  1770  — 
addressed  to  Noble  Wimberly  Jones,  Speaker  of  the  Assem- 
bly, Gteorgia: 

"Sre.— Your  favor  of  February  21,  was  duly  delivered  to  me  by  Mr. 
Freeton,  I  immediately  bespoke  the  Mace  agreeable  to  your  orders,  and 
'was  assured  it  should  be  worked  upon  with  diligence,  so  that  I  hope  to 
have  it  ready  to  send  with  the  Gowns  by  a  ship  that  I  understand  goef 
directly  to  Georgia  sometime  next  month.  By  the  estimation  of  Ito 
Jeweller,  who  undertook  it,  the  cost  will  not  exceed  £80.  ^nhm^w^ 
Gowns  will  amount  to,  I  have  not  yet  learnt;  but  suppose  £100  wul  i* 
more  than  sufficient  for  the  whole.  I  esteem  myself  highly  h<»o«w  .. 
your  Government  in  being  appointed,  as  you  inform  me,  »  •eoauO  u*i#- 
their  Agent.  I  shall  rejoice  in  any  opportunity  of  renderioK  eff*?«t»*^**^ 
vice  to  the  Province.  I  beg  you  will  present  my  thankful 
ments  to  the  several  branches  of  your  Legislature,  and 
my  faithful  endeavors  in  the  execution  of  any  commandi^  1  -ittl*?  ■* 

from  thentL*' 

27.  John  Morton,  D.  S.,  a  commission  as  r****^™*^  ^   ^-^ 
Pennsylvania  Assembly,  July  8, 1776,  in  good 


404  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socikty, 

28.  George  Clymer,  A.  L.  S.,  May  7,  1794,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

29.  Jambs  Smith,  A.  L.  S.,  August  2, 1779,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

30.  George  Taylor,  A.  L.  S.,  April  18, 1757,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

31.  James  Wilson,  A.  L.  S.,  June  18, 1792,  three  pages,  in 
good  condition  —  on  land  matters,  addressed  to  Charles  Car- 
roll, of  CarroUton,  with  a  page  of  holograph  notes  of  Mr. 
Carroll's  reply. 

32.  George  Ross,  A.  L.  S.,  January  20, 1779,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

Delaware  Delegation. 

33.  Cesar  Rodney,  A.  L.  S.,  August  13, 1779,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

34.  George  Read,  A.  L.  S.,  September  25, 1797,  two  pages, 
in  good  condition. 

35.  Thomas  McKean,  A.  L.  S.,  January  4, 1787,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

Maryland  Delegation. 

36.  Samuel  Chase,  A.  L.  S.,  March  16, 1785,  on  business 
matters,  three  pages,  in  good  condition. 

37.  William  Paca,  A.  L.  S.,  April  5,  1772,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

38.  Thomas  Stone,  A.  L.  S.,  May  26, 1786,  two  pages,  in 
good  condition. 

39.  Charles  Carroll,  of  CarroUton,  A.  L.  S.,  July  18, 
1700,  one  page,  in  good  condition.  Also  a  letter  from  the 
Signer's  father,  dated  August  3, 1775,  addressed  to  "Dear 
Charley" —  and  directed  to  "  Charles  Carroll,  of  CarroU- 
ton." 

Virginia  Delegation. 

40.  (tRorge  Wythe,  A.  L.  S.,  April  26, 1790,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

41.  Rif  HARD  Henry  Lee,  A.  L.  S.,  January  20, 1793,  two 
pages,  in  good  condition. 

42.  Thomas  Jefferson,  A.  L.  S.,  August  7,  1814,  business 
matters,  two  pages,  in  good  condition. 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  405 

43.  Benjamin  Harrison,  A.  L.  S.,  May  11,  1788,  two 
pages,  in  good  condition. 

44.  Thomas  Nelson,  Jr.,  A.  L.  S.,  July  30, 1785,  business 
matters,  three  pages,  in  good  condition. 

45.  Francis  Lightfoot  Lee,  A.  L.  S.,  May  3, 1771,  three 
pages,  in  good  condition. 

46.  Carter  Braxton,  A.  L.  S.,  September  8,  1784,  two 
pages,  in  good  condition. 

North  Carolina  Delegation. 

47.  William  Hooper,  A.  L.  S.,  August  2, 1787,  two  pages, 
in  good  condition. 

48.  Joseph  Hewes,  A.  L.  S.,  May  15,  1776,  one  page,  in 
good  condition;  stating  that  about  three  tons  of  powder  had 
been  voted  by  Congress  for  the  use  of  North  Carolina,  and 
had  been  forwarded  in  twenty-five  pork  barrels,  in  three 
wagons. 

49.  John  P^nn,  A.  L.  S.,  June  7, 1778,  one  page,  in  good 
condition. 

South  Carolina  Delegation. 

50.  Edward  Rutledge,  A.  L.  S.,  May  12, 1795,  two  pages, 
in  good  condition. 

51.  Thomas  Heyward,  Jr.,  document  signed,  March  29, 
1788,  in  good  condition. 

Also  an  autograph  document,  attributed  to  him,  but,  prob- 
ably, only  a  copy,  not  signed,  two  pages  of  doggerel  —  en- 
titled "  A  song  made  at  St.  Augustine,"  no  date,  but  during 
1780-81,  while  a  prisoner  there,  captured  at  the  surrender  of 
Charleston.  This  song  in  part  appears  in  Johnson's  Tradi- 
tions of  the  Revolution,  pages  269-270,  and  entire  in  Ameri- 
can Antiquarian,  May,  1871.  Garden  in  his  Anecdotes,  men- 
tions that  Judge  Heyward  wrote  patriotic  songs,  with  which 
to  enliven  his  fellow  prisoners,  copies  of  which  were  made  for 
their  use. 

While  there  is  little  doubt  that  Judge  Heyward  composed 
the  song  preserved  in  this  copy,  yet,  on  comparison  of  this 
manuscript  with  his  autograph  signature,  emd  fac  siimles 
of  his  chirography,  it  is  questionable  it  thi^  i^  ^  VioVo^^V^ 


406  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

copy — it  is,  at  least,  and  ancient  transcript,  made  in  1780-31, 
by  one  of  his  associates  at  St.  Augustine. 

52.  Thomas  Lynch,  Jr.,  signature  only,  from  the  fly  leaf 
of  a  book  which  once  belonged  to  him  —  certified  by  Rev. 
Dr.  Samuel  Oilman,  of  Charleston,  that  he  presented  Lynch 
signatures  to  I.  K.  Tefft;  with  Rev.  Dr.  W.  B.  Sprague'8 
certificate,  that  he  obtained  this  signature  from  Mr.  Tefft, 
which  he  transferred  to  Dr.  Emmet,  from  whom  Mr.  Bums 
obtained  it  for  this  collection.  Fortunate,  indeed^  is  the 
collector  who  gets  a  genuine  Lynch  signature,  even  though 
it  be  but  a  signature  only. 

53.  Arthur  Middleton,  document  signed^  May  20, 178t, 
in  good  condition. 

Georgia  Delegation. 

54.  Button  Gwinnett,  document  signed.  May  6, 1?77,  in 
good  condition.  Gwinnett's  autograph,  like  Lynch's,  is  ex- 
ceedingly rare. 

55.  Lyman  Hall,  A.  L.  S.,  March  30,  1759,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

56.  George  Walton,  A.  L.  S.,  February  24,  1784,  two 
pages,  in  good  condition. 

Thus  the  catalogue  shows  fifty  full  autograph  letters  in 
the  collection  of  our  Society,  of  which  those  of  Floyd  and 
Hewes  were  written  in  1770,  and  ten  others  during  the 
Revolutionary  period.  There  is  no  hope  of  improving  the 
Lynch  signature,  which  is  a  good  one;  while  the  prospect 
of  bettering  the  others.  Hart,  Morton,  Heyward,  Middleton 
and  Gwinnett  is  scarcely  more  encouraging.  As  it  is,  the 
set  is  a  fine  one,  in  good  condition  throughout;  and  the  mem- 
bers of  our  Society  may  well  felicitate  themselves  in  the 
possession  of  so  rich  a  treasure. 

In  addition  to  these  fifty-six  autographs  proper  of  the 
Signers  of  the  Declaration,  we  have,  to  appropriately  ac- 
company them,  an  A.  L.  S.,  August  11,  1783,  of  Charles 
Thomson,  the  Secretary  of  Congress,  whose  name  attests 
the  passage,  and  the  signing,  of  the  Declaration;  also  an  A. 
L.  S.  of  Robert  R.  Livingston,  August,  2, 1810,  one  page,  in 
^ood  condition,  referring  to  hia  flocks  of  sheep  and  wool; 


Autographs  op  the  Signers.  40T 

an  A.  L.  S.  of  Henry  Wisner,  October  9,  ITTS,  one  page, 
somewhat  stained^  otherwise  in  good  condition:  and  an  A. 
Li.  S.  of  George  Clinton,  August  2, 1704,  referring  to  supplies 
for  the  frontiers  of  New  York,  one  page,  in  good  condition. 
Livingston  was  one  of  the  drafting  committee  of  the  Dec- 
laration, while  Clinton  and  Wiener's  votes  were  recorded  in 
its  favor;  but,  unfortunately  for  their  fame,  all  three  were 
called  away  from  Congress  by  public  duties  at  home,  before 
the  final  engrossment  of  the  document  on  parchment  for 
the  signatures  of  the  members  —  Livingston  even  before  the 
vote  upon  its  passage;  but  all  were  in  hearty  accord  with 
the  measure,  and  in  full  faith  that  the  times  and  the  cir- 
cumstances demanded  its  adoption. 

There  is  also  in  the  collection  an  A.  L.  S.  of  John  Dickin- 
son, of  the  Pennsylvania  delegation,  September  8, 1787,  in 
good  condition.  He  had  for  many  years  been  one  of  the 
most  steady  and  powerful  opponents  of  the  arbitrary  meas- 
ures of  Great  Britain  against  the  Colonies;  but  when  Inde- 
pendence was  brought  forward,  he  opposed  it  in  debate  and 
vote  as  premature.  There  was  no  better  patriot  in  the 
country;  and  though  temporarily  retired  from  Congress,  he 
was  the  next  year  made  a  Brigadier  General  of  Pennsyl- 
vania militia,  and  two  years  later  re-entered  Congress  as  a 
member  from  Delaware.  His  services  were  important  to  his 
country.    He  died  in  isos,  in  his  seventy-sixth  year. 

Mr.  Niles,  in  his  Weekly  Eerjister  of  January  3,  1818,  re- 
lates this  interesting  incident  of  Dickinson,  ''  as  showing 
the  power  of  the  mind  abstracted  from  personal  sensibilities: 
Fifteen  or  sixteen  years  ago,  then  residing  at  Wilmington, 
Delaware,  as  I  passed  the  house  of  the  late  venerable  John 
Dickinson,  at  12  o'clock  in  the  day,  he  was  standing  in  the 
door^and  invited  me  in.  After  reproving  me  for  not  having 
called  to  see  him,  for  he  had  been  a  little  unwell,  he  said 
that  he  would  have  a  glass  of  wine  with  me  —  the  first  that 
he  had  drank  for  six  weeks.  After  taking  a  couple  of 
glasses  in  instant  succession,  he  suddenly  sat  down,  and 
abruptly  asked  me,  what  I  thought  of  the  discussion  then 
going  on  in  Congress  on  the  great  question  about  the  Judi- 
ciary? *    Having  very  briefly  given  my  opinion,  Vv^  ^^\A. vcv  ^ 


i TbiB  dieooBsioD  occurred  dr  lionet  Coixgreaa  ol  V^^VA^'iL, 


408  WiscoKSiN  State  Historical  Society. 

sprightly  manner,  '  I'll  tell  thee  mine' — on  which  he  b€( 
an  argument,  eoon  be  became  animated,  and  was  uneasy; 
his  seat.      As  he  proceeded,  he  elevated  his  voice,. 
finally,  rising  slowly  and  unconscionsly  from  his  chair, 
put  forth  his  hand, and  addressed  me  as  if  I  bad  been 
chairman  of  a  Legislative  body,  with  all  its  members  prea 
I  never  have  heard  a  discourse  that  was  comparable  to 
speech  for  its  fire  and  spirit,  poured  forth  like  a  torrent, 
clothed  in  the  most  beautiful  and  persuasive  language, 
graceful  gesturesof  the  orator,  his  fine  and  venerable  figui 
interesting  countenance,  and  locks  '  white  as  wool,'  fon 
a  tout  ensemble  that  rivited  me  to  the  chair  with  admirati< 
"  His  delirium,  if  it  may  be  so  called,  lasted  nearly  half 
hour,  when  it  was  interrupted  by  oue  of  the  family  entering 
the  room.    He  stopped  instantly,  with  a  word  half-Qntshed 
on  his  lips,  and  sat  down  in  great  confusion  —  apologized 
for  his  Btrange  behavior,  and  entirely  dropped  the  subject. 
Mr.  Dickinson  was  an  elegant  speaker,  and  one  of  the  most 
accomplished  scholars  that  our  country  has  produced;  but, 
perhaps,  be   never  pronounced   a  speech   so   eloquent,  so 
chaste,  and  so  beautiful,  as  that  which  lie  delivered  before 
me  as  stated.    It  was  his  soul  rather  than  his  person  that 
acted  on  the  occasion,  and  a  master-spirit  it  was."    Tha 
argument  was  in  favor  of  a  repeal  of  the  Judiciary  act." 

■  Ii  cannot  reasonablj  be  charged,  or  auspecCed,  that  thia  was  ft  cms  of 
eimulation  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Diokinaon.  Conceding  Mr.  Nilos  as  A  ored- 
ibie  and  reliable  witneBs,  then  indeed,  a  "  maater  apirit "  miiat  have  COD' 
trolled  this  great  stateaman  of  the  Ruvolulion  on  this  notable  occasion. 
Mr.  Niles  had  all  hia  life  mingled  with  the  great  orators  of  our  countrj', 
and  must  hare  been  familiar  with  their  Corensic  efforts,  and  jet  declarM 
that  he  "never  heard  a  discourse  that  waa  comp^krable  to  this  speech." 

Such  an  exhibition  aerves  to  remind  ua  of  the  experiences  tooordi-d  in 
the  Bible— "the  gift  of  tonguea,"  "spiritual  giftH,"which  the  Rev.  Pn. 
McClintock  and  Strong,  in  their  Ci/dopudia  of  Seiiffioiu  Literature,  pro- 
nounce as  "utterances  of  a  apiritual  kind";  or,  aa  Smith,  in  his  Diefionory 
of  the  Bible,  defiaea  spiritual  gifts  as  "a  distinctlj-  linguistic  power." 

Whatever  may  be  the  definition  of  this  power,  tx  Ood  is  the  aame  fci- 
terdaj,  to-day  and  forever,  and  botli  Qe  and  hia  lawa  alike  uac1iange»lil«, 
we  may  very  properly  conclude,  that   what  was  permistiible  in  the  daja  of 
Pentecost,  when  men  began  to  apeak  with  other  tongiies  as  the  S] 
^ave  them  utterance,  was  perniWi\>\e  ^WXi  Jo^nxDickHnaon,  aad  also 
trance-Bpeakere  of  mod^ia  imes. 


B»lll«, 

ljao(     J 


Autographs  of  thb  Signebs.  ^  40  9 

Prominent  amonf^  the  few  negative  votes  to  the  Declara- 
tion was  that  of  Joseph  Qalloway,  also  of  the  Pennsylvania 
delegation^  who  bad  long  filled  a  conspicious  position  in 
the  affairs  of  that  Colony.  After  opposing  Independence^ 
and  retiring  from  Congress,  he  became  a  Tory,  and  went  to 
England.  An  autograph  document  with  his  signature, 
August  7, 1757,  is  included  in  the  collection. 

Catalogue  of  autographs  of  the  Signers  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, belonging  to  the  Scate  Historical  Society  of  Wiscon- 
sin: 

New  Hampshire  Delegation. 

1.  John  Langdon,  A.  L.  S.,  October  20, 1800,  three  pages, 
in  good  condition. 

2.  Nicholas  Qilman,  A.  L.  S.,  February  9, 1791,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

Massachusetts  Delegation. 

3.  Nathaniel  Gorham,  A.  L.  S.,  May  2G,  1791,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

4.  RuFUS  King,  A.  L.  S.,  September  20, 18:^2,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

Connecticut  Delegation. 

6.  William  Samuel  Johnson,  A.  L.  S.,  August  25,  1772, 
one  page,  in  good  condition. 

6.  Roger  Sherman,  A.  L.  S.,  August  28, 1787,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

New  York  Delegation. 

7.  Alexander  Hamilton,  A.  L.  S.,  October  7,  1794:,  one 
page^  in  good  condition. 

New  Jersey  Delegation. 

8.  William  Livingston,  A.  L.  S.,  June  4, 1784,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

9.  David  Brearley,  A.  L.  S.,  May  21, 1783,  two  pages,  in 
good  condition. 

10.  Jonathan  Dayton,  A.  L.  S.,  September  20, 1808,  one 
page^  in  good  condition. 

11.  William  Paterson,  A.  L.  S.,  November  29, 1783,  one 
page,  in  good  condition. 


410  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Pennsylvania  Delegation. 

12.  Benjamin  Franklin,  A.  L.  S.,  January  1, 1779,  one 

» 

page,  in  «ood  condition. 

13.  Thomas  Mifflin,  A.  L.  S.,  March  30, 1787,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

14.  Robert  Morris,  A.  L.  S.,  December  21, 1786,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

15.  George  Clymer,  A.  L.  S.,  January  7, 1799,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

16.  Thomas  Fitzsimmons,  A.  L.  S.,  May  1'^,  1786,  one  page, 
in  good  c6ndition. 

17.  Jared  Ingersoll,  A.  L.  S.,  January  27, 1789,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

18.  James  Wilson,  A.  L.  S.,  June  29,  1702,  two  pages,  in 
good  condition. 

19.  Gouverneur  Morris,  A.  L.  S.,  December  23, 1805,  one 
page,  in  good  condition. 

Delaware  Delegation. 

20.  George  Read,  A.  L.  S.,  June  10,  1787,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

21.  Gunning  Bedford,  A.  L.  S.,  February  3,  1810,  two 
pages,  in  good  condition. 

22.  John  Dickinson,  A.  L.  8.,  August  4,  1788,  one  page, 
in  good  condition.  It  is  addressed  to  Dr.  Rush,  tendering 
his  "heartiest  congratulations  on  the  adoption  by  the 
eleventh  State,''  of  the  new  Constitution. 

23.  Richard  Bassett,  A.  L.  S.,  January  1, 1811,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

24.  Jacob  Broom,  A.  L.  S.,  May  16,  1807,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

Maryland  Delegation. 

25.  Jamks  McHenry,  A.  L.  S.,  March  10,  1780,  two  pages, 
in  good  condition. 

26.  Daniel  of  St.  Thomas  Jenifer,  A.  L.  S.,  December 
12,  1785,  one  page,  in  good  condition. 

27.  Daniel  Carroll,  A.  L.  S.,  August  16,  1783,  one  page, 
in  good  condition^ 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  411 

Virginia  Delegation. 

«8.  John  Blair,  A.  L.  S.,  March  20,  1787,  two  pages,  in 
good  couditioD. 

29.  Jamks  Madison,  A.  L.  S.,  February  22, 1823,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

30.  George  Washington,  A.  L.  S.,  August  28,  1796,  one 
page,  in  good  condition  —  returning  thanks  for  a  Fourth  ot 
July  oration. 

North  Carolina  Delegation, 

31.  William  Blount,  A:  L.   S.,  July  5, 1797,  one  page,  in  > 
good  condition.    This  letter  is  interesting,  as  referring  to  his 
impeachment,  and  expulsion  from  the  United  States  Senate, 
apparently  addressed  to  some  friend  in  Tennessee,  where  he 
resided : 

"In  a  few  days,"  he  writes,  "you  will  see  published,  by  or- 
der  of  Congress,  a  letter  said  to  have  been  written  by  me  to 
James  Carey.  It  makes  a  damnable  fuss  here.  I  hope, 
however,  the  people  upon  the  Western  Waters  will  see  noth- 
ing but  good  in  it,  for  so  I  intended  it  —  especially  for  Ten- 
nessee. When  I  shall  be  in  Tennessee  is  uncertain;  but 
come  when  I  will,  I  trust  they  will  view  that  particular  act 
as  well-intended,  as  all  my  political  conduct  ever  has  been, 
towards  them. 

"  I  leave  Philadelphia  in  a  few  hours,  probably  not  to  re-^ 
turn  to  it  shortly.  Allison  is  incog.  Nothing  is  done  for 
you.  You  had  best  look  to  yourself.  I  suspect  the  Natchez 
w'U  not  now  suit  you.    Byers  is  a  rascal." 

32.  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight,  A.  L.  S.,  February  25, 1794, 
one  page,  in  good  condition. 

33.  Hugh  Williamson,  A.  L.  S.,  August  4, 17  78,  one  page, 
in  good  condition. 

South  Carolina  Delegation. 

34.  John  Rutledge,  A.  L.  S.,  April  18,  1778,  one  page,  an 
introduction,  in  good  condition. 

35.  Charles  Cotesworth  Pincknky,  A.  L.  S.,  March  16, 
1815,  three  pages,  in  good  condition. 


412  Wisconsin  State  Hcstobioal  Society. 

36.  Charl¥S  Pinckney,  a.  L.  S.,  no  date  (but  written  in 
1807),  three  pages,  in  good  condition. 

37.  Pierce  Butler,  A.  L.  S.,  January  15, 1808,  two  pages, 
in  good  condition. 

Georgia  Delegation. 

^8.  William  Few,  A.  L.  S.,  January  9, 1790,  one  page,  in 
good  condition. 

39.  Abraham  Baldwin,  A.  L.  S.,  January  26,  1791,  one 
page,  in  good  condition. 

Also  an  A.  L.  S.  of  Col.  William  Jackson,  November  2, 
1797,  the  Secretary  of  the  Convention,  who  attested  the 
Constitution,  one  page,  in  good  condition. 

This  enumeration  of  the  sets  of  the  Signers  of  the  Eeclar- 
ation  and  of  the  Constitution,  possessed  by  the  State  Histor- 
ical Society  of  Wisconsin,  presents  a  fine  array  of  auto- 
graphs in  their  line  of  collection,  exceeded  in  only  a  few 
instances  in  the  Declaration  series;  while  the  Signers  of  the 
Constitution  are  represented  by  full  autograph  letters  in 
every  instance,  and  four  were  written  in  the  year  the  Con- 
stitution was  formed,  1787. 

A  subject  so  interesting  warrants  a  reference  to  similar 
collections  extant,  so  far  as  the  best  attainable  information, 
derived  from*  the  principal  autograph  collectors  of  the  coun- 
try, will  enable  us  to  describe  them.  The  known  full  sets 
of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  are  only  twenty-two:  and 
from  the  rarity  of  several  of  the  autographs,  the  number  can 
never  be  very  much  increased. 

In  noticing  those  several  collections,  it  is  necessary  to 
establish  some  rules  of  precedence.  On  the  whole,  it  would 
appear  most  proper  to  fix  upon  the  number  of  full  auto- 
graph letters  in  a  collection;  though  their  character  and 
condition  —  whether  pretty  uniformly  in  folio  or  quarto  size 
—  and  the  extent  of  their  illustrations,  should  have  their  in- 
fluf^nce  in  determining  their  relative  standing.  A  few  col- 
lectors have  made  an  interesting  consideration  of  enhanced 
interest  and  value,  of  letters  bearing  date  in  the  Declaraiion 
year,  177G. 

In  view  of  the  a\nio^\»  m^wtraLOVintable  difficulties  in  mak- 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  413 

ing  a.  complete  collection  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration^ 
it  is  not  a  little  singular  that  more  sets  of  the  Signers  of  the 
Constitution  have  not  been  brought  together.  The  Declara- 
tion Signers  number  fifty-six  —  those  of  the  Constitution 
only  thirty- nine;  60  there  are  only  about  two  thirds  as  many 
of  the  latter  as  of  the  former^  and  none  of  them  so^  practi- 
cally unobtainable  as  are  several  of  the  Signers  of  the  Dec- 
laration. While  the  statistics  show  twenty-two  sets  of  the 
Declaration  Signers,  but  sixteen  full  sets  of  the  Constitution 
Signers  are  known  to  exist. 

Other  Collections  of  Declaration  Signers. 

I.— Dr.  Thomas  Addis  Emmet,  New  York.  His  best  set  — 
for  he  has  three — takes  precedence  by  common  consent. 
It  includes  fifty-four  full  autograph  letters  of  the  fifty-six 
Signers,  the  only  exceptions  being  Morton,  an  autograph 
document  signed,  and  Gwinnett,  a  very  fine  specimen  of  a 
document  signed.  This  is  the  only  set  in  existence  which 
has  a  genuine  full  letter  of  Thomas  Lynch,  Jr.  It  was  ad- 
dressed to  Washington,  and  obtained  by  Dr.  Emmet  from 
Dr.  Sprague,  in  a  partial  exchange,  practically  costing  Dr. 
Emmet  some  seven  hundred  dollars.  Twenty  letters  of  this 
collection  were  written  in  1776,  and  a  number  of  them  refer 
to  the  great  Declaration;  of  these,  Clark's  is  dated  July  14th, 
in  that  year,  F.  L.  Lee's,  July  I6th,  Wilson's,  July  25th,  and 
Hewes,  July  28th,  and  an  important  A.  D.  S.  oE  Hancock, 
July  nth.  But  the  acknowledged  excellence  of  this  set  is 
greatly  enhanced  by  the  elaborate  extent  of  its  illustrations. 
Dr.  Emmet's  patience  and  success  in  bringing  together  his 
illustrative  matter  is  not  merely  remarkable,  but  is  truly 
wonderful  —  greatly  excelling  any  effort  of  the  kind  ever 
attempted. 

Taking  the  historical  matter  of  Sanderson's  Lives  of  the 
Signers,  and  the  whole  of  Brotherhead's  Book  of  the  Signers, 
as  the  basis,  all  inlaid  to  folio  size.  Dr.  Emmet  has  extended 
the  work  to  twenty  volumes.  The  illustrations  are  almost 
innumerable,  including  twelve  hundred  autographs,  many 
valuable  historical  documents,  old  newspapers,  original 
water-color  portraits  of  the  Signers,  together  with  ^,  Vax^^ 


414  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

number  of  portrait^  of  the  Revolutionary  period,  many  of 
which  are  now  almost  extinct,  of  persons  mentioned  in  the 
papers  or  text,  rare  contemporaneous  views  of  places,  coats 
of  arms  of  States,  and  many  other  appropriate  illustrations, 
all  inlaid  by  Trent  on  Whatman's  drawing  paper,  of  a  uni- 
form royal  folio  size.    When  completed, says  Mr.  Burns, "it 

« 

will  be  the  grandest  monument  ever  erected  to  the  memory 
of  the  Signers  by  private  hands;  and  on  it,  no  expense  has 
been  spared,  and  the  print  collei^tions  of  both  Continents 
laid  under  heavy  contributions." 

Among  the  unique  illustrations  of  this  noble  set  of  the 
Signers  are  two  early  printed  broadsides  of  the  Declaration. 
One  must  have  been  issued  as  early  as  July  5, 1776,  as  John 
Adams  on  that  day  enclosed  a  copy  to  a  lady  correspondent, 
the  letter  to  whom,  now  in  Mr.  Dreer's  collection,  is  copied 
into  Dr.  Oilman's  paper  on  the  Tefft  autographs.  But  the 
second  one,  which  was  sent  out  by  order  of  Congress,  Janu* 
ary  18, 1777,  to  each  of  the  States  for  a  public  record,  also  in 
printed  form,  is  properly  attested  by  their  own  signs  man- 
ual, by  Secretary  Thomson  and  President  Hancock.  Both 
of  these  broadsides  are  about  fifteen  by  eighteen  inches  in 
size. 

To  give  some  idea  of  the  cost  of  such  indulgences:  "In 
one  way  or  another,"  writes  Dr.  Emmet,  ^'  I  have  spent 
some  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  on  the  set,  and  have  not 
yet  gotten  it  to  my  satisfaction."  All  will  agree,  that  the 
right  man  undertook  this  herculean  labor,  and  has  never 
faltered  for  a  moment  in  its  prosecution. 

While  Dr.  Emmet's  best  set  of  the  Signers  has  been  scat- 
tered through  these  twenty  volumes  of  illustrations,  he  be- 
gins to  fear  that  they  will  be  measurably  lost  in  such  a  dis- 
tribution, and  is  considering  whether  he  may  not  supply 
this  work  with  a  less  valuable  fourth  set,  which  yet  lacks 
two  specimens  for  its  completion;  and  then  put  the  best 
set  in  a  special  volume,  with  portrait  engravings,  short 
printed  sketches,  and /ac  similes  of  autographs,  etc. 

]^ut  Dr.  Emmet's  three  sets  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declara- 
•tion  of  Independence,  and  a  fourth  wanting  only  two  spec- 
imens, and  his  collection  of  the  Signers  of  the  Constitution, 


Autographs  of  thb  Signers.  415 

are  by  no  means  the  only  autograph  groupings  he  has 
made.  His  tastes,  it  will  be  seen,  lead  him  to  profusely  and 
tastefully  illustrate  them  all.  His  entire  collection  numbers 
fifty-two  volumes,  divided  into  the  following  groups  or 
series. 

1.  The  best  set  of  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence^ already  described,  twenty  volumes. 

2.  The  Continental  Congress,  1774-1789,  of  whose  mem- 
bership Dr.  Emmet  has  autographs  of  over  three  hundred 
and  sixty;  illustrated  by  two  hundred  and  thirty-eight  por- 
traits, having  had  several  specially  made  for  this  purpose  — 
seventy- two  of  the  whole  number  are  believed  to  be  without 
likenesses.  Dr.  Emmet  has  been  many  years  engaged  on 
this*  collection  —  gathering  materials  for  a  biographic n 
sketch  of  each  member,  to  be  printed  especially  for  this 
series;  and  when  thus  completed,  it  will  embrace  six  vol- 
umes, a  wonderful  collection,  including  a  large  amount  of 
American  biography  to  be  found  no  where  else. 

3.  The  third  set  of  the  Signers  is  nicely  arranged  with 
Sanderson's  Lives  of  the  Signers,  in  eight  volumes,  fully 
illustrated. 

4.  The  Signers  of  the  Constitution,  already  adverted  to, 
in  one  volume. 

5.  The  Albany  Congress  of  1754,  twenty-live  members, 
representing  seven  Colonies,  in  one  volume.  The  printed 
illustrative  matter  is  from  the  second  volume  of  Document' 
ary  History  of  Neiv  York,  and  from  Sir  Wm.  Johnson's 
papers,  giving  an  account  of  that  Congress. 

6.  The  Stamp  Act  Congress,  1765,  twenty- three  members, 
representing  nine  Colonies,  one  volume.  The  printed  matter 
has  been  taken  from  Hughes'  account  in  the  second  volume 
of  Hazard's  Register,  originally  appearing  in  Almon's  Prior 
Documents,  p.  45,  et  seq.,  and  includes  the  credentials  and 
journals. 

7.  The  first  Continental  Congress,  1774,  fifty-two  mem- 
bers, from  twelve  Colonies,  one  volume.  With  this  set  of 
autographs  of  the  delegates,  Henry  Armitt  Brown's  oration 
ou  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  meeting  of  this 


416  WiscoKSiN  State  Histoeioal  Society. 

Congress,  was  inlaid,  with  the  addition  of  specially  printed 
matter  appropriate  to  the  collection. 

8.  Signers  of  the  Articles  of   Confederation,  1778,  foi 
one  autographs,  representing  thirteen  colonies,  one  volui 

9.  The  Generals  of  the  Revolution,  both  Continental 
State,  eighty-six  specimens.  This  collection  has  been 
lected  with  the  greatest  care, so  that  there  is  scarcely  an 
tograph  which  is  not  of  especial  historical  value.  Griswold'a 
Washington  and  his  Generals,  in  two  volumes,  has  been 
brought  into  requisition  for  this  group,  all  inlaid,  and  ex- 
tended to  eight  folio  volumes,  illustrated  with  portraits, 
newspapers  of  the  day,  and  three  hundred  and  forty-one 
autograph?. 

10.  Presidents  of  the  Old  Congress,  and  Presidentsand 
Vice  Presidents  of  the  United  States,  nearly  fifty  fine  spec- 
imens, one  volume.  Dr.  Emmet  wrote,  and  had  printed  for 
this  collection,  a  sketch  of  each  President  of  Congress,  etc,, 
on  a  single  page,  to  face  the  autograph  and  engraving. 

11.  Paper  money  issued  by  the  Colonies,  about  two  thous- 
and specimens,  all  inlaid,  with  a  printed  account  of  each 
issue,  extended  to  three  volumes. 

12.  Paper  money  issued  by  Congress,  Samuel  Breck'a 
Historical  Sketch  of  Paper  Money,  184-'J,  as  republished  in 
1863,  with  an  appendix  giving  in  full  the  issues  and  denom- 
inations, used  as  the  basis  for  this  collection,  inlaid  to 
folio  size,  and  illustrated,  one  volume. 

All  these  volumes  have  special  title  pages  printed  fortbem, 
with  printed  text,  head  and  tail  pieces. 

Dr.  Emmet  was  born  near  Charlottesyillo,  Virginia,  in 
1828,  His  father,  John  P.  Emmet,  was  then,  and  for  a  peri- 
od of  nineteen  years.  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Natural 
History  in  the  University  of  Virginia.  Dr.  Emmet's  gfrand- 
father,  Thomas  Addis  Emmet,  and  his  famous  brother, 
Robert  Emmet,  were  noted  leaders  in  the  movements  of  the 
"United  Irishmen"  in  173S;  and  Robert,  the  younger,  agaia 
in  1603,  losing  his  young  life  in  the  heroic  effort  to  obtaia 
freedom  for  his  distracted  country.  Thomas  Addis  Emmet, 
the  patriot  leader,  was  long  imprisoned;  but  was  finally  lib- 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  417 

eratcd,  settled  in  New  York  City  in  1804,  where  in  the  ensu- 
ing twenty-three  years  he  rose  to  great  eminence  at  the  bar. 

While  Dr.  Emmet  has  long  been  ranked  among  the  ablest 
members  of  the  medical  profession  in  New  York  City,  it  is 
especially  as  an  autograph  collector  that  he  stands  pre  emin- 
ent. Hie  began  to  form  his  first  set  of  the  Signers  about 
1860,  since  which  he  has  prosecuted  the  collection  of  Amer- 
ican autographs  with  unusual  ardor  and  remarkable  success. 

During  the  past  twenty -five  years,  probably  more  auto- 
graphs of  the  Signers  have  passed  through  his  hands  than 
those  of  any  one  else  in  the  country;  and  while  he  has  been 
^ble  to  improve  his  own  collections,  he  has  supplied  other 
collectors  with  more  than  a  single  specimen  of  all  the  Sign- 
ers, save  perhaps  those  of  Lynch  and  Gwinnett.  He  has 
thus  proved  himself  a  public  benefactor  —  well  worthy  of 
the  high  honor  Mr.  Burns  designed  to  ascribe,  when  refer- 
ring to  him  as  " the  Premier  American  Autographer" 

II.— Simon  Qratz,  of  Philadelphia.  In  1856,  at  the  age  of 
seventeen,  an  accidental  search  among  an  accumulation  of 
family  papers  in  his  native  city  of  Philadelphia,  gave  Mr. 
Gratz  a  taste  for  gathering  autographs,  which  he  has  prose- 
cuted for  thirty  years  with  rare  discrimination  and  success. 
Mr.  Bums,  in  the  Antiquarian,  August,  1870,  stated  that  the 
collection  of  Mr.  Gratz  of  the  Signers  then  lacked  but  two 
autographs,  and  that  it  was  then  regarded  as  "a fine  series." 
That  gap  has  long  since  been  filled,  and  the  whole  set 
greatly  improved.  It  has  now  fitty-three  full  autograph 
letters  in  quarto  or  folio  size  —  the  other  three  are  Morton, 
a  folio  autograph  document  signed;  Gwinnett,  a  very  fine 
folio  autograph  document  signed,  and  Lynch,  a  cut  signa- 
ture. It  excels  Dr.  Emmett's  best  set  —  in  the  number  of 
1776  letters,  having  twenty-seven  —  one  of  which,  that  of 
Wilson,  was  written  on  the  memorable  4th  of  July  in  that 
year;  and  a  Hancock  letter  of  July  5th,  1770,  covering  a 
copy  of  the  Declaration  to  one  of  the  States. 

All  the  specimens  are  choice  both  as  regards  matter  and 
condition.  It  is  largely  illustrated  with  portraits  and  views, 
as  yet  kept  loose  in  scrap-books  for  possible  further  improve- 


l: 


418  WiscoxsiN  State  Historical  Sooiett. 

ment.  No  pains  or  expense  has  been  spared  to  improve 
its  character. 

Mr.  Qratz  needs  only  a  Lynch  to  complete  a  second  set, 
which  is  used  in  his  series  of  the  old  Congress  of  1771  — 
1789.  This  group  of  the  old  Congress  lacks  but  a.  few  names 
of  being  complete.  A  duplicate  of  Lynch  he  once  possessed, 
but  spared  it  to  a  fellow  collector  to  round  out  his  set.  This 
collection  of  the  Old  Congress,  includes,  of  course,  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Oongreas  of  177i,  and  the  Signers  of  the  Confed- 
eration of  1778. 

Mr.  Gratz,  besides  a  set  of  the  Sij^oers  of  the  Constitution, 
has  a  complete  series  of  autographs  of  the  Generals  of 
the  Revolution  —  all  A.  L,  8.,  save  two,  one  of  which 
is  an  A.  D.  S  ,  and  the  other  a  letter  signed.  He  has  also  a 
general  collection  of  autographs,  which  covers  a  very  wide 
field,  embracing  fully  25,000  specimens,  American  and 
foreign,  ancient  and  modern. 

IIL— Fehdinasd  J.  Drbrr,  of  Philadelphia.  Born  in  thai 
city,  March  a,  ISTJ.  Mr.  Dreer  was  for  many  years  labor- 
iously engaged  as  an  assayer  and  manufacturer  of  gold 
ware,  retiring  from  active  business  in  lS6d.  At  twenty-two 
he  broke  down  from  over-work,  and  has  ever  since  been  in 
feeble  health;  yet  since  he  commenced  his  autograph  gather- 
ings, about  1840,  he  has  found  pleasant  employment  in  col- 
lecting, repairing  and  arranging  his  thousands  of  rare 
letters  of  both  hemispheres,  and  illustrating  his  books  and 
manuscripts,  giving  occupation  to  both  body  and  mind,  and 
as  he  believes,  prolonging  his  days. 

Mr.  Dreer's  set  of  the  Signers,  like  the  collection  of  Mr. 
Gratz,  numbers  fiftyvtbree  full  autograph  letters.  It  hM 
been  selected  and  improved  with  great  care  and  expense. 
The  three  specimens  of  the  set  not  A.  L.  S.,  are  Morton,  A. 
D.  8.,  Gwinnett,  D.  S  ,  and  Lynch,  a  cut  signature.  Next  to 
the  set  of  Mr,  Gratz,  Mr.  Dreer's  is  the  strongest  extant  in 
1771)  letters,  having  twenty-one  specimens;  no  less  than 
seven  of  which  were  written  during  the  month  of  July  of 
that  yeai-— Riitledge  on  the  Ist,  Clark  on  the  immortal  4th, 
John  Ailams  on  the  5tb,  Hancock  on  the  9th,  and  S4tb, 
Hewes  on  the  24th,  and  Thornton  on  the  27th.    The  Adams 


Autographs  of  thb  Signkrs.  419 

letter  came  from  Mr.  Teflft's  incomplete  set,  and  is  noticed 
in  Dr.  Oilman's  paper  on  the  Tefft  autographs. 

Such  of  these  as  needed  it,  were  carefully  repaired,  and 
are  kept  in  cases,  without  yet  having  determined  their  final 
grouping.  Mr.  Dreer  has  fifty-one  letters  and  signed  docu- 
ments towards  a  second  set,  and  forty  towards  a  third. 

His  collection  of  the  Signers  of  the  Constitution,  limited 
to  those  who  actually  signed  the  document,  are  all  A.  L.  S., 
and  is  a  very  fine  one. 

Beside  these,  Mr.  Dreer  has  no  less  than  seventy  original 
letters  of  Washington,  from  the  earliest  date  to  the  time  of 
his  death,  remarkably  complete  and  interesting  —  undoubt- 
edly the  largest  accumulation  of  Washington  letters  extant, 
outside  of  the  Washington  papers  preserved  by  the  Govern- 
ment. He  has  also  over  forty  letters  of  William  Penn  and 
family;  a  large  number  of  Franklin;  no  less  than  thirty  of 
Jefferson;  and  eleven  of  Edward  Rutledge,  written  between 
1792  and  1797.  These  Washington,  Penn,  and  Franklin  let- 
ters are  exclusive  of  those  utilizad  in  various  book  illustra- 
tions. 

In  addition  to  his  own  varied  aquisitions,  Mr.  Dreer  ob- 
tained, some  thirty  years  since,  the  rich  collection  of  the  late 
Robert  Gilmor,  of  Baltimore  —  including  his  set  of  autographs 
of  the  Signers,  and  his  especially  rich  array  of  foreign  auto- 
graphs, comprising  the  most  celebrated  sovereigns  of  Europe, 
with  all  the  most  distinguished  generals,  naval  commanders, 
statesmen,  reformers,  authors,  artists,  scientists,  composers, 
musicians,  inventors,  astronomers,  explorers  and  travelers. 

Among  the  set  of  musicians,  are  Handel,  Hayden,  Beet- 
hoven, Mozart,  and  Bach — all  A.  L.  S.;  astronomers,  Galileo, 
Kepler,  the  elder  Herschel,  son  and  daughter,  all  A.  L.S.; 
reformers,  Luther,  Melancthon,  and  De  Beza,  fine  A.  L.  S.; 
also  four  of  Cowper,  four  of  Pope,  four  of  Burns,  two  of 
Gray,  and  others  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  Thomson,  Gay, 
Byron,  Shelley,  Campbell/  and  Leigh  Hunt's  original  of 
Abou  Ben  Adhem. 

In  1857,  Wm.  Brotherhead  wrote,  and  privately  printed, 
an  edition  of  twenty-five  copies  of  a  visit  to  Mr.  Dreer's  au- 
tograph collection.    It  is  in  small  folio  size;  and  three  pa^e^ 


420  WiSCONBiN  State  Histobtcal  Society. 

of  the  fifteen  descriptive  of  all  the  groupings,  are  deTot«d  to 
the  American  portion,  while  twelve  are  given  to  the 
foreign.  It  is  a  very  interesting  exhibition  of  a  noble  gath- 
ering of  autographs,  sparkling  with  gems  of  many  a  noted 
man  and  woman  of  both  continents. 

Many  patient  years  has  ilr.  Dreer  spent  in  arranging,  re- 
pairing aud  pressing  his  autographs,  and  addini^  fly  leaves 
for  their  protection.  He  devotes  more  hours  to  these  inter- 
esting labors  than  he  ever  did  to  the  acquisition  of  wealth. 
His  avarice  is  limited  to  the  accumulation  of  autographs, 
and  grouping  and  improving  them  for  noble  and  useful  pur- 
poses. Though  in  feeble  health,  he  declares  that  hie  lo^^e 
for  collecting  and  repairing  autographs,  and  illustratiog 
books  has  added  largely  to  his  happiness  as  well  as  aug- 
mented his  days. 

IV.— Prof.  Edward  H,  Leffingweli,  son  of  Williani  and  Sally 
Maria  Beers  LelEugwell,  was  born  in  New  Haven,  April  15, 
1803.  He  was  graduated  from  Yale  College  in  is23,  and 
two  years  later  was  graduated  in  medicine,  In  1835,  he 
went  to  Lima,  South  America,  remaining  there  three  years 
in  the  practice  of  his  profession,  when  he  removed  to  Lam- 
bayque,  in  Northern  Peru,  where  he  resided  six  years.  Re- 
turning to  the  United  States  in  1334,  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Natural  History  in  the 
University  of  Missouri;  and,  in  1S36,  he  visited  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  the  next  year  returning  to  his  native  country, 
located  a  while  at  Brunswick,  Maine,  with  a  view  of  more 
thoroughly  prosecuting  the  study  of  physical  science,  under 
the  direction  of  Prof.  Parker  Cleveland,  of  Bowdoin  College- 
Returning  to  St.  Louis,  he  resumed  his  chair  in  the  Univer- 
sity; and  after  nearly  nine  years'  connection  with  that  insti- 
tution, when,  owing  to  ill-health,  he  resigned  in  1SJ2,  He 
subsequently  accepted  the  chair  of  Chemistry  and  Toxicol- 
ogy in  the  Medical  College  of  Memphis,  Teun.;  but  the  con- 
dition of  his  health  did  not  admit  his  long  continuance 
there. 

From  1S55  to  1853,  he  resided  in  Boston;  since  which  he 
has  made  his  home  in  New  Haven.  He  commenced  his  au- 
tograph collections  upon  bis  settlement  in  Boston.    His 


i  au-    i 

I 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  421 

set  of  the  Signers  are  all  in  folio  size,  save  that  of  Middleton, 
which  is  a  quarto.  Mr.  Burns  pronounces  it  "  a  fine  collec- 
tion." In  1857,  it  lacked  only  the  autograph  of  Paca,  which 
-was  soon  after  supplied.  It  numbers  fifty-one  A.  L.  S.;  of 
the  remaining  five.  Hart  and  Morton  are  A.  D.  S.;  Hopkins, 
L.  S.;  Gwinnett,  D.  S.,  and  Lynch,  a  single  signature.  The 
set  has  several  1776  letters,  and  i^  unbound,  preserved  in 
cases,  and  copiously  illustrated  with  portraits  and  engrav- 
ings, biographical  and  historical  cuttings. 

He  has  a  set  of  the  Signers  of  the  Constitution,  and  of  the 
generals  of  the  Revolution;  Presidents  and  Vice  Presidents  of 
the  United  States,  from  Washington  to  Buchanan  inclusive, 
with  the  heads  of  Departments,  Judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  ministers  to  foreign  courts;  a  set  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopel  Bishops,  from  Seabury  to  Green;  a  set  of  English 
sovereigns  from  Henry  VII,  with  two  exception;  and  a  set 
of  the  English  Premiers  from  1754  to  Lord  Beaconsfield, 
with  a  single  exception. 

V. — Dr.  John  S.  H.  Fogg,  Boston  Mass.  Dr.  Fogg  was  born 
in  Eliot,  York  County,  Maine,  May  21, 182G,  and  commenced 
picking  up  autographs  about  the  time  of  his  graduation 
from  college,  in  1846,  making  quite  a  collection  of  old  com- 
missions, etc.  He  re-commenced  gathering  autographs  in 
1858,  and  for  a  year  or  two  collected  quite  a  good  number. 

In  1873,  he  was  postrated  by  paralysis,  and  has  ever  since 
been  confined  to  his  room,  a  constant  sufferer.  Recovering 
somewhat  from  this  attack,  he  turned  his  attention,  in  1875, 
to  forming  a  set  of  the  Signers,  of  which  he  already  had  a 
few  specimens.  He  consummated  the  collection  in  1881  — a 
wonderfully  short  period  for  such  a  difficult  accomplishment. 
Many  of  these  specimens  he  has  since  very  materially  im- 
proved. 

Mr.  Burns  declares  it  "really  a  fine  set,"  which  its  com- 
position proves.  It  is  made  up  of  fifty  A.  L.  S.;  Hey  ward 
Middleton,  L.  S.;  Hart,  Morton,  and  Gwinnett,  D.  S.;  and 
Lynch,  a  cut  signature.  It  presents  an  unusually  strong 
array  of  letters  written  during  the  Revolutionary  period, 
numbering  forty-two;  of  which  eighteen  were  written  in 
Independence  year,  1776  —  three  in  July,  Witk^x^^c^ovi'^NXvft 


iS2 


Wisconsin  State  Historical 


ad,  Clark's  the  Oth,  and  Hopkinson's  the  23d.  Such  letters 
as  needed  it,  have  been  thoroughly  repaired;  all  are 
mounted  in  a  fly  in  a  wrapper,  and  the  illustrations  are 
mounted  in  the  same  wrapper.  These  illustrations  consist 
of  engravings  or  etchings  of  all  the  Signers  save  Morton: 
of  some  there  are  several  different  likenesses,  together  with 
Brotherhead'a /ac  similes  and  views.  As  yet  they  are  un- 
bound, awaiting  still  further  possible  improvement. 

Dr.  Fogg  lacks  but  three  of  a  complete  set  of  the  Albany 
Congress  of  l?5i;  and  all  but  four  of  the  Stamp  Act  Con- 
gress of  1?65.  He  has  also  completed  a  second  col- 
lection of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
which  form  a  part  of  the  Old  Congress,  1T74 —  1780;  which 
lacks  but  thirty-tive  of  the  total  number  of  about  three  hun- 
dred and  eighty. 

Besides  his  set  of  the  Signers  of  the  Constitution, 
he  has  yet  other  groups  of  autographs  of  his  notable 
countrymen:  The  Colonial  and  State  Governors  of  Massa- 
chusetts; the  Annapolis  Convention  of  ITjiti;  the  Hartford 
Convention;  the  Generals  of  the  Revolution,  lacking  only 
four:  Washington's  Aids,  nearly  complete;  Presidents  and 
Vice  Presidents  of  the  United  States;  nearly  all  of  the  three 
hundred  Cabinet  officers. 

"Here  I  am,"  writes  Dr.  Fogg,  " sitting  in  my  chair,  ut- 
terly helpless,  and  often  distracted  with  pain,  as  I  have  been 
for  more  than  thirteen  years.      I  don't  know  how  I  could 
make  life  tolerable  were  it  not  for  the  pleasure  these  au- 
tographs afford  me,    I  take  comfort  in  collecting,  arranging 
and  repairing  them,  associated  with  ray  companion,  whose 
tastes  in  these  directions  are  in  harmony  with  mine;  for  we 
work  together  in  repairing  old  letters,  matching  the  paper 
used,  imitating  water  marks,  texture,  color,  and  other  par- 
ticulars—  mounting  them  to  a  uniform  size,  and  inlaying' 
small  portraits  to  the  same  dimension.      Mrs.  Fogg  in  i 
these  labors,  is  equally  enthusiastic  with  me.       Thus,  yc 
see,  I  have  some  blessings  in  ray  cup  of  afflictions,  and  tl 
are  of  a  magnitude  sufficient  to  resoncile  me  to  my  lot 
anything  could  do  it.     I  have  now  some  four  or  five  the 
and  or  more  autographs  altogether." 


AUTOaBAPHS  OF  THE  SiGNBBS.  423 

VL— State  Historical  Society,  Madison, Wis.  This  col- 
lection has  been  some  twenty-five  years  in  accumulating  — 
orig^inatin^^,  in  1856,  in  a  donation  of  autographs  of  Samuel 
Adams,  Floyd,  Lewis,  Robert  Morris,  McKean,  R.  H.  Lee, 
Jefferson,  as  well  as  R.  R.  Livingston,  and  Charles  Thomson, 
from  the  late  Hon.  Heniry  S.  Randall.  It  was  some  years 
thereafter  before  the  idea  of  completing  a  full  set  was  re- 
solved on,  and  the  full  quota  was  made  up  in  1881,  with  sub- 
sequent improvements.  While  the  collection  is  not  strong 
in  historical  documents  of  the  Revolution,  it  takes  high 
rank  in  embracing  so  many  full  autograph  letters  —  fifty  A. 
L.  S.;-  Hart,  A.  D.  8.;  Mortoa,  Hey  ward,  Middleton,  and 
Gwinnett,  D.  S.;  and  Lynch,  an  inlaid  cut  signature.  It  is 
illustrated  with  one  or  more  engravings  or  etchings  of  nil 
the  Signers  save  Morton,  with  Brotherhead's  views  and  fdc 
similes,  and  other  appropriate  matter. 

The  gift  of  the  Hon.  H.  S.  Randall  of  one  hundred  Am<5ri- 
can  autographs  to  the  Society  in  1856,  laid  the  foundation  of 
other  series  beside  that  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  We  have  now  a  full  set  of  the  thirty  nln« 
Signers  of  the  Constitution,  including  their  Secretary,  Wil- 
liam Jackson,  all  A.  L.  S.,  with  appropriate  illustratiouH;  a 
nearly  complete  set  of  the  Presidents  of  the  Old  Congnmn, 
)BUid  Presidents  and  Vice  Presidents  of  the  United  StaUtn, 
together  with  a  portion  of  the  Generals  of  the  Revohitiori, 
and  the  Governors  of  Wisconsin.  These  constituUj  tb«f 
autograph  collections  proper  of  the  Wisconsin  HiHt^^rw^l 
Society. 

VII.—  Mrs.  David  J.  Cohkn,  Baltimore.  ThiH  c^jik^^^^ 
was  formed  by  the  late  Dr.  Joshua  I.  Cohen,  of  that  w^y 
commenced  in  183G,  and  completed  in  1850.  A  »*«*<  *i*^, 
-was  lacking  only  two  names  at  the  clo-se  of  1870,  tor.^>/v*:y4 
passing  away,  his  autographs  came  into  the  iw«w«uvft-  '>? 
his  sister-in-law,  the  present  owner.  The  fttll  o^^Bw^^a'/r*.  -,.^ 
the  Signers  consist  of  forty- nine  A.  L.  S.,  wiifc  IS^^rf^v^-r. 
Livingston,  Morton,  Wythe,  Middleton  and  CJhrta* 
and  Lynch,  as  usual,  a  signature  only.  Ahmmv  **  » 
may  be  mentioned  the  full  letters  of  SbemM*;  ^V^*' *"'' -  - 


4     ''         » 


424  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society, 

Hart  and  Heyward.    The  set  is  unbound,  preserved  incases, 
without  illustrations. 

VIIL— Dr.  J.  S.  H.Fogg,  of  Boston,  whose  second  set, 
used  in  his  group  of  the  Old  Congress,  is  now  complete;  of 
which  forty-eight  are  A.  L.  S.;  Taylor  and  Read,  A.  D.  S.; 
Morton  and  Middleton,  L.  S.;  Hart  and  Heyward,  D.  S.; 
Gwinnett,  A.  D.,  and  Lynch,  a  cut  signature.  Of  the  full 
letters,  twenty  six  were  written  in  1776,  and  the  Morton 
L.  S.  also;  and  Wythe  in  1778.    Fully  illustrated. 

IX.— Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  PhUadelphia. 
Some  two  years  ^before  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Sprague, 
Dr.  Emmet  offered  him  $50  each  for  the  choice  of  certain 
specimens  of  his  best  set  of  the  Signers,  or  $25  each  for  the 
whole.  Dr.  Sprague  replied,  that  he  had  no  idea  that  they 
could  be  worth  any  such  sum;  but  he  could  not  consent  to 
part  with  them,  as  nearly  all  of  them  had  been  gifts  from 
friends,  and  the  love  of  collecting,  rather  than  dispersing, 
was  still  on  him. 

After  thinking  the  matter  over,  he  stated  to  Dr.  Emmet, 
that  as  he  had  done  so  much  more  than  any  one  else  to  per- 
petuate the  memory  of  the  Signers,  his  set  should  very 
properly  be  made  the  best  — Dr.  Sprague  adding,  that  he 
ought  not  to  be  selfish,  and  kindly  offered  to  exchange  such 
Bpecimeas  in  his  collection  as  would  improve  Dr.  Emmet'si 
but  would  not  consent  to  sell  them.  This  resulted  in  an  ex- 
change—  Dr.  Emmet  taking  the  peerless  Lynch  autograph 
letter,  a  Heyward,  a  Middleton,  and  two  others,  promising 
to  square  the  account  before  Christmas. 

Dr.  Sprague  furnished  fourteen  autographs  of  the  Signers, 
not  the  most  valuable,  and  Dr.  Emmet  supplied  a  Lynch  cut 
signature,  and  forty-one  others,  thus  making  a  full  set  — 
some  of  these  forty-two  Dr.  Emmet  already  possessed,  while 
others  he  purchased  for  this  special  purpose.  This  collec- 
tion was  arranged  with  the  fourth  edition  of  Sanderson's 
Lives  of  the  Signers,  18G5,  with  portraits,  views,  and  docu- 
ments, extending  the  whole  to  three  volumes,  bound  in  half 
red  levant  morocco.  Dr.  Emmet  expended  for  the  auto- 
graphs he  especially  purchased  for  the  set,  the   inlaying, 


AUTOGRiLPHS  OF  THE  SIGNERS.  /  425 

binding,  etc.,  only  three  dollars  short  of  8700,  which  he  re- 
l^arded  as  the  cost  to  him  of  the  famous  Lynch  letter. 

This  is  the  collection  which  passed  into  the  possession  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  at  a  cost,  it  is  under- 
stood, of  two  thousand  dollars. 

It  is  pronounced  by  Mr.  Burns,  and  corroborated  by  others 
'  who  have  seen  it,  as  "  a  good  set."  Among  them  is  a  very 
fine  letter  of  Hart;  and  six  of  the  letters,  those  of  Carroll, 
Read,  Stone,  Harrison,  Penn,  and  Hall,  are  addressed  to 
Washington.  Forty-eight  are  A.  L.  S.,  while  Livingston  and 
Middleton  are  A.  D.  S.;  Hall,  L.  S.;  Morton,  Taylor  and 
Gwinnett,  D.  S.,  and  Hey  ward  and  Lynch  are  signatures 
only.  That  of  Wolcott  is  the  only  one  mentioned  as  written 
in  1776. 

As  the  Society  had  perhaps  half  of  the  autographs  of  the 
Signers  before  this  purchase,  they  expect,  by  the  aid  of  these 
duplicates,  at  some  future  day,  to  improve  the  collection. 
The  Society  has  no  complete  set  of  the  Signers  of  the  Con- 
stitution. 

X. —  Robert  Coulton  Davis,  Phildjelphia.  On  August  3, 
1823,  Mr.  Davis  was  born  in  that  city,  and  has  long  been 
engaged  in  business  there.  The  Harrison  campaign  of 
1840,  and  Clay  campaign  of  1844,  inspired  his  love  for  auto- 
graphs. Prior  to  1845,  he  had  but  few,  and  those  were 
pasted  promiscuously  in  a  scrap  book.  He  obtained  from 
Mr.  Clay,  in  1845,  an  autograph  letter,  when  he  began  in 
earnest  to  gather  those  of  other  celebrities.  Sometime 
thereafter  he  commenced  the  formation  of  his  set  of  the 
Signers,  which  he  completed  about  18G8;  and  has  ever  since 
been  improviDg  and  perfecting  the  specimens  to  folio  size, 
as  opportunities  offered,  so  that  all,  save  about  half  a  dozen, 
are  of  that  size.  Mr.  Burns  declares  it  "  a  good  set;"  it  is  in 
good  condition,  and  valuable  for  its  stores  of  history. 

It  numbers  forty-seven  A.  L.  S.;  the  remaining  nine  are 
as  follows:  Sherman,  Hart,  Morton  and  Hey  ward,  A.  D.  S.; 
Livingston  and  Hooper,  L.  S.;  Middleton,  and  Gwinnett, 
D.  S.;  and  Lynch  a  cut  signature,  originally  from  Mr.  Tefft. 
They  are  not  inlaid,  nor  yet  bound;  but  are  well  illustrated 
with  views  and  portraits,  and  other  appropriate  matter  to 
28-H.  C. 


426  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

add  interest  to  such  a  collection.  Among^  the  rarities  is  one 
of  the  printed  broadsides  of  the  Declaration  as  issued  at  tha 
time  of  its  promulgation.  Of  the  full  letters,  eif^hteen  were 
written  in  177G,  one  L.  S.  with  two  documents  as  well;  and 
thirty  one  others  were  written  between  the  commencement 
and  conclusion  of  the  war. 

In  addition  to  his  collection  of  the  Signers  of  the  Consti- 
tution, his  set  of  the  Old  Congress  is  well  advanced,  involving 
a  second  set  of  the  Declaration  Signers,  of  which  he  has 
fifty-one.  He  has  a  set  of  the  Signers  of  the  Confederation, 
1778,  nearly  complete;  nearly  all  the  Generals  of  the 
Revolution;  Presidents  and  their  Cabinets  complete  to 
Grant;  Chief  and  As80ciat<e  Justices,  wanting  but  a 
single  name;  while  a  set  of  the  Presidents  and  their  wives, 
and  ladies  of  the  White  House,  is  in  progress,  including  a 
beautiful  letter  of  Rachel  Jackson.  Mr.  Davis  has  also  a 
fine  American  Numismatic  collection. 

XI. —  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  LL.  D.,  Augusta,  Georgia.  It 
is  very  fitting  that  Col.  Jones  should  have  made  up  a  set  of 
the  Signers.  Descending  from  a  prominent  Revolutionary 
family  of  his  State,  he  was  born  at  Savannah,  October  28, 
1831.  With  a  good  education,  he  is  well  equipped  for  his 
profession,  and  for  an  antiquary  and  historian  —  taking  the 
very  front  rank,  in  these  particulars,  of  his  fellow  citizens 
of  Georgia,  and  of  the  Southern  States.  Aside  from  his 
numerous  historical,  antiquarian,  and  military  addresses  and 
brochures,  in  pamphlet  form,  his  more  substantial  works, 
Historical  Sketch  of  Cathain  Artillery,  1867;  Historical 
Sketch  of  To-mo-chi-chi,  Mico  of  the  Yamacraivs,  1868;  An- 
tiquities of  the  Southern  Tribes,  1873;  Siege  of  Savannah, 
1874;  Dead  Toivns  of  Georgia,  1878;  History  of  Georgia,in 
2  vols.,  1883,  with  two  more  in  preparation,  and  Sketch  of 
Ma  j.  John  Habersham,  lSS(j,h8iye  deservedly  given  him  a 
high  reputation. 

In  18G6,  he  commenced  collecting  his  first  set  of  the  Sign- 
ers, completeing  it  in  1880,  though  improvements  have  been 
subsequently  made.  This  collection  consists  of  forty-seven 
full  letters,  with  Stockton,  Read  and  Gwinnett,  A.  D.S.— the 
Owinnett  a  remarkably  fine  specimen; — Livingston  and 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  427 

Penn,  L.  S.;  MDrton  Hey  ward,  and  Middleton,  D.  S.,  and 
Lynch  the  usual  cut  signature.  Thornton,  Whipple,  Hewes 
and  Penn  are  177C  letters;  while  those  of  Hancock,  EUery, 
Wolcott,  Lewis,  Taylor,  Ross,  Rodney,  Paca,  Stone,  Wythe 
Harrison,  Nelson,  Hooper,  and  Walton,  fourteen  in  number, 
were  written  during  the  Revolutionary  period.  This  series 
is  inlaid  on  Whatman  paper,  and  illustrated  with  the  best 
engraved  portraits  extant,  and  views  of  residences,  etc.,  and 
is  neatly  bound. 

Col.  Jones  has  a  collection  ot  the  Signers  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, a  full  set  of  the  Presidents  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, and  of  the  Presidents  and  Vice  Presidents  of  the 
United  States,  nearly  all  A.  L.  S.,  inlaid,  illustrated,  and 
bound. 

A  complete  set  of  the  Chi.ef  Justices  and  Associate  Jus- 
tices of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  Attorneys  General  of  the 
United  States,  is  also  inlaid,  illustrated  and  bound. 

A  complete  set  of  the  Colonial  and  the  State  Governors  of 
Georgia,inlaid,  illustrated  and  bound. 

A  complete  set  of  the  Signers  of  the  Confederate  Consti- 
tution, all  A.  L.  S.,  inlaid,  illustrated  and  bound. 

His  series  of  members  of  the  Continental  Congress  is  in 
an  advanced  condition,  as  is  also  his  series  of  Confederate 
autographs;  he  has  also  over  two  hundred  of  printed  books, 
privately  illustrated  with  maps,  views,  autographs,  por- 
traits, all  inlaid  and  handsomely  bound,  while  his  extensive 
archaeological  collection  embraces  nearly  20,000  objects. 

XII.— Col.  Theoi>orus  Bailey  Myers,  New  York,  was  born 
in  that  city,  December  13, 18^1,  and  began  to  value  and  col- 
lect historical  documents  when  he  came  of  age.  His  is 
*'an  excellent  set"  of  the  Signers,  as  asserted  by  Mr.  Burns. 
In  the  Historical  Magazine,  for  November,  18G8,  all  the  let- 
ters and  documents  of  the  collection  are  given  in  extenso. 
Col.  Myers  there  says  of  the  collection:  "  It  was  made  with- 
out reference  to  size;  but  the  object  has  been,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, to  obtain  papers  of  historical  interest.  Many  speci- 
mens have  been  exchanged  or  rejected;  and  many  still 
remain,  which,  if  opportunity  offers,  will  be  hereafter  im- 
proved.   All  of  them  have  been  repaired  without  mutilation. 


428  Wisconsin  Htatk  Historical  Society. 

and  inlaid  by  Trent  in  drawing  paper,  of  large  folio  size; 
and  illustrated  with  portraits,  vie^rs,  caricatures,  official 
and  other  documents,  arms  of  States,  Colonial  money  and 
newspapers,  etc.,  illustrative  of  the  period  —  all  similarlj 
inlaid  or  mounted,  and  on  separate  sheetFi.to  the  number,  at 
this  time,  of  several  hundred;  the  whole  to  constitute  three 
folio  volumi?g,for  the  Northern,  Middle  and  Southern  States, 
reapeotively." 

Since  the  above  was  written.  Col.  Myers  has  largely  in- 
creased his  iiluitrations,  and  has  thoughts  of  changing  his 
final  grouping  for  binding.  The  collection  is  very  strong  in 
historical  documents:  inlaid  similarly  to  Dr.  Emmet's, and  is 
arranged  with  Brotherhead's  Book  of  the  Stgnera,  in  royal 
folio  size.  It  has  one  great  rarity  among  its  illustrations, 
of  which  but  one  other  is  in  private  hands,  that  of  Dr.  Em- 
met—  an  original  printed  copy  of  the  Declaration,  with  the 
signs-manual  of  the  Secretary  and  President  of  Congresa, 
perhaps  one  of  those  sent  to  each  of  the  thirteen  States,  by 
order  of  that  body,  January  18,1777:  "It  was  for  many 
years,'  says  Col.  Myers,  "the  property  of  agentleman  in  the 
South,  from  whom  the  collector  procured  it,  like  the  other 
specimens,  without '  making  a  raid,'  or  incurring  an  obliga- 
tion which  he  did  not  attempt  to  acquit." 

Col.  Bailey's  set  of  the  Signers  numbers  forty-four  A.  L. 
S.,  including  the  great  rarity  of  a  full  John  Morton  letter; 
with  Hart,  Taylor,  Middleton.  and  Gwinnett,  A.  D.  S.;  Hop- 
kins and  Livingston,  L.  S.;  Thornton,  Hancock,  Read,  Key- 
ward.  Lynch  and  Hall,  D.  S.  The  Ljnch  document  isa 
land  contract,  dated  in  March,  l?7n,but  one  other  of  the  kind 
is  known  to  be  extant.  Of  the  forty-four  full  letters, 
twenty-six  were  written  during  the  Revolutionary  period; 
while  eight  of  them  bear  date  in  177B—Bartlett,  Whipple, 
John  Adams,  Samuel  Adams,  Lewis  Morris,  Wilson  and 
Chase.  Judge  Wilson's  was  written  on  the  4th  of  July  in 
that  year,  recommending  some  company  officers. 

Xill. — Dr.  Emmet's  second  set.  This  collection  consists  of 
forty-one  A.  L.  S.;  Bartlett,  Thornton,  Hancock.  Paine,Hop' 
kins,  Clark,  Hart,  Stockton,  Morton,  Taylor,  Wythe,  and 
Hall,  A.  D.  S.;  Middleton,  L.  3.;  Gwinnett,  D.  S.;  and  Lynch, 


Adtooraphs  of  the  Signers. 


429 


ignature.  The  aatograph  document  of  Hancock,  a 
Wery  important  historical  one,  bears  date  July  11,  1776; 
the  letter  of  Hewes  is  dated  April  3(lth,  in  that  year, 
id  eighteea  other  full  letters  were  written  during  the  Rev- 
lUtionary  period.  This  set  of  the  Signers  forms  a  part  of 
Emmet's  fine  seriea  of  members  of  the  Old  Congro88, 

i-irso. 

IV.— JosEra  W.  Dkexel,  o£  New  York.  This  la  tho 
lond  set  formed  by  Mr.  Tefft,  and  was  purchased,  in  18U5, 
Almond  W.  Griswold,  of  New  York,  from  Mr,  TefTt's 
ow,  and  subsequently  passed  into  Mr.  Drexet's  possession, 
lacked  Paine,  Smith,  and  Stone  of  completion,  which  Mr, 
xel  has  since  supplied,  as  well  aa  otherwise  improved 
collection.  Forty  are  A.  L.  S.;  while  Hart,  Uarrison, 
ythe,  and  Middleton  are  A.  D.  S.;  Hancock  and  Jefferson, 
S.;  Thornton,  Paine,  Hopkins,  Morton,  Taylor,  Rosb, 
one.  Hey  ward,  and  Walton,  D.  S.,  and  Lynch,  a  cut  signa- 
The  gem  of  the  collection  ia  a  full  letter  of  Gwinnett, 
itten  in  1777,  the  only  ouo  known  to  be  extant^pur- 
iBed_at  the  Mickley  sale  at  a  cost  of  *110.  Five  are  HW 
iters— Wolcott.  Livingston,  Clark,  R,  Morris,  and  Wilsoii, 
latter  dated  June  Mth,  and  relates  to  a  debate  in  CoS' 
;s  on  independence.  The  collection  is  yet  unbound. 
,d  ia  illustrated  with  engraving.=i  and  etchings  of  the  Si^- 
views,  etc.,  with  a  sketch  each  of  printed  biagrapluac 
r.  Urexel  has  also  a  set  of  the  Signers  of  the  Coaftto- 
,,  and  a  collection  o£  over  thirty  Washington  lei 
iding  a  plan  of  his  Mount  Vernon  estate  drawn  fcy 
f. 

rv.~ Edward  E.  Spraoue,  of  New  York. 
Signers  was  one  of  the  three  made  by  hia 
Sprague,  and  was  completed,  as  Hon.  Mi 
in  believes,  as  early  aa  181S.     It  consists  of 
Hart,  Smith,  Taylor,  Stone,  Middli 
A.  r).  S.:    Stephen  Hopkins,  L.  S.;   and 
LTingston,   Morton,   Faca,   F.   L.  Lee,  Vfj/tm.   -1 
:ch  and  G  >vinnett  are  D.  S,      The  LynCW^^ 
to  a  conveyance  of  laud  in  1779,  is  flta^hi 
lunt^rpart  to  Mr.  Myer's  Lynch  deed  ol  '9ms 


TSOta 


I 
I 


J 


} 


430  WiscoNaiN  State  Historicai,  Society. 

year.  There  are  no  1770  letters  in  the  collection;  but  four- 
teen were  writtea  duriag  the  Ravolutionary  period,  while 
three  of  them,  Lgwia,  Witherspoon  and  Chase,  were  ad- 
dreeaed  to  Washington,  The  set  is  not  bound,  nor  illustra- 
ted. 

XVI.— State  Libbaky,  Albany,  N.  Y.  This  was  the  first 
and  only  complete  Bet  formed  by  Mr.  Tefft;  and  after  its 
purchase  at  ?6'i5,  by  Mr.  Griswold  from  Mr,  Tefft's  widow, 
in  lS!i5,  it  was  sold  to  the  State  of  New  York,  with  only 
twenty-seven  full  letters,  for  the  moderate  sum  of  8SO0. 
Since  it  went  into  the  posseaaion  of  the  State,  a  number  of 
improvements  have  been  made,  by  the  care  and  good  judg- 
ment of  the  Librarian,  Dr.  Homes,  in  the  substitution  of 
better  specimens,  including  eleven  full  letters.  It  now  num- 
bers thirty-eight  A.  L.  S.;  while  Samuel  Adams,  Paine, 
Sherman,  Hart,  Stockton,  McKean,  Pdca,  Gwinnett,  and 
Hall,  are  A.  D.  S.;  Lewis  and  Livingston.  L.  S,;  Thornton, 
Hopkins,  Lewis  Morris,  Morton,  Stone  and  Middleton,  D.  S., 
and  Lynch,  a  cut  signature.  Of  the  full  letters,  Clark  and 
Smith  were  written  in  177*J,  and  fifteen  others  during  the 
Revolutionary  period.  The  rarities  of  tho  collection  are  the 
full  letter  of  Heyward,  and  the  ane  A.  D.  S.  of  Gwinnett 
The  set  is  nicely  bound  in  dark  Turkey  morocco,  in  quarto 
size,  with  thirty-four  engraved  likenesses,  and  engravings 
of  the  Declaration:  and  in  the  volume  are  included  letters 
or  documents  of  R.  R.  LtvingstOQ,  John  DickensoD,  and 
Thomas  Willing,  membars  of  the  Congress  of  I77fi,  but  not 
Signers,  and  of  Charles  Thomson,  the  Sscretary,  together 
with  one  of  Washington. 

XVIL— Mrs.  W  m.  D.  Ely,  Providence,  R.  L  This  collection 
was  made  by  Mrs.  Eliza  H.  Allen,  a  daughter  of  Welcome 
Arnold,  of  Providence,  a  descendant  of  the  first  Govern- 
or Green,  of  the  Colonial  days  of  Rhode  Island.  She 
was  horn  in  Providence,  October  o,  1790:  and  was  united  in 
marriage  to  Hon.  Zachariah  Allen,  LL.  D.,  of  that  city- 
Mrs.  Allen  inherited  from  childhood  many  old  ancestral  pa- 
pers, which  inspired  an  early  love  for  autographs.  She 
commenced  her  set  of  the  Signers  about  18J5,  and  by  indefat- 
igable industry  she  succeei&i  me.^'i'Mvn^V^iT  iKt«A-^  tA la-^A-v 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  43  i 

graphs^  without  the  necessity  of  purchasing  many  of  them, 
as  at  that  early  day  they  had  not,  to  any  extent,  become 
a  marketable  commodity.  She  substantially  completed  her 
collections  before  1850  —  her  full  set  of  the  Signers  some- 
what earlier.  She  has  the  honor  of  having  been  the  only 
lady  who  has  succeeded  in  forming  a  complete  collection  of 
the  Signers  —  Mrs.  Wm.  Hathaway,  of  New  Bedford,  Mass., 
having  gathered  a  partial  set. 

It  consists  of  thirty-seven  A.  L.  S.;  with  Thornton,  Floyd, 
Lewis,  Stockton,  Witherspoon,  Morton,  Taylor,  Smith,  Mc- 
Kean,  Chase,  Wythe,  Middleton,  Gwinnett,  and  Walton,  A. 
D.  S.;  Livinf^ston  and  Clymer,  L.  S.;  and  signatures  only  of 
Hart,  to  a  Continental  bill,  P.  L.  Lee,  and  Lynch.  Three  of 
the  full  letters  bear  date  in  i::6  — Wolcott,  February  10th, 
Hancock,  July  6th,  and  Gerry,  October  4th,  while  eleven 
others  were  written  during  the  Revolutionary  war.  They 
are  bound  in  a  volume  with  thirty-five  engraved  likenesses. 
The  Hancock  and  Heyward  letters,  and  A.  D.  S.  of  Gwin- 
nett form  the  special  features  of  interest  in  the  collection. 
Mrs.  Allen  also  partially  formed  a  second  set  of  the  Signers; 
and  passing  away  August  30,  1873,  her  autograph  collec- 
tions were  inherited  by  her  daughter,  Mrs.  Ely. 

XVIII.— Hon.  T.  Stamford  Raffles,  Liverpool,  England. 
This  collection  was  made  by  his  father,  the  late  Rev.  Thom- 
as Raffles,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  of  that  city,  who  was  a  much  older 
man  than  any  of  our  American  collectorfc;, having  been  born 
in  London,  May  17, 17:8.    He  used  to  say,  that  the  gift  of  a 
letter  of  the  celebrated  traveler,  Mungo  Park,  first  "  inocu- 
lated •'  him  with  a  passion  for  autographs.    This  was  some- 
time prior  to  1814,  when  we  find  him  securing  valuable  addi- 
tions to  his  collection.      ilaking  journeys  in  Great  Britaiu 
and  on  the  Continent,  he  never  returned  without  addiii^r  lo 
his  autograph  accumulations.     He  received  his  firyt  vihi;  i, 
1828,  from  Rev.  Dr.  W.  B.  Sprague,  with  whom  he  lia<i  j.j, 
viously  been  in  corref^pondf.ncu;    ard  for  many  >eai.^  ij..  » 
rendered  each  other  much  mutual  aid  in  tin*  ♦-xciiui  ^,: 
autographs.  While  it  is  not  now  known,  yK  it  ih  quiL.- 
that  Dr.  Sprague  inspired  in  Dr.  liaiTles  tlie  ideu  o!   i..,. .   . 


4S2  WracoireiN  State  Historical  Sooiery. 

a  collection  of  the  Signers.      After  many  patient  years 
effort.  Dr.  KafHes  completed  his  set  in  1837. 

Tliis  collection  of  the  Signers  numbers  thirty  A.  L.  S.; 
Hart  and  Paca,  A.  D.  S.;  John  Adams,  HopkiDS,  Lewis,  Mc- 
Kean,  Hooper  and  Walton,  L.  S.;  ThorntoD,  Hancock,  Hunt- 
ington, Livingston,  Lewis  Morris,  Clymer,  Morton,  Rosa, 
Smith,  Taylor,  Wilson,  Jefferson,  F.  L.  Lee,  Wythe,  Uey- 
ward,  and  Gwinnett,  D.  S.;  with  Hewes  and  Lynch,  signa- 
tures. Among  the  rarities  of  the  collection  are  the  full  let- 
ters of  Samuel  Adams,  Sherman,  Stockton,  and  Middleton, 
with  a  flue  historical  document  of  Hancock  to  Washingftoo, 
October  11, 177(1,  directing  him  "by  every  art,  and  at  whatever 
expense,  to  obstruct  effectually  the  navigation  of  the  North 
River,  between  Fort  Washington  and  Mount  Constitution." 
The  special  defects  of  the  collection  are,  that  while  the  Mo^ 
ton  is  a  finely  written  holjgraph  letter,  June  20,  1765, 
dressed  to  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  and  certified  as  such  by 
Sprague,  it  is  not  signed ;  and  the  signature  of  George  Ti 
lor  is  imperfect,  the  Christian  name  having  been  torn 
Besides  the  Hancock  document,  the  Stockton  letter 
written  in  1770. 

A  writer,  nearly  thirty  years  ago,  said  of  this  colli 
"Dr.  Raffles  has  his  set  bound  in  a  beautiful  volume, 
values  it  almost  as  he  would  the  famous  Ko  hi-noor. 
wealthy  Boston  merchant  once  introduced  himself  to  him  in 
the  street,  and  retiuesied  the  privilege  of  seeing  his  collec- 
tion. He  then  told  the  Doctor  that  he  wished  to  make  a 
present  to  his  native  city,  and  had  seen  nothing  ivhicb  so 
pleased  him  for  that  purpose  as  this  set  of  autographs,  and 
asked  if  there  was  any  sum  which  would  induce  him  to 
part  with  it?  The  Liverpool  Doctor,  however,  who  is 
wealthy,  and  besides  considers  a  firat-rate  autograph  a  lux- 
ury greater  than  a  miser's  gold  heap,  was  not  to  be 
tempted." 

Dr.  Raffles  wrote  many  works  of  merit,  and  prepared  a 
lecture  on  his  favorite  autograph  hobby.  He  purchased 
comparitively  few  of  his  large  manuscript  collections;  b6 
arranged  and  illustrated  them,  accumulating  as  many 


hej 

1 


Autographs  of  thb  Signers.  433 

forty  folio  volumes,  and  fully  as  many  more  quartos,  besides 
his  seven  volumes  of  American  celebrities.  He  died  in 
Lir  erpool,  August  18, 1863,  leaving  his  noble  autograph  col- 
lections to  his  worthy  son.  Judge  T.  Stamford  Raffles,  of 
that  city. 

XIX. —  Col.  C.  C.  Jones'  second  set  consists  of  thirty-one 
A.  L.  S.;  Bartlett,  Thornton,  Hopkins,  Sherman,  Williams, 
Floyd,  Stockton,  Clark,  Taylor,  Ross,  Read,  Wythe,  twelve 
A.  D.  S.;  Livingston  and  R.  H.  Lee,  L.  S.;  Paine  L.  Morris, 
Hart,  Morton,  Stone,  Penn,  Hey  ward,  Middleton,  Gwinnett 
and  Hall,  ten,  D.  S.;  and  Lynch,  signature.  This  set  is  de- 
Bifi:ned  for  his  son;  and  is  also  inlaid  on  Whatman  paper, 
and  illustrated  with  the  best  engraved  portraits  extant,  and 
views  of  residences,  etc.  Of  the  letters,  six  were  written 
during  the  Revolutionary  period  —  Whipple  in  1775,  Smith 
in  1776,  Hewes  in  1777,  Nelson  in  1781,  Harrison  in  1782,  and 
Paca  in  178  <. 

XX. —  Dh.  Emmet's  third  set.  Though  the  number  of  full 
letters  is  not  so  large  as  some  other  collections,  yet  they 
present  a  valuable  historical  series.  They  number  twenty- 
eight  A.  L.  S.;  Bartlett,  Whipple,  Hancock,  Paine,  Sherman, 
Williams,  Floyd,  Lewis,  Livingston,  Lewis  Morris,  Clark, 
Stockton,  Witherspoon,  Ciymer,  Morton,  Rush,  Taylor,  Wil- 
son, McKean,  Read,  Wythe,  Hooper,  Hey  ward,  Middleton, 
Gwinnett  and  Hall,  A.  D.  S.;  Hart  D.  S.;  and  Lynch  cut 
signature.  Fifteen  of  the  full  letters  were  written  during 
the  Revolutionary  period;  that  of  Ross  bears  date  July  2, 
1776,  while  EUery,  R.  Morris,  Rodney,  R.  H.  Lee  and  Hewes 
were  written  during  the  Declaration  year.  This  set  is  used 
to  illustrate  Sanderson's  Lives  of  the  Signers,  eight  volumes, 
uncut,  with  just  enough  rare  prints  and  engraved  likenesses 
to  render  the  volumes  of  convenient  size. 

XXI.  John  M.  Hale,  attorney  at  law,  Philipsburg,  Pa.,  has 
recently  completed  his  set  of  the  Signers.  He  was  born  in 
Lewistown,  Pa.,  February  IS,  1830.  and  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  18G2.  He  commenced  the 
collection  of  autographs  in  1853,  first  finding  rare  letters  and 
documents  among  some  old  papers  he  had  occasion  to  ex- 
amine;  and    commenced  by  exchanging  divipWc^X^^,  ^\5l^ 


424  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

since  has  purchased  many  autographs  from  various  auctions 
and  other  sources,  securing  his  Lynch  and  Gwinnett  at  the 
recent  Cist  sale. 

His  collection  of  the  Signers  consists  of  twenty-five 
A.  L.  S.,  Bartlett;  while  Thornton,  Whipple,  Hancock,  Paine, 
Sherman,  Williams,  Wolcott,  Lewis  Morris,  Clark,  Hopkin- 
son,  Stockton,  Clymer,  Morton,  Ross,  Wythe,  Middleton, 
and  Rutledge  are  A.  D.  S.;  S.  Adams,  Hopkins  and  Liv- 
ingston, L.  S.;  Smith,  Taylor,  Read,  Gwinnett,  Hall  and 
Walton,  D.  S.;  Hart,  Penn,  Hey  ward  and  Lynch,  signatures. 
Twelve  are  Revolutionary  letters  —  Stone  and  Hewes,  1776; 
R.  H.  Lee,  1777;  Lewis,  1778;  Witherspoon,  1779;  John 
Adams  and  Harrison,  17S0;  McKean  and  Nelson,  1781;  Rod- 
ney, 1782;  and  Paca  and  Braxton,  1783. 

Mr.  Hale  has  nearly  complete  several  other  series —Presi- 
dents of  the  Continental  Congress,  and  Presidents  of  the 
United  States;  Signers  of  the  Confederation,  and  of  many 
other  members  of  the  Continental  Congress;  Chief  Justices 
and  Associates  of  the  Supreme  Court;  officers  of  the  Revolu 
tionary  war;  EpiscopalBishopsof  the  United  States;  Gover- 
nors of  Pennsylvania;  also  a  set  of  the  Signers  of  the  Con- 
stitution, save  John  Rutledge,  only. 

XXIL— Hon.  Mellen  Chamberlain,  Boston.  Though  not 
the  oldest  in  years,  Mr.  Chamberlain  has  been  the  longest 
engaged  in  making  autograph  collections  of  any  of  his  sur- 
viving fellow  collectors  of  sets  of  the  Signers.  He  was  born 
in  Pembroke,  N.  H.,  June  4th,  18^1;  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth in  18U,  and  from  the  Dane  Law  School  in  1S48;  and, 
in  18S5,  had  conferred  on  him  by  Dartmouth  the  degree  of 
Lli.  D.    He  began  to  collect  autographs  as  early  as  1836. 

His  set  of  the  Signers  is  unique  in  its  character  and  ar- 
rangement. It  is  made  up  of  the  genuine  signatures, 
pasted  on  a  fine  copy  of  the  Declaration  in  fac  simile^  of  full 
size,  on  parchment  colored  paper.  The  document  was 
glazed  and  framed.  It  thus  represents  the  great  Declaration, 
and  is  infinitely  more  pleasant  to  look  at  than  the  misused 
and  time-worn  original  at  Washington.  This  set  was  com- 
pleted about  1S(;5. 

His  Signers  of  tVie  Coii€.\,v\.\i\\o\\,^^m^\^\,^^^^N^^^^^^^^^ 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  435 

the  confederation;  also  an  address  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress of  the  King  of  Great  Britain  in  1774,  are  all  represented 
in  the  same  way.  These  Mr.  Chaberlain  calls  Tablets;  and, 
it  must  be  confessed,  that  they  present  a  very  attractive  ap- 
pearance. 

Mr.  Chamberlain's  general  collection,  American  and 
European,  will,  when  bound  with  portraits  and  other  illus- 
trations and  letter  press,  make  some  two  hundred  volumes. 
Ee  has  made  a  specialty  of  illustrating  books,  such  as 
Duyckinck's  Cyclopedia  of  American  Literature,  which  has 
grown  to  about  sixty  volumes,  ready  for  binding. 

Whether  expressed  or  otherwise,  the  autograph  of  Charles 
Thomson,  the  faithful  Secretary  of  Congress,  may  always^ 
be  regarded  as  finding  an  appropriate  place  in  every  collec- 
tion of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Incomplete  Sets  of  the  Signers. 

Concise  notices  will  now  be  given  of  the  incomplete  col- 
lections extant  of  the  Signers,  so  far  as  we  have  been  able 
to  obtain  any  knowledge  of  them  —  giving  their  strength  so 
far  as  known.  These  representations  tend  to  show  the 
scarcity  of  certain  autographs,  and  the  difficulty  —  nay,  al- 
most impossibility  —  of  securing  them. 

1.  Henry  A.  Willard,  Washington,  D.  C.  This  set  of 
the  Signers  numbers  fifty- two,  and  its  strength  consists  in 
the  fact  that  it  possesses  both  of  the  rare  signatures  of 
Lynch  and  Gwinnett,  thus  rendering  it  comparatively  easy 
to  complete  it.  There  are  in  the  collection  twenty-three 
A.  L.  S.;  Clymer,  Stone  and  Middle  ton,  A.  D.  S.;  S.  Adams, 
L.  S.;  Paine,  Bartlett,  Thornton,  Whipple,  Hopkins,  Wil- 
liams, Lewis,  Hart,  Hopkinson,  Clark,  Wilson,  Rodney,  Mc- 
Kean,  Harrison  and  Smith,  D.  S  ;  Sherman,  Morton,  Wythe, 
Hewes,  Hey  ward.  Lynch  and  Gwinnett  signatures;  R.  Mor- 
ris, Taylor  and  Jefferson  are  in  the  collection,  but  their 
3haracter  is  not  specified;  while  the  set  lacks  only  Lewis 
Morris,  Hooper,  Penn,  and  Hall. 

As  Mr.  Willard's  collection  possesses  the  rare  Lynch  and 
Gwinnett  signatures,  with  many  other  rarities,  no  eff^\^ 
should  be  wanting  to  secure  its  early  compVeWoxi. 


43G  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SociETr. 


7 

ett,    -? 


J  Bhoul 


2.  Simon  Gratz's  second  set,  consists  of  fiftj-Sve 
— of  which  fifty  one  are  A,  L.  S.;  Hopkins  and  GmnnetC. 
Morton  and  Middleton,  D.  S.,  lacking  Lynch  only.  ' 

3.  Col.  Fkank  M.  EtTiSG,  Concordville.  Pa.,  has  ^^ 
five  Signers  in  his  collection,  wanting  only  Lynch;  fift^  j 
A.  L.  S.;  Hart  aad  Morton,  A.  D.  S.;  Hopkius,  Smith, 
Gwinnett,  D.  S.  Once  Mr.  Tefft  oEfered  Col.  Etling  a  L>^ 
Bignature,  which  he  declined,  saying  hu  had  never  adin**^ 
such  into  his  collection.  CoL  Etting  has,  besitles  bi»  *^ 
collections  of  the  Signers  of  the  Constitution,  almost  a  C^ 
plete  set  of  the  Generals  of  the  Revolution, 

4.  D.  lIcN.  Stauffer,  of    New  York,  having  flfly-S  ^ 
lacks  only  Lynch  of  a  full  set;  of  which  forty-three  are  i- 
8.,  the  rarity  of  a  full  Morton  letter  amoUft  them;  Tho' 
ton,  Wolcott,  Clark,  Read  and  Hey  ward,  A.  D.  9.;  Sopk*, 
Livingston,  Hooper  and  Middleton,  L.  S.;  Lewis  Morrf* 
Hart  and  Gwinnett,  D.  S.;  finely  illustrated. 

5.  Charles    Roberts,   of    Philadelphia,  has  fifty-fc^ 
Signers,  lacking  Lynch  and  Gwinnett;   forty-three 
L.  S.;  Williams,  Hart,  Stockton,  Morton,  Kaad  and  Wytt 
are  A.  D.  S.;  Hopkins,  Livingston  and  Hall,  L.  S.;  Hey* "' 
and  Middleton,  D.  S.:  fully  illustrated. 

Mr.  Roberts,  besides  a  full  set  of  the  Signers  of  the ' 
Btitution,  has  eighty-one  of  the  eighty -six  Generals  o£ 
Revolution,  and  other  series  in  a  well  advanced  stale. 

C.  HiBAiit  Hitchcock,  of  New  York,  has  fifty-four! 
ers,  needing  Lynch  and  Gwinnett  to  complete  the  st 
which  John  Adams,  Gerry,  Paine,  EUery,  Hunting 
Lewis,  Witherspoon,  Franklin,  R.  Morris,  Hush,  Will 
Rodney,  Carrol,  Chase,  Braxton,  Jefferson,  one  of  the  1 
Nelson,  Hr.oper  and  Walton,  twenty  in  number,  are  A. 
while  the  others  are  A.  D.  S.,  or  D,  S. 

?.  The  fourth  collection  of  the  signers  of  Dr.  T.  A. 
MET,  of  N-^w  York,  yet  lacks  Lynch  and  Gwinnett.  Iti 
necessarily  be  made  up  of  less  desirable  specimens 
those  ciunprising  his  three  full  sats;  it  is,  however,  at 
thoaver.itie,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  no  small  marveltha 
should  have  so  nearly  completed  a  fourth  collection  ii 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  437 

8.  The  second  set  of  Mrs.  D.  J.  Cohen,  of  Baltimore, 
gathered  by  the  late  Dr.  Cohen,  lacked  only  two  of  comple- 
tion in  1870 —  apparently  Lynch  and  Gwinnett;  and,  it  is 
believed,  has  not  received  any  addition  or  improvement 
since  that  time. 

9.  Charles  F.  Gctnther,  of  Chicago,  has  fifty-four  of  • 
the  fifty  six  Signers,  lacking  Lynch  and  Gwinnett.    Of  their 
strength  and  condition,  we  have  no  information. 

10.  James  H.  Edgerly,  of  Great  Falls,  N.  H.,  needs  only 
Lynch  and  Gwinnett  to  complete  his  set.  We  only  learn 
that  it  is  not  strong  in  full  autograph  letters. 

11.  The  second  collection  of  Prof.  E.  H.  Lepfingwell,  of 
New  Haven,  has  fifty-two  Signers;  it  lacks  Taylor,  Lynch, 
Middleton  and  Gwinnett  of  completion.  Of  the  fifty  two 
autographs  of  the  Signers,  forty  six  are  A.  L.  S.;  with  Bart- 
lett,  Hopkins  and  Hey  ward,  L.  S.;  Hart  and  Livingston 
D.  S.,  and  Morton,  a  signature  to  a  Continental  bill.  Un- 
bound, and  copiously  illustrated. 

12.  The  second  set  of  Mr.  R.  C.  Davis,  of  Philadelphia, 
numbers  fifty  one;  of  which  thirty-five  are  A.  L.  8.;  Walton, 
A.  D.  S.;  S.  Adams,  Hopkins,  Livingston,  Harrison,  Nelson, 
Hey  ward,  Middleton  and  Rutledge,  L.  S. ;  Thornton,  Whip- 
ple, Paine,  Williams,  Hart,  Morton,  and  Walton,  D.  S.;  and 
lacking  L.  Morris,  Hooper,  Penn,  Lynch,  and  Gwinnett. 
Fully  illustrated. 

13.  Howard  K.  Sanderson,  of  Lynn,  Mass.,  probably 
the  youngest  collector  of  a  set  of  the  Signers,  is  only  twenty 
two  years  of  age  and  commenced  his  collection  in  1884.  His 
set  numbers  fifty  one;  of  which  twenty  four  are  A.  L.  S.,and 
twelve  of  them  of  the  Revolutionary  period.  Chase  and  Penn 
being  1776  letter?;  Bartlett,  Thornton,  Sherman,  Williams, 
Wolcott,  Floyd,  Stockton,  Read,  Hooper  and  Rutledge,  A.  D. 
S.;  Livingston,  L.  Morris,  Lewis,  Smith,  Taylor,  Harrison, 
and  Hey  ward,  L.  S.;  Hancock,  S.  Adams,  Hopkins,  Hart, 
Hopkinson,  Witherspoon,  Franklin,  Morton,  Wythe,  and 
Walton,  D.  S.;  lacking,  F.  L.  Lee,  Middleton,  Lynch,  Gwin- 
nett and  Hall. 

.Mr.  Sanderson  has  also  several  series,  well  advanced,  of  the 


438  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Presidents,  Governors  of  Massachusetts,  and  of  the  Kmgs 
and  Queens  of  England. 

14.  Col.  Willakd  T.  Block,  recently  of  Des  Momes, 
now  of  Pittsburgh,  commenced  autograph  .collecting  when 
a  boy  of  twelve,  and  prosecuted  it  diligently  for  ten  years; 
but  has  latterly  ceased  making  any  special  efforts  to  increase 
his  collections.  His  set  of  the  Signers  numbers  fifty  one,  of 
which  twenty-two  are  A.L.  S.— J. Adam8,Gerry,  Ellery,  Hunt- 
ington, Floyd,  Lewis,Hopkinson,  Stockton.Clymer,  Franklin, 
R.  Morris,  Rush,  Wilson,  Carroll,  Chase,  Paca^  Jefferson, 
F.  L.  Lee,  R.  H.  Lee,  Nelson,  Hewes,  and  Walton;  twenty-sii 
A.  D.  S.  and  D.  S.,  and  three  signatures  —  Hart  and  Morton 
to  Colonial  currency,  and  Livingston  a  signature  only. 
Smith,  Hooper,  Lynch,  Gwinnett,  and  Hall  are  lacking.  Col. 
Block  has  also  quite  a  collection  of  American  autographs, 
including  a  complete  set  of  the  Presidents  of  the  Old  Con- 
gress, save  Henry  Middleton;  and  all  the  Presidents  of  the 
United  States. 

15.  Rev.  Dr.  Jos.  H.  Dubbs,  of  Lancaster,  Pa.,  has  fifty 
of  the  Signers,  made  up,  as  a  rule,  of  letters  or  fine  A.  D.  S., 
and  not  including  any  cut  signatures;  the  lacking  auto- 
graphs are  Penn,  Hey  ward.  Lynch,  Middleton,  Gwinnett, 
and  Hall. 

Dr.  Dubbs  has  also  a  nearly  complete  set  of  the  Signers 
of  the  Constitution;  and  other  series,  yet  incomplete,  of  the 
Generals  of  the  Revolution,  Presidents,  Vice  Presidents, 
and  Cabinet  members;  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court;  naval 
officers,  American  authors,  and  American  divines,  including 
more  than  a  hundred  Episcopal  Bishops;  together  with 
series  of  Pennsylvania  members  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress and  since.  Governors,  Senators,  and  Attorney  Generals. 
Dr.  Dubbs  commenced  making  his  collections  in  18G0,  and 
has  been  very  successful;  giving,  however,  but  little  atten- 
tion to  them  of  late  years. 

10.  Geo.  M.  Conarroe,  attorney  at  law,  Philadelphia, 
commenced  his  collections  about  1850,  and  gathered  the 
most  of  them  during  the  ensuing  ten  years.  His  set  of  the 
Signers  numbers  forty- eight,  of  which  thirty- three  are 
A.  L.  S.;  Paine,  Witherspoon,  Morton,  Ross,  Smith,  Taylor, 


I   McKoan.  A.^  i. 
oed  with 
IdletoD,  and 
oper,  Ptna. 
[r.  ConarTw 


,  440  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

fourteen  engravings  of  the  Signers  mentioned  in  that  col- 
lection; a  brief  history  of  the  thirteen  original  States,  and 
lives  of  the  Signers  properly  illustrated;  two  finely  printed 
copies  of  the  Declaration,  with  an  early  broadside  of  that 
document;  then  Brotherhead's  fac  similes  from  his  Book  of 
the  Signers,  with  portraits,  and  before  each  fac  simile  is 
placed  the  original  autograph,  or  the  space  left  vacant  for 
the  deficiency.  This  volume  embraces  the  New  England 
States  and  New  York,  with  an  illuminated  coat  of  arras  of 
each  of  those  States.  The  second  volume  embraces  the  re- 
maining States  with  autographs  and  illustrations  similarly 
arranged,  together  with  fac  similes  of  the  original  Declara- 
tion and  signatures,  and  chronological  tables  of  the  princi- 
pal events  of  the  country  from  1776  to  1876. 

21.  The  second  set  of  Mr.  D.  McN.  Staufper,  of  New 
York,  numbers  forty- one,  which  goes  towards  forming  a 
collection  of  the  members  of  the  Old  Congress  —  some  three 
hundred  and  eighty  in  all  —  of  which  he  lacks  but  twenty- 
three. 

22.  Mr.  F.  J.  Drbbr's  third  set  numbers  forty,  of  which 
thirty-five  are  A.  L.  S.;  S.  Adams,  Livingston,  Smith  and 
Paca,  L.  S.,  and  Morton,  D.  S;  while  sixteen  are  lacking,  viz.: 
Thornton,  Paine,  Hopkins,  Williams,  Hart,  Stockton,  Ross, 
Stone,  Hewes,  Hooper,  Penn,  Heyward,  Lynch,  Middleton, 
Gwinnett,  and  Hall. 

23.  The  late  JoHX  Carter  BroWxV,  of  Providence,  pur- 
chased the  set  of  the  Signers,  qaite  incomplete,  made  by 
the  late  Hon.  Henry  C.  Murphy,  of  Brooklyn.  Particulars 
of  its  strength  and  character  are  not  now  attainable. 

24.  Gordon  L.  Ford,  of  Brooklyn,  has  about  forty  of  the 
Signers.  It  ^^as  commenced  in  1839— at  which  time  Mr. 
Ford  states,  that  he  knew  of  but  four  other  collectors  in  this 
country,  namely:  Dr.  Sprague,  Mr.  Teflft,  Mr.  Gilmor  and 
Mr.  Cist.  His  aim  was  not  so  much  to  form  any  complete 
series,  as  to  secure  letters  of  historic  interest  and  value. 
Of  his  incomplete  set  of  the  Sigaers,  about  three-fourths 
are  full  letters,  alphabetically  arranged,  illustrated  with 
portraits,  views  and  short  sketches,  but  not  bound.    His  en- 


Autographs  pF  the  Signers.  441 

tire  autograph  collection  is  very  large,  reaching,  probably 
one  hundred  thousand  letters  and  documents. 

25.  Hon.  Mbllbn  Chamberlain,  of  Boston,  besides  his 
set  of  mounted  signatures  of  the  Signers,  has  some  thirty 
letters  and  documents  towards  a  second  collection,  of 
which  we  have  no  classification. 

26.  The  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society  have  about 
one-half  of  the  Signers  in  separate  letter  form,  which  they  de- 
sigfn  utilizing,  at  some  future  time,  in  improving  their  set, 
which  came  from  the  collections  of  the  late  Dr.  Sprague. 

27.  Miss  Mary  D.  Hathaway,  of  New  Bedford,  Mass., 
inherited  from  her  mother,  Mrs.  William  Hathaway,  several 
years  since,  an  incomplete  collection  of  the  Signers;  of  its 
composition  we  hav^e  no  information. 

28.  Charles  S.  Ogden,  of  Philadelphia,  is  mentioned  as 
an  autograph  collector  as  early  as  1853.  Some  twenty 
years  or  more  ago,  writes  R  C.  Davis,  Mr.  Ogden  had  the 
nucleus  of  a  nice  collection  of  the  Signers,  which  was  given 
to  his  son,  Henry  Corbit  Ogden,  of  New  York.  We  have  no 
knowledge  of  its  strength  or  classification. 

29.  Henry  C.  Van  Schaack,  of  Manlias,  N.  Y.,  has  ar- 
ranged in  three  volumes,  a  fine  collection  of  autographs, 
among  which  he  enumerates  eighteen  of  the  Signers. 

30.  CoL.  F.  M.  Etting,  of  Philadelphia,  in  addition  to  his 
regular  set  of  the  Signers,  lacking  only  Lynch,  has  nearly  a 
full  collection  of  the  signatures  of  the  Signers,  mounted  and 
framed,  with  likenesses  —  of  their  exact  number,  and  de- 
ficiencies, we  are  without  information. 

31.  The  late  William  Faxon,  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  at  one 
time  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  formed  an  incom- 
plete set  of  the  Signers. 

As  the  imperfect  set  of  the  Signers  of  the  late  Maj.  Ben. 
Pebley  Poore,  is  soon  to  be  dispersed,  together  with  his 
several  thousand  American  autographs,  it  is  unnecessary  to 
further  refer  to  his  collection,  of  i^hich  we  have  no  specific 
account. 

The  incomplete  set  of  Signers  made  by  Dr.  Lewis  Roper, 
of  Philadelphia,  was  purchased  at  his  death,  by  the  late  Jos. 
T.  MiCKLEY,  of  that  city,  at  a  sale  in  Feb.,  1851,  which  took 
29-H.C. 


442  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

place  on  a  wet  night  when  there  were  but  few  or  no  com- 
petitors; and  after  much  improving,  and  completion  priorto 
1860,  it  was  finally  dispersed  at  auction,  after  Mr.  Mickley'8 
death,  in  Nov.,  1878  —  many  of  the  specimens  bringing  good 
prices  for  that  day  —  Gwinnett,  L.  S.,  $110;  Lynch  signa- 
ture, 895;  Hall,  A.  L.  S.,  $60;  Hewes,  A.  L.  S ,  $37.50;  Hooper, 
A.  L.  S.,  $32;  Middleton,  L.  S.,  $29;  Penn,  A.  L.  S.,  $27.50; 

F.  L.  Lee,  A.  L.  S.,  $21;  Hey  ward,  D.  S ,  $15. 

Lewis  J.  Cist,  of  Cincinnati,  who  was  bom  in  Pennsylvania 
in  1818,  was  an  early  collector,  commencing  in  1835,  but  didnot 
complete  his  set  of  the  Signers  until  1850,  when  he  received 
a  Lynch  signature  from  Mr.  Tefift.  His  collection  seems  to 
have  been  the  fifth  completed  set  —  Sprague,  Raffles,  Tefft 
andQilmor  preceding  him  in  this  honor.  Mr.  Cist,  quite  a 
poet  arid  ZzYferafeur,  spent  his  life  mainly  in  the  employ  of 
banks  and  insurance  companies.  His  death  at  Cincinnati, 
March  31, 1885,  caused  the  dispersion,  separately,  of  his  large 
collection  of  autographs  at  auction. 

The  collections  of  Henry  C.  Baird,  of  Philadelphia,  com- 
menced in  1842,  and  described  in  the  Bizarre  magazine, 
April,  1853,  included  a  goodly  portion  of  tne  Signers,  which 
have  been  dispersed.    Dr.  C.  G.  Barney,  of  Richmond,  V% 
made  a  fine  collection  of  the  Signers,  containing  many  val- 
uable historical  letters,  and  lacking  only  Lynch  and  Gwin- 
nett; but  desparing  of  securing  these,  he  sold  his  autographs 
separately  to  other  collectors.     Col.  Brantz   Mayer,  of 
Baltimore,  a  literary  mxn  of  much  repute,  made  a  collection 
of  the  Signers,  which  lacked  Taylor,  Lynch,  Middleton, 
Gwinnett,  and  Hall;  he  dying  in  February,  1879,  his  auto- 
graphs were  dispersed  at  auction  in  November  following. 
The  late  Hon.  Henry  S.  Randall,  of  Courtland,  N.  Y.,  also 
made  a  collection  of  the  Signers,  which  needed  only  Gwin- 
nett of  completion,  which  since  his  death,  August  14, 1876, 
passed,  with  his  other  autograph  groups,  which   he  had 
been  some  thirty  years  gathering,  into  the  hands  of  Mr. 
C.  De  F.  Burns,  and  have  been  dispersed.   Other  collections— 
notably  those  of  B.  B.  Thatcher,  of  Boston,  Charles  H. 
Morse,  of  Newburyport,  Mass.,  Alfred  B.  Taylor,  John 

G.  Howard,  and  Edward  Herrick,  of  Pennsylvania,  John 


AUTOGRAniS  OK  TIIK  HUiSKH^ 

.  Tno.MPSOX.  of  Richmond,  Va.,  and  .J'y.r.  • 
aysville,  Ky.,  have  boon  dispoHi^l  o«  .;•• 
lengthen  other  sets  of  autographs. 

The  autographs  of  extromo  rarity,  of  :•/*/•. v  •»' 
[•s,are  steadily  but  surely  enhancing  in  v;ii  .f 
gnature,  which,  in   1815,  had  no  pcicuni.iry  v. 
^5  in  1.S7S;  subsequently  811  ■">:  Air.o  in  l-i^;;*',  >. 
3cent  Cist  sale.    The  Ciwinnett,  in   rlofui/i.  .•».  ♦•.. 
xought  Alio  in  isrs,  and  the  siim*^  in  I  v  i,  r^/rf  ••  „• 
t the  Cist  sale:  and  at  this  sale  al;^o  a  1/  //i-     :•/• 
xought  $85,  while  a  Stockton  h'tt<ir  n**l  t«!'J  ■  /j 
as  refused  8o00  for  his  full  letter  <»f  ,Iuhn  '>!'>»  ■./' 
uly  one  other  is  known  to  Iw.  in  «ixisl«-n<  «- 

Still  other  autograi>h  colh'ctors   li;tv«r   !/« •  r.   ■ 
3oL.  Peter  FoKCK,  of  Washin;^tc>M,  ^-j.-iMi' n  I    ii...i 
cripts  and  documents,  which  sinri-  hi  •  *J'  .j« },   i..^ . 
nto  the  library    of  Con^^ress.     In  l.li«:    ///  n,, 
i^hiladelphia,  Oct.  2'),  isv;,  rjuit^i  a  li  -t.  ol  «a}.-.i 
n'aph  collectors  of  that  yrriotl,  is  ^'ivi  n     .:..  .. 
>f  Boston,  chiefly  of  litorary   r:li;j.r;i''.«  i.     .;     . 
!few  York:  Capt.  Fl'j:ma.v  Slym^i  I'.  ' 
3r.  Tiieo.  L.  Cl'yler,  Tn^nton,  ...   J     hi 

5.  D.  IXGRAHAM,  \V  M.  SCif O  I  ; ,  .J  S  ..  H     i  '  i. : 

Vlliboxe,  all  of  Phila'l»:!;>fiia      \':r,  J;;^',<  » 
!iibrary,  New  York:  J  .a::  k     (;.   .M'S?jj 

iluding  many  pap'.TS ''Z  ^/  •;. .  f.''.'./   '/f  » 
^resident  Madi.son:    Jf:.   ;.  •   7     S    .  *• 
)SCAR  F.  Keeler.  C>.  ;:5.  .  -       :. 
Toronto.    It  :=•  r. . :  pr '.  -.,:;.  •, .  •  *.  -.  :r.r  .-,  -  / 
iraced  any  c.r- ■-..;■:.-;;  - 


ff 


•>  «. 


'•  #« 


t  t 


i' 


ve  anv   i^rnr.!:-:  ..•.5. 


• » ^ 


'olle?:::r.i  ^r.-    -  ■  ,  »       ^ 

ry,  c:  r.  :  v   ' 


^  *•' 


«•«» 


444:  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Societt. 

embellishment,  but  for  the  sole  object  of  subserving  the 
purposes  of  history. 

Sets  of  Signers  of  the  Constitution. 

Besides  the  thirty-nine  Signers  of  the  Constitution,  there 
"were  twenty-six  others  chosen,  some  of  whom  failed  to  at- 
tend the  Convention,  and  others  of  them  who  did  attent 
failea  to  affix  their  names  to  that  instrument.  Autographs 
of  several  of  the  Sigaeri  propar  are  difficult  to  obtain. 
A  distinguished  collector  states,  that  his  personal  experience 
leads  him  to  say,  that  the  relative  rarity  of  the  autographs 
of  the  delegates  who  did  not  sign  the  Constitution,  would 
be  fairly  expressed,  at  this  time, by  the  following  classifica* 
tion: 

1.  Those  most  readily  obtained:  E.  Gerry,  Caleb  Strong, 
Robert  Yates,  John  Lansing,  Luther  Martin,  Edmund  Ran- 
dolph, and  Nathaniel  Pendleton. 

2.  John  Pickering,  Oliver  Ellsworth,  John  Neilson,  John 
F.  Mercer,  and  Patrick  Henry. 

3.  Benjamin  West,  Wm.  Churchill  Houston,  Abraham 
Clark,  James  McClung,  Alexander  Martin,  Wm.  R.  Davie, 
Richard  Caswell,  Wm.  Pierce,  and  George  Walton. 

4.  Francis  Dana,  George  Mason,  George  Wythe,  and 
William  Houston. 

5.  Willie  Jones,  the  rarest  of  all. 

In  briefly  describing  the  sixteen  full  collections  of  the 
Constitutional  Signers,  and  the  incomplete  sets  as  well,  any 
mode  of  discrimination  is  not  without  its  difficulties.  In 
following  the  rule  laid  down  in  classifying  the  sets  of  the 
Declaration  Signers,  giving  those  precedence  having  the 
largest  number  of  A.  L.  S.,  there  is  no  certainty  that  reallr 
the  best  collections,  if  judged  by  their  condition  or  historical 
value,  are  properly  recognized.  At  present,  however,  we 
see  no  better  way  to  get  at  the  matter;  and  if  not  deemed 
the  best,  each  one  must  re-adjust  the  list  to  suit  his  own 
I'udgment,  with  the  facts  as  they  are  reported  and  presented. 
If  a  committee  of  experts,  as  at  a  fair,  were  personally  and 
carefully  to  examine  the  several  collections  in  detail,  they 
might  reach  very  different  results. 


Autographs  of  the  Signers.  445 

1.  Simon  Qratz,  of  Philadelphia.  His  set  of  the  Signers 
E  the  Constitution  is  a  superior  one  —  undoubtedly  the  best 
ctant.  It  is  wholly  composed  of  A.  L.  S.,  and  includes  not 
nly  the  thirty-nine  Signers  proper,  but  the  twenty-six 
bhers  who  were  chosen  dele  gates,  and  who  either  failed 
1.  their  attendance,  or  left  before  the  completion,  and  sign- 
M.g  of  the  Constitution.  Se7eral  of  the  autographs  of  the 
pventy-six  non-Signers  are  more  difficult  of  obtainmeht 
^an  those  of  any  of  the  Signers  proper. 

2.  D.  Mc.  N.  Staufper,  of  New  York,  has  all  the  Signers 
roper,  and  all  the  others  chosen,  in  A.  L.  S.,  save  Blair  only 
^  D.  S.;  and  largely  illustrated. 

3.  Dr.  S.  H.  Fogg,  of  Boston.  Of  his  set  of  the  thirty- 
Ine  Signers  of  the  Constitution,  all  are  A.  L.  S.,  except 
(lair,  D.  S.  He  has  also  full  autograph  letters,  save  of 
Vythe  only,  which  is  a  signed  document,  of  the  other 
•rentysix  who  were  chosen  members  of  the  Convention  of 
987, but  failed  to  sign  the  Constitution.  Including  William 
«ckBon,  the  Secretary,  the  collection  is  illustrated  with 
Drty-six  engravings,  leaving  twenty  without  likenesses. 

4.  Col.  C.  C.  Jones,  of  Augusta,  Georgia.  His  set  of  the 
signers  of  the  Constitution  is  complete  —  all  A.  L.  S.,  save 
Vilson  and  Read,  A.  D.  S.,  and  Franklin  and  Mifflin,  D.  S. 
^he  collection  also  includes  all  the  members  elect  to  the 
Sonvention  of  1787,  who  were  either  not  present,  or  failed 
Dsign  the  engrossed  document;  and  all  these  also  are  A.  L. 
S  except  Bejamin  West,  A.  D.  S.  This  series  is  likewise 
llostrated  with  portraits,  inlaid  on  Whatman  paper,  and 
lound. 

5.  The  set  of  the  Signers  of  the  Constitution  of  R.  C.  Davis, 
»f  Philadelphia,  are  all  A.  L.  S.,  save  Baldwin,  D.  S.;  and 
le  has  also  all,  with  one  exception,  of  the  twenty-six  others 
hoeen  to  the  Conveatioa  of  17S7,  but  for  one  cause  or 
■nother,  failed  to  siga  the  Constitution.  This  collection  is 
Ibo  suitably  illustrated. 

6.  Fbrd.  J.  Dreer,  Philadelphia,  has  all  the  Signers  in 
L.  L.  S.;  and  quite  a  portion,  in  sorn^  form  of  those  chosen 
rho  did  not  attend,  or  did  not  sign.     Properly  illustrated. 


446  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

7.  Dr.  Thomas  A.  Emmet,  of  New  York.  Of  his  collectioii 
of  the  Signers  of  the  Constitution,  thirty-seven  are  A.  L.  S, 
and  only  Broom  and  Carroll  are  A.  D.  S.;  fifteen  are  of  fdio 
size,  and  twenty-four  are  quartos.  The  set  also  inclades 
sixteen  others  who  were  chosen  members,  but  did  not  sign 
the  Constitution  —  of  which  thirteen  are  full  letters.  It  is 
an  excellent  set,  and  illustrated  with  portraits,  views,  etc. 

8.  Charles  Roberts,  of  Philadelphia,  has  all  the  thirtj- 
nine  Si£:ners,  and  most  of  the  others;  and  about  two-thirdi 
of  the  whole  are  A.  L.  S.,  with  appropriate  illustrations. 

9.  State  Historical  Society,  Madison,  Wis.,  has  all  the 
the  Signers  proper  in  A.  L.  S.,  with  suitable  illustrative  mat- 
ter. 

10.  Joseph  W.  Drexkl,  of  New  York,  possesses  the  set 
made  up  by  Mr.  Tefift,  of  Georgia,  consisting  of  thirty-five 
of  the  Signers  proper,  in  A.  L.  S.,  with  Sherman,  Paterson, 
and  Bedford,  A.  D.  S.,  and  Blair,  D.  S.  Illustrated  and 
bound. 

11  and  12.  Prof.  Lepfingwell  has  two  sets  of  the  Signert 
of  the  Constitution  —  the  first  consists  of  thirty-six  A.  L.  S.; 
with  Blair,  L.  S.,  and  Bedford  and  Reed,  D.  S.  The  second  col- 
lection has  thirty-five  A.  L.  S.,  with  Bedford,  G  .Morris,  Read, 
and  Blair,  D.  S.  He  has  also  a  set  of  those  who  were  elected 
to  the  Convention  of  1787,  but  failed  from  various  causes  to 
sign  the  Constitution. 

1:3  and  14.  Col.  Frank  M.  Etting,  of  Concordville,  Pa., 
has  two  sets,  which  he  represents  as  full,  of  which  we  have 
no  classification. 

15.  C.  F.  GuNTHER,  of  Chicago,  has  the  thirty-nine  Sign- 
ers proper  —  not  reported  in  detail,  but  supposed  to  be  nearly 
all  in  full  letter  form. 

1(3.  Hon.  Mellen  Chamberlain,  of  Boston,  has  a  unique 
set  of  signatures  of  the  Signers,  appended  to  a  neat  copy 
of  the  Constitution. 

Imcomplete  Sets. 

1.  Rev.  Dr.  J.  H.  Dubbs,  of  Lancaster,  Pa.,  has  all  the 
Signers  proper,  save  S\>u.\^ht,  and  only  wanting  three  or  four 
ot  the  others  dioaen  to  \\ie>  C»oviN^Ti\;\Q\3L. 


AUTOGBAPHS  OF  THE  SIGNERS.  44:7 

2.  John  M.  Hale,  of  Philipsburg,  Pa.,  has  all  of  the 
Signers  proper,  save  Rutledge;  and  has  a  portion  of  the 
other  delegates. 

3.  C.  B.  Gkeenough,  Boston,  lacks  two  of  a  full  set  of  the 
Signers. 

4.  Q.  M.  CoNARROB,  Philadelphia,  has  thirty- five  of  the 
thirty-nine  Signers,  lacking  Johnson,  Washington,  But- 
ledge  and  Few. 

5.  Edward  E.  Spkagub,  New  York,  has  a  partial  set  — 
several  rai^e  names  are  wanting. 

6.  The  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society  has  an  in- 
complete collection. 

In  all  the  complete  collections  of  autographs  of  the  Sign- 
ers  of  the  Constitution,  and  probably  in  most  of  the  partial 
ones  as  well,  the  autograph  of  William  Jackson,  the  Secre- 
tary, is  very  properly  included. 


SKETCH  OF  HON.  ANDREW  PROUDFIT. 


V  By  HON.  BREESE  J.  STEVENS. 

The  Proudfit  family  was  of   Scotch  descent,  and  strict 
Scotch  Presbyterians  in  religious  belief.    Andrew  Proudfifs 
grandfather,  after  whom  he  was  named,  was  one  of  fiv6 
brothers  who  emigrated  from  Scotland,  and,  for  a  time,  he 
was  a  physician  at  Troy,  New  York;  but  later,  he  retired  to 
what  became  the  family  home  at    Argyle,  Washington 
County,  New  York.      His  grandmother,  Mary  Lyttle,  was 
the  first  white  woman  born  in  the  town  of  Salem,  in  that 
county,  of  whom  it  was  said,  that  "she  went  with  two 
horses,  during  the  Revolutionary  War,  with  six  bushels  of 
wheat,  as  her  gift  toward  supplying  the  army."    His  father, 
James  Proudfit,  was  a  merchant,  first  at  Troy,  New  York, 
and  then  at  Argyle,  and  died  leaving  Andrew  a  lad  of  four- 
teen years,  the  support  of  his  mother,  Maria  J.  Proudfit,  and 
the  head  of  his  family.      His  uncle.  Dr.  William  Proudfit, 
died  in  Milwaukee,  in  1843,  one  of  the  earliest  and  most 
learned  physicians  of  the  country. 

Andrew  Proudfit  was  born  on  the  3d  of  August,  1820,  at 
Argyle,  where  he  received  the  usual  common  school  educa- 
tion until  his  fourteenth  year,  when  his  mother  depending 
on  his  support,  he  became  a  clerk  in  the  store  of  an  uncle. 
In  June,  1843,  when  twenty-two  years  of  age,  with  his 
mother,  sister,  and  younger  brother,  he  removed  to  Wiscon- 
sin, taking  up  a  farm  in  Brookfield,  in  what  was  then  Mil- 
waukee, now  Waukesha  county.  After  devoting  two 
years  of  labor  in  clearing  off  the  heavy  timber,  he  employed 
others  to  work  the  farm,  while  he  engaged  himself  as  book- 
keeper and  salesman  in  the  general  business  firm  of  Shep- 
ard  &  Bonnell,  in  Milwaukee,  where  he  continued  for  two 
years.    Removing,  in  l^^vS,  \.o  T><i\a^'&\d,  Waukesha  County, 


.1    • 


Sketch  of  Hon.  Andrew  Pkolj/jj-j 

erected  a  grist-mill,  and  operated  it  in  cor- '--.'•. 
country  store  for  five  years.  In  l^oo,  Mr.  Proud fj  •.  • ;  • 
MadrsoD,  having  exchanged  his  Delafield  prop.',r!_N  "• 
Brown's  homestead  in  Madison,  includinp:  I'm;   o*'  - 
^rgus  and  J)emocraf.     In  September,  ISl'i,  hliori :;.   : 
removal  to  Delafield,  he  was  happily  niarri<id  ai  .  .  •  • 
Michigan,  to  Elizabeth  Ford,  formerly  of  .}dL*:k^<jr      v  . 
ing^ton  county.  New  York,  by  whom  he  had  Hf'.v*:fi  '  •       •    - 

Mr.  Proudfit  was  a  conspicuous  man  in  this  Si.jt  ^  '  ;  »  -   -^ 
participated  in  many  of  the  movements  of  \}\\\Ar     ■•'  ■■'■  -^  .   • 
of  liis  day.    As  a  member  of  the  State  Sonato,  in  J  -  . 
the  infancy  of  the  State,  he  took  a  prominent  pJirl  J'j  s*  .,  ^ 
mg  the  early  laws,  which  more  effoctively   than   if.'/.,.    •  ,-f 
later  days,  operated  in  developing  its   resoiirc,<iH,  ■j-i-J  i»«  «, 

^noting  its  prosperity.     He  was  for  fovir  yoars  h  im'.-ium  «    •  >-t 

the  Board  of  Public  Works,  which  had  the  sup«:»  vij^.'^i     =.? 

the  improvement  of  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivtM-s.  j»  -*  i- 1 . ;. 

for  by  a  grant  of  lands  made  by  Congresn.     He  vv"    u.     . 

member  of  the  Bjard  of  Trustees  of  the  Stat<j  Jl'>-1»"--      .. 

the  Insane,  and  was  for  several  years  its  Tr«*aK'.«i.  ■ 
contractorwiththe  State,  ho  aided  in  the  consuu'n.w:   < 

Foxand  Wisconsin  improvments;  in  building  tin  >,»n  ..  •      _ 
of  the  State  Prison,  at  Waupun  in  185  4;    tli<:  ix'rt"  "•- 
the  Capitol,  at  Madison,  in  IstJi;  two  wln^H  of  uu-  .-.1.-^  .  . 
pital  for  the  Insane,  near  Madison,  in  l>^^■,'■.,■'""\  '^"'  • 
war,  in  furnishing  camp  supplies    for    Wi^oiiW.    .... 
soldiers  while  stationed  within  the  Statu. 

As  a  citizen  he  was  much   rcspect.'.<l,  .I'.'i  «"  ^  . 
ence.      He  became  the  first  V'ioo  I»r.isi'l.--i'. .:: 
First  National  Bank;  a  director  of   V>\*->  ^ '  >■>  i-g-- 
Company,  and  of  the  Park  Ilote-l  CJonip>.>'Sa.. '    - 
and  was  Mayor  of  that  cify  i"   *  <>■.»-""•    *'•  ^-*"  ' 
school  of  poiitics,  he  was  for  nitAt^y    y.a'-«  tui^.. 
State  Democratic  Committoo,,  Ji-"*^  sj-l  w;*yr  «*i-.. 
ential. 

Unusually sairadous and  eii*.'r^'-<-''','"  l»"****» 
quired  property  to  an  amount    ooii'^idwi*:  a^ 

competency, which  was  lost  i"  t*^"  * '/"fU^ *'''*'- 
leaving  him  heavily  encuml>'sr<5'l    viritL^taf    _ 


450  Wisconsin  State  Historicai.  Societt. 

cepted  a  salaried  employment,  and  courageously  began  the 
work  of  reducing  his  indebtedness,  and  re-building  his  estate. 
In  1863,  he  became  a  member  of  the  Madison  firm  of  M.  E. 
Fuller  &  Co.,  and  with  such  energy  and  courage  pushed  his 
fortunes,  that,  at  his  death,  he  was  able  to  leave  to  his  fam- 
ily an  estate,  free  from  debt,  much  greater  than  the  one  he 
lost  in  1857.  He  was  considered  to  be  an  able  financier,  and 
a  man  of  the  self-reliant,  quiet,  unsensational  kind,  who 
seeks  large  enterprises,  and  takes  large  risks. 

He  gave  to  many  the  aid  of  his  credit,  with  no  security 
other  than  his  faith  in  their  honor.  He  originated  manj 
schemes  designed  for  the  public  good.  Charitable,  unosten- 
tatious, kind  to  the  poor,  a  good  neighbor,  he  was  univer- 
sally esteemed,  respected  and  loved.  He  was  appreciative 
of  humor,  and  tender  of  the  feelings  of  others.  Late  in  life 
he  became  a  member  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  for  sev- 
eral years  was  one  of  the  wardens  of  Grace  Church  at 
Madison. 

He  passed  peacefully  away  at  his  home,  in  Madison,  on 
Nov.  13, 1883,  at  the  age  of  sixty-three  years.  The  widow 
and  four  sons  survive  him. 

In  his  death  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin 
lost  one  of  its  oldest,  most  valued,  and  active  members. 
Curator  and  member  of  the  Executive  Committee  for  thir- 
teen years,  he  aided  much  in  directing  the  course  and  up- 
building of  the  Society.  No  greater  honor  can  the  Society 
do  itself,  nor  render  the  public  greater  good,  than  in  worth- 
ily noting  the  career  of  those  of  its  members  who  have 
wisely  served  their  day  and  generation. 


MEMORIAL  SKETCHES  OF  0.  M.  CONOVER,  LL  D. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  State  Historical  Society,  June  3d, 
1884,  Gen.  David  Atwood,  from  the  committee  on  obituaries, 
submitted  the  following  preamble  and  resolutions,  which 
-were  unanimously  adopted: 

In  the  city  of  Lon  ion,  on  the  morning  of  the  29th  of  April,  1881,  O.  M. 
Ck>noyer,  LL.  D.,  a  prominent  and  useful  meml)er  and  pfficer  of  this 
Society,  passed  from  earth.  From  foreign  lands  where  Dr.  Ck>nover  had 
been  sojourning  for  nearly  two  years,  his  many  frieads  had  fondly  hoped 
that  it  would  be  their  pleasure  soon  to  welcome  his  return  in  life,  and  in 
good  cheer,  to  his  chosen  home  at  the  Capital  of  Wisconsin,  benefited  in 
health,  and  improved  in  knowledge  obtaiaed  from  his  extended  travels 
abroad,  and  better  able  to  pursue  his  life  of  unefulness  to  the  State,  to 
this  Society,  and  to  his  family  and  friends.  But  instead  of  this  joyful 
welcome,  the  mortal  remains  of  this  good  man  were  brought  to  our  shores, 
and  by  mourning  friends  were  received  and  deposited  in  their  last  resting 
place  in  the  beautiful  Forest  Hill  Cemetery. 

The  loss  of  a  man  so  noble  in  character,  so  warm  a  friend  and  supporter 
of  this  Society,  and  so  generally  respected  as  was  Dr.  ConoVer,  deserves 
and  should  receive  from  his  survivors  in  charge  of  the  State  Historical 
Society,  a  befitting  and  appropriate  recognition.    Therefore, 

Resolvedf  That  in  the  death  of  Dr.  O.  M.  Conover,  the  members  of  this 
Society,  and  the  people  of  the  State  generally  have  sustained  a  serious 
loss;  that  in  him  were  blended  the  elements  of  true  greatness  and  worth. 
He  was  a  ripe  scholar,  a  profound  thinker,  a  graceful  writer  of  much  clear- 
ness and  force,  a  thoroughly  read  lawyer,  a  superior  Supreme  Court  Re- 
porter, an  honored  and  respected  member  and  officer  of  the  State  His- 
torical Society  from  the  time  of  its  incorporation,  a  genial  companion  and 
friend,  a  model  gentleman  in  all  the  walks  of  life,  and  a  conscientious, 
practical  Christian .  His  social  attachments  were  strong,  his  f riendsliip 
was  sincere  and  true;   his  grasp  of   hand    was  warm  and  cordial;  in 

fine, 

**  His  life  was  gentle;  and  the  elements 

So  mix'd  in  him,  that  Nature  might  stand  up. 

And  say  to  all  the  world,  This  teas  a  77ian." 

Resolved,  That  the  members  of  this  Society  mourn  the  death  of  Dr. 
Conover,  as  one  whose  life  was,  really  great  tTOinVlB  aKravVXcWj  wAv'^axvVj 


452  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

and  as  one  whose  intelligence  and  high  culture  caused  him  to  rank  among: 
the  Society 's  most  valuable,  accomplished  and  useful  members  and  officers; 
and  that  they  tender  to  the  immediate  family  of  the  deceased,  their  em- 
cere  condolence  and  sympathy  in  this  time  of  their  sore  affl'ction. 

Resolved,  That  these  resolutions  be  placed  upon  the  records  of  this 
Society,  and  that  a  copy  of  the  same  be  forwarded  to  the  family  of  the  de- 
ceased. 

Rev.  Dr.  Richards  and  Chief  Justice  Cole  were  requested 
to  prepare  memorial  papers  on  Dr.  Conover's  life  and  char- 
acter. 


L— By  rev.  CHAa  H.  RICHARDS,  D.  D. 

No  one  could  come  into  close  association  with  Dr.  O.  M. 
Conover  without  feeling  the  singfular  charm  of  his  life. 
Quiet  and  unostentatious^  shrinking  from  conspicuous  posi- 
tions, he  did  not  gain  nor  desire  the  wide  notoriety  that  some 
men  of  more  slender  endowments  attained.  But  such  was 
his  large  and  varied  ability,  and  such  the  unusual  excellence 
and  beauty  of  his  life  that  eminent  men  who  knew  him  . 
well  deemed  him  worthy  to  rank  among  the  illustrious  men 
of  the  State. 

It  is  particularly  fitting  that  one  who  was  not  only  a  citi- 
zen of  Wisconsin  and  a  resident  in  Madison  for  thirty-four 
years,  but  who  was  also  a  charter  member  of  the  Wisconsin 
Historical  Society,  its  Treasurer  for  sixteen  years,  and  for 
the  last  fifteen  years  of  his  life  one  of  its  Curators,  should 
have  some  special  tribute  to  his  memory  in  its  records.  His 
life  is  his  own  best  eulogy.  In  response  to  the  invitation  of 
this  Society,  I  present  a  brief  sketch  of  his  career,  which  in 
itself  exhibits  those[qualities  of  character  that  made  him  em- 
inent. 

Obadiah  Milton  Conover  was  born  in  Dayton,  Ohio,  Octo- 
ber 8, 1825.  His  father  was  Obadiah  Berlew  Conover,  and 
his  mother  was  Sarah  Miller,  whose  family  was  from  Ken- 
tucky, in  which  State  she  was  born.  On  his  father's  side 
Dr.  Conover  traced  his  ancestry  back  through  a  long  line 
of  New  Jersey  families  (^Nsr\veT^  \\\^  i.^.U\<i\!  was  born,)  to  an 


Memorial  Sketch  op  Dr.  0.  M.  Conover.  458 

ajicient  estate    of    the   Kouwenhovens    in  Holland,  near 
"Utrecht.    He  was  always  proud  of  his  Dutch  .origin,  and  of 
his  lineal  connection  with  a  people  of  such  sturdy  vigor,  in- 
telligence and  courage,  that  they  not  only  "  wrested  their 
territory  from  the  sea,"  but  in  spite  of  the  terrible  oppres- 
sion and  persecution  of  two  of  the  cruelest  and  most  big- 
oted tyrants  of   history,  Charles  V,  and  Philip  II,  wrested 
their  independence  from  despots,  and  established  the  Re- 
public of  the  United  Netherlands.    These  thrifty  and  en- 
terprising people  at  the  close  of  the  1*5 th  century  had  at- 
tained "  the  commercial  leadership  of  the  world."    Motley 
says  of  them,  that "  in  every  branch  of  human  industry 
these  republicans  took  the  lead."    And  he  declares  that  the 
chief  source  of  their  wealth  and  power  was  the  ocean,  on 
which  they  had  at  this  time  three  thousand  ships,  and  one 
hundred  thousand  sailors. 

It  was  natural  that  such  a  people  should  seize  upon  the 
j2:olden  opportunities  which  the  New  World  opened  to  them, 
to  enlarge  their  dominions  and  increase  their  wealth.  To 
the  New  Netherlands  established  about  the  mouth  of  the 
Hudson  River,  where  the  Dutch  traders  had  for  some  years 
been  doing  a  thriving  business  with  the  Indians  in  furs, 
came  these  stout-hearted,  energetic  burghers  in  considerable 
numbers.  In  1^326,  they  purchased  Manhattan  Island,  the 
site  of  the  New  World  metropolis.  Hither  came  Jacob 
Wolfertsen  van  Couwenhoven.  in  1632,  whose  name  appears 
in  1647  as  one  of  the  board  of  Nine  Men,  selected  by  the  col- 
ony to  be  a  check  upon  the  high-handed  proceedings  of  the 
imperious  Governor,  Peter  Stuy vesant.  He  appears  again 
in  1649,  as  one  of  the  three  delegates  sent  to  Holland  to  bear 
a  remonstrance  to  the  States  General  against  the  methods 
of  that  haughty  and  irascible  ruler.  He  was  doubtless  the 
first  of  the  name  on  these  shores,  and  Dr.  Conover  was  of 
the  eighth  generation  in  lineal  descent  from  him.  By  nat- 
ural and  gradual  transitions  the  name  has  been  transformed 
from  Kouenhoven,  which  still  clings  to  the  ancient  estate  in 
Holland,  to  Conover. 

It  was  Dr.  Conover's  good  fortune  to  visit  the  home  of  his 
ancestors  in  Holland  but  a  few  weeks  before  his  death,  K\& 


i54  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socikty. 

impressions  of  the  country  and  the  people  are  given  in  a 
letter  to  his  brother,  in  which  he  writes: 

"  I  looked  upon  this  little  country  and  its  people  with 
peculiar  interest,  because  it  was  the  'home  of  our  ancestors* 
on  our  father's  side.  In  its  external  appearance  it  was 
much  what  I  expected,  but  almost  perfectly  flat»  and  tra- 
versed in  all  directions  by  canals  of  all  sizes.  Everywhere 
there  was  evidence  of  thrift  and  careful  culture.  In  the 
quiet  inland  cities,  Utrecht,  the  Hague,  Delft,  one  is  im- 
pressed with  Dutch  industry  and  cleanliness.  In  the  rural 
districts  one  sees  more  pleasant  homes  than  in  any  other  part 
of  the  continent  that  I  have  visited,  and  the  Dutch  gentlemen 
are  credited  with  being  specially  fond  of  country  homes. 

"  As  to  the  people,  I  confess  that  I  was  greatly  surprised 
by  their  appearance  and  manners.    I  expected  to  find  them 
substantial  and  sensible,  but  rather  heavy.  On  the  contrary 
they  are  more  like  Americans  than  any  other  European  peo- 
ple I  have  seen.    A  fairer-looking,  brighter,  more  active, 
more  intelligent  people  it  has  not  been  my  fortune  to  en- 
counter anywhere.    Of  course  this  is  not  equally  true  of  all 
classes;  there  are  heavy  and  stupid  physiognomies,  especi- 
ally among  the  peasantry  and  a  corresponding  class  in  the 
cities.    This  is  true  among  all  the  Germanic  peoples,  perhaps 
among  all  peoples.    But  speaking  of  the  general  average  of 
the  Dutch  people  as  I  saw  them,  I  should  say  that  in  per- 
sonal dignity  and  independence,  quick  intelligence,  physical 
and  mental  alertness,  and  in  certain  indescribable  physical 
characteristics,  they  are  quite  of  the  American  type,  with 
here  and  there  in  individuals  something  that  is  perhaps 
more  suggestive  of  an  Englishman. 

''  The  Hague,  which  is  the  capital  of  Holland,  is  simply 
the  most  attractive  city  for  a  residence  that  I  have  seen  in 
Europe;  perhaps  I  should  call  it  a  quiet,  wide-streeted,  spa- 
cious, airy,  elegant  town,  rather  than  a  great  city,  with  little 
trade  or  manufacturing,  but  full  of  pleasant  homes ,  and 
bright,  handsome-looking  people.  I  call  it  (though  ten  or 
twelve  times  as  large,  and  a  great  deal  flatter)  ^  the  Madison 
of  Europe.'" 

The  boyhood  of  Dr.  Conover  was  spent  in  Dayton,  then  a 


Memorial  Sketch  cf  Dr.  0.  M.  Conovbr.  4  r>  5 

riving  and  pleasant  village,  having,  at  the  time  he  left  it 
r  college,  about  six  thousand  inhabitants.   The  educational 
Ivantages  were  good  for  the  time,  and  he  studied  in  tli« 
lademy  where  he  was  afterwards  an  instructor.     He  was 
repared  for  college  when  fifteen  years  of  age,  and  entere<i 
le  College  of  Xew  Jersey  (Princeton),  from  which  he  was 
•aduated  in  1844.    The  two  years  succeeding  his  pjriulii- 
ion  were  spent  in  teaching,  first,  near  L3xington  in  Kun  ■ 
oky,  and  then  as  an  instructor  in  Latia  and  (Ireok  in 
lyton  Academy.    While  teachmg  in  the  latter  plains  ho 
ent  his  leisure   time  in  studying  law  in  the    olllr.n   of 
{henck  and  Conover,  the  latter  gentleman  beinpj  hifc*   oUU*r 
other,  and  the  first  named  being  Gen.  Robert  C.  SchnnrU, 
ice  distinguished  for  various  public  services. 
But  perhaps  neither  the  study  nor  the  practice  of  law 
5re  quite  to  his  taste,  which  turned  more   naturally   and 
gerly  to  the  quiet  pursuits  of  the  scholar,  and  to  tho  ut- 
ictive  fields  of  literature.    His  talents  and    his  traininK 
ke  fitted  him  for  success  in  a  quieter  vocation,  whero  li*i 
Hid  gratify  his  thirst  for  knowledge  and  his  love  of  book^. 
lother  motive,  arising  from  the  profound  moral  earu^fcj;. 
88  of  his  nature,  united  with  these  to  divert  him  froin  W 
3f  ession  toward  which  he  had  seemed  to  look,      i  "*^  cuuiu* 

the  Christian  religion  took  hold  of  his  intellect  aud  i^n. 
;ence  with  great  power.    Though  he    ha<l  declawKJ  u* 
lief  in  it,  and  had  been  for  some  time  a  devout  and  ^a^^in^ 
urch-member,  yet  amid  the  conflict  of  opi"^*^*^***^  *-*- 
Terences  of  judgment  and  interpretation  ^^^^*^^^^t^^^ 
ere  were  certain  questions  that  lay  near  th<^  *^^  ^^^^^^ 
ligious  thought  on  which  his  mind  was    ii^^^     \t^^ 
ligion  was  grounded  in  truth,  he  perceived  tf iJl*Jf*«r     _ 
Dst  momentous  and  important  concern  tf^ 
termined  to  make  a  searching  and    h^> 
e  matter,  and  arrive,  if  possible,  at  8om<* 
t  view  of  the  fundamental  truths  of  tU^ 
a  striking  testimony  to  his  self-sac rl 
ith  and  to  the  heroic  earnestness  of  l*i* 

this  time  he  turned  aside  from  tha 
had  been  looking,  and  devoted 


456  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socikty. 

three  years  of  solid  and  thorough  study  in  this  field  of 
inquiry.  It  was  this  motive,  rather  than  any  particular 
expectation  of  devoting  his  life  to  the  work  of  the  Chris&m 
ministry,  that  appears  to  have  led  him  to  Princeton  Theo- 
logical Seminary  in  1846,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
1849. 

The  result  of  this  theological  study,  to  which  he  gave 
the  best  energies  of  his  mature  and  scholarly  mind,  was  to 
bring  him  into  a  clear,  rational  and  settled  Christian  faith, 
which  was  the  solace  and  stay  of  all  his  after  years.  Get- 
tain  conclusions,  indeed,  of  his  venerated  instructors  he 
could  not  accept.  This  spirit  of  frank  but  kindly  dissent 
from  the  opinions  of  many  good  people,  and  of  fearless  but 
reverent  inquiry  for  the  truth,  he  preserved  to  the  end  of 
his  life.  Yet  he  had  found  firm  footing  for  his  faith  upon 
the  fundamental  verities  of  religion,  and  he  walked  with 
steady  tread  in  this  pathway  of  Christian  belief ,  all  his  days. 

Though  now  licensed  as  a  preacher,  he  rarely  occupied  a 
pulpit.  Partly,  perhaps,  because  he  felt  himself  better 
adapted  to  other  work  than  that  of  constant  public  speak* 
ing,  and  partly  for  other  reasons,  he  again  turned  aside 
from  the  vocation  on  whose  threshold  he  stood,  to  devote 
himself  to  other  work,  for  which  he  deemed  himself  better 
fitted. 

He  came  to  Madison  in  1849,  then  a  little  village  of  larjj^e 
expectations,  and  for  a  few  months  was  the  editor  of  a  lit- 
erary and  educational  monthly  called  ''  The  North-  Western 
JournaV  But  in  1850,  he  was  appointed  instructor  in  the 
Ancient  Languages  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  then 
newly  organized.  There  were  at  that  time  but  two  mem- 
bers of  the  University  faculty  —  John  H.  Lathrop,  who  had 
been  elected  Chancellor  in  1848,  and  John  W.  Sterling, 
elected  as  a  principal  of  the  preparatory  department  in  the 
same  year,  and  beginning  work  in  his  department,  Febru- 
ary 5,  1840.  The  University  was  not  fully  launched  on  its 
career  of  work  until  the  formal  inauguration  of  Chancellor 
Lathrop,  .January  IG,  1850.  Mr.  Conover  was  soon  after 
called  to  the  work  of  instruction,  and  was  thus  the  third 
member  of  its  faculty  in  order  of  appointment  in  a  roll  that 


Memorial  Sketch  op  Dr.  0.  M.  Conovkr.  457 

• 

now  includes  a  large  number  of  distinguished  names.  His 
accurate  and  enthusiastic  scholarship  peculiarly  fitted  him 
for  the  work  in  which  he  was  now  engaged,  and  in  1852,  he 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages  and  Litera- 
ture, which  position  he  filled  with  marked  ability  and  suc- 
cess until  1858.  His  mind  was  thoroughly  imbued  with  the 
classic  spirit,  and  his  teaching  was  no  dull  routine  of  drudg- 
ery, but  with  keen  relish  he  led  his  pupils  back  to  drink  at 
the  refreshing  springs  of  early  literature,  and  showed  them 
amid  the  ruins  of  the  past  many  of  the  foundation  stones  of 
our  niodern  civilization.  His  acquaintance  with  his  de- 
partment was  not*  superficial  and  perfunctory;  he  lived 
amid  the  very  scenes  of  which  he  taught.  The  Roman  Fo- 
rum and  the  Athenian  Acropolis  were  as  familiar  to  his 
mind  as  the  Capitol  Park:  Plato  and  Virgil  were  intellectual 
comrades  with  whom  he  held  delightful  converse.  This  en- 
thusiastic delight  in  the  language,  history,  literature  and  in- 
fluence of  the  two  classic  races  that  have  powerfully  af- 
fected modern  life  and  thought,  remained  as  a  life  long  pas- 
sion, and  his  late  turning  aside  from  the  exhausting  duties 
that  had  worn  out  his  strength,  to  find  rest  and  refresh- 
ment in  study  and  exploration  in  his  beloved  Athens,  was 
very  characteristic. 

In  1858,  in  one  of  the  periodic  revolutions  that  marked 
the  early  history  of  the  University,  he  passed  out  of  its  fac- 
ulty, and  devoted  himself  to  other  pursuits.  But  the  remem- 
brance of  his  work  was  such,  and  his  temperament  and 
habit  of  mind  were  so  pre-eminently  that  of  the  scholar,  that 
the  title  of  "Professor"  was  that  by  which  he  was  com- 
monly  called,  until  his  eldest  son  became  entitled  to  it, 
when  to  prevent  confusion.  Dr.  Conover  was  called  by  the 
honorary  title  so  worthily  bestowed  by  the  institution  he 
had  so  faithfully  served. 

But  his  interest  in  the  University  and  labor  for  it,  did  not 
cease  with  the  termination  of  his  Professorship.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  its  Board  of  Regents,  where  his  wise 
counsel  and  far-seeing  plans  and  indefatigable  efforts  for 
its  success  were  esteemed  of  great  value.  He  filled  this 
position  of  important  trust  till  1887,  sustaining  tlwia  ^\i  <5^- 

so-Ha 


458  Wisconsin  State  Historicai.  Society. 

cial  relation  to  the  University  for  seventeen  years.  In  his 
visit  abroad  during  the  last  two  years  of  his  life,  he  col- 
lected busts,  pictures  and  books  for  the  University,  which 
should  illustrate  and  assist  the  work  in  its  ancient  classical 
department;  and  he  bequeathed  to  its  Library  his  own 
large  and  admirable  collection  of  Greek  and  Latin  authon^ 
in  the  best  editions,  including  nearly  all  the  important 
writers  of  the  classic  period. 

Turning  his  attention  again  to  the  law,  he  was  admitted 
to  the  Dane  County  bar  in  1859.  In  the  spring  of  1861,  on 
the  appointment  of  P.  L.  Spooner,  Esq.,  as  reporter  of  the- 
Supreme  Court  of  Wisconsin,  he  became  associated  with 
him  in  the  preparation  and  publication  of  the  Wisconsin 
Reports,  beginning  with  Volume  XIL  On  the  resignation 
of  Mr.  Spooner  in  1864,  Prof.  Conover  was  appointed  hi« 
successor,  and  held  the  position  for  twenty  years,  until  hi« 
death  in  1884.  The  ability  and  success  with  which  he  ac- 
complished the  arduous  and  important  work  of  preparing 
the  Reports,  often  at  the  rate  of  three  large  volumes  a  year, 
received  universal  commendation  from  his  profession.  For 
eleven  years  of  this^period  he  also  filled  the  position  of 
Librarian  of  the  State  Library. 

Dr.  Conover  was  married  in  1849,  to  Miss  Julia  Darst,  in 
Dayton,  Ohio,  a  noble  Christian  woman,  who  won  for  her 
self  in  their  Wisconsin  home  the  warm  esteem  and  love  of 
all  who  knew  her.  Three  children  were  born  to  them,  who 
still  survive,— Miss  Edith  Conover,  Prof.  Allan  D.  Conover, 
Professor  of  Engineering  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin, 
and  Frederic  K.  Conover,  Esq.,  his  father's  succes^r  as  re- 
porter of  the  Supreme  Court.  A  heavy  affliction  befell  Dr. 
Conover  in  18G3,  when  his  wife,  on  whose  counsel  and  com- 
panionship he  so  much  depended,  was  taken  from  him  by 
death,  and 

"  She  who  gave  the  world  its  beauty 
Was'in  her  grave." 

With  rare  Christian  fortitude  and  patient  devotion  he 
gave  himself  to  the  care  of  his  shattered  home,  to  be  not 
only  the  guide,  but  the  companion  of  his  children.    Out  of 


Memorial  Sketch  op  Dr.  0.  M.  Conover.  459 

this  trial  sprang  the  two  poems, "  Via  Solitaria, "  and  "  Re- 
conciliation/' which    have  attracted  much  attention  and 
praise   for   their  high  literary  merit.    The  first  of  these 
I)oems  had  a  somewhat  singular  experience,  having  beeu 
|>a8sed  from  hand  to  hand  for  nearly  twenty  years  for  the* 
comfort  of  those  in  sorrow,  and  finally  being  sent  by  one  of 
the  most  competent  literary  criticq  in  the  country  to  The 
Independent,  and  published  by  it,  as  an  anonymous  poen 
that  bore  strong  internal  evidence  of  being   Longfellow's.. 
The  mistaken  identity  was  the    more  strange,  since    the 
strikingly  beautiful  and  pathetic  lines  had  made  their  first 
appearance  in  that  paper,  at  the  head  of  its  columns,  nearly 
a  score  of  years  before,  over  Dr.  Conover's  name. 

It  was  a  matter  of  regret  to  Dr.  Conover's  friends  that  he 
did  not  employ  himself  more  in    literary   production,    for 
which  his  wide  and  varied  culture,  his  vigorous  intellect^ 
and  his  rare  felicity  of  expression,  peculiarly  fitted  him. 
But  the  engrossing  work  of  his  legal  publications  taxed   his 
powers  to  the  utmost,  and  beyond  some  occasional  addresses 
while  in  the  University,  and  some  fugitive  poems  and  es- 
says, he  did  little  in  this  line.    His  literary  knowledge  and 
judgment,   however,    were    the   constant    reliance    of  his 
friends.    He  was  one  of  the  founders  and  for  many  years 
an  oflBcer,  of  the  Madison  Literary  Club.    And  it  was  in 
recognition  of  his  large  general  attainments  and  literary 
ability,  as  well  as  of  his  proficiency  in  professional  work 
that  the  University  of  Wisconsin  conferred  upon  him  in 
1878,  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws. 

Dr.  Conover  was  a  member  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church  in  Madison,  and  for  nine  years  was  one  of  its  dea- 
cons.   His  familiar  presence  in  its  meetings  was    greatly 
prized.    With  his  massive  brow,  his  thoughtful  and  atteix- 
tive  face,  and  his  unaffected  piety,  he  seemed  to  his  inauih 
to  unite  the  mind  of  a  philosopher  with  the  heart  of  a  baiu^ 
He  approached  all  questions  in  a  calm,  judicial  spirir.  ai.*. 
advocated  his  opinions  with  mingled  courage  and  cuIllOi, 
ity.    Those  who  have  heard  him  speak  in  private  coii-^.  .;^ 
ing  the  matters  of  faith  will  remember  the  singularly  i,. ,,. .  .^ 


460  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

ating  power  of  his  words^  the  clearness  of  his  insight^  and 
the  absence  of  all  dogmatism. 

His  connection  with  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society, 
holding  an  oflScial  relation  to  it  during  its  entire  history^  op 
to  the  time  of  his  death,  has  already  been  noted.  He  was 
deeply  interested  in  its  growth  and  gave  much  time  and 
thought  to  forwarding,  its  work.  Its  researches  and  its  col- 
lections of  material  for  future  history,  kindled  his  enthusi- 
asm, and  to  the  work  of  wisely  increasing  its  large  library 
he  gave  assiduous  attention  and  wise  counsel. 

In  the  winter  of  1882,  finding  that  his  many  years  of  close 
and  confining  work  were  wearing  upon  his  health,  which 
had  for  a  long  time  been  frail,  he  resolved  to  take  a  year  or 
two  of  rest.  It  seemed  to  him  that  nothing  would  refresh 
and  invigorate  him  so  much  as  a  visit  to  those  classic  lands, 
with  whose  scenes  he  had  long  been  made  familiar  by  his 
studies;  and  especially  did  he  desire  to  winter  in  Athens, 
the  ancient  home  of  a  life  and  literature  that  he  keenly 
enjoyed.  An  arrangement  was  made  by  which  his  place  as 
Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court  was  to  be  supplied  during 
hui  absence  by  his  son,  Frederic  K.  Conover,  Esq. 

In  Sjptember,  1882,  he  was  married  to  Mrs.  Sarah  Fair- 
child  Dean,  a  cherished  friend  of  many  years,  and  together 
they  turned  their  faces  toward  the  storied  lands  of  the  old 
world,  for  a  tour  of  mingled  recreation  and  study.  Sad  as 
is  the  thought  that  he  then  parted  from  country  and  home 
not  to  return  to  them  again,  it  seems  a  fitting  and  beauti- 
ful climax  to  his  career  that  his  last  two  years  should  have 
been  almost  ideal  years,  in  realizing  the  dream  of  a  lifetime 
in  visiting  places  of  profound  interest  to  him,  and  in  enjoy- 
ing with  a  companion  whose  tastes  and  thoughts  were  one 
with  his  own,  all  the  scenes  and  pleasures  of  this  eventful 
journey. 

After  a  pleasant  summer  voyage  across  the  Atlantic,  and 
a  leisurely  jaunt  over  the  continent,  with  a  brief  look  at 
many  places  of  historic  interest,  they  arrived  at  Athens  in 
the  late  fall,  and  found  in  the  moderate  winter  of  that 
southern  climate  an  agreeable  contrast  to  "  the  long  rigors  of 


ii 


Memorial  Sketch  of  Dr.  0.  M.  Conover.  4C1 

a  Wisconsin  winter. "  It  was  refreshing  to  be  where  "  roses 
bloomed  in  the  open  air  with  little  interruption,  and  there 
was  hardly  a  day  when  we  could  not  have  gathered  wild 
flowers  in  the  fields."  I  cannot  give  a  better  view  of  his 
delightful  experiences  in  this  sojourn  abroad,  than  by  quot- 
ing from  his  own  words  in  correspondence  with  his  friends. 
I  can  hardly  tell  you,"  he  says,  in  a  letter  to  his  brother, 

in  a  few  words,  how  we  have  spent  our  time;  but  it  has  run 
away  very  fast;  and  notwithstanding  the  intense  desire 
that  comes  over  us  to  see  our  own  land,  we  look  with  a  sort 
of  dismay  upon  the  rapid  approach  of  the  time  when,  if  our 
original  plan  is  adhered  to,  we  must  bid  a  final  good-bye  to 
Athens  and  to  Greece.  I  can  hardly  define  to  you,  or 
hardly  express  without  seemin;^  extravagance,  the  charm 
and  fascination  which  Attica  has  had  for  me.  The  histori- 
cal associations^  the  ruins,  the  hills  about  the  Acropolis 
carved  for  the  foundations  of  little  Athenian  houses  so 
many  ages  ago,  in  the  very  infancy  of  that  civilization  and 
culture  to  which  we  owe  so  large  a  part  of  our  own,  es- 
pecially the  ever-beautiful  Acropolis  with  its  remains  of 
Parthenon,  Erechtheium  and  Propyliva,  have  no  doubt,  a 
great  deal  to  do  with  it.  But  apart  from  this,  there  is  some- 
thing in  the  little  and  comparatively  barren  country  itself, 
in  its  mountains,  islands  and  plains,  in  its  air  and  sky  and 
sea,  that  seems  to  my  fancy  to  differentiate  it  from  all  tLe 
rest  of  the  world  that  I  have  seen,  and  to  invest  it  wJ:L  e 
magical  attraction,  in  spite  of  many  drawbacks  in  ;2»r 
character  and  condition  of  its  present  population. 

"I  did  not  come  here  to  work,  but  to  rest.    Still,  w^   'ut^r 
spent  a  part  of  almost  every  day  in  dabbling  a  Lr..^   .: 
modern  Greek  (and  I  also  in  the  ancient  tongwr     ai-.    -. 
part  in  reading  up  on  the  antitiuitics.    I  have  gaiii^e*:     -- 
slight   use    of  the   language  yet  for  colloquial  z^l.'T.     - 
though  I  read  books  and  the  newspapers  wjiL  3* 
facility." 

He  en  joyed  keenly  his  visits  to  tha  Acrv;r*!* 
famous  or  interesting  places,  and  his 
outside   the    city.      Some  delightful   acgi 
formed  here,  including  Dr.  and  ilrs. 


462  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

handsome  Agamemnon,"  Hon.  Eu£:ene  Schuyler^  the  Ameri- 
can minister  and  his  wife,  and  Prof.  Goodwin,  of  Harvard 
College,  the  head  of  the  "American  School"  for  that  year, 
who,  with  his  wife,  hospitably  entertained  their  American 
friends.    Of  the  school  he  writes  : 

"Besides  its  head,  the  school  consists  of  some  eight  young 
men,  graduates  of  American  Colleges,  who  wish  to  continue 
here  their  Greek  studies  in  philology  and  archaeology,  who 
seem  to  us  upon  the  whole  a  very  choice  set,  and  of  whom, 

as  Americans,  we  are  rather  proud When  I 

ad^  that  all  th^  young  men  of  the  school  have  studied  in 
Germany,  most  of  them  for  two  years  or  longer,  and  that 
two  of  them  have  already  received,  and  others  are  expecting 
to  receive,  ^  dactorates '  from  German  universities,  you  will 
see  how  different  is  the  training  now  beginning  to  be  ex- 
pected from  candidates  for  Greek  professorships  in  Amer- 
ica from  that  which  was  demanded  when  we  were 
young 

"  It  is  only  within  a  month  or  so  that  the  weather  has 
seemed  sufficiently  warm  and  settled  for  excursions  out  of 
Athens,  requiring  the  whole  of  a  day.  Twice  we  have 
visited  Eleusis,  the  scene  of  the  famous  Eleusinian  mysteries, 
where  the  ruins  of  the  great  temple  of  Ceres  and  of  other 
buildings  connected  with  it  are  very  interesting.  The  road 
thither  is  a  beautiful  one,  through  a  mountain  defile,  and  is 
nearly  the  same  as  that  ^  holy  way '  along  which  in  an- 
cient times  went  annually  the  solemn  procession  from 
Athens  to  Eleusis.  One  delightful  day  we  spent  in  wan- 
dering about  Peiraeus,  and  the  other  and  smaller  ancient 
harbors  in  its  vicinity;  and  another  in  a  trip  by  rail  to 
Peiraeus,  and  thence  a  ramble  and  carriage  drive  along 
the  strait  of  Salamis,  in  full  view  of  the  spot  where  the 
fleet  of  Xerxes  was  defeated  and  destroyed  by  that  of 
Athens . 

"  Another  day,  in  company  with  Prof,  and  Mrs.  Goodwin, 
Prof.  Sayce  of  Oxford,  Eag.,  Mr.  Ramsey  (a  young  English 
scholar  who  is  now  making  himself  a  name  by  his  re- 
searches in  Asia  Minor),  Mi-.  Felton  and  several  of    the 


Memorial  Sketch  of  Dr.  0.  M.  Coxovek  -  '. 

^oung  men  of  the  school,  we  visited  Salamf>  it.>-:l:  v  :,t?  > 
^inong  other  things,  we  had  a  long  and  interer.Izi"  v  t/.: 
"With  Prof.  Savce  among  t)ie  ruins  of  an  ancient  ^'li?  »»•:' 
laps  of  Roman  times),  and  over  a  broad  hill  near  t:.^  :»•>«• 
cnt  harbor  and  village  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  ia^-^'. :  u)- 
parently  once  fortified,  and  showing    still    the  tra>-x    ^ 

archaic  walls I  should  like  also  to  spf-ai:  of  ^ 

drive  past  Colonus  and  the  olive  groves  of  PJato's  Acad^rrny. 
to  the  modern  Albanian  village  at  the  foot  of  ParnoH,  nnw 
known  as  Menidi,  but  the  supposed  site  of  the  ancient  AMii- 
dome  of  Acharna*,  famous  in  Athenian  history  as  having: 
furnished  the  title  and  scene  of  one  of  Aristophanes'  cjriii* 
dies. 

'•  Last  of  all  I  should  like  to  describe  to  you  an  eight  .i.r 
excursion  to  the   CycUi'l^Js   islands,  where  about  ha!'  "' 
time  was  spent  on  the  island  of  Tenos,  partly  in  a::-r :"»-:  • 
upon  a  remarkable  Greek  'pilgrimage'  to  a  mira",:l':i  - 
age  of  the  Virgin  found  in  a  largo  church  or.  il^'  ..  :  -_ 
and  partly  in  a  mule-back  ride  by  iivmrrjv:.  :s.*-«    -. *^ 
the  island;  while  other  days  were  sjiont  at  :r.--  v,—     -  --• 
on  the  island  of  Syros,  with  an  exciir-iiorj  ;;.*.^i:     -:-..- 
land.     When  I  tell  you  there  weni  itn-.ij-.r.'  ^    'j^ft-.-  i- 
thirty  or  thirty-five  thousand   pil;^rifn,   h<<r^     -r- ^ 
that  they  came  not  only  from   all   p^.r; 
from    Asia    Minor,  from    ConsUuiliiio;^.*     %.-      -^v 
Russia  and  Kgypt,  and  that  m  uiy  of  •ir- 
costumes  of  their  respective  distri'-l*-    -/?*'  v»2-<:. 
our  climbs  and  excursions,  on  (ooi,  «/»«  m  -  ?^  vf 
by  carriage,  we  not  only  saw  ;i  luf //-  if»' .  v 
and  valleys,  the  convents,  in'»n.i-:U'i*«;'    Kni§^m 
villages  of  the  two  islands  tr.ini^'K  **'^'*^jf'^ 
southern  heights  of  Eabn*iiiiid  ni  i»^s^t*^^ 
ant  islands  of  the  Cydadiis  ;^r«i*ij/,  »**« 
of  Delos,  which  in  classic  liiii«.>   ^m»  ^ 
whole  Hellenic  race,  to  wliii'Ji  ti*»'y  imt^r-'^''^  ^^^^ 

of  the  Delian  Apollo  with  .is  imx^.u MfO*''^  a\\\a\\\ 

modern  Greeks  of  soini!  »'litrt.-*i/»  ^ii^H*-*"*^  lu*  i,\  i\i 

age  to  Tenos,— you  will   aaUi*i^«i«'''      '  -  *'*iniMt»  i'.» 

visit  was  to  us." 


r*J" 


*«-  '^' 


464  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SociETy. 

In  such  studies  and  recreations  the  winter  of  1833  passed 
rapidly  and  happily  away.  Leaving  Athens  May  23,  they 
enjoyed  a  busy  but  most  interesting  week  in  Constantino- 
ple. Then,  turning  west  ward,  they  came,  by  way  of  Vienna, 
to  Dresden,  which  they  made  headquarters  till  the  autumn. 
The  sojourn  here  was  varied  by  excursions,  now  to  Bay- 
reuth,  to  hear  Wagner's  great  opera  of  '*  Parsifal,"  now  to 
Nuremberg, "  to  live  in  the  heart  of  the  middle  ages  for 
four  or  five  unforgettable  days,"  and  then  to  the  university 
towns  of  Leipzic  and  Halle. 

In  October,  they  went  to  Berlin  for  the  winter,  drawn 
chiefly  by  the  attraction  of  the  university  lectures,  espe- 
cially those  on  Greek  archseology,  art  and  history,  for 
which  his  winter  in  Athens  had  given  him  redoubled  inter- 
est. It  was  characteristic  of  Dr.  Conover  that  though  he 
was  abroad  for  health  and  recreation,  and  might  have  en- 
joyed some  of  the  privileges  of  that  great  literary  center 
without  formally  entering  the  university  ranks,  he  was  un- 
willing to  take  advantage  of  the  rare  opportunities 
except  in  the  prescribed  way.  He  was  therefore  matricu- 
lated as  a  regular  student  in  the  University  for  the  winter 
semester.  A  letter  to  his  sister  shows  with  what  eager  de- 
light he  entered  upon  his  privileges: 

'*  I  am  giving  four  hours  each  week  to  a  course  of  lectures 
by  Prof.  A.  Kirchhoff,  upon  Greek  political  antiquities;  four 
or  five  to  a  course  by  Prof.  Curtius,  on  the  history  of  the 
fine  arts  among  the  Greeks;  two  to  a  course  by  the  same  on 
^art  mythology;'  and  one  to  what  is  called  here  ^uebungen; 
or  practical  exercises,  in  the  same  department,  and  under 
direction  of  the  same  professor.  .  .  .  Prof.  Curtius  is  the 
author  of  the  best  German  history  of  Greece,  was  one  of 
the  two  or  three  German  professors  who  conducted  the  ex- 
ploration of  the  wonderful  remains  at  Olympia,  and  is  a 
great  enthusiast  as  well  as  a  very  high  authority  in  his  de- 
partment. In  his  bctures  he  makes  liberal  use  of  the  mu- 
seums of  ancient  art  here,  which  are  almost  the  richest  in 
the  world,  in  fact,  bewildering  in  tlieir  richness." 

The  dark,  damp  days  of  a  Berlin  winter  were  more  try- 
ing to  the  delicate  health  oi  Dr,  Conover  than  the  sunny 


1  I 

4.  «   • 


I  •: 


ir 


4^e  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

ogne,  and  so  to  HDlland,  the  hjme  of  Dr.   Conovers  an- 
cestors, which  he  ha  i  been  exceedingly  desirous  to  visit. 

"  All  til  ?  WA7  fro  n  C  jlo^ie  tD  this  place,"  he  writes  from 
Atisierddm.  ■•  the  c^iatrr  wi3  extre.iidly  level,  and  pretty 
nearly  all  the  Datch  part  of  it  is  a  rich,  low-lying  farm  com- 
try,  iatersectei  everywhere  by  canals.  I  found  these  canals 
evcu  m>re  nini?rojs  than  I  supposed:  but  a  great  majority 
of  them,  in  the  rural  districts  are  quite  too  small  for  naTi- 
gatioa,  or  large  enough  only  for  very  small  boats  or  skiffs, 
an  1  these  are  used  only  or  mjiinly  for  drainage  and  for 
bo  lalaries  of  land,  taking  thd  pla^e  everywhere,  so  far  as 
I  have  observed,  o!  fences  and  hedges. 

"  This  is  the  land  of  our  Dutch  ancestors.  I  had  unda- 
stood  that  the  little  hamlet  of  Kouenhoven  was  somewhere 
near  Amsterdam,  and  so  made  no  inquiries  about  it  until  I 
reached  this  city.  But  in  conversing  with  a  Datch  gentle- 
man at  the  dinner  table  yesterday,  I  found  that  one  of  the 
two  spots  which  he  knew  by  that  name  (and  clearly  the 
one  I  was  seeking)  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  Utrecht 

"So  this  morning  I  took  a  train,  and  ran  over  again  to 
Utrecht;  there  found  a  horse-tram  running  to  Seist  (an  hours 
ride)  through  the  little  village  of  Bilt.  and  was  set  down  by  the 
driver  at  a  hotel, '  Xieuw  Kouenhoven,'  just  before  the  train 
reached  that  villagr\  I  made  the  landlord,  and  his  wife 
and  ^  }X\  und'^rstaud,  as  well  as  I  could,  that  my  name  was 
also  Kouenhoven,  and  what  I  cauie  for.  While  they  pre- 
pared me  some  dinner,  I  walked  about  the  neighborhood, 
and  took  in  a  very  distinct  impression  of  it.  It  is  on  a  paved 
higli  road  from  Utrecht  to  Seist,  which  runs  through  a  ricJi 
and  beautiful  farming  country,  and  is  lined  on  both  sides  by 
very  pleasant  looking  homes  —  villas  and  large,  comfortable 
farm-hous'.'s.  On  one  side  of  the  paved  wagon-road  is  the 
tramway;  on  the  other  a  'reitweg'  for  horsemen;  beyond 
that,  a  rais<.\l  way  for  footmen,  shaded  by  trees,  and  along 
this  a  good  canal,  large  enough  for  a  local  trade  with  na^ 
ro  w  boats.  From  the  road  in  front  of  the  Kouenhoven  ho- 
tel I  could  see  the  cathedral  tower  in  Utrecht;  while  off  to 
the  rear  w^Te  extensive  woods,  and  to  the  left  of  these' 


Memorial  Sketch  of  Dr.  0.  M.  Conover.  467 

.d  of  fort  or  earthwork,  guarding:  a  still  more  important 
kaL  The  country  was  quite  flat,  as  elsewhere  in  Holland, 
t  very  rich,  and  really  quite  attractive.  All  the  houses 
sned  rather  fresh  and  new;  not  one  that  could  be  referred 
Dk  to  a  period  so  remote  as  that  at  which  the  original 
nerican  Kouenhoven  left  that  quiet  spot  (1632)  and  sailed 
'  New  Amsterdam  and  a  new  world.  In  fact,  one  does 
;  see  any  houses  that  look  so  ancient  as  that,  anywhere 
ihe  rural  districts,  so  far  as  I  have  observed.  In  walking 
31  the  Kouenhoven  hotel  toward  the  village  of  Bilt,  I  no- 
»d  a  very  spacious,  rather  old-fashioned  farm-house,  and 
de  up  my  mind  that  it  was  the  oldest-looking  one  in  that 
ghborh9od.    Afterwards  a  young  Dutch  gentleman  told 

he  khew  the  place  well,  and  that  the  spacious,  old-fash- 
ed house  above  mentioned  was  on  what  he  called  the 
ie  (old)  Kouenhoven,  while  the  hotel  at  which  I  had 
pped  was  on  the  Nieuw  (new)  place  of  the  same  name. 

the  whole  I  was  much  pleased  with  this  trip  in  search 
the  home  of  my  ancestors,  finding  the  region  so  very  at- 
etive;  but  I  had  not  time,  unfortunately,  to  hunt  up  the 
iedhof  or  cemetery,  in  which,  possibly,  I  might  have 
md  some  trace  of  them  —  though  that  is  extremely  doubt- 

,  n 

•• 

Fhis'' pious  pilgrimage"  to  the  ancestral  home  having 
BD  accomplished,  he  was  now  ready  to  leave  the  conti- 
nt  Arriving  m  London,  he  wrote  from  there,  April  5, 
34: 

*We  came  straight  to  lodgings  here,  which  prove  quite 
tiafactory,  and  in  which  we  may  perhaps  remain  until 
ir  the  first  of  next  month,  though  our  plans  for  the  next 
'  Weeks  are  not  fully  formed.  Our  chief  remaining  an- 
ty  at  present,  I  think,  is  to  get  back  home  in  safety  and 
ilfort,  and  to  find  there  our  families  and  the  friends  that 

left,  in  like  safety  and  comfort." 

*ut  this  great  desire  of  his  heart  was  not  to  be  realized. 
dl  of  constitution         '   "^orn  by  his  years  of  incessant 

more  than  his  i  known,  with  an  irregularity 

I  weakness  of  1  ion  which  had  long  filled 

fnend  aod  ph;  11,  with  intense  aw'xv^^i'j  ovi 


468  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

the  occasion  of  any  attack  upon  the  lung^s^  he  was  quite  im- 
fitted  to  resist  any  serious  illness.  A  heavy  cold  fastened 
itself  upon  him  soon  after  he  arrived  in  London,  which  he 
considered  at  first  but  a  slight  indisposition,  interrupting 
but  a  little  his  plans.  But  the  delicate  machinery  could  not 
endure  the  additional  burden  put  upon  it  by  the  severe  con- 
gestion  of  his  lungs.  His  strength  was  speedily  exhausted, 
and  hardly  had  his  condition  begun  to  seem  alarming,  when 
suddenly,  about  midnight,  April  20, 1884,  his  spirit  took  iti 
flight.  With  his  face  turned  homeward  with  eager  longing, 
he  made  a  quick  transition  to  another  and  brighter  hom& 
His  own  lines  seem  singularly  applicable  to  the  event: 

"  For  life  to  me  is  as  a  station, 

Wherein  apart  a  ti»veler  stands,  — 
One  absent  long  from  home  and  nation 

In  other  lands,  — 
And  I,  as  he  who  stands  and  listens 

Amid  the  twilight's  chill  and  gloom, 
To  hear  approaching  in  the  distance, 

The  train  for  home." 

While  he  was  waiting  for  the  voyage  which  should  bring 
him  to  the  spot  he  best  loved  on  earth,  the  summons  came, 
and  he  passed  from  night  to  day,  from  long  wandering  in  a 
foreign  clime  to  rest  forever  in  the  home  of  light  above. 

His  body  was  brought  to  Madison,  and  on  May  28th,  after 
appropriate  funeral  services  at  the  house  of  his  son.  Prof. 
A.  D.  Conover,  was  borne,  by  loving  and  reverent  hands,  to 
the  beautiful  slopes  of  Forest  Hill  Cemetery.  The  Judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  representatives  of  the  Univer- 
sity Faculty,  and  of  the  State  Historical  Society,  with 
which  he  had  so  long  been  associated,  united  with  manj 
other  friends  of  thirty  years  in  the  tribute  of  esteem  and 
love  to  one  who  will  long  be  remembered  as  one  of  the 
purest,  ablest,  noblest  of  men. 


Memorial  Sketch  of  Dr.  0.  M.  Oonover.         469 


II.—  By  chief  justice  ORSAMUS  COLE,  LL.  D. 

The  death  of  Dr.  O.  M.  Conover  was  an  event  which  brought 
^nuine  sorrow  to  a  circle  of  his  personal  friends  in  Madi- 
.4011  and  elsewhere.  That  circle  was  not  a  large  one^  for  the 
studious  habits^  the  simple  but  reserved  manners  of  Dr. 
•Conover,  would  prevent  him  becoming  generally  known  in 
any  community.  He  was  so  unobtrusive  on  all  occasions, 
and  everywhere,  that  it  was  only  those  of  congenial  tastes 
and  sympathies,  who  met  him  often  in  some  relation  of  life, 
who  ever  knew  the  man  as  he  really  was.  Some,  however, 
there  were  who  did  know  him  well,  and  learned  to  love  and 
admire  him  for  his  elevated,  guileless  character. 

The  facts  of  his  early  life  are  already  presented  in  a  paper 
prepared  by  another  hand,  consequently  will  not  be  repeated 
here.  It  will  be  my  aim  to  speak  briefly  of  some  of  his 
personal  qualities  and  mental  traits,  as  these  impressed  me, 
in  our  quite  intimate  mtercourse  for  more  than  a  quarter  of 
a  century. 

1  first  became  acquainted  with  Dr.  Conover  in  1855,  when 
he  was  a  professor  in  our  State  University.  He  then,  and 
for  a  period  afterwards,  filled  the  chair  of  Professor  of 
Ancient  Languages  and  Literature.  This  chair  his  large 
attainments  as  a  classical  scholar  well  qualified  him  to  fill 
with  distinction  and  usefulness.  I  have  always  thought  it 
was  unfortunate  both  for  him  and  the  University  that  his 
<!onnection  with  the  institution  and  this  professorship  was 
ever  broken.  For  if  that  institution  shall  realize  the  hopes 
of  its  best  friends,  if  it  does  the  work  in  this  State  for 
science,  sound  learning  and  polite  literature  which  it  is  ex- 
pected to,  and  should  do,  Greek  and  Latin  will  always  form 
an  essential  part  of  its  course  of  study. 

By  this  remark  it  must  not  be  understood  that  the  writer 
insists  or  holds  to  the  opinion  that  all  the  students  who  seek 
the  advantages  for  an  education  that  our  University  affords, 
should  have  a  knowledge  of  Greek  and  Latin  as  a  condition 
to  becoming  members  of  its  classes;  or  that  cVa^^\e.^\  ^\iJL\»\i:t^ 


470  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Societt. 

should  be  favored  at  the  expense  of  the  modem  lani 
and  physical  sciences.  Merely  this  is  meant,  that  the 
ics  should  not  be  dropped  from  its  curriculum.  It  is  belu 
there  will  always  be  found  among  its  inp:enuous  yoi 
some  who  will  be  desirous  of  acquiring  a  liberal  eda< 
in  the  proper  sense  of  these  words,  and  who  will  seek 
highest  and  most  generous  culture  that  can  be  obtained  all 
any  institution  of  learning.  Such  will  wish  to  read,  in  tiiB 
original,  the  most  perfect  and  exquisite  productions  of  poe-i 
try  and  eloquence  which  the  world  has  seen,  and  these  com 
tainly  are  to  be  found  in  the  literature  of  Greece  and  Bomei 
Let  the  University  then  furnish  the  amplest  and  best  facQi* 
ties  for  the  study  of  the  classics  for  all  who  may  wish  to 
pursue  them.  True  there  is  danger  that  popular  clamor 
may  drive  from  the  University,  for  a  time,  the  classiei. 
There  is  an  increasing  demand  that  its  course  of  studiei 
shall  be  practical:  such  as  will  fit  men  and  women  for  the 
active  duties  of  life;  enable  them  to  build  and  run  railroad 
and  to  carry  on  the  business  enterprises  of  the  day.  An 
answer  to  this  utilitarian  view  of  the  object  of  education  i» 
at  hand,  but  cannot  be  given  because  this  digression  is  al- 
ready too  great.  With  no  intention  of  disparaging  the 
qualifications  of  any  of  the  accomplished  professors  who  are 
now,  or  who  have  b39a  connected  with  the  University,  it 
was  in  my  mind  merely  to  observe  that  Dr.  Conover  seemed 
to  m9  specially  fitted  for  an  instructor  in  the  classics.  In 
the  first  place  he  had  a  sort  of  enthusiasm  for  studjring 
them.  This  ardor  he  would  naturally  communicate  to  some 
extent  to  his  pupils.  He  took  great  delight  in  reading  Greek 
and  Roman  author?,  more  especially  the  former.  Of  course 
ho  did  not  confine  himself  to  the  works  in  the  college  course, 
but  read  a  great  body  of  Greek  and  Latin  literature  besides. 
He  informed  me  that  he  had  read  all  of  the  Homeric  poems. 
He  was  also  quite  familiar  with  the  works  of  the  immortal 
historians  and  dramatists  of  Greece.  The  awful  ideas  of 
fate  and  retributive  justice  which  pervade  the  great  trage- 
dies seem  to  have  had  an  irresistible  charm  for  his  mind. 
And  80  he  read  the  ancient  authors  constantly,  finding  in 
them  society  in  aoWVi'le  aw^  %oV^^^  \xl  sorrow.     I  can  bnt 


Memorial  Sketch  of  Dr.  0.  M.  Conover.  471 

believe  he  measurably  gave  up  these  studies  for  the  law 
with  inexpressible  pain  and  regret.  Could  he  have  continued 
them  what  an  unfailing  source  of  peace  and  joy  they  would 
have  been  to  him,  and  they  would  have  enabled  him  to  pro- 
duce something  in  his  chosen  field  of  study  which  would 
have  been  an  honor  to  the  University.  I  am  certain,  too, 
that  Dr.  Oonover  would  have  been  a  most  popular  lecturer 
to  his  classes  and  made  any  study  attractive.  For  he  had 
digested  all  his  erudition,  had  made  it  a  part  of  his  mental 
texture  ready  for  use,  and^he  knew  how  to  use  it.  He  could 
communicate  his  ideas  with  precision  and  log^ical  force.  He 
was  one  of  the  best  conversationalists  I  have  ever  known. 

But  Dr.  Conover  was  not  only  thoroughly  acquainted  with 
classical  literature;  he  also  had  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
the  French  and  German  languages,  which  he  read  with  fa- 
cility. And  it  goes  without  saying  that  he  was  a  fine  belles- 
lettres  scholar,  and  was  perfectly  well  versed  in  English  in 
all  its  branches.  He  was  passionately  fond  of  the  best  Eng- 
lish poetry,  and  I  have  often  resorted  to  him  to  help  me  re- 
call some  half- forgotten  lines  from  some  author.  His  mem- 
ory was  very  retentive;  it  seemed  a  perfect  store-house  of 
the  most  priceless  treasures.  And  occasionally  there  fell 
from  his  pen  some  poetic  production  so  beautiful,  that,  in  the 
language  of  a  common  friend  of  rare  worth, "  left  us  in 
doubt  whether,  in  the  exclusiveness  of  his  official  duty,  lit- 
erature had  not  lost  even  more  than  jurisprudence  has 
gained"  by  his  labors  as  Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  this 
State.  These  remarks  would  be  incomplete  were  not  a  word 
added  as  to  his  merits  as  such  reporter.  And  upon  that  point 
I  venture  to  quote  from  what  was  said  by  me  on  the  an- 
nouncement of  his  death  to  the  Supreme  Court: 

''Dr.  Conover  was  appointed  the  official  reporter  of  this 
court  August  11th,  18C4,  and  held  the  office  until  his  death. 
During  that  period,  the  series  of  reports  from  Volume  XVI 
to  volume  LVIII  was  published.  The  labor  of  preparing 
these  volumes  for  publication  was  mainly  performed  by 
Dr.  Conover.  This  fact>lone  furnishes  ample  proof  of  the 
amount  of  labor  which  he  must  have  necessarily  performed 
as  a  reporter.    But  the  value  of  such.  ^ot\l  \^  iio\» \»o\i^  ^'sMv 


472  WiscoKsuii  State  Historical  SocrerY. 

mated  solely  by  its  magnitade.  It  is  a  common  experience 
with  the  profession  that  often  times  cases  are  so  imp^- 
f ectly  or  ba  U v  reported  that  it  is  qaite  impossible  to  get  at 
the  real  facts  so  as  to  determine  the  point  or  value  of  the 
decision.  Bat  in  the  volumes  prepared  by  Dr.  Conover  the 
excellence  of  the  work  done  is  equal  to  its  extent.  Gener- 
ally the  facts  are  given  in  a  brief,  accurate  and  perspicuous 
manner,  clothed  in  language  singularly  clear  and  attracliva 
We  venture  the  assertion  that  his  reports  will  compare  far- 
orably  in  manner,  accuracy  of  statement  and  literary 
merits  with  the  best  American  reports  of  the  day.*' 

Dr.  Couover  was  no  recluse.  He  lived  in  the  present, 
actively  discharging  all  his  duties  as  a  citizen.  He  identi- 
fied himself  with  the  Republican  party  in  politics,  but  was 
no  blind  partisan.  He  often  criticised  with  boldness  and 
severity  the  measures  and  men  of  his  party.  But  he  was 
loyal  to  his  country  in  the  hour  of  supreme  peril.  lathe 
darkest  day  of  our  great  civil  conflict,  when  the  hearts  of 
brave  men  almost  despaired  of  a  favorable  issue,  he  was 
confident  and  hopef  uL  .  More  than  once  did  he  say  to  me 
during  that  period,  that  to  his  mind  but  one  result  was  in- 
evitable, and  that  was  that  the  rebellion  would  be  finally 
suppressed  and  the  authority  of  the  general  government 
would  be  re-established  throughout  the  entire  country.  So, 
too,  he  was  keenly  alive  to  all  popular  movements  and  all 
discussions  of  social  questions  which  agitated  modem  society. 
He  formed  his  opinions  as  to  the  wisdom  or  folly  of  all  this 
agitation,  and  he  had  the  courage  to  avow  his  convictions. 
He  was  always  ready  to  battle  for  what  he  considered  the 
right  cause.  He  was  a  serious,  honest  seeker  after  truth, 
and  there  was  that  moral  earnestness  about  him  that  com- 
manded one's  respect  for  his  views,  however  much  you 
might  disagree  with  him. 

I  have  often  heard  him  discuss  with  another  highly-gifted 
common  friend,  those  questions  pertaining  to  man's  destiny, 
which  ever  confront  the  serious  thinker.  Both  possessed 
fine  analytical  minds  and  could  reason  powerfully  and  well 
as  any  one  on  these  subjects.  They  were  generally  in  their 
views  as  wide  apart  a^  tViQ  ^o\^^  ^ken  they  commenced  and 


Memorial  Sketch  of  Dr.  0.  M.  Conover.  473 

when  they  closed  their  discussions.  Still  both  were  so  can- 
did, fair  and  sincere,  frankly  admitting  the  force  of  every 
fact  or  argument  which  made  against  their  respective  posi- 
tions: and,  while  vigorously  assailing  each  other's  views, 
doing  so  with  so  much  good  temper  and  entire  respect,  that 
it  was  delightful  to  listen  to  them.  It  was  like  witnessing 
a  trial  of  strength  between  two  athletes,  yet  even  a  finer 
spectacle  than  that,  by  as  much  as  a  mental  contest  is 
superior  to  a  physical  one.  But  they  were  both  such  honest 
thinkers  that  it  was  plain  they  cared  more  to  reach  the  truth 
than  to  win  a  momentary  triumph. 

Dr.  Conover  was,  in  every  way^  a  most  estimable  person 
There  was  much  humor  in  his  conversation,  especially  before 
a  great  sorrow  befell  him  in  the  loss  of  his  first  wife.  Even 
after  that  event,  he  did  not  appear  gloomy  when  in  the 
society  of  his  friends.  Though  for  years  he  trod  "  Via  Soli- 
taria,"  when  at  times  the  bright  skies  and  loving  airs  of 
June  brought  no  joy;  when  the  sweet  voices  of  nature 
seemed  out  of  tune,  still  at  the  call  of  duty  he  craved  life 
and  health,  and  became  reconciled  to  his  lot.  And  he  says 
in  one  of  the  beautiful  poems  I  have  alluded  to: 

"  But  somehow,  ere  I  am  aware, 
There  comes  a  hush  and  thrill, 
For  all  the  suashine  and  the  air, 
A  Presence  seems  to  fill;" 

Dr.  Conover  was  a  man  of  the  utmost  probity  of  character 
and  purity  of  heart.  "  Warm  in  his  affections,  an  invalu- 
able and  faithful  friend^  a  devoted  husband  and  father, 
and  toward  his  fellow-men  exhibiting  an  enlarged  and 
comprehensive  affection  and  reverence  for  their  rights  and 
liberties." 

Now  that  he  is  lost  to  their  sight,  his  friends  realize  his 
worth  and  the  great  loss  they  and  the  public  sustain  in  his 
death.  They  appreciate  more  than  ever  the  gentleness,  the 
elevation,  the  beauty  of  his  character,  and  the  rare  example 
he  afforded  in  a  life  of  ^'  sweetness  and  light." 

81— H.  C. 


m 


WISCO^^SIN  NECROLOGY  - 1879-82. 


By  LYMAN  C.  DRAPER. 

Our  necrological  notices  of  the  pioneers  and  prominent  persons  of  Wb- 
consin  commenced  with  1874,  and  continued  to  the  close  of  1881.  After 
8upply%)g  sereral  omissions,  the  narrative  is  continued. 

1879. 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  F.  Beall,  a  niece  of  J.  Fenimore  Cooper,  and  relict  of  tin 
late  Lieut.  Gov.  Samuel  W.  Beall,  died  at  Fond  du  Lac,  February  14th,  ia 
her  sixty-ninth  year.  She  migrated  to  Green  Bay  with  her  husfaaod  in 
the  summer  of  1830,  on  a  schooner  sailed  by  Capt.  Blake,  in  company  wA 
Mr.  and  Mrs  A.  J.  Lrwin,  Rev.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cadle,  and  Miss  Frances  Hen- 
shaw,  and  settled  in  that  town.  In  September  of  that  year,  when  Quiik 
Church  was  organized  by  Mr.  Cadle,  Mrs.  Beall  became  one  of  the  oonBttti^ 
ent  members,  her  husband  being  one  o!:'  the  first  vestrymen.  In  the  som- 
mer  of  1835,  when  the  Green  Bay  land  district  was  established,  Mr.  BesU 
was  appointed  the  first  Receiver  by  President  Jackson;  and  after  serring 
in  this  capacity  a  year  or  two,  he  retired,  and  removed  with  his  family  to 
Cooperstown,  N.  Y.  in  the  summer  of  1887,  but  returned  to  Green  Bay  in  the 
latter  part  of  1839.  In  1842,  they  removed  to  Taycheedah,  near  Fond  do 
Lac.  She  was  an  estimable  woman.  Her  two  sons  early  settled  in  Calh 
fornia,  where  the  younger  died  several  years  since;  one  of  her  four 
daughters  became  the  wife  of  Judge  Levi  Hubbell;  another  is  Mra  Beoie 
Pumpelly,  of  Fond  du  Lac. 

On  February  17th,  Orlo  B.  Graves,  at  Green  Bay,  in  his  thirty-sixth  yetr, 
where  he  had  long  been  a  prominent  citizen,  a  lawyer  by  profeiBion,  fill- 
ing the  highest  positions  in  the  order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and  serving  sevenl 
years  as  City  Attorney. 

1880. 

James  Holden,  the  first  settler  on  Heart  Prairie,  Walworth  County,  died 
in  that  town,  February  22d,  in  his  sixty-seventh  year.  Born  in  Middleeex, 
Yt.,  August  5,  1818,  on  arriving  at  manhood  he  went  to  Boston;  bat,  in 
1837,  he  migrated  to  Wisconsin,  first  locating  a  claim  at  Sugar  Creek,  in 
Walworth  County.  Shortly  after,  business  calling  him  to  Chicago,  he 
was  necessarily  absent  about  a  month;  when  returning,  he  was  chagrined 
to  find  his  claim  bad  been  "^vimv^d,"      He  was  cheered  by  Maj.  John 


\ 


Wisconsin  Necrology — 1881.  475 

avis,  who  suggested  to  him  a  better  locality  on  Heart  Prairie,  where  he 
mnd  the  home  he  desired,  erecting  his  12  by  14  log  cabin,  and  became  the 
inier  of  a  heifer,  a  dog  and  a  cat.    He  subsequently  married,  and  left  sev- 

rad  children. 

Hon.  William  Blair,  in  Waukesha,  July  18th,  at  the  age  of  sixty  years, 
[e  was  bom  in  Scotland,  in  1820,  and  came  to  this  coimtry  in  1886,  set- 
ling  in  Wisconsin  in  1845.  He  served  as  State  Senator  during  1864-65,  and 
BFved  again  in  1872-73,  and  1876-77.  For  many  years  he  was  one  of  the 
rnstees  of  the  Industrial  School  for  Boys,  at  Waukesha,  and  held  var- 
ms  local  officea    He  was  a  superior  business  man,  and  highly  respected^ 

1881. 

Hon.  John  A.  Smith,  at  Geneva,  September  10th,  at  the  age  of  thirty^ 
ine  years.  Born  in  the  State  of  New  York  in  1842,  he  came  to  Wiscon- 
in  with  his  parents  in  1855;  and  after  securing  a  liberal  education,  he 
fcodied  law,  and  volunteered  as  a  private  in  the  war,  rising  to  the  rank  of 
Captain  at  the  close  of  the  contest.  In  1867  and  1868,  he  represented  his 
Jstrict  in  the  Legislature. 

Hugh  Mclndoe  was  bom  in  Dunbartonshire,  Scotland,  in  1832,  and 
ime  to  this  country  when  only  fifteen  years  of  age.  With  his  brother,  the 
yfee  Hon.  Walter  D.  Mclndoe,  he  settled  at  Wausau  in  the  lumbering  busi- 
Bm;  and  after  twenty-seven  years'  residence  there,  died  September  23d, 
le  result  of  an  injury  from  a  boiler  explosion.  He  was  useful  and  benev- 
lont 

On  September  23d,  Michael  O'Brien,  at  Darien,  at  the  great  age  of  one- 
nndied  and  eight  years.  He  was  bom  in  Kerry  County,  Ireland,  June 
llh,  1778;  came  to  America  in  1851;  and,  after  spending  two  years  in 
mliaiia,  came  to  Darien.  His  wifd  preceded  him  to  the  grave  by  some 
wenty  yearSi  Of  their  eleven  children,  but  three  survived  their  father 
-one  eighty-three  years  of  age.  These  data  were  obtained  from  his 
imiJy  by  Hon.  David  Williams. 

William  Smith  was  bom  in  Scotland  in  1802,  and  came  to  America  in 
B84y  with  Alexander  Mitchell,  and  others,  locating  in  the  fall  of  that  year 
b  Ifilwaukeei  In  the  spring  of  1885,  he  purchased  one -hundred  and  sixty 
ores  of  land  within  the  present  city  limits;  and,  in  the  fall  of  1886.  burned 
kiln  of  three-hundred  bushels  of  lime,  and  shortly  after  settled  in 
>merB  township,  Kenosha  County,  improving  one  of  the  finest  farms 
I  the  State.  He  died  October  12th,  at  the  age  of  seventy-nine  years. 
Deodat  Brewster,  an  early  pioneer  of  Walworth  County,  died  October 
^  in  his  ninety- third  year.  He  migrated  from  Vermont,  in  1888,  set- 
ing  in  the  old  precinct  of  Geneva,  when  it  embraced  one-fourth  of  the 
Oiontyj  His  wife  died  nine  years  before  him.  He  was  a  man  of  temper- 
ie  habits,  unostentatious,  and  greatly  respected. 

Hon.  William  Duchman,  at  Menasha,  November  14th,  at  the  age  of 
mfDtj'two,    He  was  born  in  Lancaster  Co.,  Pennsylvania,  Octobet  EtVi^ 


476  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

1809.    He  served  as  Register  of  Deeds  of  Lancaster  County,  and  was 
aide  on  Gk>y.  Johnston's  staff.      In  1849,  he  came  to  Milwaukee,  and 
next  year  located  at  Menasha,  engaging  In  sawing  lumber  and  mani 
ture  of  paper.    In  1858,  he  was  elected  a  mem^>er  of  the  Legialatoie^ 
filled  other  responsible  positions. 

Charles  A.  Noyes,  Sr.,  in  Geneva,  November  25th,  In  his  seventieth  yen 
He  was  born  ia  Otsego  Co.,  New  York,   in  1812.    After  clerking  tibm 
years  in  Buffalo,  he  arrived  at  Chicago,  May  10,  1836,  and  prooeedei 
thence,  partly  by  sloop  and  partly  on  foot,  to  Milwaukee,  where  he  fint 
learned  from  Solomon  Juneau  of  Big  Foot,  now  Geneva  Lake,  where  bi 
arrived  on  the  21st  of  Miy,  in  time  to  assist  in  raising  John  Power'skf* 
house  just  south  of  the  village  of  Geneva:  and  within  a  year  was  maxiiii 
to  Nancy  Warren,  going  all  the  way  to  Milwaukee  to  procure  the  eerfta 
of  an  official  authorized  to  perform  the  marriage  ceremony.    He  ntal' 
quently  settled  awhile  at  Tryon's  Corners,  in  Hebron,  IlL,  and  while thenii 
1839,  he  secured  a  mail  line  from  Chicago,  by  way  of  the  Comeniil 
Big  Foot,  to  Madison,  and  was  appointed  Post-Master  at  his  plaoa  Hit  fr 
was  one  of  the  earliest  postal  routes  in  the  country.    la  1850,  he  weotli  |^ 
Calif ornia,  returing  three  years  thereafter,  and,  in  1858,  he  again  weol  to 
the  Golden  State,  returning  in  1872.    He  was  a  man  of  enterprise,  ffiM 
and  social,  and  honorable  and  upright  in  all  his  dealings  and  lelatiflii 
with  others. 

Gustave  de  Neveu,  Sr.,  an  early  settler  of  Fond  du  Lac,  died  at  Vanooo^t 
Washington  Territory,  December  27th,  from  the  effects  of  a  carbonck, 
aggravated  by  erysipelaa.  He  was  born  at  Savigny,  near  Yendome, 
France,  March  30th,  1811.  His  father,  Francois  Joseph  de  Neveu,  is  eaii 
to  have  been  the  last  Knight  of  the  Royal  and  Military  Order  of  St  Louii, 
surviving  to  the  great  age  of  ninety-four  years.  During  our  Revolutiontff 
war  the  elder  de  Neveu,  a  friend  and  companion  of  La  Fayette,  started 
for  America,  under  Count  d  'Estaing,  and  Count  de  Grasse,  to  aid  the 
struggling  Colonies,  on  the  ScipiOj  commanded  by  Capt.  de  la  Motte 
Piquette;  and  in  an  engagement  with  the  British  off  Havre,  had  his  kg 
shattered  by  a  shot,  and  was  obliged  to  return  home. 

At  the  age  of  nine,  Gustave  and  an  elder  brother  entered  the  HilittfJ 
School  at  La  Flesche,  remaining  there  ten  years;  the  elder  brother  enter- 
ing the  French  army,  rose  to  the  Governship  of  Algeria,  and  General  d 
Brigade,  dying  in  1871.  Among  the  classmates  of  the  De  N«veas 
were  Thiers,  McMahon,  Due  d'  Aumale,  Grevy,  and  others  who  becane 
eminent  in  France.  For  some  reason  Gustave  de  Neveu  did  not  enW 
the  army,  though  he  brought  with  him  to  this  country  the  title  of  Colond: 
but  devoted  himself  to  artistic  pursuits.  At  length,  in  1834,  at  hit 
father's  suggestion,  he  migrated  to  America,  learned  the  English  laDgiug«> 
and  returned  to  Europe,  but  came  back  the  next  year.  He  first  located 
at  Batavia,  N.  Y.,  and  engaged  in  teaching  his  native  language.  Daring 
one  of  his  journeys  act oaaWi^  k.W^u\.vi,GoV»dQ  Neveu  bacams  acquainted 


Wisconsin  Necrology— 1881.  477 

Jfci  llli  William  Callen  Bryant,  and  the  two  were  friends  as  well  as  mutual 
yMfamrers  until  the  latter*s  death, 

In  1837,  he  went  to  Fond  du  Lac  with  a  tolerable  fortune,  but  with  no 


knowledge  whatever  of  coping  with  a  wilderness.     Nothing 
,  he  purchased  a  large  tract  of  land  in  Fond  du  Lac  County, 
iuding  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  which  now  perpetuates  his  name  as 
de  Neveu.     At  this  period,  it  is  related,  that  there  were  only  three 
men,  but  many  Indians,  in  that  region.    But  in  due  time,  he  wrought 
V^Sttk  «  productive  and  attractive  home. 

^        In  1880,  Col.  de  Neveu  made  investments   at  Duluth,  and   remained 
that  summer;   and,  in  February,  1881,  becoming  much  interested  in 
great  enterprise  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail  Road,  and  its  route  to  the 
it  western  ocean,  he  went  to  Vancouver,  where  his  son-in-law,  J.  J. 
resided,  and  where  he  invested  in  lands  in  that  Territory ,   and 
till  his  death.      His  ever  active  mind  prompted  him  while 
to  temporarily  give  instructions  in  the  French  and  other  languages, 
\'  *tad  write  occasionally  for  the  press.    Marrying  Miss  Harriet  P.  Dousman, 
^'  ^'  Green  Bay,  in  1840,  she  bore  him  four  sons  and  six  daughters. 

OoL  de  Neveu  was  a  wonderful  scholar  —  reading  the  polyglot  with  the 
'  Wmoat  facility  and  elegance,  and  speaking  with  polish  and  eloquence  nearly 
-AlLthe  languages  of  the  leading  civilized  nations.  He  was  also  familiar  with 
the  g:atterals  of  the  Winnebagoes,  and  the  labialistic  but  more  compre- 
henfllTe  idioms  of  the  Menomonee,  Pottawatomie  and  Ojibwa  Indians.  He 
Wrote  much  for  the  people  through  the  public  press,  always  dealing  in 
^  ptactical  and  useful  topics.  His  learning  and  fine  conversational  powers , 
L'.  tQaVity  and  courtly  manners,  made  him  attached  friends  —  not  a  few 
r*  tmong  the  most  distinguished  in  the  country.      Religiously  and  politi- 

Qelly»  he  was  quite  independent  in  his  view& 
^        The  first  history  of*  Wisconsin,  and  description  of  her  resources,  ever 
\     tranalated  into  French,  was  prepared  and  translated  by  Mr.  de  Neveu,  and 
Wae  sent  broadcast  over  France  for  the  enlightenment  of  those  in  that 
ooumtry  who  might  desire  to  emigrate  to  America. 

••CoL  de  Neveu,"  says  the  Milwaukee  Wisconnin,  **  was  a  profound  stu- 
dent and  worshipper  of  nature;  was  en  expert  naturalist;  loved,  studied, 
end  protected  beast,  bird,  and  fish,  and  at  the  great  judgment  day  will 
liaTe  bnt  one  sin  to  answer  for  —  that  of  having  been  a  candidate  for  ofiQce 
on  the  Greenback  ticket." 

was  truly  a  remarkable  man  —  upon  whose  like  we  shall  never  look 

••  Once,"  \uids  the  PTwcoyism,  "  three  years  ago  last  fall —  in  1878 — 

French  lady  named  Boulay,  was  to  l>e  buried  near  Col.  de  Neveu's  home. 

found  occupied  about  his  large  farm,  and  was  asked  to  go  and 

promoance  a  funeral  sermon  or  address.    At  once,  without  preparing  his 

toilette  or  mind  for  the  occasion,  he  went  to  tbe  grave-side,  and  uttered 

the  following  pure  and  beautiful,  though  not  entirely  orthodox  eulogium: 

^*Mt  Fbibmds:    Leaf  by  leaf  the  roses  fall;  drop  by  drop  the  springs 


478  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

run  dry;  one  by  one  we  tany  by  the  wayside;  the  tender  young;  foH  o( 
promise;  the  middle-aged,  in  the  strength  and  pride  of  manhood;  thed^ 
orepit  old  man,  loaded  with  the  weight  of  many  winters, —  all  alike  miut- 
yield  to  inexorable  death . 

**  Bom  at  a  certain  period  in  the  eternal  flow  of  time,  we  are  carried  i 
little  while  down  its  current;  the  longest  life  a  mere  breath,  a  dot;  tha 
we  disappear  from  the  surface  to  be  no  longer  seen  of  men,  and  the  strean 
continues  to  flow,  almost  heedless  of  our  having  lived.  As  entities  ire 
have  a  birth;  as  entities  we  die;  nothing  remains  of  our  individual  eziife- 
ence  but  a  fleeting  memory,  for  those  who  remember  us  soon  pass  awij. 

"Whence  came  we?  Whither  are  we  tending?  Ah!  who  can  tell? 
Some  profess  to  know,  but  they  know  not.  Where  have  last  sommei^i 
roses  gone  ?  What  will  become  of  yon  dry  leaf,  torn  from  its  parent  stem 
by  this  wintery  blast  ?  Like  us,  they  disappear,  and  are  merged  into  the 
ocean  of  matter  from  vr  hich  they  are  evolved,  ready  to  be  recombined 
into  new  forms  of  beauty;  for  although  individual  existences  pen^ 
matter  is  imperishable;  having  had  no  birth,  it  will  have  no  death.  like 
time  and  space,  it  is  infinite  and  eternal. 

<'  Brought  forth  into  this  world  without  being  consulted,  we  are  hurried 
out  of  it  without  our  consent.  Like  that  leaf  which  was  the  hope  of 
spring,  the  pride  and  glory  of  summer,  we  are  rudely  torn  away,  the  sport 
of  destiny,  to  return  to  the  elements  of  nature,  whence  we  sprung— dmt 
to  dust. 

**  Of  the  future,  the  hereafter,  we  are  as  ignorant  as  the  infinite  oondi- 
tioDs  through  which  we  have  passed  during  the  eternity  which  has  pre- 
ceded  our  brief  present  existences.  If  we  could  know  the  history  of  oar 
past,  we  might  get  a  glimpse  of  our  future;  but  no  message  ever  reached 
man  from  beyond  the  grave.  The  past  is  a  sealed  book;  the  future  is  ft 
blank.  No  records  are  left  to  us,  save  those  written  in  the  rocks,  and  en- 
dences  brought  before  our  senses;  they  tell  their  own  stories.  Nature  and 
her  laws  are  our  only  safe  guides.  Whatever  doctrine  conflicts  with  these 
cannot  be  true. 

"  We  submit  to  nature^s  inexorable  mandates.  We  submit,  for  however 
great  our  aspirations,  they  avail  not;  we  are  mere  toys  or  instrumentB, 
subject,  as  everything  that  exists,  to  her  immutable  and  ever-acting  lawSi 
We  accept  the  inevitable  without  fear.  Death  means  but  new  forms  of 
life;  in  this  sense  there  is  no  death.  Our  birth  is  a  resurrection,  our  destii 
a  new  birth. 

"  The  past  is  beyond  recall;  th3  future  is  veiled  in  obscurity  and  in 
doubt;  the  present  alone  is  ours.  Let  us  do  our  part  while  we  live.  Ls^ 
us  promote  advancement  by  studying  nature  and  her  lawi.  Let  us  live 
honest,  useful  lives.  Let  us  consider  every  man,  whatever  his  creed  or 
birthplace,  as  a  brother.  Let  us  love  one  another.  Mankind  is  bat  one 
great  family. 


Wisconsin  Necrology  — 1882.  479 

**  Let  us  practice  kindQess  and  justice;  let  the  inevitable  run  its  course, 
and  let  us  not  dread  a  future  over  which  we  have  no  control" 

When  Ck>l.  de  Neveu  came  to  America,  it  so  chanced  that  the  passenger 
packet  on  which  he  embarked  was  named  the  Silvia  de  Orasse,  in  honor 
of  the  youngest  daughter  of  his  father's  old  commander,  the  Count  de 
Ghnaae.  The  Silvia  de  Oraeae  lies  in  the  sands  at  Astoria,  wrecked  there 
many  years  ago,  and  buried  deep  by  the  rollinfc  waters  of  the  Columbia 
lirer.  Col.  de  Neveu  also  lies  buried  on  the  shores  of  the  beautiful  Colum- 
bia he  so  fondly  loved,  whose  waves  will  ceaselessly  beat  his  requiem 
fotever. 

1882. 

Gapl  Henry  Dillon,  near  Lone  Rock,  January  10th.  He  had  been  a  res- 
ident of  Richland  county  for  twenty-eight  years.  He  was  among  the  first 
'  to  respond  to  the  call  of  his  country,  and  went  out  in  1861,  as  Captain  of 
the  6th  Wisconsin  Battery,  and  served  with  credit  in  the  many  engage- 
ments through  which  he  passed;  and  having  served  in  the  regular  army 
for  years  in  the  old  Sherman  Battery,  under  Scott  and  Taylor  in  the  Mex- 
ican war,  he  was  employed  at  the  out- break  of  the  civil  war  in  disciplin- 
ing men  for  the  contest.    His  services  were  many  and  important. 

Mnu  Jane  F.  Dousman,  at  Prairie  du  Chien.  January  18th,  in  her  sev- 
enty-eighth year,  where  she  was  born  April  12c;h,  1804— a  daughter  of  Capt. 
Henry  M.  Fisher  and  Madeline  de  Vervilie,  and  a  sister  of  Mrs.  Henry  S.  y 
Baird,  of  Green  Bay.  She  was  first  married,  in  1819,  to  Joseph  Rolette, 
who  was  a  leading  merchant  and  trader  at  Prairie  du  Chien  for  many 
jeara  Hr.  Rolette  dying  in  1842,  two  years  later  she  was  united  in  mar- 
xiage  to  Col.  H.  L  Dousman,  whom  she  out-lived  several  years,  as  she  did 
her  three  children  by  her  first  marriage.  She  was  a  woman  of  many  vir- 
tnee^  noble,  kind-hearted  and  benevolent. 

Hon.  Henry  D.  Barron,  at  St  Croix  Falls,  January  22d,  in  his  forty-ninth 
year.  Coming  to  Wisconsin  with  the  double  profession  of  a  printer  and  a 
lawyer,  in  1851,  he  commenced  life  as  an  editor,  and  was  subsequently  ap- 
pointed Post  Master  at  Waukesha.  He  subsequently  located  in  his  legal 
profession  at  Pepin,  and  gradually  rose  to  many  positions  of  honor  and 
tmet.  Hon.  S.  S.  Fifield  has  furnished  in  the  ninth  volume  of  the  Wis- 
eonsin  Historical  Collections^  a  fitting  memorial  of  Judge  Barron's  life, 
character,  and  public  services. 

Moses  Lane,  in  Milwaukee,  January  25th,  in  his  fifty -ninth  year.  Bom 
at  Northfield,  Vt,  Nov.  16th,  1823,  he  was  educated  at  Norwich  Academy 
and  the  University  of  Vermont,  graduating  from  the  latter  in  1845,  as  a 
eivil  engineer.  After  service  in  engineering  work  on  railroads  in  New 
Hampshire  and  Vermont,  he  took  charge  for  four  years  of  the  Academy 
at  Spring^ille,  N.  Y. ;  when  he  again  engaged  in  railroad  work  as  resident 
engineer,  located  at  Albany;  but  as  this  enterprise  after  a  year  was  sus- 
pended, he  again  turned  his  attention  to  conducting  the  ^^^aAwarj  %.\>  ^\ax- 


480  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

ence,  N.  Y.,  where  he  remained  three  years.  Then  for  five  years  he  serred 
as  principal  assistant  in  the  extensive  water  works  at  Brooklyn,  when 
upon  the  retirement  of  his  superior,  he  succeeded  him  in  1862^  remaining 
in  that  position  for  seven  years,  when  he  was  replaced  because  he  refused 
to  lend  assistance  to  a  ring  whose  aim  was  to  fleece  the  public.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  was  consulting  engineer  for  western  railroads;  and  in  1871 
he  was  appointed  engineer  of  the  MUwaukee  water  works,  and  was  sabee- 
quently  employed  by  several  cities  in  the  construction  of  sewerage  systems, 
in  which  he  excelled. 

Deacon  Thomas  Pollock,  a  relative  of  his  namesake,  the  author  of  the 
Course  of  Time,  died  in  Beaver,  Iowa,  February  8rd,  nearly  seventy-four 
years  of  age.  He  was  born  near  Glasgow,  Scotland.  Ck)ming  to  this  coon- 
try  in  1831,  he  first  settled  in  Massachusetts,  removing  to  Wisconsiii,  in 
1840,  locating  in  La  Fayette,  Walworth  County;  in  1871,  removing  to 
East  Troy,  and  in  1881  to  Iowa,  wh  ere  his  children  had  settled.  He  was 
a  good  man,  a  peace-maker,  and  a  wise  counselor. 

David  McBride,  at  Sparta,  February  10th,  in  his  eighty-first  year.  Bon 
in  SpringQeld,  Bradford  Ck)unty,  Penn.,  in  September,  1801,  he  ronoved 
to  Ohio  in  1823,  publishing  a  paper,  and  serving  in  various  public  offtoee; 
among  them,  Post  Master  at  Oberlin,  under  Presidents  Taylor  and  Fillmore, 
and  acting  with  the  anti-slavery  leaders  of  that  State.  Coming  to  Wis- 
consin, in  1856,  he  was  connected  with  the  press  at  Watertown,  Mauston 
and  Sparta;  and  Post  Master  at  Sparta  from  1861  to  1871.  He  was  use- 
ful, fearless  and  patriotic  in  the  discharge  of  every  duty. 

Capt.  Joseph  Keyes  Hyer,  in  Baltimore,  February  12th.  He  was  bom  at 
Aztalan,  Jefferson  County,  Wis.,  in  1845;  went  to  West  Point,  in  July, 
1861,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  and  graduated  in  June,  1867;  was  appointed 
Second  Lieutenant,  and  immediately  thereafter  promoted  to  First  Liea- 
tenant,  and  assigDed  to  the  18th  Infantry,  serving  several  years  on  the 
western  plains  against  the  Indians.  He^  subsequently  served  about  eight 
years  in  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  during  which  time  he  was  promoted 
to  a  Captaincy.  On  account  of  ill  health,  he  made  several  trips  to  Eorope; 
and  failing  to  regain  it,  he  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  of  the  army.  HiB 
remains  were  conveyed  to  Madison,  and  interred  beside  his  father,  the  late 
Hon.  George  Hyer,  and  his  mother,  a  sister  of  Hon.  E.  W.  Keyes. 

Christian  Schafer,  at  Mineral  Point,  March  7th,  at  the  venerable  age 
of  ninety-six.  He  was  personally  acquainted  with  the  first  Napoleon, 
with  whom  he  served  in  several  campaigns,  terminating  at  the  battle  of 
Waterloo,  where  he  received  a  slight  wound. 

Ezekiel  B.  Smith,  a  pioneer  of  Walworth  County,  died  in  LiaFayette, 
March  10th,  where  he  settled  in  June,  1843.  He  was  a  man  of  positive 
convictions,  integrity,  hospitality,  and  public  enterprise. 

Hon.  James  O'Neill,  Sr.,  at  Neillsville,  Clark  County,  March  28th,  after 

a  few  days*  illness,  in  the  seventy-second  year  of  his  age.     He  was  bom  in 

•  

Lisbon,  St.  Lawrence  County,  N.  Y,,  May  4th,    1810.    He  commenced 


WmcoKsm  Necrology — 1882.  481 

business  life  while  yet  youog,  first  as  a  clerk,  and  then  in  lambering  and 
other  enterprises.  In  September,  1889,  in  company  with  his  brother  Alex- 
ander, he  started  from  Prairie  da  Chien  in  a  canoe,  stocked  with  provisions, 
with  which  they  proceeded  to,  and  made  their  first  settlement  on.  Black 
Biver,  at  a  point  about  three  miles  below  the  present  Black  River  Falls* 
where  they  boilt  a  saw-milL  In  1844,  Mr.  0*Neill  settled  on  the  present 
site  of  Neillsrille,  erecting  the  first  building  there  —  a  rough  log  cabin. 

In  1849,  he  represented  Chippewa  and  Crawford  Counties  in  the  Legibla- 
tore.  From  1861  to  1865,  he  was  Treasurer  of  Clark  County,  and  in  1868» 
lie  again  represented  his  district  in  the  Legislature.  He  was  fifteen  years 
chairman  of  the  County  Board  of  Supervisors,  and  held  many  impor- 
tant town  offices.  As  an  early  pioneer  of  the  Black  River  country,  and  a 
man  of  generous  sympathies  and  impulses,  his  name  and  memory  will 
long  be  cherished  in  that  valley. 

Joseph  Qillis  Tkylor,  familiarly  known  as  Qen.  Taylor,  died  at  Elkhom, 
March  81st,   in  his  eighty-seventh  year.    He  was  bom  in  Argyle,  N.  Y.» 
March  19, 1796,  and  was  a  soldier  in  the  war  of  1812*  serving  at  the  battle 
of  Plattsbnrg,  September  11, 1814,  and  received  a  pension  for  his  services. 
He  settled  in  Elkhom  in  June,  1857. 

Gideon  Pitts  Parker,  in  Summit,  Juneau  Co.,  Wis.,  April  6th,  at  the  age 
of  ninety-eight  years,  six  months,  and  fifteen  daya  lie  was  a  private  in 
the  land  forces,  stationed  at  Erie,  Penn.,  in  1818:  and  was  a  volunteer  on 
board  the  fiagship  Niagara,  under  Commodore  Perry,  in  the  memorable 
battle  on  Lake  Erie,  September  10th,  in  that  year,  and  was  slightly 
wounded  in  the  engagement.    He  deservedly  enjoyed  a  pension  for  his 


Died  at  Sheboygan,  April  10th,  Francis  R.  Townsend,  in  the  sixty-ninth 
year  of  his  age.  He  was  born  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  29th,  1818;  settled  in 
Racine  in  1844,  and  in  1851  at  Sheboygan,  where  he  served  as  the  first 
Mayor,  was  several  times  Alderman,  School  Commissioner,  and  Superin- 
tendent of  the  City  Schools.  He  was  also  President  of  tho  Bank  of 
Sheboygan,  Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  the  Sheboygan  and  Fond  du  Lao 
rail-road,  and  Treasurer  of  the  Sheboygan  Manufacturing  Company.  Ho 
was  long  and  largely  engaged  in  business  affairs,  and  with  his  good  judg- 
ment met  with  large  success. 

Mrs.  Manchell  Reynolds,  at  Watertown,  Wis.,  April  23d,  at  the  advanced 
age  of  ninety-five  years.  She  was  a  native  of  Maryland,  and  saw  Wash- 
ington when  he  was  President  She  had  resided  in  the  vicinity  of 
Watertown  since  1850,  and  enjoyed  a  pension,  her  husband  having  ])artic- 
ipated  in  the  battle  of  New  Orleans 

Robert  R.  Menzie,  an  eminent  criminal  lawyer,  died  at  Dalavan,  May  3d, 
aged  seventy-two  years. 

Hon.  William  Dick,  of  apoplexy,  in  iirothertown,  Calumet  Ca,  May  8d, 
aged  sixty-seven  years.  He  was  one  of  .the  oldest  settlers  in  the  county, 
locating  there  in  183 U    He  represented  his  district  in  the  Assembly  two 


482  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

terms,  and  held  various  other  important  offices.    He  was  anedacated 
Brothertown  Indian;  a  worthy  and  useful  man. 

Judge  Charles  S.  Benton,  at  La  Crosse,  May  4th,  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
two  years.  He  was  a  native  of  Maine,  but  early  settled  in  the  Mohawk 
Valley,  where,  by  his  worth  and  talent,  he  represented  the  Herkimer  dis- 
trict two  terms  in  Congress,  from  1843  to  1847.  He  subsequently  removed 
to  Milwaukee,  and  for  a  time  edited  the  Daily  News;  and  taking  up  his 
residence  at  La  Crosse,  he  was  chosen  County  Judge,  and  so  satisfactory 
was  the  administration  of  the  office,  that  he  was  practically  g^ven  an  un- 
disputed life  tenure  of  it,  and  worthily  filled  the  position  until  within  a 
few  months  of  his  death.    He  was  a  scholarly  writer,  and  highly  respected. 

Miss  Jane  Dousman,  at  Green  Bay,  Miy  4th,  nearly  seventy  years  of 
age.  She  was  the  eldest  of  seven  children  of  John  and  Rosalie  Dousman, 
bom  at  Depere,  June  17,  1812.  "  The  ad  ventures  of  those  perilous  times 
of  Indian  and  British  warfare  attended  the  family  at  the  date  of  her  birth, 
and  hung  in  quite  romantic  degree  over  her  youthful  head.  When  she 
was  three  months  old,  word  came  through  a  friendly  Indian,  that  harm 
was  impending  over  the  famUy.  The  little  infant  Jane,  was  low- 
ered into  a  cistern,  and  cared  for  by  a  faithful  attendant  for  twenty-four 
hours.  The  family  was  then  hastily  got  together  again  and  taken  in  a 
canoe  to  Mackinac  where  they  resided  for  sotne  tima.  Many  incidents 
regarding  their  life,  the  pressing  of  the  father  into  the  British  army,  his 
being  compelled  to  march  against  his  own  household,  etc.,  etc,  are  of  in- 
terest." 

Mr.  Douaman  dying  in  1820,  the  family  four  years  later  removed  to 
Green  Bay.  Several  years  ago,  the  mother,  Mrs.  Dousman,  was  engaged 
by  the  Indian  agent  as  a  teacher  of  the  Menomonees  at  Keshena,  and  was 
accompanied  by  her  daughters,  Jane  and  Kate  —  tue  latter  dying  while  in 
service  there.  For  years  these  devotei  women  labored  unceasingly  among 
those  dusky  people,  giviag  the  bast  part  of  their  lives  to  the  work.  On 
the  death  of  her  mother,  Jane  Dousmin  succeeded  her  and  labored  awhile 
longer.  During  the  war,  her  patriotic  feelings  were  aroused,  and  she 
personally  appealed  to  tlie  Menomonees,  and  thus  aided  in  swelling  the 
ranks  of  the  recruits.  She  at  length  retired  to  Green  Bay  to  spend  the 
Test  of  her  days. 

Miss  Dousman  exhibited  great  dignity  of  character,  combined  with  a 
loveliness  and  gentleness  that  prevaded  all  her  intercourse  with  friends  and 
the  world.  She  was  loyal  in  her  attachments  and  sincere  always.  Con- 
siderateness  for  the  feelings  and  comfort  of  others  was  a  trait  that  re- 
ceived exenaplLfication  even  to  the  last  of  her  conscious  hours.  Her  life 
was  a  self-sacrificing  one,  and  many  of  its  phases  had  bound  up  in  them 
heroism  of  the  kind  that  do  not  reach  the  outer  world,  but  are  firmly 
lovingly  and  quietly  worked  out  in  a  record  of  devotion  to  duty.  To  many 
she  was  simply  Aunt  Jane,  always  —  a  term  of  endearment  that  con- 
tinued with  her  day&.    She  had  many  friends,  largely  among*  those  who 


Wisconsin  Necrology  — 1882.  483 

had  known  her  for  years,  and  regret  at  her  death  will  enter  many  hearts. 
Her  brothers,  John  P.  and  (George,  and  sister  Kate,  preceded  her  to  the 
g^ve.  Her  surviying  sisters  were  Mrs.  Lefevre,  near  Omro,  Mrs.  Gustave 
de  Neveo,  Fond  da  Lac,  and  Mrs.  D.  Wiley,  Merrill 

Mrs.  Sarah  Randall,  mother  of  the  late  ex-Governor  and  Post  Master  Gen- 
eral. A.  W.  Randall,  and  Chief  Justice,  Edwin  M.  Randall,  of  Florida,  died 
on  May  4th,  at  the  age  of  eighty-three  years. 

Ephraim  S.  Durfee  died  at  Poygan,  about  May  6th,  at  the  great  age  of 
nearly  ninety-seyen.  B3m  in  Rhode  Island  ia  1785,  and  reaching  man- 
hood, he  removed  to  Salina,  N.  Y.,  and  engaged  in  contracting  for  the 
oonstrnotion  of  public  works.  He  became  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity;  aad  m^viag  to  R^oheater,  he  t^fire  conferred  the  de- 
gree of  apprentice  and  fellow-craft  upon  William  Morgan,  the  reputed  ex- 
poeer  of  Masonry.  I  a  regard  to  Morgan,  Mr.  Durfee,  was  of  the  opinion 
that  he  never  wrote  the  book  credited  to  him;  but  that  it  was  the  produc- 
tion of  some  one  else  over  Morgan's  signature,  and  that  its  purpose  was 
political  effect  rather  than  a  blow  at  the  order.  Durfee  reasoned  that 
Morgan  having;  as  he  believed,  received  but  two  degrees  in  Masonry, 
ooold  not  have  produced  the  work,  which  evinced  familiarity  with  myster- 
ies of  which  he  had  no  knowledge. 

The  disappearance  of  Morgan,  and  the  subsequent  anti-Masonic  ex- 
citement, rendered  Rochester  so  uncomfortable  for  members  of  the 
order,  that  Durfee  and  others  repaired  to  Canada  for  quiet  and  safety, 
where  he  remained  until  1845,  when  he  settled  on  a  farm  adjoining 
Oshkoeh.  So  hardy  was  he,  that  on  his  ninety-fourth  birthday,  he 
sowed  some  grain,  chopped  three-quarters  of  a  cord  of  wood,  made 
an  axe-handle,  and  called  on  several  of  his  friends.  He  served  under  Gen. 
Scott,  at  Lnndy's  Lane,  and  ocher  battles  on  the  Niagara  frontier,  but 
declined  to  apply  for  a  pension,  saying  that  he  was  amply  compensated  for 
his  services. 

CoL  John  0*Rourke,  of  Plattsmouth,  Nebraska,  died  at  St  Louis,  May 
6th.  Many  years  ago,  he  settled  in  Milwaukee,  performing  clerical  ser- 
Tices,  and  became  Captain  of  the  Montgomery  Guards.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war,  he  joined  Colonel  Bragg's  regiment  as  Lieutenant 
Colonel,  and  when  Bragg  was  promoted,  he  succeeded  to  the  command  of 
the  regiment,  and  served  with  honor  to  the  end  of  the  war.  Removing 
to  Linden,  Iowa  Couaty,  he  was  several  times  chosen  to  the  Legislature, 
and  served  one  term  as  Treasurer  of  Iowa  County.  He  at  length  removed 
to  Plattsmouth,  where  he  held  the  position  of  assistant  cashier  of  the 
First  National  Bank,  and  also  served  as  Miyor  of  the  city.  He  left  a  wife 
and  three  children. 

Hon.  John  Rutledge,  at  Ixonia,  May  12th,  at  the  age  of  sixty-four  years. 
He  was  a  pioneer  settler  of  the  town,  and  once  represented  his  district 
in  the  Legislature. 

Judge  Derrick  C.  Bush,  at  Lawson*s  Mills,  Nebraska,  May  17th,  at  the 


484  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

age  of  siztj-seven  years.  His  early  life  was  spent  as  a  sailor  on  the  seas, 
visiting  many  lands,  an4  relating  many  experiences.  He  settled  in  Madi- 
son, in  1850,  as  an  attorney  at  law,  and  was  many  years  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  and  at  one  time  Probate  Judge  of  Dane  County.  A  few  yeais 
before  his  death,  becoming  a  paralytic,  he  removed  west. 

Hiram  Morley,  who  died  at  Oshkosh,  May  27th,  was  bom  in  Cayuga 
County,  N.  Y.,  Oct  24th,  1836,  and  settled  in  Oshkoeh  in  1847.  He  was  a 
man  of  prominence,  and  served  five  successive  terms  in  the  Ck>mmoii 
Council  of  that  city;  was  connected  with  several  newspaper  enterprises, 
and  was  twice  Post  Master  of  the  Assembly. 

William  Brittan,  at  Platteville,  June  4th,  aged  about  ninety-two  yean. 
He  was  born  in  PhiUulelphia,  about  1790,  of  Oerman  parents  —  his  father 
having  been  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  He  came  to  Platteville  in  1888, 
and  resided  there,  unmarried,  forty-four  years;  he  was  th'^  friend  of  every- 
body, and  everybody  was  his  friend. 

Prof.  Milo  P.  Jewett,  in  Milwaukee,  June  9th,  at  the  age  of  seventy-foiir 
years.  Born  at  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt,  April  27th,  1808,  he  graduated  from 
Dartmouth  College  in  1828;  and  after  spending  the  next  year  as  Principal 
of  Holmes  Academy,  at  Plymouth,  N.  H-,  he  devoted  three  years  to  studies 
at  Andover  Theological  Seminary.  He  then  engaged  in  teaching  with 
such  success,  that  he  resolved  to  adopt  it  as  a  profession  instead  of  enter- 
ing the  ministry;  and,  in  1834,  he  accepted  a  Professorship  in  Marietta 
College,  Ohio.  He  aided  in  the  adoption  of  a  new  school  system  in  that 
State.  In  1839,  he  severed  his  relations  with  Marietta  College,  and  estab- 
lished the  Judson  Female  Institution,  at  Marion,  Ala.,  and  also  published 
the  Alabama  Baptist  In  1856,  he  purchased  Cottage  Hill  Seminary,  at 
Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  which  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  Va«ar 
Female  College,  of  which  he  became  the  first  President,  serving  with 
great  success  for  six  years,  when  he  resigned,  in  1867,  and  settled  in  Mil- 
waukee, where  he  devoted  his  remaining  years  to  furthering  religious, 
educational  and  philanthrophic  enterprises. 

J.  C.  Keeney,  editor  of  the  Chronicle,  at  Weyauwega,  died  at  that  place 
June  13th;  in  his  sixty-first  year.  He  came  from  the  State  of  New  York 
many  years  ago  as  one  of  the  attaches  of  the  Wisconsin  Chief,  and  con- 
ducted papers  at  Ft.  Atkinson,  Sharon  and  Weyauwega.  He  was  an  hon- 
est and  conscientious  citizen  and  editor. 

Alexander  Grignon,  a  native  of  Green  Bay,  was  thrown  from  a  wagon 
and  killed,  ne  ir  his  residence  in  the  town  of  Howe,  Shawano  County,  July 
4th,  at  about  the  age  of  seventy  years.  He  was  an  early  school  teacher  at 
Green  Bay,  and  nearly  fifty  years  ago  was  engaged,  with  his  brother 
Charles  A.  Grignon,  in  keeping  an  Indian  trading  store  at  Kaukauna.  He 
afterwards  lived  for  many  years  at  Keshena.  He  was  courteous  and 
genial,  and  possessed  of  a  fund  of  anecdote  and  adventure  connected  wilh 
Indian  and  frontier  life. 

Michael  Speel.  in  Buchanan,  Outagamie  County,  July  7th,  in  the  eighty- 


Wisconsin  Necrology— 1882.  485 

sixth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  a  native  of  Delft,  Holland,  and  accom  panied 
a  colony  of  Hollanders  who  settled  Little  Chute,  under  the  Rev.  Father 
Vauden  Broek,  in  1848;  and  he  soon  after  settled  in  the  dense  wilderness 
of  Buchanan.  He  and  his  family  lived  some  of  the  time,  in  their  first  set- 
tlement, on  roots,  berries  and  wild  K&^e.  Their  first  big  of  fiour  Mrs. 
Speel  carried  on  her  back  from  Winnebago  Ripids,  now  Neenah,  a  dis- 
tance of  twelve  miies^  to  their  place  of  abode.  Oice  Mr.  Speel  got  lost, 
and  it  was  forty-eight  hours  before  he  was  found  by  his  neighbor  & 

Jacob  West,  at  Evansville,  Wis.,  July  10,  aged  seventy  years.  Ha  mi- 
grated from  Rock  Grove^  IlL,  and  for  forty- two  years  he  resided  at  Evans- 
ville,  much  of  the  time  holding  some  town  office,  as  Town  Clerk,  Assessor 
and  Justice  of  the  Peace.  He  was  a  pioneer  of  Methodism  in  Evansville, 
and  served  the  public  faithfully  and  correctly. 

Daniel  O'Connor,  in  Summit,  Dodge  County,  July  11th,  aged  ninety -nine 
years.  He  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  had  resided  in  Wisconsin  about 
forty  years. 

Williams  Lee,  in  Milwaukee,  July  12th,  in  the  eighty-second  year  of  his 
age.  He  was  bom  in  Chester,  Mass.,  November  22d,  1800,  and  settled  in 
Milwaukee,  in  1843.  He  erected  the  sixth  brick  house  in  Milwaukee,  in 
which  he  died.  He  was  a  prominent  Odd  Fellow,  and  a  member  of  the 
Old  Settlers*  Club. 

Died  in  Bristol,  Kenosha  County,  July  27th,  Rev.  Salmon  Stebbins,  eighty- 
seven  years  of  age.  He  was  born  in  New  Hampshire,  July  18th,  1795.  He 
came  to  Wisconsin  in  1837,  as  a  missionary  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  his  field  of  labor  extending  from  the  Illinois  line  to  Green  Bay, 
preaching,  in  November,  1837,  the  first  sermon  proclaimed  in  Midison. 
After  living  several  years  in  Lake  County,  Illinois,  he  settled  in  Kenosha, 
where  he  was  stationed  as  a  minister  in  his  declining  lifa  He  was  a  faith- 
ful and  useful  pioneer  preacher,  and  a  zealous  member  of  the  Masonic 
order. 

Hon.  Nathaniel  O.  Murray,  at  Like  City,  Iowa,  July  27th.  He  was  born 
at  Evans,  Essex  County,  N.  Y.,  February  7,  183i:  came  to  Wisconsin  in 
1848,  settling  first  at  Fox  Lake,  and  in  1855,  at  Pepin;  and  was  for  several 
years  engaged  in  managing  a  steamer  on  Lake  Pepin.  He  held  several  of- 
fices, among  them  that  of  Sheriff,  and  served,  in  1893,  as  a  member  of  the 
Legislature. 

Rev.  Alfred  Brunson,  D.  D.,  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  August  8d,  in  his  nine- 
tieth year.  Bom  in  Danbury,  Conn.,  February  9th,  1793,  he  received  but  a 
limited  education,  and  spent  five  years  in  learning  the  trade  of  a  shoe- 
maker. An  extensive  reader,  he  studied  law;  and,  in  1808,  went  first  to 
Ohio^  and  then  to  Carlisle,  Pa.  In  1809,  he  joined  the  Methodist  church, 
and  prepared  himself  for  the  ministry  —  returned  to  Connecticut,  married, 
and,  in  1811,  removed  to  Ohia  He  served  a  year  in  the  army  under  Oen. 
Harrison,  and  was  at  the  taking  of  Maiden,  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  and 
recapture  of  Detroit.    He  labored  efficiently  in  the  ministry  in  Ohio  and 


486  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

Pennsylvania  until  1835,  when  he  removed  to  Wisconsin,  reaching  Prairie 
du  Chien  on  the  25th  of  October:  and  was  the  first  Methodist  preacher  to 
pioneer  the  way  north  of  the  Wisconsin  river.  He  was  made  Presiding 
Elder  of  a  district  extending  from  Rock  Island  to  the  head  of  the  Missis- 

« 

Sippi,  including  the  Indian  mission. 

On  account  of  ill-health,  Mr.  Brunson  relinquished  the  ministry  in  1839^ 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  practiced  for  about  ten  years.  In  1840,  he 
was  elected  to  the  Territorial  Legislature;  and,  in  1843,  he  was  appointed 
Indian  agent  at  La  Poiate.  In  1850,  he  was  an  unsuccessf  cA  candidate  for 
Judge  of  his  district;  and  returned  to  ministerial  labors,  being  located  at 
Mineral  Point  In  1853,  he  was  appointed  Presiding  Elder  of  the  Prairie 
du  Chien  district,  then  one  of  the  most  extensive  in  the  State.  In  1868,  he 
was  made  chaplain  of  a  regiment,  but  from  ill-health  was  soon  compelled 
to  resign.  Partially  recovering  his  health,  he  resumed  and  continued  his 
ministerial  labors  until  1871,  when  he  retired  from  further  servica  He 
was  a  prolific  writer  for  the  press,  and  was  the  author  of  a  Key  to  the  Apoc- 
alypse, Incidents  in  his  Life  and  Times,  historical  papers  in  the  Colkc- 
tions  of  our  Society,  and  several  pamphlet  publications.  Dr.  Brunson  was 
a  man  of  indomitable  energy,  unwearied  labors,  and  great  usefulness  in 
his  day  and  generation. 

Hon.  Alvin  B.  Alden,  at  Eau  Claire,  August  18th,  in  ms  sixty-fifth  year. 
Bom  at  Stafford,  Conn.,  March  Ist,  1818,  he  came  to  Wisconsin  when  com- 
paratively a  young  man,  located  in  1844  at  Randolph,  and,  in  1851,  at  Por- 
tage City,  where  he  held  many  offices  of  trust,  at  one  time  Clerk  of  the 
Board  of  Supervisors,  then  Mayor  of  the  City,  and,  in  1858,  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Legislature.  He  served  for  a  few  months  as  insurance 
clerk  under  Secretary  of  State  Doyle,  and  many  years  as  loan  agent  of  the 
North  Western  Life  Insurance  Company.  He  rose  to  a  thirty-third  degree 
Mason,  was  Grand  Master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  the  State,  Grand  Com- 
mander of  the  Knights  Templar,  and  Grand  High  Priest  of  the  Grand 
Chapter  of  Wisconsin,  serving  in  all  these  positions  with  great  credit  to 
himself,  and  honor  to  the  faternity.  He  was  at  one  time  ui  unsucceesfol 
candidate  for  Secretary  of  State.  He  possessed  a  nice  sense  of  honor,  and 
was  deservedly  held  in  high  estimation. 

Hon.  Hugh  McFarlane,  in  Arlington,  August  16th,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
seven  yeara  Born  in  Tyrone  County,  Ireland,  June  23d,  1815,  he  came 
to  America,  locating  first  at  Mineral  Point  in  1885,  and  two  years  later  at 
Portage,  but  not  permanently  until  1848,  and  engaged  in  merchandizing  and 
lumbering.  He  was  a  member  of  the  last  Territorial  and  first  State  Legis- 
latures. In  1859,  he  settled  on  his  farm  in  Arlington,  and  became  active 
in  town  affairs,  serving  as  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors.  He  was 
also  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the  Wisconsin  Farm  Mortgage  Company. 
He  was  well  educated,  possessing  a  kind,  sympathetic  heart,  well  posted  in 
public  affairs,  and  of  a  very  genial,  social  disposition. 

Col  William  H,  Jacobs,  at  Milwaukee,  Sept.  11th,  in  his  fifty-first  year. 


Wisconsin  Necrology  — 1882. 

He  was  bom  in  Holzen,  Gormany,  Nov.  26th,  1831;  he  came  t 
States  in  1850,  and  after  a  short  residence  in  St.  Louis,  settle* 
kee  in  1851,  and  became  a  banker.  He  was  at  one  time  Cierl 
wankee  County  Court;  commanded  the  Twenty-Sixth  regimes 
Bin  Tolunteers,  participating  in  tlie  battles  of  CiianceUorsvilk 
Wauhatchee,  and  other  engagements,  and  was  severely  w< 
served  a  term  in  the  State  Senate  in  1875-76.  He  was  a  larg< 
in  northern  Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  and  left  a  large  esl 
very  popular  and  greatly  lamented. 

Hon.  Alanson  Holly,  at  Kilbourn  City,  Sept.  15th,  in  his 
fear.  He  was  bom  at  Granville,  N.  Y.,  July  2l8t,  1810.  He  < 
In  teaching  in  Wyoming  Ca,  New  York,  where  he  served  e: 
as  School  Inspector  and  Town  Superintendent,  and  for  t^ 
mercantile  and  newspaper  Ufa  On  removing  to  Wiaconsi 
Located  at  Ejlboum  City,  and  with  the  succeeding  year  coi 
Wisconsin  Mirror,  which  he  continued  until  the  autumn  of  : 
removed  to  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  engaging  in  newspaper  enterpi 
he  returned  to  Kilbourn  City,  subsequently  re-establishing 
In  1867,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Legislature.  He  wi 
writer,  and  always  a  leader  in  what  he  believed  to  be  right. 

Hon.  Robert  Hall  Baker,  in  Racine,  Oct.  5th,  in  his  forty 
He  was  a  son  of  Hon.  Charles  M.  Baker,  and  bom  in  Geno^ 
27th,  1889.  He  received  a  good  education,  taking  a  partial  co 
Ck>llege.  In  1856,  he  engaged  in  a  clerkship  in  a  hardware 
two  years,  and  then  spent  a  year  in  Thomas  Falvey's  rea] 
Racine;  and,  in  1860,  became  connected  with  the  extensive  m 
establishment  of  Hon.  J.  L  Case  <&  Co.  In  1863,  he  purchase 
in  this  establishment,  which  resulted  in  an  ample  fortune.  Ii 
alected  School  Commissioner  of  Racine;  in  1868  and  1871,  m 
in  1872,  and  again  in  1874,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  tht  i 
uid  Mayor  of  Racine  in  1874.  He  was  an  unsuocessfoj  n 
Lieutenant  Governor  in  1873;  and  in  1879,  he  was  selected « 
bhe  Republican  State  Conmiittee,  serving  two  years.  Ba  nv 
isveral  manufacturing  and  mining  companies  in  which  k»ia 
ind  wasaGovemment  director  in  the  Union  Pacific 
[>re-eminently  a  man  of  business  capacity,  and  p( 
jnalities  of  head  and  heart. 

Prof.  Allen  H.  Weld,  at  Troy,  near  River  Falls,  Got 

leventy-three  years.    He  was  born  at  Braintree,  Vl,  j 

»r  spending  two  years  in  Dartmouth  CoUege,  h« 

graduating  with  honor  in  1834,  and  after  spendii^ji 

theological  Seminary,  and  one  in  teaching  in  FH 

same  Principal  of  North  Yarmouth  Classical  jloi 

■emained  eleven  years.    It  was  during  1887,  W 
xx>k  upon  the  Science  of  Language.    In  188^1 


488  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

the  Board  of  Overseers  of  Bowdoin  College.  He  ^pent  a  year  giving  in- 
struction  in  Boston,  and  then  removed  to  Cumberland,  Md.,  where  he 
successfully  conducted  an  Academy  for  six  years.  At  West  Lebanon,  Vt, 
he  established  in  1855.  a  Female  Seminary,  and  conducted  it  for  three 
years,  when,  in  1858,  he  migrated  to  Wisconsin,  engaging  in  farming,  vid 
serving  as  Superintendent  of  Schools  of  St.  Croix  County,  filling  muj 
local  offices  of  trust,  and  serving  also  as  a  Regent  of  the  Board  of  Nonnal 
Schools.  He  had  much  to  do  in  securing  the  location  of  the  Noimtl 
School  at  River  Falls.  He  was  a  man  of  enlarged  views,  a  fine  scholv, 
and  exercised  much  tact,  and  met  with  much  success  as  a  teacher. 

Judge  Harmon  S.  Conger,  at  Janesville,  October  33d,  in  the  sixty-eev- 
enth  year  of  his  age.  Fulton,  Cortland  County,  N.  Y.,  was  the  place  U 
his  birth,  April  9th,  1816.  Completing  his  academic  course  in  the  spring 
of  1839,  he  studied  law,  and  the  next  year  purchased  and  edited  a  weddy 
paper.  He  was  chosen  County  Treasurer  for  several  years,  and  was  twice 
elected  to  Congress,  serving  from  1847  to  1851  —  with  a  single  exception, 
the  youngest  member  of  the  House.  In  October,  1855,  he  removed  to 
Wisconsin,  settling  at  Janesville  in  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  the 
spring  of  1870,  he  was  chosen  Judge  of  his  circuit,  and  byre-^ection, 
without  opposition,  continued  on  the  bench  till  his  death.  He  was  an 
able  and  upright  jurist,  and  a  man  of  unbending  integrity.  His  death 
was  a  great  loss  to  his  judicial  district,  and  to  the  State  as  well. 

Charles  A.  Morse,  near  Racine,  October  38tb,  aged  thirty-one  yeara  He 
had  recently  been  County  Superintendent,  and  was  a  man  of  much  worth. 

Hon.  John  Delaney,  at  the  Nebraska  Insane  Asylum,  October  29th,  at 
the  age  of  fifty-eight  years.  He  was  born  in  New  York  City  in  1834.  He 
was  a  lawyer  by  profession,  and  early  settled  at  Stevens  Point,  and  repre- 
sented that  district  in  the  Legislature  in  1849;  subsequently  located  at 
Portage  City,  where  he  published  the  Ri'ver  Times,  He  served  as  a  volun- 
teer in  the  war,  and  drifted  away  to  Nebraska,  finally  settling  at  North 
Platte,  and  married  a  Kentucky  lady.  Several  years  ago,  it  was  reported 
that  he  had  frozen  off  both  his  feet,  which  proved  an  exaggeration. 
Symptoms  of  mental  abberation  appearing,  he  was  consigned  to  the  State 
Insane  Asylum,  where  not  long  after  he  died  of  acute  mania.  He  had 
his  faults,  but  was  kind,  humane,  companionable,  and  without  an  enemy. 

Nathan  Joy,  at  Racine,  Nov.  8d,  in  his  ninety-fourth  year.  Bom  in  Plain- 
field,  Ma6s.,  he  settled  in  Wisconsin,  in  1836,  and  eleven  years  later  located 
in  Racine.  He  had  rendered  good  service  in  building  up  the  city  of  his 
adoption.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Old  Settlers'  Society,  and  highly  re- 
spected by  all  acquainted  with  him. 

Col.  Joseph  Henry  Carleton,  at  Sioux  Falls,  Dak.,  Nov.  8th,  in  his  fifty- 
ninth  year.  Bom  at  Gardiner,  Me.,  April  11th,  1834,  he  migrated  to  Racine 
in  1849,  and  in  1856,  to  Berlin.  In  1862,  he  raised  a  company,  first  called 
the  Truesdell  Rangers,  afcer wards  known  as  Co.  C,  32d  Wis.  Inf.,  and 
served  to  the  end  of  the  war.    On  the  30th  of  June,  1864,  he  was  promoted 


Wisconsin  Necrology  — 1882.  489 

to  liajor,  aod  on  the  18th  of  Aus:u8t  following,  he  was  made  Lieutenant 
Colonel  of  the  legiinent  In  the  latter  position,  the  full  command  of  the 
regiment  devolved  upon  him  while  serving  in  Mississippi,  Tennessee  and 
Alabama,  and  on  Sherman's  famous  march  to  the  sea .  Though  a  strict 
disciplinarian,  he  always  had  the  comfort  and  welfare  of  his  men  at 
lieart»  freely  sharing  with  them  in  every  danger  and  privation.  After  the 
frar,  he  was  employed  at  Racine  and  Kenosha,  until  early  in  1883.  when 
lie  removed  to  Dakota. 

James  F.  Atkinson,  while  on  a  visit  to  Appleton,  Dec.  5th.  He  wa^  born 
in  BnRland,  Sept.  7th.  1833 — having  been  brought  by  his  parents  when  three 
years  old  to  Canada,  and  in  1847  to  Wisconsin  Territory.  In  1858,  he  went 
to  California,  where  he  married,  and  three  >ears  later  returned  to  Wiscon- 
sin, settliog  at  Appleton;  afterwards  removing  to  Missouri:  and  finally,  in 
lS76b  settled  at  Escanaba,  conducting  the  Tribune  for  three  years.  Re- 
moving to  Florence,  he  was  appointed  Ck)unty  Judge  of  the  newly  organ  - 
iced  county. 

Josiah  A«  Noonan  died  at  the  Wauwautosa  Lunatic  Asylum,  Dec.  11th. 
He  was  bom  at  Amsterdam,  N.  Y.,  May  13, 1813.  In  1826  became  an  ap- 
prentice to  the  printing  business,  and  subsequently  published  the  Mohawk 
Hevald  at  Amsterdam.  He  moved  to  Milwaukee  in  1896;  in  1838  estab- 
lished the  TFiseonsin  Enquirer^  at  Madison,  which  was  removed  to  Mil- 
waukee in  1841,  the  name  being  changed  to  the  Courier,  which  survived 
till  1815.  He  was  Post  Master  at  Milwaukee  under  President  Pierce;  and 
on  bis  retirement  in  1857,  engaged  in  business.  He  published  for  a  while 
at  Chicago  the  Industrial  Age,  which  proved  unsuccessful.  He  was  fa- 
mous for  the  number  of  law  suits  in  which  he  was  engaged.  He  >vas  a 
devoted  friend  of  Gov.  Dodge,  and  had  much  to  do  with  early  Wiscousin 
politics,  and  always  exhibited  unbounded  fertility  of  resource.  The  last 
two  or  three  years  of  his  life  his  former  robust  health  failed  him. 

Dr.  Carl  Willgohs,  a  native  of  New  Calen,  Mecklenburg,  died  in  Water- 
town,  Ddc.  15th,  at  the  age  of  seventy -one  years,  where  lie  had  been  a  6uc- 
cessful  practioner  of  medicine  for  thirty-one  years. 

Mrs.  Polly  Doztator,  on  the  Oneida  Reservation,  near  GriH'u  Ray, 
December  14th,  in  her  ninety-eighth  year.  She  was  born  of  Delaware 
parents,  at  Gape  May,  N.  J.,  March  17tli,  1785,  and  early  became  associated 
with  the  Oneidas,  in  Central  New  York,  in  1802,  marrying  into  the  promi- 
nent Doxtator  family  of  that  tribe.  Her  sons  Jacob  and  Cornelius  Doxta- 
tor  are  among  the  most  noted  Oneidas,  and  her  only  daughter  is  the  wife  of 
Gapt.  Cornelius  Doxtator,  who  commanded  a  company  of  Oneida  sharp- 
shooters during  our  late  civil  war.  Mrs.  Doxtator  was  raised  by  a  Quaker 
in  Pennsylvania,  and  was  an  intelligent,  amiable,  and  most  worthy  woman, 
retaining  her  bright  faculties  to  the  last. 

Judge  Samuel  A.  R indies,  in  Waukeshi,  December  17th,  in  his  iifty- 
fourth  year.    Born  in  Argyle,  N.  Y.,  June  23nd,  1839,  at  the  proper  age  he 
read  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1848,  and  the  same  year  located 
82~H.  C. 


490  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

at  Delafleld,  where  beside  devoting  himself  to  his  profession,  he  also  seryed 
as  Justice  of  the  Peace.  He  resided  also  a  while  in  the  town  of  Summit. 
On  being  elected  County  Judge  in  1860,  he  removed  to  Waukesha,  and 
was  re-elected  in  1864,  serving  altogether  eight  years,  when  he  retired, 
resuming  his  professional  services.     His  dpath  was  greatly  iamentcML 

On  the  17th  of  December,  also  passed  away  Col.  Edward  H.  Gratiot,  at 
Platteville.  St.  Louis  was  the  place  of  his  nativity,  having  been  born 
there  June  19th,  1817.  In  1835,  he  came  with  his  parents  to  Galena,  then 
y  but  little  more  than  a  mining  camp,  where  his  sister,  Mrs.  E.  B.  Waah- 
bume  was  bom,  said  to  have  been  the  first  white  child  born  in  the  settle- 
ment. He  attended  Jacksonville  College,  of  which  Lyman  Beecher,  the 
father  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  was  then  President  Locating  in  Dubaqna 
in  18S5,  he  continued  to  reside  there  till  1840,  when  he  removed  to  Gratiot's 
Grove,  engaging  in  mercantile  life.  He  took  up  his  abode  awhile  in  tbe 
copper  mining  region  of  Lake  Superior;  but  soon  returned  to  Gratiot'i 
Grove.  He  served  as  County  Treasurer  for  four  years;  and,  in  186S, 
entered  the  volunteer  service,  and  was  brevet  ted  Lieu  ten  int  Colonel  for 
faithful  aud  meritorious  conduct  For  several  years,  and  at  length  with 
success,  he  urged  the  heating  process  of  wheat  for  grinding.  He  wai 
quiet  modest  unostentatious,  and  his  private  and  business  life  were  above 
reproach. 


ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECnONS. 


Dr.  Samuel  C.  Muir,  VoL  ii,  212,  224. 

Dr.  Samuel  C  Muir,  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Dr.  James  Muir,  a  noted  clergy 
man  of  Scotland,  and  long  of  Alexandria,  D.  C,  and  was  apparently  a 
natire  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  was  educated.  In  his  boyhood,  his  parents 
removing  to  this  country,  he  subsequently  became  a  physician;  and  in 
April,  1813,  was  appointed  a  Surgeon^s  Mate  in  the  army.  He  was  retained 
on  peace  establishment,  and  served  awhile  as  hospital  surgeon's  mate,  and 
post  surgeon  in  1818,  but  was  dropped  in  July,  1819. 

It  would  seem,  that  It  was  while  he  was  located  at  Fort  Edwards,  now 
Warsaw.  Illinois,  at  the  foot  of  the  rapids  of  the  Das  Moines  river,  or  at 
some  other  post  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  that  he  married  an  Indian 
maiden  of  the  Fox  tribe,  under  very  romantic  circumstances,  if  we  may  y^ 
credit  the  History  of  Jo-Daviesa  County,  Illinois.  A  beautiful  maiden,  the 
daughter  of  a  chief,  whoso  name  has  not  been  preserved,  visited  the  post 
where  Dr.  Muir  was  stationed.  In  her  dreams  she  had  seen  a  white  brave 
unmoor  his  canoe,  and  paddle  it  across  the  river  directly  to  her  lodge. 
According  to  the  superstitious  belief  of  her  race,  she  knew  full  well  this 
betokened  her  future  husband,  and  came  to  the  fort  to  find  him. 

Meeting  Dr.  Muir,  she  instantly  recognize!  him  as  the  hero  of  her 
dream,  which  she,  with  child-like  innocence  and  simplicity,  related  to  him . 
Her  dream  indeed  proved  prophetic;  for  the  Doctor,  charmed  with  Sophia's 
beauty,  innocence,  and  devotion,  honorably  married  her.  After  a  while, 
the  sneers  and  contumelies  of  his  brother  officers,  led  him,  when  his  regi- 
ment w;a8  ordered  down  the  river  to  Belief i>ntaine,  to  desert  his  dark-  ^^^ 
skinned  bride,  supposing  that  she  would  either  not  attempt  to  discover  his 
retreat,  or  would  fail  in  the  effort  But  with  her  infant  child,  the  intrepid 
wife  and  mother,  started  alone  in  her  canoe,  and  after  many  days  of 
weary  labor,  at  last  reached  her  truant  husband,  much  worn  and  emac- 
iated after  a  lonely  journey  of  several  hundred  miles.  She  said,  *'  when 
I  got  there, I  was  all  perished  away — so  thin."  The  Doctor  touched  by 
such  unexampled  devotion,  took  her  to  his  bosom,  and,  until  his  death 
treated  her  with  marked  affection  and  respect  —  regretting,  we  may  well 
judge,  his  cruel  abandonment  of  so  true  and  devoted  a  wife.  She  always 
presided  at  his  table,  and  was  respected  by  all  who  knew  her.  She  never 
however,  discarded  her  native  dress. 

It  was  this  marriage  with  this  noble  forest  maiden,  that  led  to  Dr. 
Muir's  retirement  from  the  army  —  probably  yielding  to  the  wishes  of  hi  0 


^ 


y 


493  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 

wife,  by  settling  in  the  region  of  her  people.    After  leaving  the  army, 

Dr.  Muir  very  naturally  at  first  engaged  in  the  Indian  and  frontier  trade; 

Jesse  W.  Shull  —  who  gave  name  to  Sbullsburg  —  finding  him  with  a  sap- 

«    ply  of  goods  at  Fevre  river,  since  Galena,  in  the  latter  part  of  1819,  for- 

^  nished  by  Col.  George  Davenport,  of  Rock  Island.    The  Jo-Dciviess  Hii- 

tory  indicates,  that  Dr.  Muir,  had  previously  built  the  first  cabin  erected 

by  a  wliite  man  at  the  present  site  of  Keokuk,  but  soon  leased  his  claim 

to  others,  wending  his  way  to  La  Pointe,  the  primitive  name  of  Galena, 

V  where  he  not  only  merchandized  awhile  in  a  small  way,  but  practiced  hifl 

profession  as  well. 

During  the  Black  Hawk  War,  when  the  cholera  broke  out  with  great  vio- 
lence among  Gh)n.  Scott's  troops  while  at  Galena,  in  1832,  Dr.  Muir  nobly  and 
fearlessly  volunteered  his  skill  and  efforts  to  stay  its  dreadful  ravages; 
but  after  saving  the  lives  of  many  of  the  stricken  soldiers,  he  was  him- 
self attacked  by  the  fell  disease,  and  izi  twenty-four  hours  was  numbered 
among  its  victims.  He  died  a  hero  —  sacrificing  his  life  for  his  fellow- 
men.  He  left  four  children  —  Louise,  who  married  at  Keokuk,  and 
since  died;  James,  who  was  drowned  at  Keokuk,  and  Mary  and  Sophia, 
His  property  was  left  in  such  condition,  that  it  was,  after  his  death,  wasted 
in  vexatious  litigation,  and  his  brave  and  faithful  wife,  left  penniless  and 
friendless,  became  discDuraged,  and,  with  her  chQdren,  disappeared,  re- 
turning, it  is  said,  to  her  people  on  tha  Upper  Mississippi.  Dr.  Muir  was 
a  highly  accomplished  man,  and  a  skillful  physician.* 

Capt  Henry  Monroe  Fisher,  Vol.  ii,  226;  iii,  237—238. 

From  correspondence  with  Mrs.  Henry  S.  Baird,  of  Green  Bay,  daughter 
of  Capt.  Fisher,  we  learn  these  facts,  partly  corroborative  of,  and  partly 
alditional  to  H.  L.  Djusman's  statement:  Capt  Fisher  was  born  near 
Lake  Champlain.  His  father,  Donald  Fisher,  was  a  wealthy  Scotchman 
and  his  mother  was  Elizabeth  Monroe.  He  was  educated  at  Montreal.  He 
bad  a  rich  young  Engliehman  of  the  name  of  Todd  for  a  fellow  student; 
and  they  bt com irg  attached,  concluded  to  engage  in  the  fur  trade  of 
the  great  North  West,  first  attaching  themselves  to  the  North  West  Fur 
Company.  Fisher  was  young,  with  an  independent,  restless  spirit,  and  re- 
solved, after  a  short  engagement,  to  strike  out  for  himself.  Todd,  ac- 
cording to  Gov.  Keynolds,  first  engaged  in  the  Indian  trade  on  the  Upper 
Mississippi,  and  located  as  a  merchant  and  trader  at  Cohokia,  in  1793;  and 
shortly  after,  going  to  New  Orleans,  died  there. 

Fisher  made  his  headquarters  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  where  Augustin 
Grignon  found  him  in  1795;  and  the  next  year,  he  married  a  daughter  of 
Gauthier  Da  Niverville  —  called  Da  Verville  in  Grignon's  ReooUectiont. 
They  had  four  children,  three  sons  and  a  daughter — the  latter,  repre- 

•  Kett  &  Co'a,  History'of  Jo-Dciviess  County,  231-35;  Gardaer'd  Dictionary  of  the  Armif, 
S^ragu.^'s  American  PiUpit^  iii,  517. 


Additions  and  Corrections.  493 

sented  by  Col.  John  Shaw  as  a  beautiful  girl,  became  first  the  wife  of 
Joseph  Rolette,  and  afterwards  of  H.  L.  Dousmau,  Sr. 

His  wife  dying,  he  married  at  Mackinaw,  Miss  Anne  Lasaliere,  July  2'3d, 
1800,  whose  mother  was  a  granddaughter  of  a  distinguished  Ottawa  chief. 
Taking  his  wife  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  their  only  child,  now  Mrs.  Baird,  was 
b9rn  there  April  24th,  18t0.  In  June,  1812,  Mrs.  Fisher  and  child  made  a 
Tiflit  to  her  parents  at  Mackinaw,  and  the  war  soon  after  breaking  out, 
they  were  aaable  to  return  to  Prairie  du  Chicn,  and  it  so  happened  that 
they  never  after  made  that  place  their  residence.  Capt.  Fisher  not  wish- 
ing to  engage  in  the  war,  took  two  of  his  sons.  Henry  and  Alexander,  and 
repaired  to  thn  Riviere  R  )uge,  in  th )  North  West,  soon  bacoming  a  part- 
ner of  the  Hudson *s  Bay  Fur  Company,  and  locatmg  at  the  Selkirk  Set- 
tlement. When  he  left  Prairie  du  Chien,  he  placed  his  oldest  daughter,  and 
youngest  son,  with  their  aunt,  Mrs.  Michael  Brisbois,  Sr. —  the  son  was  the 
father  of  Mra  M.  F.  Fenton.  He  did  not  return  from  the  North  West  until 
September,  1838^  when  he  visited  his  wife  and  daughter  at  Mackinaw,  and 
then  went  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  where  he  died  at  his  daughter*8,  Mrs.  Ro- 
letie'i,  in  1827.    His  sons,  Henry  and  Alexander,  remained  at  Winnipeg. 

Pike  in  his  Travels,  mentions  Mr.  Fisher  as  a  prominent  resident  of 
Prairie  da  Chien  when  he  was  there  in  1805,  holding  the  offices  of  Captain 
of  the  militia,  and  Justise  of  the  Peace  —  hence  dignified,  in  common  par- 
lance, as  Judge  Fisher.  He  was  over  six  feet  in  height,  light  complexion, 
sandy  hair,  with  very  blue  eyes,  straight  as  an  arrow,  and  of  handsome 
appearance  even  in  old  age. 

Col.  Henbt  Gratiot's  Captivity,  Vol  ii,  336. 

In  addition  to  what  is  related  of  this  mi-ssion  by  Col.  D.  M.  Parkinson, 
in  Vol.  ii,  Wis.  Hist.  Colls, ^  and  the  several  statements  of  Capt.  Henry 
Smith,  Hon.  Peter  Parkinson,  and  Hon.  E.  B.  Washbume.  in  the  present 
volume,  the  following  narrative  from  Wakefield's  History  of  the  Black 
Hawk  War,  1834,  a  work  of  great  rarity,  furnishes  many  interes  ing  de- 
tails—  so  minute  as  to  suggest  the  strong  probability  that  Col.  G.'-atiot 
himself  supplied  them  for  that  work.  Col.  Parkinson  and  Capt.  Smith 
ooncur  with  Wakefield  in  stating,  that  it  was  Black  Hawk  wlio  virtually 
held  Col.  Gratiot  a  prisoner  at  the  Prophet's  Village.  It  was  creditable  to 
the  Colonel's  good  tact,  and  knowledg?  of  Indian  character,  that  he  bo 
completely  foiled  the  purposes  of  that  wily  chief.  This  affair  occurred  in 
April,  183a. 

"I  will  next  refer  the  reader."  says  Wakefield.  **  to  a  visit  made  to  the 
hostile  Indians  by  Henry  Gratiot.  Esq.  On  the  16th  day  of  April,  Mr.  Gra- 
tiot, Indian  Agent  for  the  Rock  river  band  of  Winnebagoes,  received  a 
letter  from  Gen.  Atkinson,  informing  him  of  the  movements  of  Black 
Hawk*B  band  of  hostile  Indians,  and  requesting  him,  if  possible,  to  ascer- 
tain the  disposition  of  them.    On  the  receipt  ol  tYi\a  vnloxvEka\AO\i,'^x.^x^« 


494  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Sooibtt. 

tiot  proceeded  down  Rock  river;  and,  on  the  19th,  arrived  at  the  Tartle 
Village  of  the  Winnebagoes  —  found  them  at  the  exercise  of  their  relig- 
ions  ceremonies,  and  consequently  could  not  have  a  hearing  till  the  33d. 
He  then  held  a  talk  with  them,  and  learned  from  them  that  the  Sacs  had, 
at  three  different  times,  sent  them  the  wampum,  and  that  the  last  was 
painted  red  —  thereby  indicating  war.  The  Insh  wampum  was  not  re- 
turned. They  also  informed  Mr.  Qratiot,  that  it  waR  their  determination 
not  to  join  the  hostile  Sacs;  that  there  were  some  Winnebagoes  living  at 
the  Prophet's  Village  who  were  friendly  to  the  whites;  and  that  they  re- 
quested them  to  leave  it,  and  come  to  their  village  to  reside  until  all  the 
difficulties  were  settled. 

**  In  order  to  accomplish  this  object,  Mr.  Gratiot  took  twenty-four  men 
of  the  Turtle  Village  to  accompany  him  to  the  Prophet's  Town,  at  which 
place  they  arrived  oa  the  23th,  and  hoisted  hi^  flig  of  truce. 

**  He  was  received  with  much  attention  by  the  Winnebagoes,  who  made 
him  a  large  lodge,  eighty  feet  long,  for  himself  and  their  visiting  brethrea 
In  this  village  he  found  between  two  and  three  hundred  men,  women  and 
children,  belonging  to  the  Prophet's  band.  These  Indians  manifested  do 
hostile  disposition,  but  severally  remonstrated  a^rainst  the  conduct  of  the 
Prophet,  who  was  at  that  time  with  the  hostile  band  of  Sacs,  a  few  miles 
below,  leading  them  on  to  his  village.  Mr.  Gratiot  advised  these  Indians 
to  go  up  Rock  river  on  their  own  lands  and ,  make  a  village,  where  they 
might  rest  in  peace.    This  they  promised  to  do. 

*'0a  the  26th»  Mr.  Gratiot  saw  at  a  distance,  about  two  miles  down  Rock 
river,  the  array  of  the  celebrated  Black  Hawk,  consisting  of  about  five 
hundred  Sacs,  well  armed  and  mounted  on  fine  horses,  moving  in  a  line  of 
battle.  Their  appearance  was  terrible  in  the  extreme.  Their  bodies  were 
painted  with  white  clay,  with  an  occasional  impression  of  their  hands 
about  their  bodies,  colored  black.  Around  their  ankles  and  bodies  they 
wore  wreatt«»s  of  straw,  which  always  indicated  a  disposition  for  blood. 
They  moved  on  with  great  regularity,  performing  many  evolutions;  wheel- 
ing every  few  minutes,  and  firing  towards  Fort  Armstrong;  turning, 
flanking,  and  then  forming  into  solid  columns,  from  which  they  would 
form  their  line  of  mirch.  In  t^at  way  they  mirched  to  the  beating  of  a 
drum  till  they  came  to  the  village. 

'•They  marched  up  to  Gratiot's  lodge,  whare  was  flying  the  neutral  flag, 
formed  a  circle  around  it;  took  down  his  flag,  and  tauntingly  hoisted  the 
British  colors  in  its  place.  They  then  fired  into  the  air  toward  his  lodge, 
sounded  the  war-whoop  around  it,  and  mide  several  motions  toward  at- 
tocking  Mr.  Gratiot  and  the  friendly  Winnebagoes.  They  afterwards  dis- 
mounted, entered  his  lodge,  shook  hands  with  Mr.  Gratiot  and  Mr.  Cab- 
bage, a  gentleman  who  accompanied  him.  They  then  formed  a  circle 
within  his  lodge,  holding  their  spears  and  other  implements  of  war,  and 
evincing,  by  their  actions  and  countenances,  an  unfriendly  feeling.  After 
holding  a  consultation  among  tUemAeWes,  a  friendly  Winnebago  chief. 


Additions  And  Cobrbotions.  495 

VThite  Crow,  who  went  with  Mr.  Gratiot  from  the  Turtle  Village,  arose, 
went  to  hifl  blanket,  took  out  two  plug^  of  tobacco,  and  gave  them  to  the 
war  chief  of  the  hostile  band;  after  which  the  war  party  left  the  lodge, 
leaving  only  Black  Hawk. 

*'  This  chief.  Black  Hawk,  then  told  Mr.  Graciot,  that  he  had  received  a 
letter  from  Gen.  Atkinson;  but  refused  to  let  him  read  it  at  the  time;  but 
said  that  he  would  show  it  to  him  when  he  got  to  the  end  of  his  march, 
which  was  about  sixty  miles  above.  Mr.  Gratiot  replied,  that  he  was  not 
going  that  way;  but  he  was  answered  by  Black  Hawk,  that  he  would  let 
him  know  about  it  on  the  next  day.  So  it  appeared  that  Mr.  Gratiot  was 
then  considered  their  prisoner  of  war  —  which,  the  development  of  other 
faots  that  afterwards  occurred,  conclusively  proved.  Black  Hawk  shortly 
afterwards  left  Mr.  Gratiot,  under  a  promise  to  visit  him  again  the  next 
morning. 

'^The  hostile  band  were  all  night  enj^^ed  in  holding  a  couacil  among 
themselves.  On  the  following  morning,  the  Prophet,  at  the  head  of  about 
forty  warriors,  came  into  Mr.  Gratiot's  lodge,  presented  Gen.  Atkinson's 
letter,  and  told  him  he  might  take  the  letter  back  to  the  General. 
Mr.  Gratiot  insisted  on  reading  the  letter  to  them;  upon  which  request, 
Black  Hawk  and  Na-o*pope  were  sent  for,  and  the  letter  read.  The  sub- 
stance  of  which  was,  to  advise  the  hostile  chiefs  to  desist  from  their  evil 
designs  —  re-cross  the  Mississippi  river,  settle  down  in  p'^ace,  and  plant 
their  com,  etc.  la  reply  to  which,  they  requested  Mr.  Gratiot  to  hand  back 
the  letter,  and  inform  Gen.  Atkinson,  that  their  hearts  were  bad,  and  that 
they  would  not  return;  but,  to  .the  contrary,  that  if  he  brought  his  troops 
among  them,  they  would  fight  them.  Mr.  Gratiot  im  mad  lately  went  to 
Book  Island,  and  delivered  the  message.*' 

White  Crow,  or  The  Blind,  Vol.  ii,  354. 

Kaw-Nee-Shaw,  or  White  Crow. —White  Crow  or  the  Oae-Eyed, 
eeems  not  to  have  been  a  war  chief.  He  appears  to  have  been  a  prominent 
civil  chief  of  the  Winnebagoes,  and  one  of  the  orators  of  his  people.  He 
was  a  signer  of  the  treaties  of  Butte  des  Morts,  in  1827;  Green  Bay,  in 
1828;  and  Rock  Inland,  in  September,  1832.  His  name  is  not  among  the 
signers  of  Prairie  du  Chien  treaty  in  1829. 

He  must  have  died  not  very  long  after  the  Rock  Island  treaty  —  prob- 
ably while  passing  on  the  road  to  or  from  Prairie  du  Chien,  perhaps  about 
1834.  His  village  as  related  by  Sat.  Clark  in  Vol.  viii,  of  our  Collectionaf 
was  on  Lake  Koshkonong. 

The  following  note  written  in  1874,  for  our  Society,  by  the  late  Hon, 
Stephen  Taylor,  would  indicate  that  he  passed  away  prior  to  1836  —  at 
which  period  the  Winnebago  Chief,  Whirling  Thunder,  pointed  out  his 
grave  to  Mr.  Taylor.  We  say  prior  to  1836,  as  Mr.  Taylor  came  to  the  Lead 
Begion  in  1885,  and  he  refers  to  the  time  of  his  meeting  Whirling  Thunder 
before  the  settlement  of  Madison  in  1887;  and  in  Volume  ii  of  out 


196 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


Collertiona,  p.  483,  Mr.  Taylor  Hpeaks  of  caropiDK  "  with  a  comrade  "  at  tk 
head  of  Lake  Mendota,  ia  the  Bummer  ot  1836,  <Ioubtl«s9  the  s 
when  he  met  the  Winnebagoea, 

"  Many  jeara  ago,"  writes  Mr.  Taylor.  "  before  your  now  flaurishioE  d 
became  Madiaon,  while  on  a  tour  with  a  comrade,  through  the  mioo  ■ 
oouatry  between  Wiaconsiu  river.  Four  Lake^  and  Furl  Winnebftgo.a 
our   '  homeward   bound '  along  the  old  military  road,  we  halted  t( 
ourself  and  naga  at  a  c^bjo  then  used  by  Mr.  Berry  Haaey,  a  et 
prietor,  as  a  temporary  resting  place  fur  passeogers.  etc,  where  we  n 
overtaken  by  a  large  number  oC  Winuebagoes,  among  whom  wss  Wul 
Ke'Sha,  or  Whirling  Thunder,  a   subordinate  chief  of  that   tiibe. 
Indians,  during  a  short  halt,  with   solemn  ceremoniee,  paid  theirs 
tomed   devotions   to    the    last  remains   of  their  departed  chiuf  V 
Crow,    Tlie  place  of  interment  of  that  celebrated   chief    is 
near  the  fool  of  a  bluff,  twenty-five  feet  or  more  west  from  the  line  of  i| 
military  road,  and  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards  southward  frtn 
iipring  near  the  easterly  side  of  said   road,  the   waters  from   which  fl 
northward  and  join  a   larger  stream  which   finds   its   way  through  I 
Earth  Valley  to  Wisconsin  river  at  Arena.    That  this  was  the  gravi 
that  chief.  I   was  at   the  time  informed  by  Whirling   Thunder   hiu 
The   grave  may   probably  still   be   found,  unless   obliterated    by  i 
hands  in  the  inprovement  of  the  Tillage  of  Cross  Plaina,  iu  or  near  ^ 
It  is  BO  located,  where,  should  the  project  be  deemed   of  HufBcieDt  o 
quence,  tlm  citieene  of  that  village  could  erect  a  monument,  c< 
tlve  of  the  good  or  evil  deeds  of  the  once   renowned   White   Crow,  g 
whose  praiseworthy  acts  was  his  rewarded  participation  in  tin 
restoration  of  the  Hull  girls;  and  among   the  possible  evil   deeds  n 
euspecttid  duplicity  in  acting  as  a  guide  of  our  forces  in  pursuit  of  B 
Hawk  Dear  Koshkonong."   White  Crow,  or  Tlie  Blind,  as  he  was  frequc 
called,  joined  the  army  at  First  Lake,  with  about  thirty  Winnebago  M 
riors,  wilb  the  promiae  of  pointing  out  the   trail   of  the  retreating  8 
All  the  historical  accounts  of  the  peri>xl  unite  in  casting  strong  enspid 
on  White  Crow's  Blelity:  and  his  threats  at  the  Blue  Mouads  g^l 
towards  corroborating  this  view  of  his  conduct.    It  should  be  added,! 
bis  son.  White  Pawnee,  fought  bravely  and  openly  beside  Pierre  Poq 
at  the  battle  of  Wisconsin  Heights. 

Bee  Wakefield's  HMory  of  the  Black  HaickWar.-pp.  4C-47;  D.  M.  Pol 
son's   Narrative,  Wis.  Hist.  Coll.,  ii,  354;  Charlta   Bracken's   etatemafj 
Smith's  HUt.  of  Wit.,  iii,  21B;  Strong's  Wiicofisin,  145-t6. 
Amablb  Dk  Gere,  dit  La  Rose,  Vol,  iii,  313,  217,  218,  233;  Vol.  i 

Qeorge  T.  Bennett,  who  has  resided  in  Wisconsin  since  1829,  writes  flj 
Shawano:    "The  writers  in  the  Collecfiong  of  the  State  Historical  ! 
err  in  slating  that  Amable  De  Gere,  better  known  by  the  name  of  La  fl 
returned  to  his  native  Monireal,  where  he  finished  his  days,  and  d 
□Id  bachelor.     He  lived  and  d'ed  at  Ureen  Bay.  and  left  quite  a  large  flj 


Additions  and  Corrections.  497 

y ,  and  nameroiis  descendants.  Jacob  Franks,  one  of  his  four  daughters, 
l&eresa;  Margaret,  Angeline,  and  Susan  Ducharme,  were  the  others.  There 
r«re  two  sons,  Alexis  and  Enos  I^  Rosa  My  wife  is  one  of  his  grand - 
otnghters.  Susan  Ducharme  figured  somewhat  in  a  land  suit  in  the 
oiirtB—  Cholivieuz  y&  Ducharma** 

I-OM-B-TAH,  Vol.  iii,  227, 269, 272, 284, 294. 

Hon.  M.  M.  Davis*  Statement.  —  **  I  am  quite  sure  that  the  old  Menom 
>Viee  chief,  I-om-e-tah,  died  in  the  spring  —  April,  I  believe  —  of  1865.  In 
lie  summer  of  1864,  while  I  was  Indian  Agent,  I  had  a  small  frame  house 
iinilt  for  him  and  Lis  squaw.  About  Christmas  following,  I  was  at  the 
[vidian  village  of  Keshena,  and  although  the  weather  was  very  cold,  I 
"cMind  I-om-e-tah  would  not  live  in  the  house  I  had  built  for  him,  prefer- 
ring his  wigwam  close  by.  I  made  him  quite  a  visit,  having  Capt.  Wm. 
^whII  for  interpreter.  The  old  chief  was  very  deaf,  yet  I  had  quite  a 
ODK  talk  with  him.  His  squaw  appeared  to  be  as  old  as  himself —  both 
rer  J  aged. 

**  The  Menomonees  go  into  their  sugar  camps  in  February,  and  remain 
intil  May.  Lom-e-tah  and  his  squaw  went  to  the  sugar  bush  with,  some 
3f  his  people,  in  the  spring  of  1865, and  there  both  of  them  died.  Among 
the  Menomonees,  I-om-e-tah  was  noted  as  the  great  beaver  hunter. 

^Sou-Ugn-ee  or  Sou-lign-y,  died  of  erysipelas  in  December,  1864,  at  his 
lioiue  on  the  west  bank  of  Wolf  river,  at  what  is  known  as  the  Great 
^lla  I  have  a  calumet  pipe,  of  quite  liberal  dimensions,  which  was  pre- 
■ented  to  me  by  Son-lign-y,  on  behalf  of  the  Menomomees,  on  the  4th  of 
July,  1864.  I  was  told  that  the  old  chief  was  six  months  in  making  this 
pipe  of  peace. 

**  Sha-ma-na-pewas-sah,  a  noble  old  chief  of  a  Pagan  band,  died  in  the 
spring  of  1868. 

"Pe-gah  ke-nah,  a  noble-looking,  middle-aged  chief,  died  of  small  pox  in 
the  spring  of  1865.  He  was  a  Christian  Indian,  and  an  enterprising  far- 
mer. His  wife  was  a  half-blooded  Winnebago,  and  I  believe  he  was  a 
ooosin  of  Mrs.  Eleazer  Williams,  the  wife  of  **the  lost  Dauphin." 

Capt.  William  Powell's  Statement. —  '*  I  will  state  what  I  remember  of 
I-om-e-tah.  He  was  a  chief  of  the  Little  Kaukalin  and  Little  Chute  band 
of  Menomonees.  where  he  lived.  He  was  not  present  at  the  treaty  of 
18S7.  But  at  the  treaty  made  at  Washington,  in  1881,  he  was  the  princi- 
pal chief,  and  had  the  authority  of  the  whole  tribe.  A  few  inferior  chiefs 
accompained  him  with  their  agent.  Col.  Stambaugh,  on  their  mission  to 
visit  their  great  father.  President  Jackson,  who  had  invited  a  delegation 
there  to  oede  a  portion  of  their  land  to  the  Government,  and  all  their 
expenses  should  be  paid.    This  was  late  in  the  fall  of  1830. 

*'  Osh-kosh,  the  head  Menomonee  chief,  was  expected  to  head  the  visit- 
ing party;  but  when  he  reached  Green  Bay,  some  of  the  traders,  who  had 
influence  over  him,  and  who  were  opposed  to  a  treaty  at  Washington^ 


498  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socbety, 

advised  him  not  to  go,  as  they  said  no  treaty  coald  be  made  withoak  hia» 
He  followed  their  advice,  and  refused  to  go. 

"But  A-ya-mahtah,  or  Fish  Spawn,  always  so  signing  bis  name  te 
treaties,  but  which  for  euphony  became  toned  down  to  I-om-e-tah,  nidkB  |e 
would  go  with  a  few  principal  men  of  the  tribe,  and  see  their  Great  Eatho; 
in  fulfillment  of  a  previous  promise  the  Menomooees  had  made.  Though 
Osh-kosh  did  not  have  much  respect  for  his  word,  I-om-e-tah  thoaght  tto 
promise  was  sacred,  and  should  be  kept  good.  He  took  his  wife  withhia; 
and  they  passed  the  winter  in  Washington,  making  the  treaty,  cediogi 
position  of  the  Menomonee  county  to  the  United  States,  and  renaming 
home  in  the  Spring.  At  the  treaty  at  Qreen  Bay,  with  Gov.  G.  B.  Portar, 
in  1832,  and  at  Cedar  Point,  with  Gov .  Dodge,  September  3d,  18^  heagiii 
signed  his  name  as  A-ya-ma-tah,  or  Fish  Spawn. 

"He  was  an  honest  and  quiet  man,  and  I  always  regarded  himastempet' 
ate.  He  was  born  at  Menomonee  river,  below  Green  Bay,  as  near  is  I 
could  find  out  by  him,  about  the  year  1767,  and  when  he  died  at  Kfishfloi 
he  must  have  been  at  least  ninety  years  old  —  his  wife  dying  six  nuathi 
previously.  She  w.is  the  grand-daughter  of  the  great  chief  To-mah.  Thcj 
had  but  one  child,  a  son,  who  died  at  Po-wau-e-con  Lake,  in  185^  at  thi 
age  of  fifty  years. 

**  I-om-e-tah  was  in  the  war  of  1812,  figuring  at  Prairie  da  Chien  atthi 
time  the  Americans  surrendered  the  fort  to  the  British  forces.  He  wii 
also  in  the  Black  Hawk  war.  A  man  by  the  name  of  Wilcox  from  Net 
York,  was  murdered  near  where  Appleton  is  now  located,  by  three  Menomo* 
nees  belonging  to  Iom-e-tah*d  band.  I  went  to  the  old  chief  and  told  him, 
that  it  was  his  duty  to  deliver  them  to  the  sheriff.  He  called  bis  band  to- 
gether immediately,  and  selected  five  young  men,  and  heading  them  in 
person,  overtook  the  murderers  near  Manitowoc,  secured  and  took  them 
to  Green  Bay,  delivering  them  to  the  authorities." 

Capt.  Powell  must  have  erred  in  stating,  that  I-om  e-tah*8  wife  was  a 
grand-daughter  of  the  old  Menomonee  chief  To  mah;  for  To-mah  and  I-om* 
e-tah  were  brothers,  according  to  the  statement  of  Augustin  Grignon,  who 
knew  them  both  well;  corroborated  by  I-om-e-tah's  grandson,  Joee]^ 
Gauthier.  I-ora-e  tah  would  hardly  have  married  a  grand-daughter  of  his 
brother;  and  it  is  apparent  from  the  accounts  given  of  them,  that  she,ai 
well  as  the  old  chief,  lived  to  be  very  aged,  and,  as  early  as  1802,  she  bore 
hmi  a  son.  They  were  too  near  of  an  age  to  have  borne  the  relationship 
to  each  other  mentioned  by  Capt.  Powell. 

Joseph  Gauthier,  then  in  the  Indian  service  at  Keshena,  stated,  in  No* 
vember,  1882:  "  I-oni-e-tah  was  a  brother  of  the  chief  To-mah.  He  wis 
born  in  or  about  the  year  1776,  and  was  about  eighty-eight  years  old  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  which  took  place  two  days  after  Ash  Wednesday,  in 
1861  and  was  buried  at  Keshena  on  Easter  Sunday. 

**  He  was  a  quarter  French  blood,  r«nd  his  English  name  was  Augafdn 
Carron.    He  had  a  twin  bToWi^t  '^\io  waa  aocidently  killed  by  a  friend, 


Additions  and  Corrections.  499 

out  hunting  near  Prairie  da  Chien,  before  the  war  of  1813.    He  has 
^Udren  liying.  His  only  living  relatives  areSho-ne-on,  a  nephew,  and 
',  a  grandson. 

^'  **  He  went  to  Washington,  and  signed  the  treaty  in  1831,  and  wan  the 
^pwrmnoipal  man  in  making  it.  About  1838,  he  removed  from  Green  Bay  to 
^^Caui-ke-mo  or  Kau-ka-lin,  and,  in  that  year,  joined  the  Catholic  church 
and  became  a  prominent  and  very  active  member,  helping  to  build 
church  edifice.    In  1842,  he  removed  to  Poygan,  and  in  1852  to  Ke- 


,• 


^ The  old  church  records  records  were  carried  off  by  a  priest  and  lost;' 
we  are  compelled  to  rely  on  our  memories  for  early  events,  and  may 
■lightly  in  some  oases." 
Ixmis  B.  Porlier,  son-in-law  of  Augustin  Grignon,  an  old  Menomonee 

iT,  who  knew  I-om-e-tah  and  wife  well,  writes: 
*'The  old  chief,  A-ya-mah-tah,  or  Fish  Spawn,  had  but  one  name.  His 
died  in  the  Fall,  and  he  in  the  following  Spring,  but  I  cannot  recall 
year.  They  had  one  son,  Chaw-poi-took,  or  Going  Through,  and  two 
daughters,  and  several  relatives — all  have  passed  away,  except  a  grand- 
who  ranks  as  a  chief,  nam?d  Ah-ke-ne-pa*  weh,  or  Earth- Stan  ding" — 
who  signed  the  treaty  of  1831. 
I-om-e-^tMs  birth,  death  and  age. —  Taking  Augustin  Grignon's  state- 
as  to  I-om-e-tah*8  birth,  and  Dr.  M.  M.  Davis's  as  to  the  time  of  his 
ith,  he  was  born  about  1772,  and  died  in  the  Sprmg  of  1865,  making  him 
^boat  ninety-three  years  of  age;  and  according  to  his  grandson,  Joseph 
Qaofehier,  the  old  chief  died  two  days  after  Ash- Wednesday,  which  in  that 
yeKTf  occurred  on  March  1st,  thus  tixlug  the  time  of  his  decease,  March  3d, 
1865. 

L'ESPAQNOL  AND  COL.   HOLMES,  VOL.   iii,  279. 

Augustin  Grignon  stated,  that,  in  the  British  affair  at  M>ickinaw,  in  1811, 
Maj.  Holmes  was  shot  simultaneously  by  L'Espagnol  and  Yellow  Dog, 
Menomonee  chiefs,  each  claiming  the  honor  of  his  fall  C.  J.  Coon,  an  old 
|wHi«.n  trader,  now  of  Briarton,  Shawano  county,  states:  **  I  was  engaged 
in  the  Indian  trade  before  Wisconsin  became  a  State,  and  among  my  many 
■oquaintanoes  was  an  Indian  nimed  Aspia  He  claimed  to  have  Spanish 
blood,  and  was  known  by  the  Indians  as  Aspio,  which  means  Spaniard. 
He  often  related  to  me  his  connection  with  the  big  English  chief,  Dickson, 
mnd  his  greatest  war  exploit  was  the  shooting  of  Maj.  Holmes,  at  Mack- 
inaw, for  which  he  drew  a  life  pension  from  the  British  Government. 

'•This  fact  I  am  personally  accjuainted  with,  that  he  would  leave  Oshkosh 
in  the  Spring  with  his  family,  in  a  lar>i:e  bark  canoe,  coast  along  the  Lakes 
down  to  Bialden,  and  receive  his  Britisli  presents,  and  return  home  in  time 
to  draw  his  annuity  with  the  Menomonees  from  the  American  Gk>vernment 
He  finally  carried  the  thing  so  far  as  to  raise  the  British  flag  in  front  of 
his  wigwam  on  the  pay-groind.    Col.  Jonea*  the  Indian  Agents  sent  a 


500  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socibtt. 

squad  of  troops,  and  conveyed  the  old  chief  and  his  fl)^  to  the  pay-home^ 
when  the  Colonel  plainly  admonished  him,  that  if  he  ever  raised  that  flif 
again  on  the  pay -ground,  he  would  hang  him.  I  relinquished  the  Indiai 
trade  about  that  time,  and  lost  all  trace  of  Aspis.  He  has  a  daughter  itfll 
living,  in  October,  1885,  near  Winneconna"  Ii'Espagnol  signed  the  tiei^ 
at  Butte  des  Morts,  in  1837. 

Lieut.  Pullman,  Vol.  iii,  271,  272,  278,  27a 

In  Grignon's  narrative,  mention  is  made  of  Capt  Pohlmaa  as  command- 
ing a  small  company  of  British  regulars  on  the  Prairie  du  Chien  expedi- 
tion of  1814.  B.  W.  Brisbois,  when  interviewed  in  1892,  had  no  recollec- 
tion of  such  an  officer.  A  paper,  however,  among  the  manuecripti  U 
Capt.  Thomas  G.  Anderson,  a  prominent  British  officer  in  the  capture  of 
Prairie  du  Chien,  and  its  subsequdnt  commander,  gives  the  name  andxank 
as  Lieut.  Pullman,  and  mentions  him  as  a  witness  in  the  trial  of  a  aoldiv 
for  a  misdemeanor,  in  April,  1815.  Mr.  Grignon  erred  in  creditiog  PoU* 
man  with  the  command  of  the  company.  A.  H.  Bulger  was  the  Captei^ 
and  Pullman  the  second  in  command.  The  company  belonged  to  the  Nev 
Foundland  regiment,  and  not  to  the  regulars,  as  Mr.  Grignon  supposed. 

Lieut  Pullman  is  mentioned  in  CoL  Dickson's  letters  of  April  19th,  181i 
and  January  15th,  1815,  in  this  volume,  as  in  some  way  connected  witfath0 
Indian  Department,  and  under  his  orders;  and  is  also  referred  toy  in  Wia 
Dickson's  letter,  April  18, 1821,  as  then  at  Lake  Traverse  eng^aged  in  the 
Indian  trade,  and  en  route  with  Duncan  Graham  for  the  North-West. 

WlNNEBAQOES  —  0-CHUN-GRA,  VOL.  iii,  285. 

The  original  name  of  Winnebagoes  was  Ochun-gra,  or  the  Large  FiA" 
one  that  spouts  water,  hence  the  whale.  Wau-kon  Haw-ka,  dr  Snake Slcv^ 
a  distinguished  Winnebago  chief,  so  related  to  B.  W.  Brisbois,  adding  thit 
the  Winnebagoes  came  from  the  South-West  sea,  where  whales  existed. 
Mr.  Brisbois  made  this  statement  to  the  editor  in  December,  1883. 

Early  Educational  Efforts,  vol.  v.,  321,  etc. 

In  Hon.  W.  C.  Whitford's  review  of  primitive  education  ia  Wisconsin, 
the  early  efforts  of  Judge  M.  M.  Jackson  and  others,  were  apparently 
overlooked.     On  the  16th  of  January,  1810,  there  was  an  educational  con- 
vention held  at  Madison,  when  Judge  Jackson  was  appointed  at  the  head 
of  a  committee  to  report  some  plan  for  the  advancement  of  comaisn 
school  education  in  the  Territory.     Judge  Jaoki^on  prepared  an  able  re- 
port, which  is  appended,  in  full,  to  the  Journal  of  the  Legislative  Assem- 
bly of  that  year.     It  recommended  the  appointment  of  an  agent  — now 
known    as  State  Superintendent — to  visit  the  diffirent  counties,  sn^ 
school  districts,  learn  their  condition,  collect  statistics,  organize  associi- 
tions  to  advance  the  cause  of  education  generally,  and  train  teachers;  an^ 
also  that  a  Territorial  E^\xcaUoi[xaX  K^<&o^\d.\Asti\^l^T\xi«ltio  carry  oat  nuv* 


I 

Additions  and  Corrections.  501 

ectnally  these  views.  Though  a  bill  was  introduced  in  the  Legislature 
>Tidiog  for  the  appointment  of  a  Territorial  School  Superintendent  in 
Bordance  with  the  suggestion  of  Judge  Jackson's  report,  while  the  sub- 
^  was  generally  approved,  it  failed  of  passage,  on  the  ground  that  as 
e  Territoiy  was  then  in  a  transition  state,  it  would  be  advisable  to  refer 
e  matter  to  the  new  State  organization  for  definite  action.  But  the 
»Tly  movement  of  Judge  Jackson  and  associates  in  behalf  of  popular 
Ivcation  in  Wisconsin,  served  to  keep  the  matter  fresh  in  the  minds  of 
>«[people,  until  their  views  became  permanently^incorporated  In  the  Con- 
itntion  of  the  State  three  years  later. 

Michel  St.  Cyr.  VoL  vi,  898,  477,  x,  76. 

It  was  stated,  on  the  authority,  if  we  rightly  remember,  of  Coi.  G.  H. 
laughter,  that  St  Cyr  was  a  Canadian  half-breed,  and  corroborated  by 
in.  Peck,  But  this  is  an  error.  At  the  treaty  with  the  Winnebagoes  at 
nirie  du  Chien,  in  1829,  reservations  of  land  were  made  by  the  Winne- 
igoes  *'  to  Michel  St.  Cyr,  son  of  Kee-no-kau,  a  Winnebago  woman,  one 
lotion;  to  Mary,  Ellen,  and  Brigitte,  daughters  of  said  Keeno-kau,  each 
De  section." 

On  the  authority  of  Jonathan  C.  Fleteher,  agent  at  the  Winnebago 
igoncy,  in  Iowa,  Schoolcraft  states,  in  the  third  volume  of  his  In- 
ian  TribeSy  pp.  877-78,  in  a  description  and  comparison  of  the  hair 
f  the  North  American  Indians,  states,  that  "Michel  St  Cyr,  a  di- 
[estisin — Winnebago  and  French  —  has  curled  hair,"  and  '*  by  his  wife, 
pure  Winnebago,  with  straight  black  hair,  has  four  children  [about  1852]; 
ne,  fourteen  rears  of  age,  has  chestnut  hair,  brown  complexion,  and 
lack  eyes;  another,  aged  twelve,  has  dark  chestnut  hair  brown  complexion, 
od  dark  hair;  the  third,  a  brunette,  has  blackish  brown  hair  and  black  eyes; 
lie  fourth  has  blackish  brown  hair,  brown  complexion,  and  black  eyes"; 
rhile  a  sister  of  St  Cyr,  "married  to  a  Pole,  has  one  child  that  has  blonde 
air,  and  light  eyes;  and  another  who  has  light  brown  hair,  copper  com- 
lexion,  and  black  eyes." 

These  statements  settle  the  matter,  that  St.  Cyr  was  no  Canadian  half- 
reed,  but  a  Winnebago  half-breed,  and  consequently  a  native  of  Wiscon- 

> 

iD.  His  father  was  doubtless  an  early  French  trader  among  the  Winne- 
lagoes. 

Sauks  and  Foxes  Leave  Wisconsin,  Vol.  viii,  247-49. 

After  Marin  drove  the  Sauks  and  Foxea  from  the  Fox  river  valley,  in 
746^  they  established  a  finely  built  town,  or  twin  village,  on  the  localities 
»f  Prairie  du  Sac  and  Sauk  City.  Here  Carver  found  them  twenty  years 
ater,  in  1706.  In  1767,  Black  Hawk  claimed  to  have  been  born  at  the  Sauk 
illage  near  the  mouth  of  Bock  river;  and  Augustin  Grignon,  who  saw 
he  remains  of  their  settlement  at  Prairie  du  Sao  in  1795,  judged  it  had 
leen  several  years  deserted.    In  vol  third  of  Schoolcraft's  Indian  Tribes, 


502  Wisconsin  Statb  Histomoal  SoamxY. 

is  given  the  narrative  of  John  B.  Perrault,  who  visited  the  Sank  viUigii 
the  mouth  of  Turkey  river,  in  Iowa,  in  the  summer  of  1783.  In  a  wM\ 
Perrault's  narrative,  Schoolcraft  states,  that  this  Turkey  river  Saak 
lage  was  at  what  is  now  Cassville,  when  it  should  have  said,  that  it 
located  opposite  of  Cassville,  and  then  adds:  **  Mr.  Perrault  informs 
that  the  Indian  village  had  been  established  by  the  Sauks  and  Foxes 
year,  they  having  left  the  Wisconsin  in  consequence  of  their  diaastnd^  -y 
war  with  the  Chippewas."  This  would  imply,  that  a  portion  of  the  nBid^ 
^  tribes  had  formed  their  settlement  near  the  mouth  of  Rock  river  mpfj 
years  before  the  final  abandonment  by  their  remaining  friends,  of  thl| 
Prairie  dil  Sac  region  early  in  1783. 

Lake  St.  Clair,  Mistranslation  of  its  French  Name,  vol.  ix.llQL   1^' 

jr. 

Hon.  James  V.  Campbell,  of  Detroit,  writes:  **  On  page  110  of  voL  iz,  ^m^ 
your  Wisconsin  Collections,  I  notice  a  mistranslation,  which  I  presamsiil,! 
due  to  illegible  writing  m  Mr.  Margry's  letter  to  you  concerning  LftSsQA§:c 
journeys.  The  early  name  of  Like  St.  Clair  was  le  Lac  des  eaux  Satkt, 
meaning  Lake  of  Salt  Waters  or  Salt  Springs,  named  from  adjaotnt  islk 
springs.  Dirty  Waters  would  be  eau  sale,  or  eaux  sal€8  —  a  mistake  eidy 
made  by  a  careless  copyist,  but  not  spearing  in  the  old  writers.  " 

Lake  Saejbqan,  vol.  ix,  130-84. 

In  Long's  Travels,  p.  82,  we  find  that  S-iksegan,  according,  to  the  Chip- 
pewa language,  simply  meant  Jake;  or  they  seem  to  have  us:?d  it  in  thit 
general  sense,  without  referring  to  its  size,  whether  large  or  small. 

Col.  Brisbois'  Narrative,  Vol.  ix,  283. 

Notwithstanding  I  read  over  to  the  late  Col.  B.  W.  Brisbois  the  notes  I 
took  of  him,  in  November,  1883,  a  mistake  occurred  which  he  did  not  hap- 
pen to  notice,  and  which,  when  published,  he  discovered,  and  sent  the  fol- 
lowing correction:  "  It  is  a  mistake  that  my  father's  first  wife,  the  Winne- 
bago woman,  was  daughter  of  my  grandfather,  Gautier  De  Verville. 
I  have  informed  myself  about  her,  and  can  state,  that  she  was  a  large, 
handsome  woman,  looking  very  much  like  the  old  Winnebago  chief, 
Wau  kon-Haw-kaw,  or  SuakeSkin,  sometimes  called  Wau-kon  De  Carrie. 
He  was  a  large,  handsome  man,  who  evidental  y  had  white  blood  in  him 
and  when  young  was  very  strong.  I  think  it  quite  likely  that  my  father's 
Winnebago  wife  was  of  that  family  —  descended  from  the  old  Frendi 
trader  De  Carrie,  or  De  Kaury.  Her  three  children  by  my.  father  w«e 
very  large  and  powerful  The  eldest,  Angelique  was  a  very  large  and 
strong  woman,  while  her  brother  Michel  was  a  wonder  of  strength  and 
power.  He  was  not  so  tall  as  a  man  as  bis  sister  was  as  a  woman,  but  was 
very  heavy.  Antoine,  the  youngest,  was  over  six  feet  when  he  died  tt 
about  fourteen  years  of  age.  Of  all  the  children  by  my  mother,  my  father's 
second  wife,  not  one  was  large  or  heavy,  or  strong;  and  but  one  out  of  ten 


Additions  and  CoRREcnoNS.  60» 

half  an  inch  taller  than  I  am  [common  sized  man],  and  all,  save  my 
leify  died  before  tbey  were  fifty  years  of  age." 

James  Aird,  Vol.  ix,  294. 

The  date  of  Mr.  Aird'a  death,  which  CoL  Brisbois  thought  was  not  long 
befbxe  1820,  occurred  February  27th,  1819,  as  Lieut  D.  H.  Kelton,  U.  a  A., 
of  Mackinaw,  communicates,  which  he  derived  from  the  records  of  the 
Jkmerican  Fur  company. 

CuTHBERT  Grant  and  Coun  Campbell,  Vol.  ix,  299,  800. 

Cnthbert  Grant  is  mentioned  as  an  early  trader  on  the  Upper  Mississippi, 
wukd  as,  perhaps,  the  person  after  whom  Grant  river,  and  Grant  county, 
Visoonsin,  were  named.  It  should,  however,  be  added,  that  in  Schoolcraft's 
JhMHan  Tribes,  iii,  855,  James  Grant,  a  trader  from  Montreal,  is  mentioned, 
"wlio  was,  it  would  seem,  an  earlier  western  trader,  having  wintered  at 
CMiokia  during  1788-84.  It  would  seem  quite  probable,  that  this  James 
Orant  was  the  father  of  Cuthbert  Grant,  as  the  latter,  according  to  the 
statement  of  Mr.  McArthur  folio  wing,  was  born  about  1791-92,  several 
^ears  later  than  James  Grant  is  known  to  have  been  engaged  in  the  Indian 
"trade;  and  to  James  Grant  is  much  more  likely  due  the  honor  of  having 
^arly  traded  on  Grant  river,  and  thus  affixed  his  name  to  that  stream. 

A.  McArthur,  Esq.,  President  of  the  Historical  Society  at  Manitoba, 
jHifter  stating  that  he  was  in  Europe  when  the  inquiries  were  made  with 
Teference  to  Messrs.  Grant,  Campbell,  and  Dease,  writes:  '*I  will,'*  says 
Hr.  McArthur,  "briefly  give  you  such  information  as  I  possess. 

**  Cuthbert  Grant  was  a  native  of  the  Hudson *s  Bay  North  West  region, 
being  of  Scotch  and  Indian  extraction.  When  quite  a  young  man,  he  took  a 
leading  part  among  the  traders  of  the  North  West  Company  of  Montreal, 
and  also  acquired  much  influence  with  the  Indiaos  and  half-breeds.  In 
June,  1816,  he  assumed  the  leadership  of  the  band  who  attacked  Gov. 
Semple  and  the  people  of  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  on  the  Frog  Plains, 
Fort  Garry.  The  affair  turned  out  almost  a  massacre;  but  Grant 
credited  with  great  humanity  in  exerting  his  authority  to  stay  the 
ferocity  of  his  followers — see  my  newspaper  article  on  the  Battle  of  the 
Seven  Oaks,  After  the  amalgamation  of  the  North  West  and  Hudson's 
Bay  companies,  Grant  was  taken  into  the  service  of  the  new  organization, 
known  as  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  He  was  appointed  Warden  of  the 
Plains,  an  office  created  for  him,  with  a  salary  of  £400  sterling.  His  resi- 
dence was  at  White  Horse  Plains,  on  the  Asstnaboine,  about  twenty 
miles  west  of  Fort  Garry,  where  he  died  greatly  respected,  in  July,  1854, 
about  sixty-two  or  three  years  of  age,  latterly,  a  very  corpulent  man. 

** Colin  Campbell  was  a  chief  factor  in  the  Fur  Company's  service.  He 
boQffht  a  house  about  a  mile  from  Fort  Garry.  He  was  a  man  of  fine  ap- 
pearance and  good  address,  neat  ia  his  person  and  surroundings,  and  was 
a  good  mechaoio  —  cabinet-maker,  carpenter  and  painter.    His  hou!^  v% 


504  Wisco5Siy  State  HiSTomcAii  SoGnerr. 

■till  standing,  abaat  the  middle  of  the  citj  of  Winnipeg.  After  the  iiia3 
had  long  been  brought  onoe  or  twice  a  jear  by  the  For  Company,  and 
when  regalar  mail  conveyance  was  established,  Mr.  Campbell  was  «p> 
pointed  postmaster,  the  first  in  the  far  North  West  He  was  a  nattre  d 
Lower  Canada;  and  died  suddenly  of  heart  disease  while  painting  a  viih 
dow  in  his  house,  in  the  fall  of  185^  aged  about  seventy  years.  He  bont 
good  character;  but,  as  was  too  commonly  the  habit  of  North  West  tnd* 
ers,  left  a  wife  and  numerous  off:$prings  without  any  provision  for  thdr 
support.  A  son  is  now  a  farmer  near  Portage  de  Prairie,  in  Hanitobi.aBd 
doing  welL" 

Mr.  Mc Arthur  proceeds  to  give  an  account  of  William  Dease^  who  wii 
a  colleague  and  companion  of  Thomas  Simpson,  the  Arctic  explorer,  ai- 
der the  auspices  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  Returning  from  the  fir 
North  in  1839,  he  received  a  pension  of  £100  sterling  from  the  Govermnoit 
and  died  at  Montreal  at  an  advanced  age.  He  was  not,  however,  the  Gipt 
Francis  M.  Dease,  who  figured  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  while  the  British  hid 
possessicn  during  1814-15. 

Col.  Petttval,  Vol.  ix.,  80L 

Col.  Pettival,  a  Qovemment  engineer,  is  mentioned  by  R.  C  Taylor,  ia 
SUliman'a  Journal,  July,  1838,  p.  95,  and  in  Lapham*8  AntiquUiei  of  ITti* 
conain,  p.  61,  as  engaged  in  a  topographical  survey  of  Fox  river  in  the 
summer  of  1837,  and  opened  several  mounds  in  Wisconsin  at  that  early 
period . 

Perrot's  Fort  Above  the  Moingona,  Vol.  x,  00. 

Discovering  an  error  when  too  late  to  rectify  the  text,  Prof.  Butler  desires 
this  correction  to  be  made:  Instead  of  the  lead  mine  being  "twenij 
leagues  below  "  Perrot's  southern  establishment,  it  should  read  "  twentj- 
one  leagues  above  the  Mouingouena." 

Le  Seluer,  Maj.  Long's  Guide,  Vol.  x,  72, 102, 103. 

Prof.  Butler  furnishes  this  additional  note:  Of  Le  Sellier,  who  was  lfsj< 
Lon^^s  guide  in  1823.  James  Watson  Webb  gives  the  following  informatioa 
Tliat  in  Februaay  of  the  preceding  year,  Lieut.  Webb,  then  an  Ad jatant  in 
the  U.  S.  army,  was  sent  with  important  dispatches  from  Fort  Dearborn 
to  Fort  Armstrong  and  took  refuge  in  Le  Sellier*s  trading  hut.  Webb 
describes  Le  Sellier,  whose  name  he  spells  La  Sailer,  as  an  old  Canadian 
voyageur,  with  an  Indian  family,  and  a  head  whitened  by  the  snows  of 
eighty  wintera  Webb  was  secreted  from  the  Winnebagoes  in  the  good 
old  man*s  loft  during  their  war  dance  close  by,  while  performing  which 
they  dug  up  the  hatchet  for  war  against  the  whites,  and  the  dispatch- 
bearer  was  then  told  by  the  old  trader  how  to  elude  the  braves  on  the  war 
path.    See  Webb's  AUouxlt).,  -^  xix.. 


Additions  and  Corrections.  505 

Pbbbot*s  Post  at  Tbempealbau,  Vol.  X,  866-68. 

Since  the  iwper  on  the  Early  French  Forts  in  Western  Wisoonsin  was 
urinted,  a  little  fact  having  some  possible  relation  to  Perrot*8  post  at  Trem- 
Malean,  has  oome  to  light    B.  F.  Heuston,  Esq.,  of  Winona,  and  G.  W. 
Squires,  of  Trempealeau,  state,  that  guided  by  Paul  and  Antoine  Grignon 
Rftep-sons  of  James  Reed,  who  came  to  the  Trem]»ealeau  locality  when 
Mys^  a  spot  was  pointed  out  where  are  some  remains  of  a  former  fort  or 
^^■idenoe,  located  on  the  right  of  way  of  the  Chicago,  Barlington,  and 
Sfforthem  Railroad,  mostly  on  the  upper  side,  just  east  of  a  cluster  of 
iJicient  mounds,  near  Mr.  Brady's  residence,  something  more  than  a  mile 
Uxyve  the  TKmpealeau  station,  and  abnut  a  mile  and  a  half  above  the 
business  center  of  the  town.    These  remains  are  on  a  sandy  terrace,  two 
ar  three  feet  above  the  railroad  grade,  some  fifteen  feet  above  the  river 
Level,  and  perhaps  an  eighth  of  a  mile  from  the  present  course  of  the  river. 
It  is  within  three  or  four  rods  of  a  slough,  which  must  formerly  have  ren- 
dered the  locality  approachable  by  boats  and  canoes;  but  is  now  so  filled 
as  to  obstruct  a  water  passage,  except  in  high  stages  of  the  river.    A  short 
distance  to  the  west  is  a  very  wild,  romantic,  rocky  gorge,  in  which  there 
la  a  small  flow  of  water  a  portion  of  the  year,  which  accumulates  in  natural 
basins,  furnishing  an  adequate  supply  of  water. 

Paul  Grignon,  the  elder  of  the  brothers,  and  part  Winnebago,  said  his 
ilep-father,  James  Rsed,  had  noticed  these  stone-heap  remains,  but  had  no 
knowledge  or  tradition  of  their  origin.  There  is,  however,  some  lingering 
tradition  of  there  having  been  a  trading  post  in  that  region  at  some  for- 
mer remote  period.  Of  these  low  stone  heaps  or  tumuli,  three  are  on  the 
■oathem  side  of  the  rail-road,  and  five  on  the  northern  side.  They  are 
grouped,  amid  rank  vegetation,  within  the  space  of  a  few  rods  square. 
Northward  of  these  tumuli,  is  a  still  larger  one,  yet  unexplored,  composed 
of  larger  stones,  and  on  higher  ground,  a  few  paces  beyond  the  rail  roa  d 
right  of  way.  The  stones  of  which  these  heaps  are  made,  are  mostly 
■and-stone,  with  some  lime-stone,  of  different  strata,  generally  fljtt,  and  of 
moveable  size,  and  appear  to  be  above  the  original  surface,  and  mostly 
taken  from  a  rocky  knoll  close  by. 

The  earth  from  one  of  the  group  of  five  was  removed  to  a  depth  of  some 
aiz  inches  when  a  perfect  and  well-defined  fire  place  and  hearth  were  dis- 
closed,  laid  with  flagstones  on  the  surface  of  the  natural  earth,  in  clay  mor- 
tar, m  which  a  liberal  amount  of  grass  was  inter- mixed,  to  increase  its 
cohesive  properties,  as  indicated  by  the  g^rooves  or  impressions  observable 
In  the  clay.  The  flre-place  was  found  to  be  flve  and  a  half  feet  wide, 
and  two  feet  in  depth;  the  hearth  seven  and  a  half  feet  long,  with  a 
width  of  two  feet  or  more,  in  front  of  the  fire  place.  The  south  por- 
tion of  the  back  wall  of  the  fire-place  was  destroyed  in  the  ex- 
cavation; but  the  original  form  was  unmistakably  indicated.  On 
tliia  hearth  and  fireplace  rested  about  an  inch  and  a  half  of  pure  ashes; 
83— H.C. 


50fi  Wisconsin  State  Historical  SociETy. 

then  a  layer  about  an  inch  t>itck  of  innumerable  bones  of  Tarioua  gu 
on  which  the  ocoupuDtd  had  fiubaieted;  and,  lastly,  an  iireKnl^  !■] 
of  clay  that  bad  probably  fallen  from  the  chimnej'  as  it  gradualfy  weal 
decay.  It  would  eeena  that  the  lower  portion  of  the  fire  place  «U  n 
ported  by  logs,  and  the  chimaej  portion  very  likely  formed  of  sWcks  <ril 
its  clay  daubing;  for  had  the  whole  chimney  been  conBtruct«d  of  iM 
the  stone  heap  would  have  been  much  larRer. 

Tbe  finding  of  charcoal  behind  the  chimney,  one  piece  about  aia  M 
in  diameter,  might  perhaps  indicate  that  the  log  structure  was  deetro] 
by  fire.  Mr.  Squires  suggests,  that  as  the  bonea  formed  a  distinct  U; 
instead  of  being  mixed  all  through  the  aahes  would  seem  to  show,  I 
they  w»re  not  the  remains  of  every  day  life;  but  rather  of  a  feaat.  jt 
prior,  perhaps,  to  the  abandonment  or  destruction  of  the  post. 

There  are  no  Big[is  of  any  stone  Btructure  other  than  the  fire  pti 
any  indications  of  an  embankment,  msat,  or  stockade.  The  buildJDCi 
which  the  fire-places  formed  a  part,  were  probably  of  logs,  Sach  a  all 
lure,  ID  early  times,  would  have  bevu  denominated  &  fort  or  post;  bnl 
Bituation  was  not  well-chcsen,  and  hence  not  probably  designed,  for  del 
sive  purposes,  being  commanded  by  eminences  within  eaay  bow  org 
shot,  and  easily  approached  by  Gurprise  parties,  It  was,  however,  i 
suited  for  a  trading  post,  which  was  its  probable  use,  combioing,  asiti 
the  essential  couditicDB  deairable  fur  aucb  au  object— Dsvigation,  «i 
stoue,  water,  and  winter  shelter.  It  is  not  improbable  that  these  recu 
indicate  tbe  locality  of  Perrot's  trading  post,  where  be  spent  the  wiate 
1885-86. 

Heiobt  of  Mt.  Trempbaleau  akd  TBb  Blcffs,  YoL  X.,  809-47. 
Mr.  B.  F.  Heuston  communii.-ate8  the  following  measucementa  of 
Trempealeau,  and  the  Bluffs  at  Trempealeau  village,  taken  by  W. 
Finkelnburg,  of  Winona,  aaaisted  by   Mr.  Heuston  —  the  inatrum 
was  a  telescopic  spirit  level,  at  abjut  one-fourth  of  a  mile  distant; 

Highest  point  at  Trempealeau  BIuS 546  feet. 

Liberty  Peak,  nearest  the  village,  about. 4AS 

Mt.  Trempealeau 396 

Advskt  of  thk  Cardikals  to  PttAiBtE  Du  Cbiek,  Vol,  X, 
Note,  p.  335.     Mr,  ButterKetd's  supposition  thit  the  Cardinals 
Prairie  du  Chien  at  the  ttore  of  the  great  fljod  of  I7S3,  is  stated  ia 
nutory  of  Crawford  Countg,  pp.  333-83. 

P.  367.    Mr.  Heuston  corrects  a  misunderstanding  of  his  statement 
ative  to  the  Swiss  missionary  Qavin  and  associates,  at  Trempealeau. 
Bteadof  Rev.   D^oiel  Gavin,  and  an  associate  with  their  excellent 
localing  at  Mont  Trempealeau  in  1830,  it  sbould  be  stated,  that  Oavia 
at  that  periiid  neither  associate  nor  wife.     He  was  asaiated  by  one 
Strom,  who  opened  &  farm  theia.    On  the  abandonment  of  his  m. 


'  JlDDrnONS  ASV  CORRECTtOHS. 


k'vin  joiDed  Rev.  Samuel  Daoton,  a  Swiss  counCrfmaa,  and  labored  «lBe- 
tacre  amopg  the  Dakotaa. 

Sdr.  Gavin  did  not  marry  till  1831).  when,  after  be  lettUont  TrempeaTeau, 
>  Mas  united  in  marriage  to  Mi^  Lticy  C.  SKvens,  a  miaBionarj,  and 
eve  of  Rev.  J.  D.  Stevens.  AIkt  Gavin's  dii»!ontiauiDg  hia  miasiouary 
tempt  al  Trempealeau,  Hr.  Stevens  made  an  abortive  eSart  to  estsbliah- 
Kuiaaion  at  Wah-pa-sha'a  village,  now  Winona. 

XjOuis  Stram  was  a  CanadiaD  Frencliman,  whom  Gavin  found  at  Prairie 
K  Chirn,  where  the  tatter  went  to  study  the  Sioux  language.  This  eff  jrt 
I  iarmingon  the  part  of  Stram  in  connection  with  this  misaion,  was  the 
rst  modern  settlement  effected  in  Tretnpealeau  count;. 
Sleeara.  Gavin  and  Denton  had  migrated  together  from  Switzerland  to 
te  Upper  Mississippi,  but,  had  separated,  Denton  going  on  to  Red  Wing, 
ie  was  joined  there  by  Gavin  and  his  bride,  sometime  after  the  abandon- 
wnt  of  the  Trempealeau  mission,  and  there  the;  and  their  excellent  wires 
lltored  together  for  the  amelioration  of  the  Red  Race,  till  ISlIj. 
Denton  before  beginnint;  his  mission,  had  married  a  Miss  Persia  Skinner, 
missionary  among  the  Cbippewaa.  Su  the  two  Swiss  miaaionaries  both 
uuried  missionary  wives,  and  formed  two  families;  and  all  assisted  Messrs. 
'ond  and  Riggs  in  preparing  their  well-known  Qrammar  and  Lexicon  of 
^  Dakota  language. 

Ur  authority  on  this  subject,  is  a  pamphlet  by  tha  Rev.  John  P, 
Villiamson,  supported  by  direct  correspondence  with  the  author,  and 
he  venerable  Rev.  3L  W.  Pond.  Gavin,  Deaton,  and  their  wives,  are  all 
l«ad.  The  account  coocerniog  Louis  Stram  and  the  mission-farm, came 
feom  the  Grignons  and  Mrs.  Doville,  now  Bibault.  Mrs.  Doville  was 
'ames  Reed's  daughter,  and  her  husband,  DovUIe,  succeeded  to  the  farm 
Jler  its  abandonment  by  Stram.  The  History  of  Winona  Count]/,  gives 
ja  imperfect  account  of  these  matters. 

ADTOORAPH  COUJCTIONS  OF  THE  SlONKRS,  Vot,  X. 

Since  the  printing  of  the  paper  on  the -4ii/oi;r«p?igo/ (fie  Si'ffnws,  several 
ibanges  have  occurred,  calling  for  the  corrections  which  follow,  omitting 
ninor  mistakes,  and  typographical  errors. 

P,  !183.    Last  line,  instead  of  twenty,  read  nineteen. 

P.  384.  Near  the  end  of  the  first  line  from  top,  for  "  and,"  eubstitute 
not  counting";  and  after  the  word  Columbia,  addi  These,  with  the  peer- 
ess Lynnb  letter,  originally  in  Dr.  Spiague's  best  set,  now  in  Dr.  Emmet's, 
rilh  the  signature  furnished  by  Geo.  Hamilton  to  Dr.  Sprsgue.  and  by 
im  transmitted  to  Dr.  Rattles,  together  with  the  two  signed  land  docu- 
lenls,  one  in  the  collection  of  CoL  Myers,  and  the  other  in  that  of  El  E. 
Ip»gue,  make  twenty-three  autographs  altogether  known  to  be  extant  of 
liomiis  Lynch,  Jr. 

P.  867.  Fifth  line  from  bottom,  for  eight,  read  nine;  fourth  line  from 
be  bottom,  omit  "  two  sets,"  and  tame  line,  read  three  additional  onen 


608  Wiscx)NsiN  Statb  Historical  Society. 

p.  888.    Top  line,  after. the  word  "extent,**  add,  "  whoee  compondon  ii 
unknown.*' 

P.  889.    At  end  of  third  line  from  the  top,  after   "letter,"  add  ^'toi* 
"Same  page,  after  Charles  Humphreys,  add, "  and  Joseph  Galloway.** 

P.  893.  Add  after  the  word  "  and  '*  in  bottom  line  of  the  note,  tbe  woi 
"in.** 

P.  896.  Near  middle  of  page,  instead  of  "  six  more  than  TrambaO,' 
read  "  five.** 

P.  403.  In  the  notice  of  Floyd's  letter,  after  the  word  "  affain,**  atit 
"after  the  British  invasion.**    , 

P.  414  Correct  second  and  third  lines  from  bottom  so  as  to  reAd,tIit 
Dr.  Emmet  has  recently  completed  his  fourth  set 

P.  415.  Thirteenth  line  from  top^  add:  This  group  includes  his seooii 
«et  of  the  Signers. 

P. 423.  After  the  word  "independence**  at  end  of  twelfth  line^  iM: 
'*  lacking  only  Lynch;**  and  in  fourteenth  line,  for  "but  thirty-five,**  iwl 
'''some  thirty.** 

P.  424.  Owing  to  a  misapprehension,  Dr.  Fogg  did  not,  as  he  suppond, 
secure  the  Lynch  signature  from  Mrs.  Ely's  incomplete  collection  —  it  til: 
since  been  added  to  Dr.  Emmet*sfoiu:thset;  hence  this  notice  of  Dr.Fogg^ 
second  set  is,  in  that  particular,  erroneous;  both  Dr.  Fogg's  and  lira  Ely^ 
second  collections  should  be  relegated  to  their  proper  places,  Vn.fSfi 
to  precede  Mr.  Greenough*8  among  the  incomplete  sets.  The  collection  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society  ranks,  therefore,  as  No.  viii,  aoi 
those  following  should  in  their  order  be  corrected  accordingly. 

P.  427.  Sixteenth  line  from  bottom,  after  "two  hundred,  *' add ''?ol* 
umes. " 

P.  435.  Second  line  from  the  top,  after  the  word  Congress,  sabstitats 
*'to"for  **of.'* 

P.  436.  At  the  end  of  the  third  line,  in  notice  of  the  second  set  of  lb* 
Gratz,  add:  It  contains  some  1776  letters,  is  illustrated  with  portraits, asi 
forms  part  of  the  series  of  members  of  the  Old  Congress. 

P.  436.  Dr.  Emmet's  fourth  collection  no  longer  lacks  Lynch  tad 
Gwinnett,  having  obtained  Mrs.  Ely*8  Lynch  from  her  incomplete  set,  airf 
a  Gwinnett,  it  is  understood,  from  Col.  C.  C.  Jones.  The  Lynch  isslmplf 
sig.ied  "  Lynch,"  without  the  initial  "T.,'*  or  the  supplementary  "Jr."  1^ 
Lynch  in  Col.  Jones'  second  set  is  a  similar  specimen,  yet  its  genoinsai* 
well  attested. 

Page  438.  Following  the  notice  of  Rev.  Dr.  Dubb's  collection,  add: 
James  W.  Howarth,  of  Glen  Riddle,  Pa.,  has  fifty  of  the  Signer^  d 
which  nineteen  are  A.  L.  S. ;  while  Paine,  Floyd,  Stockton,  Ross,  BoA 
Wilson,  Chase,  Stone,  and  Rutledge  are  A.  D.  S.;  Whipple,  and  Liviofi' 
ston,  L.  S.;  Bartlett,  S.  Adams,  Hopkins,  Huntington,  Hart,  Franklifii 
Morton,  Smith,  McKean,  Harrison,  Nelson,  Hooper,  and  Hejward,  D.  S.; 
Lewis,  L.  Morris,  'Rodney^'BiesA,  Y.  \ji.  \j»^«XLd  Middleton,  Sigoatoxsi^ 


Additions  and  CoRREcmoNS.  509 

d  Wythe,  a  specimen  of  writing.  JThe  lacking  autographs  are  Clark, 
B'meBy  Penn,  Lynch,  Gwinnett,  and  EUill.  Nine  of  the  full  letters  are  of 
o  Revolutionary  period,  of  which  Taylor's  was  written  in  177d.  The  set 
fllnstrated  with  forty-four  portraits,  and  forty-eight  views. 
Besides  a  partial  set  of  the  Signers  of  the  Constitution,  Mr.  Howarth 
cks  only  four  of  all  the  G^erals  of  the  Revolution,  including  eight 
ecimens  of  Washington;  the  Presidents  and  Vice  Presidents,  with  the 
Ut>inet  officers,  all  illustrated  with  portraits,  views,  etc.  He  has  also 
in  of  the  Declaration  Signers  in  duplicate. 
r.  Howarth  is  a  native  of  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.,  bom  in  1837,  and  com- 
enoed  gathering  autographs  in  1864,  and  his  varied  collections  now  run 
»  Into  the  thousands. 

P.  4i3.    At  end  of  sixth  line  from  top^  after  the  word  <*  brought,'*  add 
felO  in  1867." 

IP.  413.    Last  paragraph,  transfer  the  names  of  Moreau,  lugraham,  and 
mtHsr,  to  the  list  of  dispersed  collections,  following  Joseph  R  Boyd's 
ftane  at  the  head  of  the  pagei 
7. 447.    Following  Bir .  Conarroe*s  set,  add : 

C  James  W.  Howarth,  of  Glen  Riddle,  Pa.,  has  thirty  of  the  Constitu- 
Qoal  Signers. 

A  pamphlet  edition  of  this  paper  on  the  Signers,  with  additions  and  cor- 
MioDfl!,  in  neat  and  tasteful  style,  will  soon  be  issued  by  C.  De  F.  Burns 
•  8cm,  744  Broadway,  New  York. 


Dr.  O.  M.  Conover's  Ancestry,  Vol.  X.,  452. 

F.  K.  Conover,EBq.,8on  of  Dr.  Conover,  furnishes  the  following  account 
f  the  Conover  ancestry:  The  earliest  American  ancestor  of  Dr.  CM.  Con- 
fier  was  Wolfert  Gerretson  Van  Couwenhoven,  who  came  to  this  country 
1 1630,  from  Amersfoost,  in  the  provinco  of  Utrecht.  His  second  son, 
■oob  Wolfertsen,  was  one  of  the  B  jard  of  Nine  Men,  and  a  delegate  to 
lie  StatesQeneral,  in  Holland.  Gerret  Wolfertsen,  the  eldest  son  of 
Folfert  Gerretsen,  was  born  in  1610,  and  was  twenty  years  old  when  he 
ime  with  his  father  to  this  country.  His  elJest  son,  William,  was 
om  in  1686.  Of  the  seven  sons  and  five  daughters  of  William,  the  ninth 
lilld  was  John,  who  bought  lands  in  Monmouth  county.  New  Jersey,  in 
KM,  and  settled  there.  He  had  seven  sons  and  one  daughter;  the  seTeuth 
m  and  youngest  child  was  Garret,  whose  second  child,  Ben  j  imin,  born 
I  1758^  married  about  1774,  Abigail,  daughter  of  Obadiali  Barcalow,  or 
eriew.  The  seventh  of  their  eight  children  was  Obadiab,  who  married 
irah  Miller,  who  were  the  parents  of  Dr.  O.  M.  Conover. 


GENERAL  INDEX 


TO  VOLS.  I.— X., 


r\ 


ONSIN  HISTORICAL  COLLECTIONS. 


tie.  D\  V,  121. 

.llif2:^  at  Miekinaw.  ii,  121. 
im*<.  early  Uitroit  sett lir.ri.  181. 
»hn.  In  ii  in  tra  ter.  i.  4S 
•f  ph.  early  Hudson  settler,  ill,  437. 
ib.e.  Gin.,  v.  Il7. 
l. ,  and  Kenoih I  harbor,  iil,890- 

Col.  S  V.  R..IX  419,45). 

early  Indian  tridtsr,lti.  2M,208,*3«l. 

ipt. ,  kill:;d  in  Blick  HawK  war, 

iintv.  i,112;  viii.  407-110. 

aaieUoAily  Walworth  county  »et- 

4^. 

ilb^rt  and  W.,  early  lumbermea, 

4ai 

«aac,  iz,  4^. 

0  m,  autog  -aph  of.  x,  414 

rei.  Johu  Q.,  pardons  Indians,  iv, 
».  202. 

ami.,  rare  autozraph,  x,  8S1,  400-1. 
Wi  liara.  early  lumoerman,  via,4J2, 

aj. ,  early  miner,  vil.  291. 

LouU,  on  agd  of  Amerijan  conti- 

i.  93. 

^iJ,  vill,  455.  416. 

to- way,  Menomonee  chief,  i,  68;  iv, 

ra7-8:e3-'»h?-g  >-qua,     a    Chippswa 

»4s,"i:l,3P->5l 

rg?,  early  Indian  trader,  ir,  178,291. 

*rl4q;ie,  x.  138. 

(idiariH.  i.i.  I'i).     ' 

1  •».  eir  y  I  idian  trad*»r.  il.    21,  221; 
is.  I78,:.'4r,  248,  -^4,  235;  x,  9/,  1^8, 

503 

l).rd\  Sic  chi?f,  i,  •:0,41.43. 
— ,  k.l  s  an  In  Jian,  v,  271. 
Sargeant ,  at  Perry ville  battle, 

Rev.  William,  early  Kenosha  cler-. 

i,  45\4I6:  il,  40i,4lS. 

vin  tJ.    Sk'tchof,  x.  481. 

3  ^e.i,  early  Jlilwaakee  settler,  1, 

^6 

)r.  Philip,  early  Hudson  settler,  i.i, 

p,  Mitthew,  ear'y  Rljhland  county 
11.  489. 

r.  G^n.  MIton  K.  in  Back  Hiwk 
3'i4, 355. 19  5-106:  v,  25«:  v  i,  272, 280- 
X.  159  163. 193, 2 J  J,  2  7, -ilO. 
Fein,  viii,  161. 

ilaclim<,v,  70,71,117:  viii.  161. 
pc.  — ,  surve/s  Kenodha  harbor,  ill. 


Allen,  A'bert  Q.,  Secretary  Fox  River  Im- 

pr  >vement  co..  Hi.  439. 
AI.en,  An-con  C,  i^.  44i. 
Allen,  Uol.  Ben  ,  ix.  40 J. 
Allen,  Mrs.  Elizi  H..  x.  875,883,433-1. 
Allen.  Eliz  ibeih,  vi.359. 
All:^n.  Frank,  viii,  455. 
Alei,  Professor    Jonathan,    early    Milton 

teaci'^er,  v,  :i49. 
Allen,  Nr*l<on.  early  Kenns^ia  settle-,  11,474. 
A'len,  N.  R. early  Kenosha  settler.  Hi, 879. 
Ad  m,  Rus:>ell,  early  K3no.>ka  settler,  ii,  453, 

4'>9. 
All-^n, R.  V  .early  Juneau  county  settler, vlU, 

876.388,393. 
Al-n.Gei.  Thimai  S.,  on  Henry  D^dge,  ▼, 

17?:  on  Orjo.  Hver.vi,  146. 
All-n,  William  F.,  on  S.  U.  Carpenter,  viii, 

10^105 
Allibone,  Dr.  R.  A.,  x.  448. 
Allout»z.  Faher  Ciau  le.  «*arlv  missionary.  111, 

87-124.  1 .7.  iv.  -.^6:  v,  Hli;  viii,  205;  x,  283, 29i. 
Almira,  town  of.  viii.  38). 
Amariton.  L«>  Seur,  at  Green  Bay,  iii,  150,158, 

1)6;  viii.  241. 
American  A'ltiq  larlan  socfetv,  v,  22.  170 
A'u-r.cin  H'ur  c  »mpany.  ii,  101,  10 .',107,180, 

HI;  iv.  15V  59.  1^51,  21  >;  v,  9J,  2j7,  37J;  ix, 

3  9,821. 89r,  3 18.436. 
Ames,  N  ithani-'l.  revolutionary  soldier,  ir, 

68.  81.  107-110;  ix.  851. 
Amherst,  Sir  Jeff  .er.  i,  46. 
A  niot, ,  early  Grejn  Bay  settler,  vii,  187, 

K8. 

Ance. .  a  Dak>ta  half-breed,  ix,  161, 165. 

All  lerson,  An  l«rs  ix,  458. 
\n  lerson,  H-iv.  G.  A  .  i<,  138 
Anders  )n.  M  J.  G'^'>r>?e.  ix.  429. 
A  iderson.  C  ipt  John,  early  Milwaukee  set- 
tler, iv,  265,  266. 
And'rsoii,  M.iJ  )r  John,  U  S.  A.tI,  282. 
An  ler-tod.  Kfiitiiclcy,  early  Indian  trader, ▼!, 

272.275;  v.i.  290. 
An  lers  m,   Kasmus  B.,  on  S.  H.  Carpenter, 

viii.  86-95 
An  lerson,  Gei.  Robt..  reminlitcences of  Black 

Hnvk  war.  x.  107-173. 
Anderson,  Cipt.  Th>tn\s  G.,  in  British  ser- 

vic ',  li.  271.  .7.J-i7.5. 278:  pe-sonal  narrative 

and  notices  of,  ix,  186- .;79;   papers  of,  x, 

14.'-149, 
Andrews, ,  early  settler  at  Mukwonago^ 

I,  138. 
Andrews.  AHnzo,  early  Juaeau  county  set- 

il-r,  vid.  391. 
AnJrews,  Amasa,  ix.  451. 
Andrews,  Ainmab,  earlj  Hudson  settler,  ill, 

467. 


Wisconsin  State  Histohical  Societt. 


exrly  Fnirle  du  Chlen  Ht- 

.;  x.tfS 

hTBnJeaa.at  Fl.  Clurtrei. 

..  purlv  Ki- 
—      ■  — 1.  a 

CI 

ITi.  tJB:    V 


Anrllle.  D\  mip  or.T.  aa,  SA 
Apuclun-.i  Iflk  >.  Til,  3ja,       __^ 


Armel,  Louli.  eirlr  Iidimn  trt'ln'.  1>.  SI7. 
Arm"),  OIlT-r.  early  Maiisou  »illl(ir.  f  ,1,  300, 

ArmenUi.  Wwo  of.  yVI.XU.  MS.  «S. 
Armilin^er, ,  eirfy  ludlna  troder.  ill, 

ArjnBtranic.  Ouylpr  and  Jalin,  early  Gilena 
•atilars.  vi.  «fB,  Ml.  331. 

i.  EllzUwlh,  conduct  ot,  v. 

ro'ns,  F.  &.,  on  Rxk  Idand,  <1,  20O.  SOfl, 

Armslrang.  JoliD  H..  early  luiubennaii.  viil. 

tOi.  403. 
At-mitruiii;.  Wllllim,  earlf  lumbcrmaD,  tIiI, 


i87-SJ0. 


at.  C.f   I 


lalhan,  earlj  UI.waukH  lawi 


Arnlz.  l><^ler.  Barly  Juneau  county  EetUer, 

vUi.  »9a. 
ArpencuIllB-l,  LW. 

AriMw,  Th.',  aSlouiehiBf,  Tl.gD6,afll,M5. 
ArtagjAl.  U  do.  r.  H 
Arl«|(iMlte,  D.,  T.lil. 

Arteau,  Mm  CbarloU".  ntOreen  Day.  x,  IIS. 
AthOy,  WilJam,  earl)- SheOoyg jii  aeliler.ix, 

AMln,  CipC.  John,  Jr.,  a  IJrKiillonceT.viil, 

Aaiumption.  Fort  L'.v,1l3. 

Aaior.Jolin  Jai-ob,  early  fur  IrulFr,  I.G1,  ei; 
a.  lul.iiU.iaT.iM.]iii:l.',W,IN.m»n:  v, 
)is::ti,  au;  vii,  uTa-.THi  Tfii.aiw,  siifi  ii, 


At^lU'tutiB  kan<goue 


[iidliina,lll.  iae,iir. 
.]i.ix,ni. 


a  chief.  Ill,  «$I.3M>. 


At*ooi,  Choi'les  D  ,  vl 


Atvood,(>m.  DaTll.on  l.P.B»ntT,% 

on  B.  F.  HiptiB«.»l,*7.il-(mO-o 
vl,  IJDi  on  S.    H     Cnrproler  and  0(a.B 
Binlti.T,i>.IO-.-tOi-,lll-i»^  Mig  C.  *iff_ 
biir,].lx.BT-.1«;  malutiim*  03  O.J!  CfW 

or-T,    I.    451,    4i£:  RfWlUtiuai    OB    " 
aiailoi.n.-M). 

At«00<l.  JilliUB  P.OB  J.  ff.  ItUllt,T.tS: 


u  UlwlK  mmtiw,    I 


S 

K. 

Tht 

p..r<  all,S 
Lyinan  U 


t.  SJC:  Thoinas   I^Mh^  p 
Wm.  Eil'-ry"*  portrait.  81" 


ft,  J.8.II  V-XK'    >.'■■  ,■    .-.  ■ 

T.Mrs.  U.  J.  Cohen-,  iA^ 

vanla  Hlitorlcsl  auehcya.  4 „  __ 

L.  Divbta.  «i-ei  10.  a    (1  JuoeaVl 
11,  T.  B.  Jily*r»'ft«r-a;ia:T- A.  T--^ 


«;  iiil'V  J 


General  Index  to  Vols.  I— X. 


513 


edX  440;  SI,  F.  J.  Dreer'ft  (8d  pet)  4f0;  ». 
Jotin  Cart:'r  Brow nX  440;  21,  Gordun  L. 
FordX410:  21.  Meileo  Chimberhil.i's  (^1 
set).  411:  *«.6,  Pennsylvania  lti>torical  8o>.i 
ety^tf  12J  Bel),  411:  :k6,  Mub  Uar/  U.  iluiha- 
maTX  441:  k7,  Chis.  S.  0*£denX  4li;  2H, 
Henry  C.  Van  Mchaack^a,  4 11:  x9,  ET.  M.  1-t- 
tiiiK'rt  Vid  set),  441 ;  80.  Win.  Faxoirs,  441 ;  81, 
JaM.  W.  Howarta'8,606-tf.  Seta  of  fi*un^r»  nt 
Conatitution—  I,  Simon  Ur(iu^<4.  445;  'i.  I). 
McN.  St  luffer  s,  446;  8,  J.  S.  H.  Fo;c4V  445; 
4.  C.  a  JonenX  4I>:  6.  R.  C.  bavlg'M,  445;  tf, 
Fciil.  J.  Dreer's,  416;  7.  T.  A.  i  miiiet  8, -140; 
8,Chas.  RubertHV,44C:  9.  A\  idconsm  hi  t.ir- 
ic&l  Bociety V 440;  10  Joe  W.  Drex*rrt.4)0; 
lU  K.  H.  Leffingwell'sClst  BC-t).  44G:  1.'.  8. 
H.  Lefflnzwi lis  (2J  Bet).  44 '*:  U.  V.  M.  £l- 
ting'B  (  Kt  wt).  441;  H,  F.  H.  Etting*B  ^.d 
•ei),  44(1;  15.  C  P.  Uunther'8. 44  >:  10.  Me  IfU 
Ch;iinberlain'B,  446  CliiB-ili('atii>ii  uf  >ets, 
41:^:8  414.  IncotHplete  *etao/  Conatiiuti  .n 
Signer4  —  i,  J.  H  D.ibbs's,  •t4U;  V,  John  M. 
UaleV.  447;  8,  C  K  Gr<Hfnoug.r»  417:  4,(3. 
11.  ConarroeX  417;  5,  E  iw.  kL  Sprai^ue'-i, 
447;  6,  Pennsylvania  Uietorical  sociity's, 
447 .     Aon  Hiynera,  4 14. 

▲▼rry,  R;v. ,  earij  Monroe  county  cler- 
gy man.  i/,  891. 

A,w-ke-w»in-ze,  a  Chippewa  chief,  iii,  S41. 

Ajer,  Ubridjce  U..  earl/  Kenosha  Beit.er,  iii, 
400. 

Aj»r,  Mary,  first  white  child  b^ni  in  Keno- 
i.lii,  iii,  400. 

Ayres,  ACijah,  early  Juneau  county  settler, 
Tiii.  8.^ 

AyreSy  A.  P.,  early  Juneau  county  settler, 
Ti.i.  890,  £81. 

AztaLui.  IX,  40,  99-105. 


Bft-be-«i-kun-dab-i,   or  Big    Curly  Head,   a 

Chippewa  cdief.  ▼,  400. 
BabdN  prairie,  \iii,  888 
Babcocc,  O.,  early  Walworth  county  settler, 

▼1.478 
Bacon,  Hudson,  earlv  Kenosha  settler,   ii, 

451,468,4J9. 408:  ill,  371.878,  >.9J,100.404,4:0; 

in  BarBiowHi  cavalry,  vi.  113. 
Bod  Axe.  bittle  of  the,  i.  7t>,79,8),  100:  ii.  391, 

400,412-414;  iv.  ISj:  v.  5M11-20L  '^'Jl.  'Z,)2.    07, 

^809,  81  ;  vi,  407:  vUi.  284,  2&b,  815;  x,  li^-4. 

171.199.218. 
Baden,  Father,  earlv  Green  Bay  clergymau, 

Tii,  ».0.331:  viii,  *<;01. 
Ba  iger,  origin  of  name,  x.  79. 
Bai:gei  worn  by  ladi  ms,  v,  VSt.  131. 

Ba>l-y,  Maj. ,  i  i  Bl  ic  c  liaAk  war,  viii,  -iCS. 

BaJley,  Anius,  vi,  451,  4V2. 
BaJ.^y.  Charles,  early  Walworth  county  art- 
tier,  vi,  45J. 
Bai  ey,  E  .early  Prairl '  du  Chi  -n  st-ttliT. v,  C4 ). 
Bdiley.  J.  M.,  early  i'loroe  county  sctll  r,  ii  , 

457.  4  0. 
Bailv,  H.  H,  v,  276. 
BanbriJg.',  M.,  e.irly  Green  couuti*  Ki»itli*r, 

iiL  4J5. 
Ba-rd.  Mrs.  tUizubeth  T.,  Ix,  203,  3i)i-3:0;  x, 

47  J,  4  »2. 
Baird,  Henrr  C,  x.  S7\  442. 
Balrd,  Henry  .S.,  i)ip«*r  on  curly  history  an<l 

condition   of    Wsjon-jin,    ii.'  7.':    ni  si-e  :i. 

reffr^nc.«  to.  ii,  15.';  iv,  l'.7,  l*^  K.'i.  1S7, 

19 J,  \U5.  197-«1:  vi.  31»;.  3:7.  :«;.  :tl;.3r.i. 

889,  8U3.  W);  vii.  70  78.  7U.  210.  241,  42>;  \n., 

2'i7.  iiSiJ,  HJ4,  ;W.>.  3o."). 
Baker.  Cuarl  s  51 .  v.  311,  343;  vi,  67.  4iC,44C, 

451-453.  .67,  4  8,  172. 
Baker,  Col.  U mi  1.  v.  i:0:  vi.  171). 
Baker,  Uiehuri.euriv  luiubcrni  m.  viii,  100. 
Baker.  Hobi.  H  ,  sketch  ot.  x,  487. 
Baker^B  tr  idiuK  hous#.*.  v.  iVMy. 
Baldwin.  C.  C  x.  03.  325.  3VJ. 


Banking,  eirlr,  at  Prairie  du  Chi^n,  v,  £72. 
B.iUKBon,  C.ipt.  An<lrew,  x.  174.  175. 
BanniKt-:rr,  John,  earlv  Hurvevor.  vi.  899. 
Bdrab->o,  vi.  3  O-J  8.  477;  vii.'  351:  ix,  801. 
B:irabi)o  HMs.  <le>»criplii>M  of,  i,  76. 
B  ir  lb  o  vallfy.  lii  50i.  603. 
Bii  ber,  Dr  A  P.,  ix.  4.>2. 
B.irljer,  Geor^^e,  early  Milwaukee  settler,  Iv, 

20-». 
B.irber.  J.  Allen.  II.  322:  i.r,  460;  x,  Sia 
BnKiwiu,  Cipr.  [).  W..  ix,  40. 
Bal  Iwi ),  Philander,  early  Watertown  settler, 

iv,  i80. 
Bal  iwiii,V.  C  ,  early  Sheboygan  settVr.  Ix  391. 
iial ,  Beiij-inii:!  and    son.    e.irly    NValworth 

county  sr'ttU'rs.  vi.  415.  4'4  4">7.  475. 
B.iil  Play,  or  D.rvil  creek.  luduin  name  of,  i, 

1.0. 
Ballon,  D.iriel  W.,  viii,  450. 
Ba  li»u,  Li.  W..  Jr..  on  the  first  grave  in  Wis- 
consin, iv,  377-381. 
Banc  oft,  Ueuig<*,  on  Western   antiquities, 

vii.  HI. 
Bai)fl-M.  Michael,  early  Juneau  county  set- 

tW,  viii,  :,9*. 
Barb  iniilier,  a  Kickapoo  chief,  ix,  235,  S30, 

27"J-281. 
Burce-llon.  M.,  early  Indian  trader,  viii.  221. 
Lianlat  k  or  i^rdeok,  a  Fox  chi.f,  i.ic,  239, 

2il,  '.81. 
Bark  cr.'ek.  or  river,  Sheboygan  county,  ii, 

3r/«J:  Ix,  3l)-». 
Caik  river  mill,  vii.  411. 
Bark-r.  J.  H.,  early  Monroe  county  settler, 

iv.  891. 
Barker,  Jos^^ph,  early  Walworth  county  set- 

tl.r,  vi.  453. 
Barlow,  Rr»v.  Abner,  early  Kenosha  c'.ergy- 

man.  iii,  379,  401.  4  8  46».  474,  475. 
Barlow,  G^or^e  R  ,  iii.  410-413 
Barlow.  Henry,  early  Walworth  county  set- 
tler, vi.  4'2. 
Biil)W,  Milt  -n,  ix.  403. 
B.irl  )W.  Stephen  S.,  early  Walworth  county 

settlfT.  vi,  452. 
Barnard,  Henrv.  on  early  education  in  Wis- 

ronsin,  v.  342  '-'A'.). 
Barney,  Dr.  C.  G  .  x.  376  442. 
Barney.  Sabina.  early  Wank  'slia  sett'er.  i.  137, 
Barney,  Cap*.  Wm.  K.,  hk  -tch  of,  vii,  406. 
B.-irnliantt,  TlieoJore,  ix.  4*0. 
B.trrang'.   Bi-Jhf'p,  early  missionary,  iii.  365. 
Barre.  G:)v.  De  In.  of  lana  la,  v,  07,  11  J,  111. 

Harrette. ,  kille.l.  v,  2." 8. 

Barr.'tte's  ferry.  v.i.W 

B.iirori  o>ur.tv\  ix.  1.8.  U'.l. 

Barron.  H-nr.   1>,  vi.Ui:  i.x.  405-100;  x.  479. 

Birrow.s.  willird,  on  B.ick  lla^k,  v.  3».>5 

Barrv,  A.  C,  sti'e  s:ii-e  i.iU.^n  lent  ot   public 

iu'tlrucrioii.  v  3J2-*iO.'). 
B  irry,   K"v.  Wi.liam,  on  ant  q'iitit»s  of  Wis- 

c«>  isin.  lii.  IH,"). 
Barstow.  lieor^'e,  earlr  Imnbvrman,  viii,  403. 
li.trM  »\v,  .Siiiiu  I  II.,  VI,  '.H. 
Ban*  ow,  Will  ani  A.,  c;uly  Wai.ke^hasettl  t, 

i.  1:H 
Bar-t  »\v,  Wm.  A  ,  governor  of  Wisconsin,  vi, 

M-12». 
Batsiow-Bislifo'il  c  »nt rover sy,  Ir,  115.416. 
Birrli,  Liu  enl,  early  l^»ru.g  ■  .sctuer,  lii,  2K8, 

O.ll 

*>  i>. 
B  ir.li  >.  T^Mils.  X.  I4-i. 
B.irtles,  D  'ulricrf,  early  ?hi?l)oygan settler,  iv, 

341. 
Baitlett.  Dr. .early  Milwaukee  physician, 

iv.  2  8. 
Bartl-.t,  C'rowHl,  Ix.  14  5. 
iJaril  *tt.  CM.  J  ime.H  <)..  viii,  460. 
Birfu'tr.  J  wi  h,  X.  35*5. 
Ba  tram.  M.,  early   Indian  interpreter,    ix, 

4l'Ut  0. 
BaitM.ni.  Capt.  Augii<.te.  viii.  450. 
B  iM<:om.  John,  on  S.  IL  Carpenter,  viii,'93^ 

100,  101. 


WracOHSis  State  Histobical  Societt. 


£a<hford.  Coles,  pntnor  ot  Wisconsin,  tI, 
BMiifurd-Barslfw  controTursy,  ii,  415,«1(1. 
Bathfiinl.  Iin  i-n  U.,  on  OeurRe  U.  Kinkb, 

vtii,  1DH,  lan-iat. 

Bsu.  lUuiDas,  earlf  VTstenown  BettW.lr, 


Bail-! 


I.  MaJir.Mrly  In'lian  aci-nL 


Biiiw,  Ni^heuiijb,  Mrtf  QaleoA  ii 

Bum.  henry  I>  .  fz.  448 

Bauarf  aux  Fievrw,  a  S  oui  *:1I>| 


B>xler,Iunle1.ct 
Bay  VenCT,  ■■■ 


B  caplUl.Tl,  lai. 
J«yneW.'TjeijV."'H"nr7  W.,  chart  of  Lake 


-lU.  M<fl.  U.£.F.a 
lill,  C.L  Samuel 
Bjy.  iv,  180. 


Blac^  Hivk  war,  II,  381. 
It  OrrcD  Bay.  ill.  SOS. 


[..  early  L 
lacoQ  &.  a 


Baan.JrjbD.HTlyclerxyninn.  Till.  381,  Wt. 
Bttan.  ificli.ilas  6..  caily  Uiwd  Bay  wMlei 

Til.  «l.iiM. 
Bmi.  r>aniiiFl.  rarlr  l<]mb«rniaii.  irill,  sOb. 
Be«iiiMie  { ir  BeaquBit)  LbuI.    Hdsclinl.  i 

Blat-k  Ilnwk  *ur,  II.  a>7,3i7,S43,aflr,aW 


Bear-lHHiux.  or  OraoJfnlh.T  Bull  fall*  [ll» 

I.itvJ,  I,  la),  lai. 
Bear,  Corritliiii,  Atl  Oaeld*  ehi'l.  viii,  3:2. 


BeinlHlifV,  KUii 


III/   Ruck    county  B^ttiei 

,_ a,,  roriy  Milwaukee  iiMlloi 

1.  lai;  ii.  U4,:2tl  Jli^:  It.  ]ti3,  JUS;  v,  EiT;  x 


BeauhunioKroit  x  3i)J-mS,OT-a 

».>apij  .iL  M.  lie,     i,-JI3,a.l:  t.  le.tM.Hll  vll. 

1.10- 109 
Beauin^-nt,  Dr.  WI.  iiiin,  11.  (HI.SOV:  t,  ilS.Wl. 

I'eauDrfi. ,vAt  v  iir"<-ii  liHvBtMtWi',iK,a». 

^fit^l,  hiii»{  at  l>r  iciejru  CJHeu,  t, 

n  t'kxUh,  Ne'H-ili.AiriT  lumberman,  vDI  403. 
Bi'ltwilh,  Worm  vi  4.S. 
_^wj«r.h.  Ja.M.'»  P  .  wBtlern  explorer,  Tl, 

Beivliur.  Lymati.  x.  400 
Iti!-r<.lilrjiii  »'..  cavalry  chaplnin.'Ti.lia. 
«.-R.n.  >l  .lneid-in„f  S.-W  hV„n.--.  t,  B5. 
BrMnn.  Ei.jfth.K.riy  WjIwuTiH  oauuvy  bsV 
Hit.  vl.  m. 


,ihll«J  Oreen  Bay  In  I»t> 


.  earlT  mall  carrier,  ti.  311 

ntain,  x.  S8S. 

nail  anil  Remarlu.  x.  Ce,  K^  3H,  >.»■ 

i  i  i*l*:lx'.6?,M,'K,teL 

III  g'.v.BI». 

1.  Father,  early  mitrionaty.  ID,  IIL 

Clpt.  ii.drew  8.,  rtii.  iTi 
i;eoiYe.  early  KwoosuamsUlerJm.S'L 

beoTKe  1' ,  X,4IM. 
Jo  .»,  II.  4  S.  4 .0, 

Wm.  T.,  early   Walirorlh  e™iT 

^k««li  jif,  I,  tm 

190.3ffi,», 


lon.Chiaa.*; 

loii.  Tb " 

u.luird 


1,407,4 


x.4£r. 


P»is  lal.  See  B-aqiHiLia 

^.g,.^.,  ■„u..rf-.  enrly  mi  aionary,  UL  f. .~ 

Berry,   Ciiit'  Furcuaaiua.    Id    Bliij:  Ibrt 
WOP.  V.  Hi. 

Bfrtli''.  IxiiilsoD.  eariy  ladian  luurpnttr. 

iit.Si5.ai7.e59. 
B^rtB  lot. ,  earl)- Inllan  trader,  ii.1* 

litTi  Diiiere,  FuUiHr  da  la,  eariy  mlstiiiiiWT' 
T   87. 

Besae.T.  Philip  and  bro<h,^r,',«rly  Wdnrt 

eiiunty  seiners,  vl  «tl. 
Bra,  I),  J.,  earl;  Walworth  eoantjrvUkr, 

Deuclir'r.  Father,  early  mi^aloimry.  Hi-i^^. 

H8  irrs. '       """"■  *"  '" ' 
B..aus-wah,  a  Cblpiiew*  eh'ef,  r,  491. 


coUnUoia 


BiOille.  Edward.  Indian 

ii.  ih;  c.hvi.  jc.EMtf.ivi). 
Biidle,  MMJ  John,  MiChiKaDddeeiMUKa- 

SI  iH'i<il.  Jo-l  and  Z.,  carlj  Wauktala  «<- 

Uilt'ltenver.  «'Chppe*tt  Chief,  iii.sa«-flt  „ 
fliir  Bull  Falls  [tVauaau],  I.  lH;  >ii.  ffi;  'II- 

FlKOurly  Head,  nChipp'^wa  chief,  •,401 
It  K  ^  '^)e,  a  Kauk  eh.rt.  vl,  IBI. 
HijKuot,  ttPoIl.WBtroml-chieJ.  Ti.  430     . 
fii;  Foot  B  liand  and  vi.ljKe,  ill.  SM,  Ml-M 

Bl«'  Koit,  or  Genera  lake.  It,  iTi ;  H,  44), A 

BlK  lioulh,  a  Chippewa  chL-f.T.m.mW 

bit  iitonv  lake,  ix.  IBI.  1«3  tSI.4K 
BIK  Tnund,^r.  an  ludi  in  <  hi -f.  I',  IIL 
BiK  Woodi  In  lllloola.  il.4^5. 
BJRt^low^.  The   eorjy   WulHorth  cDuntf  •!<' 

irly  M.neral  PoiM"'- 

■  Walirorth  counlT  "" 

'I'li.'tieCb  U..  eariy  Whitewater  teUkr, 

nemnii.  Citariei,  an   WlKonBlD  bound' 

y.  W,  SSI. 

kiey.  John  K..  Till.  4e<i,4a>. 

lid.  M  a.  Maria,  Ix,  till. 

Imrd,  H  urey,  eaily  MilwaakM  (rtOc. 


General  Index  to  Vols.  I — X. 


1  Mr*.  Fn^per  B..  nrlf  HuJUoa  » 

H..  Mirlv  Mddiiwn  wltl-r,  i 

'•  ruiu*.  ur  Sfsmh-li.  vi.  Xa.r.O. 
-    IadiMt    and    Witllini,    esrlr  ^ 


■«Ht.  t^r.  i(.  4% 
"•-k  Bird,  ft  Chipp}<rk  <aiof,  IL  MVaiT. 
^  Bird,  KT  61>-ii-iikuk,  ■  1  olIana^tuiii[e 
ef-  rti,  tot 
.b  8lnl.kBie.iiUnS.HW 
*IK«.BBiouxchl-r.ll.  I«. 
ikBinb,  Tit,  4ja:  It.  TJ 
Jk  Hawk.  hBwl  «t  Britl.h  bind  of  S^cs.  I, 
fcn;II,ItI3.41.C.li:,9t,  01  Its.  ITO-'TS, 

-»,«is.  81^  mw.  is*  IBS.  aa-joi.  sw-w., 

■ r,  S<T-V>!.f^t:A;  m.  IS,  IBI.W!- 


0.1W.  • 


;,  188. 


iBS-4.  r*  I7I-J,  ifli.iBs  io«.igo.  aw, 

VIA  ttS-iW.  l.g- 0,  MTIM,  4ftl-fi.  B01. 
rswk  WMT.  I.  7I-W,  t»iail:vil.  4>,  t.T. 

'-».«».  8I&-1-8.  M1444.  am.  »1. 

TIlL  gW.  iU>8l«:  U.  ]S4,im«IS 

I,  TT.  to,  i-O-iVt,  1T1,  i;T,  IM.IdlC^Ilt- 

— : ,j,^  iri«r8,  ttj-igs. 

Jid.  X.  AT. 

n.  tia-tbe-ft-kuik.  or  Loud 


k  Hawk'i 


_j|[  Rlmr  P«U!i.  early  iimra  ut.  ii.  : 

WO:  X.  «8I. 

"^-■-"'-  t  nom' Buffalo,  porulalion 
ck  an,  I,  107 
Mn  R..  varlr  Jlluiril  PoIdI 

sw.  nu,  sji,  an,  ts.  ui 


'.  II.  sty 


S  Tom  Tillage,  X.  114. 
,JUgan.  J.  H..  mHi  Oreen  count*  spttler. 

il,4n.<t>i*i,tae  419 

p,1tHmu>*.  earlr  l«cislitlor,  i).  SIM. 
%  WBL.  Bb-lrb  ''f.  X,  4:h 
"'    L.  H.,  adely  MonroecouBlj'  wtller,  l», 

StTln.  earljr  lumbcrm»n,  t.II,  408. 
M.  Al>ln,  Tin.  101. 
-'■-  '   ■•      — .KBrly  Walworrh  county 

>,  C.',  eariy  Juneau  oiuDiy  Mitler,  rill. 

Ek  a.  w.,  u.  44?. 

>  Capt.  Joiin,  Ti,  tn,  4T4 

k  Hoiuw  branch  or  Pl-itic  river.  l.tH, 
_  t.  Rot.  Dr.  Wtilnra  T.  x.  4iS 
Bdntt.  (JatBU.  earlr  B^lult  wllJer,  ri,  4M. 
^Midenu.  - — ,  pB.li'  Indian  tr*li-r,  li.  14H. 
JWm).  A'h.  early  w.ilwoiiii  uuunly  •oilier, 
-  Fi,  iSS,  4Mi. 


Blwm  r.Koberi.vlil.VT'^ 
Bloomtl'-l  1,  Halirurib ciun 
BIOMDi  I.?Tf,eBrl;llllwaD 


4«,S''3,a.tl,4a9.4 
leKWrMoundu 


IbjIcaud.Jnaepli.x.in. 

Bonri,.-h<druh.  Barly  niinfil^eeltl-r.Tli.KiS. 

Booduel,  F..  early  niLaiiiiiDnrr,  tI  ,m;  Tlil, 

Buiie'r, ,  eu-ly  Green  oouiity  aelller,  iil, 

4:1, 42!. 

Boneraiil  MoNutt.early  tadlan  Inulen.Tl, 

40^401.410.411. 
Bniinam.  Ja»uh,  li.  441! . 
Ldiiiirr,.lolia,kj.lii  in  Wlnrcbsio  war,i,B7. 
roliiiei.Jijlio.-arly  minor.  vl.itB.UM 
Bonii'^t-rre.AiiK  •i>Ila,eiirly  Onwii  Ilajr  Mllkr, 

Bo''iir,,  c"l     lJa'arel,'aaf«>ua,'u,iM,t04,ai«, 

i;ii,eia,43<. 

R'Hine.iDl    Kathnn.i,ir8.  icg. 

boom. a.  M.,  oarly  Kll*auki»  edllor, It, KS, 

B  .r«^.FaIhfr,Mrly  nitaaionWT.T.BTB. 


til,  a.  K.,  ■  Mlilt'.-ralvr 
th.Mti.  Howard.  Ix.  4' 


li  Indlna  drpart- 

Bii"oi!eV'S;.™pC«OreenBayBfl1l?r.1il.«41. 
lli'Ui.-hia,  I'eierF,,  inrly  Hjdgou  aeltltrr.ld, 

Ba>ick,anbrl-I,lx.  4ST, 

ail.  SOS. 
BiiiRhii)n,CBlt[D,  earlf  ^'BtcrLown  seMl?r, 

Bouiid  irr  llnebplirccD  whiles  and  Indlua, 

ftb.,ull9.w.l.  BT. 
Boii<iii  t,  d  I,  UaiiiT.  eipBdttloQ  ut,  In  ITtt, 


ttJuillrl' 


>,M..8r..Tiil,Sll. 
!loiiIv'x.IIW.1>IB. 


K 


■.<t!,UU,9lt; 
li  r.  rOi  m  IS,  n 
L.lir.jBineiB.. 


ilHigu  chief,  ii.tSf 
'l>.  itrXr  Indian  Ii 


ii.JudsaP.  U.,  lx,41 


516 


Wbcoksin  State  Historical  Society. 


Bowlw,  R<^. ,  ooily  MIlwinilcoo  clffrgr- 

Bowmai),  Cspt. .  !:i  Black  ttawk  war,  •1, 

m. 

Bowuiao.  OeonK.  enrlr  UliwiDkie  Be'Uer. 
BoAinaii,  Wil  lam.  Mrly  Walwortli  couutj 
B"wroti,'HH'iMy],iir'l..\V.iiilti--.hn»elUer,i.I!T. 


lio>-d.lV  I   lir.iic.eu.iy  1,1, 

viii,Hi;,a44.ai5. 
fii«rd.  Until.  J.mea  IL.ln  Slack  Hawk  K 

Uf.  EM. 
Boyit.Mn  Jiunn  K  ,  Ix  .«3«, 
Boyd.John  W.,  urly  Walwurth  cuxntr  n 

tlw.»I,  «7. 
Bocd,J<».  U.,i.4M. 
Boyd,  R(ib>rr. earl/  cIe[^<^man.lK.4t7. 
BDid.ThoiDBa  A.  0.,  emly  InilLinsgent,Tl 


■Iwr.T.SIl. 


Boyo" , Henrj.'^rlc  luchcr.T, 
B.>ylng:«>D,ET.Mi>1  H.U.,e<rly 

Boylrr.Jobu,  early  Juneau 

*li,a'U. 
Boric r.  William,  varly  Oreen  comity  aettler. 

Bnyi, 

MI.W4.»n,Stl>, 
i«l.  W  ;  Vi.  >j3;  (U.'a;(t';  ti/i.»w\  x| 

Prafklip  J||Fn.f,|;t  HE, 

BraddtKk'ii defeat, 111,  llli-aiS;  t.IIS;  TlI,t«D- 


Bradlrr.  U-  am 

couniy  Rt>l.*r. 

Eradlrj.Cipi,  J 


Breirst^r,  Dmdat,  early  Walwortb  eonatT 

Htiltr.  tI.  406:  x.  tTt. 
Brii>g>  A  t  o.,  f-irly  mU'en,  111  4% 
bhijtuuii,  EneiHWrr,  earlr  Iiiiuh  aiualTtrt' 

"■  lot  l«;  U.  Ml;  i»,  «   i;a.  I»l, 


Britbolti.  U  clul.  urly  luaiali 
lit.  no,  191,  IJA  l^G,  LA  !■ 


Brao-.U..  v.iTO. 
Bracken,  Oen.  Cbailet. 
SW,«»,4as-WIJ,4IU. 


I..  ITi.  SM; 

txiyEao  setil-r.  i*.  S'9. 


Br»dy.  O-n.  Hugh.   U.  «J;  if.  117;  vti,  K* 

SM.  Bn^-,  BBS-  ■  ■■    "•  •■"■  -   •"" 
B rally,  Calit. 

BlMgi, .  enrij 

Braiiiail,  Cyiui  ai 

iralry,  inliur  B.ou  UHntellyrr.Ti.  HT; 

on    J..I111    LaU.n,  ill,  dlt;  ou    U,^rs<>   B. 
Smith,  1III,  lau-mi  CD  Le«l  U.  Vl.aa,  Ix. 

BrandtOury, ,  early  Juneau  counly  aet. 

tl-r,  *ia.  XK. 
Brannan.  U.  h.  .  early  Pertnce  editor,  a..  W!. 
3rwit,  Uic  Mukawk  clil  M     '""' 
Braux.  I,()rDn,a  i.iDii.fr,  ti 


131. 

Brt»e.  TA  CuL  Sidney,  x.  167. 171.  IT*.  ITS. 
Bieliiii.  U'lit.   D,  lu  MrTloe  lu   uonhnest. 

1,1  ITi.l,  1,  «•. 
Brevucrt.  Henrj'  B .  Indian  a«nit.  II,  IS.';  <U, 

HIT.  ^I.ii^t;  vl.l,  xV.iVi-iui. 
Srvwer,  i)i.  Edward,  eaily  WIdl«waler  ■et' 


lead.  Dnidel.  an  Oneida  chipf,  l\,t»:  til, 
W,1S,9-,  IT,  Ml;  vIl,  SHaiB. 
idOeiif.  KiUher.  eoily  Jea.iit    ailatfonary, 
"■  n.  V8.  lis.  IW;  vd'.lJI,  l»i. 

'    ■    "  T.,  early   Hdwaukee  seKkr.  1, 


BiewBt.T,  Him , 

leacDer,  il.  <U. 


:  1  >,  is:,  vil.  SOI, 

irii>,l»4;     ■  -"■      ■ 
i(*i.ieo. 


Lradar.  U.  1A 
li.  XB.au;  T.tfi 


-,.i.i:  it.  imu 

ao.a8,-^iW  «t. 

,   aichol,    Jr..  itlKB,  iM.ilt  IB. 

£i^  aao-aa. .«!.  iu«.  ai,  m;-*^,  tu.  «\ 

ffii.nfi. 
IrL-qiie.  YoaC,  early  Qreen  Ba;  wilier.  111. 

[y.  early  1 

E<rtii*n,  take  poxeniiion  of  w«tnn  podiUi 

— '—.  aurninder  tbein  10  Ibe  Unl^aJ  SUIW 

Britta'".  Vni  '.  nketch  nf.  i.  4M 

B,i[ia„,  t-amuvL  \%>lworlb  eouoty  aeCUer, 

TI,  *3A.  4M, 

Brock,  Ueu. ,  Bi-lllslioSlwr,  HI,  lag. 

iifoaeur,j™uB..i.,la, 
Broken  Ur.  a  UakoU  chleT.  1Z.  ItS.  \7t 
Urcken  tinould.  r.  WlDiiebns>>  cblir.  k.  Ill 
Brodtod.  Dr. ,  early  Juiiaau  ouuniy  xt- 

U't.  vdi  9t\ 
Urociuu.  Mn.  Huldati.  Ut.  Wl. 
BfMke,  Ubu.  Bm  U.,  al  Prairie  do  CbkA.  U. 

Biot^M,  Samuel  M..  enrly  UIIVLiukBii  arlM. 


Bniwii  c^uniy.  I,  U.  Il«;  It.  107.  19S;  ts,  IT. 
3II>-)l:il.  Ii>i~«ll.    See  Iireen  Biy. 

Bmwii, ,  killed  al  K-i.iialia,  Ifl,  «I1.  IIS 

Urown, ,  eari*  Ulilte«awrlairier,r>,ML 

Brown.  Rei.  Ur,  on  OoTeruoF  narmy.  t. 

Brown,  itvv.  C  D..  early  Green  Bay  leBidiEC. 

Brown.  II  v.  EilwarJ,  ou  iliaLa  Cr.«ecan, 
vid.  r.4-ifiS. 

Bri>wn.  Jiiuie*  and  Jrhii,  early    Vtatitanti 


Brooi 


till.  408. 
laily  lILwaukee  editor. 


mtNiRAL  Index  to  Vols.  I  -X. 


IN 


Brown,  Nicholos,  e 


lar. 


■rIyW 


Bel  Her, 


Bnxvn.  Samuet.  Fsrly  MllHaukee  usttltr.  U. 

»a.  wi. 

B»)im.  Hr.,  Sanfor.!,  ii,  +M. 
Brawn.  8.  P..  eaiW  Ja  iibcriu&n,  tllL  403. 
,  Srown,  SokmuD.  Ix.  US. 
I    BrewD.  Tli'i'DU.  iJ»ilj-  JiiDMU  couuty  set- 
t  Uer.  \Ui.  JM. 
Brown.  Wm.,  early  Hllwaukee  menliniit.  [t. 

18:1.  r,t. 
Btdwd.  WlUUm.  Jr..  euly  HUwuukiwaelller. 

1.  III. 
BroWD,  Wllltani  t> ,  li.  IBS. 
Urairn.  WlUwiii  W.,  early  lllliraulc^e  wilier, 

i», ««.  ail. 

Brown's,  C«pt.B«iBerK,  x.TT, 
BruwDliiK.  Millljm.Uii.  A..Ti].«I. 
hruce.  Jobu,  Hrly  M  alwonli  OUDty  letller. 

»I.  M7. 
Braeo.  Wm.,  early  loiilan  tiadar,  i,  *7;  riil, 

Bruc,  Wm.,  early  ShsbgirBan  county  sMCler. 

C. 'aaptlW,  iftrlr  Green  Bay  Milter,  Ul. 

1  iPerrish,  early  Green 


sii.  ua.  K 


epf[Taplifi:a1 


Bay  Bel  tier', 

Brunei,  liouiluJque.  Sr,.  or  C.  B.  Maaca.  x, 

188.  IN. 
Bniuet.  J.  B.,  Er,  x.  IM. 
Brunei,  Jean,  earl*  frnirie  dn  Ctilpn  H-ttter, 

IL  iei.164  ira.  IIS,  ViS;  *il,  iJO^  vili,  US. 
--       [.  ftrische,  X.  ]S7. 

11":  niemorr  u(  T.  iC  i'u 

, .  ■nllqu.Eiea  <•!  Crawrord    couiitv. 

i,m;  nu-ly  Ustorv  or  Wi»ca»>]ii.  iv.  2.'B- 
n:   OB  dcalb  at    isooRWh.  It.  Sdik-aTt: 

«,  18S-e';  mlm:el&n»:m'rerer"irc« 

<o,  U.  115,  M7.  lU;  Ui.  SJB;  til,  ^  S7;  li, 
UJ;  X,  SU-3.  HGT. 
Bnuiaon,  Ira  B.,  Ii,37.  KS:  x.  ^Il.,„ 


%  Bl^btiji 


mfatslonarH^  1)1,  Br, 


4.4:0. 


Bu-k,  OM,  a  IMuattasu  ludli 

S8I.  ini. 
Buvklind,  Thnme*,  nu-ly  Walnonb  counly 

Buckley,  Thumaa,  early  lumbetnuia.  til  .3;'S, 

BuLkirr.  J>nie«,  early  Waukeatia  aettler. 

Buffalo.  «  CWppiswa  chief.  HI,  OTi^'ai  iv.Jti. 


populailun  or.  18IS.li 
— ' '  X.  107. 

.WO. 

SJl-S. 


bulTaln  In  IM»,  iL 

Buffoi".  or  Ox  Ink"?.  J,  ioorv 
HuRalo.'saiiil  bufftilo  hllea, 

B"Kli.'wi'i?i"n'A^.  "IMTI. 

BiiK  oa.<  k!.iili'g,  or  Hole-ln-lhe  day. 

Bu!nr,  Capt.  A.  H..  Brl<l-h  olTli.'ei'  at 

diTlile'>:iv.  II8,»M:8,  lea-iT!. 


»S,  3:^  3T\  am-,  yi,  401. 
Bull.  (Jlo.  li,  4M. 
Bul^en,  ben  111,  early  Keoffi 


liii]F"d,G?n.  John  earty  Ks'innlia  wttlpr,  11, 

4MI:  Ir.  im;  v],  451.  'CI;  vii  SST. 
iKlien.  John,  Jr.,  rnrlv  Kmi>»hn  ■rtHer,  II, 

4S1-IU.  418.  4<.D;  11.  S7I,  1T4.  8r3,3»,  881, 

Wi.  9»  IOC.  4JI,  WV  408.  41&  4«) 
l.illen.  WilNam.  earl"   Kenosha  Mtt1«r,  U, 

4M.  4'S,4:,7, 41)0, 4W,  470 1  US7I,SH1.SJA3». 

4  B,41B. 
liiilH.  Z   C.  early  Juneau  county  settlor, 

uinp.  Hark.  tx.  tJfi. 

Iuu(».  I- .  S..  early  clerKymnn.  vili.  403. 
Iunr.-e.  Jiibn  niid    Uailj,  early  (ialeua  set- 

il.'r*.  VI.  an. 
tunn,  R.jnii<nu>.  I.  8U. 
luiiuell.    A.    and    A.    R.,   early   Walworth 

ooontywit  ere.  vl.  450. 
lii'ii.  £5aiuuel,  in  Black  Hauk  war,  II.  313, 

liirb'ank,  SelJom, early  Wolf  riTerseltlBr,  III, 


I.  I  a,  483. 

urd.  Fort,  vli.-.aa. 

iirdine.  Lieut  Clirk.  U,  S.  A.,  vl.  C81. 

urzett.  J.'Cab,  early  WalwoiUi  cuunty 


ISurkhard.  F..  I 
Biirk.,  — ,  early  It 
Buruet,  Jaa.,  i.  lOl. 
Burnrtt.  Ellsivortn.  killed  by  Indians,  tI.  IST, 
158.477.. 

Wr,  L'b»-3«:  skrtchof.i',  «S;  tI,30^S04; 

Burnvtl!  Wl  liiim.  In  Bhic  Ha'okwm-.  11.878. 
Biirnbam.  John,  eai  ly  western  oatlgilor,  ix, 

Burr'a  CbM.  Be  F.,  X.  STU.  eVf.  891,  Wl.SW-8, 

8S.').lJ!'7.SW,4l4,41T.4JI.42t,4ia 
Rums.  l^mr.  early  hi  <.'ro»e  selller.  Iv.  888. 
fliirna  Timoihy.  euriy  La  Croaie  aetiler.  It, 


*M. 


Forth  ci 


ler,TE, 


Derrioli  C  akelch  r.f.  x.  48i-1. 

Busliiwli,  Uuiilcl.  curjy  PiriaK;  aeitier.  tU, 

Uiji: -  <   '  |.>l"rc    \M>coiialn, 

I.!','.      ,  .   '     .,'  7'1-BO;  early  blk 

1  ...  |.  :  -  .1  I'..'  r>.i-ll,i.-«.t,  tC-li;  on 
eirly  lTL'ii.;ti  Ion',  i  ht-Bl.  Ml;  on  the 
Four  Ljke  uouiiirv.  OI-IW:  ml-cellanaom 
referoKcea  to,  r.ll,  1:9,80,48,  ]ll>,  ItU,  lSa,30Ji 

Builer,  SymiDei,  nu-lyBlolue  county  settler, 

11.4711. 
Butle  <!»<  MortK.  Great,  DL  SK;  tII,  107,  MS, 

»tM,Ml;  TliL  S07,Mg.M7,«l. 
Buif  d.'s  MorU.  Lillle,  i.  TI.  S3-W:  III,  807, 

3J6:  1.  IS,  W,  101, 10);  iil,  188;  Till,  MO,  Hi, 

94  .1.7. 
Bull«ddaM"rta,  VIUiHof,  I,  CB,T11»ir,17*, 

«^:  U.  IIT 
ButloiH^  I,  C.  W .  on  John  Mcolrt.  till,  188; 

z.  41;  r<ench  fori  ai  Prahi.^  du  Oilea  a 

■nyth,  3n7-SSJ;  Uni.  Cardinal's  ntuteuiBal^ 

Mill.  SOS 
Buurigk,  CdiniDiiuloner,  trid  tadlan  case,  Ir, 

108. 
Uuiurd,  The,  rather  of  Oae-Eyed  De  Kau- 


Wisconsin  State  Histobical  Societt. 


Ijadou.  earlr  La  roiolE  p.oneer,  t,  S:4. 

CkUoii'slKlind.ilii.iM. 

CuJwtll,  R  *,  C  C,  ftsly  KeDo>h&  clergy- 


Csdr,  Jt'bp  F.,  earlr  Honosha  EelU^r.  I[.  UtI, 

Cinoon,  B.  P-.ewlr  KeowitiB  Beltlar,  U.  «Bi 

Cudwe'l.  Klili-.  »  bull-breed  cblef,  til,  130. 

Cnlhuuu.'RuKL.  in  Barstr.w'a  clTSlr]'.  Tl.  113. 

tiilliiri«.Eii«A.  EuloBVooHlram  A-WHRht. 

o'o'.Baii.Iovi',  vi.  l"n>.ia;Dtr  QeirKB  Hyrr, 
]17;oi1  »UlUuuHuU  aoJ  SalEerl.eCLuk, 

CbIx'Im.  Hirtun.  on  latllaa  nomeDcl&ture,  1, 

IIU. 
Oitilu*.  Hn.  E«nih  B..  tx.  431. 
CoUen.  Fi»uk.  early  Juneau  wmnty  BetUur, 

Till.  3M 
CallwiiK.  ChavBler  da,  of  New  Fruce,  t, 

B9.ni.Tfl. 
Cnll'B,  or  iTe'i  Grove.  [D  RAClne  counly,  vl. 


a.  U.,  ouily  lA  Crosse  seUler.  It, 

Murdnck.  early  Ittdian  Irader,  II, 
la.-^w   ira. 


ITS,  iw. 
Cumiauck,  Thoa. 


„         BO*""".  1.  'M. 

Uamrj.  Iloara  T.  >or  Kemp),  curJy  l«eliilaUjr, 
Tl,  SOS.  <08.  4a0,«3l. 

CuBuitfll,  (;api. ,e]H;  Keaoalm  sellJer. 

iii,  «.-.8.  ICS,^. 

CaaiLbeil. .  ebtI;  Frikihe  du  Chien  set- 
ter, li,  IM,  |«, 

Cimp<*ll.  Rev.  Mr. ,e«rly  leHchifr,T,»!H. 

Cumpijeil,  liaior  .   enpeiliiiiiu     up  iho 

Ui»lH.|>plir  iH14,  ii.iBa 

Csrapbeil,  Lieut.  C^lri,  Britah  otBtxr  at 
I'wrlo  du  Uileu,  Ix.  &»,  -.3J,  231.  SW-lBbi 


CumptirU.  Daniel,  e 


Inorth  c 


juty 


OamplHll.E.  ii.,  early  I*  Crosse  s=Uler,  l». 

SM. 
Cunpbell.  aeorve  L.,  early  ATalnrorlli  county 

■e(Tler.vi,45». 
CmipOell.  J«niKB.inBi«™tow-g™yalrT,ill18. 
Cuni'beU.  James  and  Tlionuu,  early  IjiDbcr- 

inen.Tlii.  Ml. 
ClcoplKll.  Jaa.  v.,  I,  SOi. 
CampUsil,  Jolia  W.,  on  Oarrer'a  Rrant.  it, 

UO. 
CampbeH.  Pelerand  Bobort.ewly  Waiworlli 

OiinijbeU,  aiepben,  early  Bidae  getlier,  tII. 

Cunndlia  dncumenh,  cited,  t,  M-IOS. 

TtB.SuB;  .ludtoitraMiB.  Vtck,  yi.^iU^B. 


aH,S>H,S4T.UI>. 

CardluaL  J.  U..  Jr.,  early  Prslrle  di 

wUrr,lx,SIH. 
CanlrO'.nB    UapIMe.  enilr  Qnm  I 

Urr,  l!.Wi.W7. 
C-iree.  t"ief  re.early  Oreen  BajaUlrt.  Hi, 


Cariey.Er.  D.  W.,  »,  SU. 

UarriM-.  William,  fn  ULick  Hawk  war.  il.lll. 

3T0.ST*.  _, 

Cai  ni-y,  N.  F..  early  Juneau  county  ■Ukf. 


..  li.311,8JI",S81 

1,  birly  BavioeaeCtlcr,  til, 

CJrpL'nter,  Robert,  In  Baralaw'a  caTalix-iL 

11:1. 
CirpmlOT,  3.  D..  WBeomiu  vrller.  r,  1711 

-teidien  H.,  akelcheii  at.  TlU.n 

"  ■■  ■  '-  John  W.  Hiint.  *. ».« 

kriirniau.  li.'tllL 


arr,  Pr,  f.  E. 


■lyJun 

ibrevor  dp,  a  Fmjcb  oll1<!er.tll,liTi 
arlyFrenoblntd«r.ill,«Oi: 


Carron 

VH. 
Carron  [romabor  I 


oiuoaea  cblet,  uL  4^_ 

i,l<Kny]  bead  cUrt^H 
S-M;  ul,  dr.  lUb^H 

a-bM,aon  o(t«^| 

>{>f.  1T«S.I.1&      ^_^H 
IwoiUi  oouBiraM^^H 

□i  earlr  enrionM^^I 
1:  iLsAeSr         ^^ 


WI,47S;  Ll 


B,.eBTtr  Rach 
.STUSm;  I". -ft 

.  i.earb'  Uilwaii 
eSB;  Ix.^B. 
aa-a-giB  o-e  gtr.   Menomi 

Ca»  Uqulrea,  t:1I,MT. 
1...  j^hn.MJ-ly  luir.lj-i 


"Gbneral  Index  to  Vols.  I — X. 


fil».J 


»,  Dr.  Alfred  I..  ?nrlr  MHwi 
(n;  W.JtS;  t,i:I;  viii, JOl.tM. 
n.U.  I.,  eiu-if  Honrue  cuunl. 

V«r,  Four  Lnke  country,  I.  in, 
ani[is.aiDbjKB<leiii.  x.MT. 


,  1I«J,  De.  In  old  Fox  wbt.  *.93 
UreB.oE  La  Crtw>«  vsiUy,  vill. 

,or  the  Bprlng  Deer,  at  OlLawi 

btTresty.inlSW.l'.liM,  IDS. 
ktei.sln  Wi-cj.  H)'i-8^-  L  )n?p 


lie.  V 


Mladiai 


;tbe  kkri 

?«\">1B. 

bw-Juvr.  fuller  of  ODe-Eyed  De- 

I^kama.  a  Heaoiaoiiee   cbief,  ill, 

iScTi  IT.  m. 

I,  t^^re.  early  Oreeu  Bay  settler. 

X  133.  itD. 

*ld,  Kn-rrlt.  (11.  «7. 

|*Id.  Mrllen.  x,  S!j.  S^,  181,  aS«,  499, 

lb,  B.  P.,  ear!y  Waukesha  ■etller, 

k  OoT.  John,  □(  loiTB,  T.  aOS. 

h  CoL  Taltx>L.  I.  U-61;  II.  ist.  va. 

lUliiBl;  *i.  aj8{  Ix,  US;  x,  1M, 

M. .  BiirlyPral'ieduClileuut 

£rl  ,  killed  by  ttn  lodiUD.  Ix. 

l«7»-iTMf».W7. 

py.  II.  de,  ¥.74.70  i.l:a 

Kvid  R,  la  territorial  k-gialiture, 

i.Caolcl.  early  Waukesha  a.-tUc-r.  1. 

',  Daol.'l  H.. supreme  court  reporler, 

fcB,  W.,  early  map  of  lead  niiaei. 


ira.'ito.in. 

p^Hliamb.,  ejiity  WalworUi  cnuatf 
hC  II!,  early  ShelioyBBnBeltler,lx, 

i.  Dr.  ChiDdlT  ».,  on  Four  Lake 

1. 1*.  UaStO:  noth'e  of,  Till.  4M. 
Chandler  V,.  li.  atl. 


i.  Peter,  ix.  4'D. 
1.  l!llae.  early  'i-ovher.  T.  3*9. 
,  Naibin,  IX.  Mi. 
Stan.BJaus.  eatly  Greeu  Bay  pilot, 

,  Stanl'laua.  early  IndUa  trader,  111, 

(■yuttier,  early  nilHslonary,  lU.  IM, 

',Ml:  vJ.L  144 

Mrn,  Calumet  Kiinly.  I.  104. 

B,  Palber,  esriy  explorer,  t,  U,  81, 

TlfftPr,  ix.  4S). 
iVt.,<t,  1I»-IU. 
.early  Juqejiu  coiuily  seltlcr.  vlli. 

aiMca,  early  HUwuikee  satUer,  U ,  4;  S. 


II.  am.  aa>. 


Chase.  latitc  P.,  early  Watwoith  county  Ml-  I 

ly  Juneau  county  setUer, 

ariy  Uflwaukee  aeUter,  Iv, 

rho».  Warren,  a  Fourlerlle,  III,  41T. 
C^riT^r..|l,  ea.ly  Liuliu  irader,  Ul,  »l,  X*. 

icl,  IiL  de.,  lutsDdanl  of  New  France,  v, 

-che  bin  < 

■     ,»l,4*o. 

■o,  bbenecsr,  early  pbilanthropM,    i| 


n  DUiie  (or  HhitesilU,   • 


Chenvj^-c,V.,  early  Prairie  du  Chlen  aettler, 

uniDeEOii.  eirly  nlwlaoat.  Hi,  101, 
--.lil. 
Chei  rli'r,  FIstId,  early  Prali  je  du  Chlen  set-    | 

nln'.Oeo. .  X.  S87. 

iller,  BanhelemU  or  BartlumEe,  early 

-..'SD  Bay  «'l(br.  In.  e<«:x.  lU.  ' 

Clievoller,  Wl.low,  i,  tlS. 

'^.iiraoo,  1.  90:  |.i.  17,  lOit.  ISI,  Ut;  Ir.  IBS.  IE 

r.lIW-l«).ill>.«18.ka3.3Til:  vi.   misi:  *.., 

aSlnra.  UU,  Ml,  SH.  410-llS,  4»;  Ik,  ltd,  110, 


Clilcit-h30:-9ic.  or 


Child'.  A.  F..  early  JU 

1»,  Bill. 
Chllda.  Col.  Elirneier, 


le  Bit)  it,  a  WInnebeca 


irly  Green  Bay  a 


_-.,B78,iU 

Chlppena  ouuuly.  derlrallon  of  name,  1,  111. 

unipriewa  IrkiUnm  or  puiteurs.  1.  *i.  ittt, 
IIS.  i;9. 198.1«t:  iU  ISI-IW.  144. 141. 141.  IH, 
ISJ,  illli,  Ml.  B(1,  WJ,  m.  llMai:  ill.  101, 

ion.  isi,  i3i,ii!-\  sn,mi.a*y*a,M*,xt, 
HSSSR^  iv.  vW-asS:  v,  lua.  im.  hi.  iii-ui, 

*tT.  z7>.  Kl.  tIJU;  <ii,  i:a.  ig^aU;  Vlli,  xi^ 

aig. «»:  ix.  31,  to.  i»vi9i.  nr  loui.  Mi,  trr, 

m.  SaO.  ni:  x,  IU,Vn>    see  Uole-m-ilw 

day  and  Can.  , 

Chlpi)ewa  ri»er.  early  lunib  srlw  on.  U,  Ul,    1 

IK-HI;  eurlr  uaJlug  rwwt  on,  lil.eja,  ' 

Cholera  at  Qalena  In  lOCt,  UBS. 
Ohnlsra  at  Prairie  du  Chlen.  v.  V>9  , 

Cholera.  Hen.  Itonlt's  Iro^^pt  attacked  wUb,  J 

x.1M-tt,lM,«l-S.4M.  ' 

Choueguen.  orUsweRO.  i  1.1(4,1(3,  _ 

ChDU  E-'-ka.    ur  The    Ludle,  a    Winaebago  J 

chief,  T,  iyr,  7 

Chouteau, Col  Auguite,holdri  Indian  treaties   1 


W  mt^lonary,  11',  SB. 


W1SC058IS  State  Histobical  SociErr. 


Cdrt.Ai'rim  tt..  mminnr.Foz  Birer  Imik 


n.  Junes  vofmded  bj  lodlui^  TiglTt 


,     CjMk,  Mat.  W  v..  U  S.  A..Til.i;i.«l 
,     OAMIag. .urlT  Wuikaht  edilor.l 

U.r.vl.4M 

Ov. .  eirir  KeDMli*  tMchtr,  III,  iO. 

CO'.  Rer.  M.,  «j1j  Pniiljdu  ct^  ckip- 


CoK^n-U,  J   B.  D-,  <"  oulf  M 


Clark  Reiib«i,airiTWa]TonhcaaDlTanlier, 

vi.  ML 
Clark.  IL   J.,  elrlr  JniiMa  eoaati  lettler, 

lih  XL 

Clark, E<iiriig.HrlTWh'tem'rr«i>tt:er,Ti, Ml. , 
'CJl^K.^■■nlKlA..iI.S»:  X.3II-5.  , 

CiS'k.Siierl^.'i.  ttl:  lii.  Sy.  3:«.  <n,  STOw  !     ai 

aii.XB.  i.ii.SOSM.:  11.417-1.0.  (-3  .  Col 

Clnrk,  Uov.  W.lliam.  r«'ly  -mnn^Dlendnt  of       »l 

Iri'iunaltiiTi.  Ji.S:,l».n>,ffi!.«i3..43.M-i.  j  Col> 


CobeD.  Dr.  J(t>biia 


.i.aTii.w5.«i 

.,J.4.S-4.(1T. 


.  Chuk*  v.,  eaiijr  Ebebcvgui  ■Mike,)', 
,  C' Arin  O. ,  ««riT  SheboTgu  nUM'.  Ill 
,  John  W.,  evij  Walertown  nUIS,  K 


CLirk*,  Dr.  HMiry.  fi-Ky  WnJirorth  county 

■Flt»-r.Ti,m4Tl.in. 
Clane.H  W. ei.rlj  Wliitewater  lairrrr.vl.lTS. 
Clarke,  Dr.   Joaeph   A.,  eaily    Whitrwairr 


Clan 


Ti,4I9. 


arTfUre. 


ClJrr.Uriil.  Kobert  E.,  eailj  eiplorer.  ii. 
ClaUu  £  Co.,  earlf  JJilnaukeepubllihera.Ir. 
CliMon.  fpnatnr.  od  OLia-Micblgan  boun. 
Cl-nr^Watcr'lkau  Clain'1.  InJfan  name,  i, 

im 

Cl>-in.-D(V.  Charm  elrlf  Juneau  count}-  ael- 
tle-.  vlll.  B94.  B-B. 

iJlill-'r.  Yl.J.Mi-i!™  ^      "'"'"     ™'^' 

■  Ck'syiT  Wi-ciiiKin.  11  1S7.H0-HS,  B-g,  4lil. 

4tft   411.  «5\  43i.  4iT,  4«:  lil.s:.  87-13', 

lW.r'4.94i,)nS,£i>-.6l,SU,87I.IKe.401,.'MI: 

iv,  55.  KM,  ar.  «i.«i!,**,a*;si).*x,.as. 
J»l:T,^.a'^^^^.B7,Bl.]7l,l8n,l!H.».■i.^73.^7li. 

S.3.SaSlsi»,3)ll.lHI.Sa:,S4II.K»4S5,3~H.S79, 
»»;  vl,  43.',4:S.4:>3,  4Sr'4.1J.4lll.47l,t:9:vl. 
I«i.l.'i1,:«t.lGU.lT«.««.SI0,lll3,^iE.K!3,i»r- 
lt»,iW-iSr,U\il4,ait,ttt.**t.*ti:  v.l,  IS3, 

iii-ihs,  iSi,:ej,a»,'.i)i,»i4,s'9.»io.«4i,SM, 

337,  Wii,»(l,4l'5, 411. 4A4l!7,4i).4 11,41^,431, 
«',4V..4.W,45».4W.4TT;  is,  llS.llT.l,«.li!;. 
4vr.4ai-4»7.1IU.<4d,449,IM,4S!S,4U,4  I. 
n.rm,  Me.ir,  v.Wt 

CillToril,  j'thD,  early  lnUaiikce  Httler,  iv, 


Clii.1'.  OcorKO,  early  lumb*rman,  lii,4S3,  ill, 

Cmion.Alli'n.i'arlyWniiltw.hasPltltT.  ,1,187. 
k4-.^  nnil  Wnuki-liii  .-..iii.ti.'s.  I.  Ill,  187;  ii, 


4TS;  muaxlUiieoUB  rftsrencd  to,  Iz.  <U<  ^ 
£37. 

Cu;^.  W.  H.esrly  lumberman. rtiai 

und  Madis  >n  wtiter.  tj  4;4.47T. 
C  -hf:  Gov.  Eii«ard.  T.i.  J;4. 
ConiDgiworui.  LieuU  Jolm  T.,U,S.^'4 

CoLina  &  Camp,  or  Seuip,  early  Iiiili«  ■"•■ 
ers.  vii.  108,  (SO  4SI.  _, 

CHIins.  Gen. ,  "f  Kew  Yoit  t.W.W 

C  >ili[iH.  A.  i...  on  Qovemor  Harrey. '.  Sl-f  ■ 
C.lling.  Cjmrlius,  early  Judcimi  count!  •* 


Comniuik.  Thys,  (or  Cnmmiick).  onftU"' 

WlJ»a"  ix.  19. 
Conlmll^iIlnt,  a  Wlnnebazo.  Ii.  JSl. 
C-.mpion.  Jowpl),  early  Wwvrortli  comT 

s  (tier,  vi,  «8.  .      „ 

Cjin-iooU  A  Co,.early  Ullrauk«a  leUla*"- 


■tlllz,  Uupt.  Jokn.U.i 


X^^B'i^t^ 


Qbneral  Indkx  to  Vols.  I— X. 


521 


ikey,  Theodore,  In  Baretow'g  cavalry,  vl, 

18-U5;  ix.  446. 

iklin,  Kdgju*.  director  of  Fox  Uiver  Imp. 

3..  ill,  49'J. 

iklin,  Henry,  early  Sheboygan  merchant, 

r,  310. 

invr, ,  early  Indian  agent,  v,  203. 

lover,  A.  D..  x.458,4«.8. 

lOTrr.  F.  K.,  Kupreme  court  reporter,  x, 

i'>ver,  O.  M..  on  C.  C.  Waahburn,  ix,  303- 

S5:  rocmorial  sketches  of.  x.  45:-473;  mis- 

»^Uaner>u3  references  to,  v,  172;  vi.i,U5-100 

18;  x,40. 

iroe,  Jacob  N..  a  pioneer.  Til, 411. 

orott,  Levi,  early  Sheboygan  settler,  ix, 

latant.  Lewis,  viii.  838. 

ostitiition,  autographs  of  sizners,  x,  409-13. 

atrectJBur. .  Canadian  leader,  v,  )15. 

>k.  Cheitter,  ix.  451. 

>ley.  Waller,  early  Racine  settler,  ii,  479; 

c,489. 

^mbs,  Edward  and  John,  early  Richland 

uunty  settlers,  ii.  480. 

>n,  C.  J..  X.  114,409. 

£p.  Will-am  J.,  early  Prescott  settler,  iii, 
),  408. 466. 
[>|>rr,  indications  of,  ix,  115. 
:»p:*r  implem*^nts,  ancient,  viii,  144-147, 
Ss,l73. 

pper  mining,  iii, 417;  vi,  102,838,865. 
pper  ore  at  Miueral  Point,  i.  180. 
^per,  or  Rocky,  river,  Indian  name  of,  i, 

rbeau«  a  Sioux  chief;  see  Little  Crow  and 

Jttle  Corbeau. 

rn,  first  raised  in  Grant  county,  ▼,  815. 

-oe.  St.  Luc  de  la,  Canadian  leader,  v,  114; 

iU  18i,  118-172.  IttO.  474. 

Tieiius,  Jacob,  an  Oneida  chi?f.  viii,  8'.'5. 

11*11.  A.  B.,  ear.y  Moiu-oe  county  settler, 

r.  801. 

ulafth  family,  early  Walworth  county  set- 
ters. Ti,  451 

■nwall.  Dr.  Madison  W.,  early  Wauke-ha 
sttler,  i,  13>;  early  Milwaukee  Icgislutor, 
1.  806.431. 
■ot,  ▲u-j:u8te.  early  Indian  trader,  ix,  119. 

•son.  Prof. ,  viii,  80. 

■win,  Jense,  ix,  44  i. 

hren,  M.  M.,  iii.  16,40,58;  vil,  S89. 

ton.  Capt.  John  W..  early  Gr«^n  Bayset- 

er,  iv.  Iu8;  vh,  '441,  24.';  viii.  804.  472. 

inty  pre  emption.  vi,  412, 4  <4, 44'i. 

ircelles,  iniendant  of   New   France,  iii, 

>;e.l08. 

irt  Orielle.  band  cf  Chippewas,  ix,  S46. 

irtorielle,  lake,  origin  olT name,  1, 114;  iv, 

2& 

itume  de  Paris,  French  laws  in  the  north- 
'est,  ii.  106,121:  iii.  2*^:  viii,  210. 

ralle, ,  early  trapper,  vi,  877. 

wan, , early  New  Giarus  teacher,  viii, 

W. 

wles&Co.,  early  Milwaukee  merchants, 

r,  2». 

C  MaJ.  James  P,  in  the  Black  Hawk  war, 

,  858:  earl,-  le^jisluor.  vi,  8J5,896;  viil.  i70. 

lir,  C  ipt. ,  in  Black  Hawic  war.  i-,  40<J, 

lig,  A.  J..8tat*4  super  iuteudcnt  public  iu- 
tructioti,  V.  807. 
lig,  John  EI.,  ix.  451. 

ilg,  Capt.  Thuriiad  E..  at  Peoria,  vi,  188, 
96,  197. 

i  n,  WiHinm  D.,  early  Walworth  county 
attl.^r,  vi.4(>4. 

im.  Capt.  1  J.,  nins  bounilnry  I'no,  Kur- 
ev«  Kenosha  harbor,  iii.  3i9;  iv,  101.19). 
50,831. 

imer&  Curtis,  early  Milwaukee  publish- 
rs.  iv,  2  i7. 

tmer,  Etiphalet,  early  Milwaukee  settler, 
131:  iv,  259. 275. 

84— H.  a 


Cramer,  Howard,  early  La  Crosse  settler, 

iv,  8W. 
Cramer,  William  E., early  Milwaukee  editor, 

iv,  »/!,  2m. 
Cranberry  creok,viii,  894.478. 
Cranberry  trade, early,  v.ii,  400. 
Crane,  William,  early  Juneau  county  settler, 

vii,38S 
Crevaih,  Prosper,  early  Whitewater  settler, 

vi,  449, 470. 471. 
Crawttsii  river,  1, 100. 
Crawford  o.unty.i,  112:  ii,  115,  116.  839;  ill, 

178:  Ix,  87:  see  Irairie <iu  Chi»'n. 

Crawford,  AJisK .  early  teachtr,  v,  8?5. 

Ci awfoid,  'Squire, early  iSauk  county  settler, . 

vi,  301. 
Ci  a«  foni,  Fort,  i.  75 ;  pee  Prairie  du  Chien. 
Crawford,  Rev.  Gilbert,  early  Kenosha  cler- 
gyman, il,  44>8. 
Cruwfdrd.  Jefferson. early  miner,  vi, £94 
Crawford.  Johr),  early  31ilwaukee^tiLr,iv,. 

SM;  ix,87,  457. 
Crawf  id.samuf  l,ix,835. 
(  raw  ford.  T.  li..Yii,396. 
Crawf ordville,  ix,t)U. 
C.elie,  JoHepli,   a  pioneer,   iii,  278;  vll,  876; 

viii,  8.0;  ix.  29J,298.29J. 
Crespel,  Fatiier  Enruinuel,  on  old  Fox  war— 

iJ^Lingery's  expedition  —  v,  81,  86,  91,  92; 

viii,  244;  x,  47. 
Crespel,  Louis,  v,  86. 
Crisman,  Archibald,  private  at  Ft  Winne- 

baffo,  IV,  347. 
Crittenden,  J.  J.,  in  connection  with  north- 
east boundary,  iv,358.  854. 
Crocker,  HanM.  early  Mi  waukee  settler,  L 

128-181;  iv.  186.857,275:  vl,88. 
Crocker,  Hi  Uis,  vi,  4t' 8;  x,  89. 
Croc  cer,  Oliver  C,  early  ttheboygan  settler,. 

ix,  389-391,  487. 
Crocker,  Dr.  V  alter,  ix,  448. 
Croghm.  U'-nnis.  early  Indian  trader,  viil, 

284.235,  289,  240 
CroKhan,  Cc»l'.  George,  i.  83,  45;  ill,  827;  viii,, 

2U5,  289,  240;  ix.  198,  2tX),  800. 
CroLx,  lie  la,  early  Indiau  trader,  iii,  £88. 
Cro'ikhite,  A..  H.,  &  Co.,  early  lumbennen,. 

viii.  40U 
Crooks,  Ramsay,    early  fur  trader,   ii,  101, 

107;  iv,  62,  81,  85,9V10>,  215;  v,  15J;  vi,264; 

vil,  278,  27r,  ytTH;  x,  185. 
Crosby,  Nathaniel,  eaily  Juneau  coun^  set- 
tler, viii,  89 i. 
Cro&s,  James  B.,  viii,  447. 
Cross,  William,  authority  on  Chippewa  lan- 
guage and  customs,  i,  119 
Cioisett,  J.  R.,  early  La  Crosse  settler,    iv, 

38  >. 
Cross  It.  David,  eirlv  Kenosha  settler,  11,  460, 

468:  iii.  375,  8:8.  408. 
Crosswell,  Calt'b,  v,  841;  vl,  445. 
Crow,  The,  a  Chippewa,  i,  121. 
("row  river, ix,l8:J. 

Crownheart,  Charles,  early  Waukesha  set- 
tler, i.  187. 
Crowns,  J.  G.,  early  Hudson  settler,  iii,  467. 
Cnijwr.  ,  early  Walwoith  county  settler, 

vi,  457.  4  *«. 
Criizat,  Don  Frnncisco.  letter  to  Wisconsin 

Indars  in  1781,  iii,  504,  £05:  ix,  123.  125. 
C*ul)bage,  Col. ,  ransoms  Col.  Gratiot,  ii, 

318. 
Culver.  Alvah.  early  lumberman,  viii.  87^,876. 
Culver.  J.  O.,  on  M  tch  11  bust,  vi,  49  50. 
rurnberlan<i.  Md..  in  r.6^,  viil.  88.%  2&1. 
CamminKH,  Col  Al-fxander.  U.  S.  A.,  vii,  847. 
Cuntiiiightim,  G.  A  .  vi.i.  470. 
Ciirrnn,  lleiuy  and  James,  early  Walworth 

county  NCttlers.  vi.  4«1 
Cur  ran,  Robert,  early  Brookfleld  settler,  vii, 

411. 

Curtis,  Mrs. .  killed  at  Green  Bay,  Till,  808. 

Curtis.  A.,  early  Walworth  county  settler, 

vi,  463. 


fi22 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


•  Oiirtls,  Capt.  Daniel,  early  teacher,  ▼,  825, 

851,  88-,*,  858;  vii,2.'9.  475. 

Clin  IS,  Joseph  8..  viii.  4«». 

Curtis,  MrF.  W.  W.,  ix,  452. 

Curtis8, .  Indian  i  iierpreter,  vi,  283,  2P4. 

Curtiss,  Ma j.  L).  8..  a  \Vi-:consin  writer,  v,  171. 

Curt-*.  W.  K.,  early  C  awford  couaty  settler, 
V.  218.  278 

Cu^^hing.  Oil  >b,  ix,  403. 

Cushinan.  Peter  N.,  early  Waukesha  settler, 
i.  137;  iii,  54. 

C'Jtl-r,  Maj. ,  at  Fault  Ste.  Mat!?,  ii,  117. 

Cutler,  A.  H.  and  M.  D.,  early  Waukesha  set- 
tlers, I,  134-187. 

Cuter.  Cipt.  Eioa,  U.  S.  A  .  vi\  878,374,402. 

Cut  Thumb,  a  Sioux  chief,  ix,  184-190. 

Cuvler,  Lieut, ,  defeated  at  Detroit,  viii, 

286. 

♦  Cuyler,  Rev.  Dr.  Theo.  L.,  x,  443. 


'D'Aartaguette.  See  Aartaj^uette. 
Dab. on,  tat  her,  early  mij:iionary,  iii,  87-116; 

map  of;  ix,  114. 
D  if*ms,  Rev.  Francis,  ix.  431. 
Dahkota  Indi  ins.    See  Sioux. 
Dairy  region  of  Wi«cont^iIl,ili,502,608. 
Dal  bey  John,  in  BUck  Ha^k  war,  vi,  4*5;  vii, 

293 
Dallam,  James  B.,  early  leg'slator,  vi,  895, 

893. 
Dalton,  Charles  and  John,  early  WalwortL 

counter  settlers,  vi,  461. 
D.'Amariton.  SeeAmariton. 
Damman  (or  Damrnon),  J.    D.,  early  Monroe 

county  settler,  iv,  891 :  vl,  1 12. 
Dancing-t he-scalp,  a  Fox  warrior,  Ix,  279. 
Dandv,  a  Winnebago  chief,  vii,  8i6,  864,  866. 

898,899 
Dandy  Bill,  an  Indian,  viii.  874. 
D'Anville.  8ee  Anville. 
Dane   countv.  i.  7ti,  78,  TO.  90  97. 9S.101, 112, 141- 

144;  vl  38^-398,4:7,498;  v  i,412. 
Dan--,  Nath-n,  vi.  890, 39-',  893. 
Dane,  I'eter  V.,  ix.  450, 451. 
Daniel,  Father,  early  missionary,  iii,  98,116, 

.12.-?. 
Daniels,  Col.  George  C.,of  CassviUe,  vi,  808, 

3)4;  vii.4W. 
Daniel*,  Ja-^on,  in  Parstow's cavalry,  vi,  112. 
Darit^n,  Walworth  county,  vi.  447. 
Darion,  Father. early  mis.-ionary,iil,lll. 
Darlinpr, Kn«  ch  (J.,  eaily  Milwaukee  settler, 

i,  l.-^l;  vi,  139, 477. 
Darling,  M.  C,  sketch  of,  iii.  16, 45, 52, 508. 
Darrow, ,  early   bunduy  schoolteacher, 

cv  iii,  401. 
Davenport.  C '1.  G-nrge,"ii,  250,  412;  v,  80O, 

804;  vi,  191.193,275;  ix.l58. 
David,  Alexander  F.,m  Barstow's  cavalry, vi, 

112. 
Davilson,  Capt.  James,  at  the  Thames,  iv, 

809. 374. 
Davi(l^on.  W.,  narrative  of,  v, 317-320. 
D«vi  s,  William,  eaily  Green  county  settler, 

iii.  421,4:3. 
D^vis,  A.  C,  early  surveyor,  vi  1.403. 
Davis,  Booth  B  ,  eat  iv  Walworth  county  set- 
tler, \i,<53, 461;  ix.4l5 
Davis,  C.  D., early  Milwaukee  settler, iv,2o8. 
Davis,  Clia'incey,  early  Kenosha  county  set- 

tlnr.  ii,474. 
Davis  H.  N.,  early  Wauk'»sha  settler,!,  137. 
Davis,,JelTrfrs.)n.vi.407:  vi  i,28C,  310,  311,3.6; 

ix.tiii:  x,«4,75,89,  lt7,17;i. 
Davis,  M«j.  J«..hn.  j: ketch  of,x.,  474-5. 
Davis,  M.   M..  x,497,  H.9. 
D'vis,  Kobert,  eaily  MiLvaukee  settler,  iv, 

2-)6 
Davis.  Rf  bt.  C,  X,  375,  380.  335  425-6,  437,445. 
Davis,  Kev.  8<^  lonion,  early  \Viacotva\w.  ra.\v 
»V  *>ary,  ii,  446,  447. 


\ 


D  ivis,  William,  family  murdered  by  ItuUtai^ 

i.  68,  99. 
Dawes,  Caarles,  early  Necedah  settler,  ii, 

415,  406. 
Hawes,  Columbus,  early  lumbmm'ui.  Tiii,ii 
D  iwes,  Robert,  early  Necedah  setUer,  Ji, 

405. 
Da>  ton,  E., early  Walworth  county  settlor.ii, 

461. 
Dead  Fall,  or  Trap  river,  Indian  nameot,!. 

De.<)f  and  dumb  In.«:tltute.  origin  of,  vi,  4SI 
Dean.  Charles  K  ,  on  Doscobci  mouiui,ix,nL 
Dean,  E.iab  B..  vi,  lAl. 
Deun,  Nathaniel  W.,  vi,  87b;  Ix,  445. 
Dean,  Mrs.  Sarah  F..  vii,  8.  iti;  viii,  tt. 
Dease,  Capt.  Francis  M.,  British  Indian  Ml* 

er  and  trader,  ix.  228,  229.  2i\,  236,  tfl,tti, 

248. 245-249. 2;i4, 297,  298,464,  4.7;  x,  114-111. 

182.504 
Dease,  Dr.  John,  ix,  297,  487. 
Declaration  of  Independence,  autognphiof 

signers,  x.  409-18. 
DeKauray,  Black,  vil.  847. 
DeKauray,  Grey-headeJ,  ii,  167, 177,  IW,  B. 

3:il;  vi:i,  2ti4. 
DeKauray,  Oid.  ill.  239;  vii.  846,  847. 8%,  Vi 
DeKaurav,  One-eyed.  ii.  173,  178,  258,  261;  io, 

2t>9,  •*7;  V,  166,  295-«97;  vii,  861,  8i9;  vin, 

28  >  816'  X  2*1 
DeKauray,  Rascal,  ii,  178;  vii,  847, 830. 85?. 
DeKauray.  or  Chah-post-ka-ka,  or  tbe  Biah 

zard,  v,  297. 
DeKiuray.  or Chouke-ka,  or  Spoon,  t,  155^ 

21*7;  vii,  846.  347;  viii,  64. 
DeKauray,  or  Scha-chip-ka-ka,  or  the  WhHe 

War  tagle,  v.  12:1.  158-166,  297. 
DeKauray,  or  Waukami,  or  Snake  Skio,  t, 

156,297,307. 
DeKauray,  Wakon,  or  Washington,  ii,  SH^ 

26^. 
DeKaurays.  The.  ill,  286-289;  ▼,  155,  158, »«; 

vi,  224.  318;  vii,  3iV6,  360. 
DeKoven,  Jama's,  an  early  clergyman, ix,42S. 
De  la  Croix,  see  Croix. 
Delancy,  Thomas,  early    Walworth  county 

settl  -r,  VI.  461. 
Deliuey,  John,  sketch  of,  x,  4^. 
Delaplaine.  George*  P.,  early  Milw^uk*e  uA 

Madisoc  settler,  i,  131;  vi,  881,  478;  x,6i 
De  L'l  Ronde,  John  T..  see  Ronde. 
Delavan,  V..  C,  of  Fox  nver  iraprovemeat 

CO.,  iii,  469. 
Delavan,  Walworth  county,  vi,  452;  viii,SflK 
De  1  Isle,  see  Isle. 

Dell  prairie,  vlii.  371,872,402,405,407. 
Deils'  eddy,  viii,  876. 

Delles.  or  Dalles.  Bi?.  viii,  371, 878, 875-877, Wi 
Delong,  Capt.  Loruellu:},  in  Black  Uawk  W, 

v,  2.*56. 
De  Long.  Capt.  Henry,  sketch  of.  x.  479. 
Deluge.  Indian  traditions  of  the.  ix,  155-157. 
Dement.  Mnj.  John,  in   Black  Hawk  war,ii, 

8>2,:«3.897;  vlii.  279,280:  x.  159.19.',2«. 
Deminfc.  R  H  ,  early  Kenosha  settler,  ii,  470; 

1.1,401,408,418. 
D.^nnie,  Miss,  married  to  DeFerriere,  viii, 8S8. 
Dennis,  Bishop,  early  lumbermiin.  viii,4>4. 
Dennis,  Wra.  L.,  early  Milwaukee  settler,  i, 

128. 129.151. 
Dennis.  Wm.  M.,  early  Watertown  settler, 

iv.  381 :  vl.  477. 

Dennison,  Gen. .  of  Ca!»vi11e.vi,801 

DennLson.  Chfirles  R.,  the  first  bjrn  of  Green 

county,  >i.  4 13. 
Denniston,  J.  W.,  early  Green  county  settler, 

i  i,  424. 
Denny ,  John,  alias  John  Simdown,  an  OzieidA, 

ii,447. 
Denny,  Martinus,  viii,  327. 
De  Peyst.r,  C)!  A.  S .  c  immandant  at  Mack- 
inaw,!, 3),  57:  iii,  217.  221,  229-231.  2(».  29i; 

vu A^. Vt^O,  188, 189, 406, 406;  vUi.  214,  aW, dil, 


Qenxral  Index  to  Vois.  I — X. 


,  ChrlMoph*r,  earlr  Kenoalia  set- 

!,4I». 

r  t)eniiib«E.«idow.i.l37. 
nas.ln  Bar»toK'»c»»airy,Tl,]!I. 

.rurc,Lt,:ta(i.tJa.i«i,iiv>. 

lapld«.  early  mf—i.™  .t.  .»  wn 


M.U.  W;  11.101:  <il 


).89e.ae.-;  rl.«)Wll;  vU 
Ill  Play,  creek,  Indian  a 


'.  H.,  noted  Brother- 
X.  481-^. 


4,410. 


ll/tlfl.il'Tli 
■p..e«r'l3'ji 

In  Black  ni| 


■AS.""' 

lUiuD.  li,4DB. 


Djly.Mrs.  Sarah  a," 
T,  471,Srif,3r«;  1,114. 
Dolv'dUlaiid,!,  1^3.  .,,^4  ooa  hmvi 

seiiler.vi.SOa.  .     ,  ,^ 


7,  8S  S>li,4(M,«M,4D9,41B:  ¥,281, 
IS;  vlil.^eo. 

ol.  hoben.  Britlnli  Indian  Ipaiirr 
!r.  U.  at.  ISS:  lli,S«,  ttl.  K^TO, 

n.ni;  vii.m,t:B:  tii.u:  ix,n4. 

11 .  sit.  BIS- .  IB.  t !  1 -3  ;S.  134,  «W,  MD- 
IT,  M«-«>  1 . 3  ».  i«»-I7i>,  B7I-nt,  «i  I . 
M:  i.ST-bS,  lOt-liT,  ISO,  184,  IM, 


lo.asi.sco. 


«l.  Its,  184,  186,  1 


— ,i»iily  Fraine  du  Chlen 
-.early  Walivorth  count; 
a  Walworth  wiunty,  vl.4il 


i,T)i,n.<e.tw,tM:  u,  iC7.iw, 
j<,S'ej-3ni,sot<-ni(i.aiB-M',  Sii. 

.  I.SIT'.Stl.  IH3.8U-88.',3  6,3  T, 
I:  i  I.  SI'S  3M.  4»^  ^T.  Bj-ST,  101. 


SIK. 


IK,  ifis,  >&\  its, 

KSi:  S4<-!  8  i.  3<e',  >.T4.ENl' 


»1;  ' 


,318. 


»,»}a.8iii),aa;.S'a.iri.3N,«M-4nT. 
14:  vii,;«a,isi.»iT-%s.»4i-iM.na. 

SU,  Sm.  >-7^.  8At,  DU,  W.4I>.  4ffi; 
fll,A*-aW,=iB,8lB:  ■x,H4.  41S.4M; 
IS.IUt.1  B.  |ID.IUI.]SS,I>8.18T,  ita, 

81--J 1 3 . »» 980. 2iB,  vh ',  am. 

irj  li.,  la  Bmclf  Uuwk  war,  il.  887, 


Dodice.  Philander,  early  K»n(»li»  settler 

408. 
DadKevlIlF.I.B?:  x.S^^ 
D.ie,  Hillo;i,  e«ily  Phspos  county  wlUer, 

D-g-iHsad.  aWinnebaim.li.SOO. 

Dole.  Auiu-ius  C.     

ix.iir.er.  ■■•---  - 

380,831 


auliHHha  setller.l.HT. 


-arly  Wal 
i/jiiey  K  n  i.i.>ms, early  Milwaukee  foundry- 
Dor.llttle,'DjT,d.  eirly  Kenosh*  aetllor.  111. 
DoAlittlB.  Tnmea  R..  early  Racine  Belller.Tl, 

4S»,li,839,4*l.  ,      „  ,„ 

Doolltiltf,  «..earirKenoBhaBjttler,ll,*5T. 
l>oollttlB.Mr.i.S.irali.li.4M.      ^,  ,      ,_, 

Dorchester,  Lord,  rewards  Indians.  «x.  l™. 

,lil.4Bl. 


B9l.:iU,4«<l 
G.MBVJie.: 

8i»,s;a.s;T 


10  ■'t'i  Mi,  ais.'ms. 

4l.i43.  ill.  ^5"'f  }' 
1  it«  of  OoTemor  J.  D., 


DouBmaiiiMiHi'iBne.K.isl-^ 

KS^man ' "  hn  ''^l/o  r^»  Bar  aettler.  111. 

sti.si»,'iSO:  .'.isa,  1  J.l*"- 

rS's^^cArt-iS-."'-  "t"-.". 

r«*:^,.  H.  p..  earlv  ^^liX'T^^ 
Doitatop.  Mra,  •'■l'^ ■_?„.„  ii««. 
Uoyle.Kobtrt, early  Juno»" 
DoHe.Thomaa,^BrlyO"'^"„„   r.  m.  Sully,  II. 
W"P  r.  LTman  ^vP?"!^.  136-l4»;  on  (Woo 

dlvTli™Tfl■^f"~""'^■:^?«y-4■a'?i!; 

iarT-e,ii.4i»4iW^'?"-^^'Snaiiio«™rf 

noll.aHa*L«rrtboj-.w^ji,  dsolamllgBOe 
collecLloni  (if  ^^j  ,  f  ibe  contiituiliii.  x. 
fnilepnt.dBnca.  »""•  Erencb  CorU  ID  irn««« 
S:3-tt7,  (OT-B;  "Ili'iivJ^i-  msu.rlcal  KM  t%. 

.  8ii-si*'»Stj;'',.  ai,«.».r- - 

t«llt_rl?i  °?«T».M.ATt.i 


"Wisconsin  State  EUstorical  Sociktt. 


IJT.  1  ra.  IW.  IBS.  SM.Wa. STB,  »JI,  ««,£«.  S»,  I  Dud'ey.  C 


tsii,teA.ta6-tao,au.»a.>ait,>at.trs.x».  tw. 

»l,»S,a3r.  KW.VI.WI.es  I. avT.   ~     _    . 
*ID.4ll,<iT,«lS.49lS,«-T-'«>.MI-43l.  laa-tll, 
*4B,4t,«'.,«7--.4ni.'~'  — - - " 

iM.iw.m.isa.tift. 

fl4.M/.>A>V'-IH. 

xn,--n.«>4.*9,i(n,Mi,«-<.  s^.sit,S4T.  I'D, 

SS-.SSklJM.a.  3.315  3C7, 374,8, S.aw,Sjl,8«. 

gill  Huib  4"  -*i:  4n  jBi>  ^ll■^^f4.^r.lf  nil,  58. 
61, -v    -..  -■  -.  -:  ■-!.  ,1-  HJ.li6-lW.]T4,l«H, 


MI.IH  ■ST.4X,418,4I,1^«:  X.  «T,  M.U.W, 

es,  81.  n  BO,  ioi.it)t-&ua.ii(-iu.ii4,  »r. 

lU,  138.  Ml,  lao-l.  lai,  174.  ITS,  181,  IK-B.  (14, 
21G,iU7,*W,ill.«.1.M4,S»,lW,  G»,<V,  Ml, 
MM,-.<M-T,ia3,a4U,S4U,  44il{  tni&jabuwiHu 
reli  roDi-ej  to,  n,  70.  tlV 
Div*r,  rem.  J..  I,  37i,Wl,3Sl,aS\414.4U-30. 
4SJ,4«,(t£. 

DrggnlCi.  w!.      __  „ 

Unuo  uoo(1.0«pt. ,»Mly  Wolt  ilteriuvl- 

ritor,  lU  481. 

BnimmoDd  LLi^t.  Peter,  rlil,  l.t.ttS. 
rumiDOnO.  Hobt.  A.,  x.  BIS. 
OrumiBWHl^  I'Liiui.  1,  U, »:  tI.  its.  U 
IM;  Ix.  ■J<a-»». 

r. ^  W.,  tl,*4* 

,.Johnr      - 

H)l,400-iaj.i...  

Du  Bay  V  tiidinK  IHiot.  or  II 

TtabtaTuc*.  Dr.  J  H.. : 


ur,  il.,  I>7!  r, «),  78, 91,106,  IK. 

n.  uut  mlnt->,v.Ka.UI:  *l 
Ua;  li.1M.lt>a,I89;x,I.T.Sll 
iris  Onrli  Uty  BellU:r,iU,i4£ 


DP,  Jenii  Hurie,  pari}-  tmlijiD  trader, 

>»,i«^lj  vll,  l7il.IUt.IH. 
Ducturma.  J^a^v"  aO''  fkul-  ^rljr  GrFCn 

Bw  (rU.n»,iil,XSa.«i)l;  i,  137.  liS. 
fiudiaini'-.  LHunHii,  euily  IniUwi  Lnkder,  III, 

int.B3a,trl,ilW:riii,tia 
Diidurme,  Paul.  cBilf  ludiaa  tra<lrr,v[I.Sie; 

Su  Win,Wm.,  i.kel''hDr,i.(7M. 

Pur««i»k.or,DpvlV.r.vet,'i,\l.««. 


I.  I.-.  I.  N>w  ul'iru*  «(nii>.«l 

■  .   >  uriy  lumbrmiaii,  M>m 

LiLi  J...J  jj,  l.iUiiT  P,.o«rlr  ml«lo(i«JT,"4 

r>u~E.uili.x,SB<). 

D'loia*. ,  coraiDftnilaiit  at  ynn  Dy  Qaa« 

l>uinu>Hl',AleuMlM',Mrl/  Oreea  Bi^  KlUt, 

ch  I'r  I,  viil.  47*. 
II  Ulack  Baitk 

.Ji.bn, 


lii.M^ 


Diini 


•nrlLtAM 

ml^tiiuu  Ju«|lb,  la  tiliek   [UBtm. 

^-. .. ^v,  k  plooeer,  tU,  850;  tULItl 

D»iiD,  Cnarhg,!.  1117:  II.SU:  lfl.4S:  K.IC:*, 
9TI,  xn:  Tl.  i;B,  tin,  ai;  U,  >3\HT;l,ar. 

LtiiuiiluK,Ab-l,iE,4a8 

Diuinliu.  Ntiovi,  WiJIUm  uii]  WlIUmR. 

«rlj  Malnronii  couiiy-  ■FtUert.Ti,  4H. 
Pu  QueuB,  Fori,  la  Fnsoi:!!  war,  Ut,  ttUO, 

Duns'.Eph.  e,Skplch  n| 


bum. 


v,s»i  V1.B7, 1, 


■.  3*l.«l 


Dtiro-'hlFr.  Amable,  oarly  O 

tx.att:  x.'BI. 
DurrM.  Daiildi  8,,  WlMcooabi  wfiwr,  w  (Vi 


-. <l;vll,  W,SI[^410ini,B; 

1.74.  78,  M 

urrl«,  Ivbrl.Tl,  t8.'7;  ill,  78. 

iwUin,  X:l«a,  early  Jaar-MU  eaiaia  mUlm, 

tI.I,WB 

iilcHer,  Thomaa,  naif  Honr«e  woaV  W- 


UmliDflll.   H.    A,    inrir    Walworth  MBl 

clxrKrmu.  *l,4».  4U:  tz.(»l 
Dyi*.  A   U„  Mily  ^tMsMjraaaBUlM'.lT.H 

Dye!  Malhan.  earlr  Kenosha  •etttvr. «!, « 
Uyer,  C'ttarfn,  earlj  Walwonli  a>u>V  M 
tier.  vi.(a»  4H, 

tiiar,  t'hirie«_IS.,on  R«Ploecounty.iU,» 


Gbniral  Ibdex  to  Vols.  I— X. 


K&ton,  Pnif.  J>m«i  R..  Till,  t 


lK,1i 


..  e*riT  Wi*coiuia  •ettler,  1. 


■  Wtt-Ki.40i-m>.i»i-*ti.i 


fcmr,  Fridolln,  ft  K 


e  U-i.  EdnM.  ( 


Blilivd,  Zliahi,  carljr  Ullwi 
Jlttia.  lidy.  stHmsr  Imt 


per  Wlacoii'lncouDlry,  i<i.  4iK-tKi:  tnisctrl- 
Unaou'i  ref-rtnceM  to.  Iv,  lip.Ktr,  IB.aW; 
T,at7,S^.M».Sn:   vl.  SSI.  SU.  3ti,Sil.8iS, 

*  too.BOi.4ia-]oii.ni.3».8;4.s« 

KiitM.  K.  H.,  OD  H;;uri-  ti.  Ualnl,  vlL  43J. 
Ellli,  Fred.  IS.,  ix.  4S}. 
ailiiirorth,  Dr.  V.  K.,  vili.WS. 
Elmor.-. ,  viil,  8-\ 


Elr,  Mn  Wllllim  D.,  autozniph  coUncilon, 

X,  4*1-1.  <»).m:8 
KDiemUUrDve,  vi.1-;4. 

KmTwn.  €^1 1. .  in  cItII  wnr.  K.  ST!. 

Envmni.  Pn^.  J<iwi|Ji.  mrl.r  K-auher.  v,  «D. 

Bmi-ry,  Lieut.  O^l. ,  ik.  878. 

Emer;.  L..  enrlv  InmtiprinaD.  vlil.  408. 

or.  x.'sn.  3:B.88>.W,W1-3BT.4CIIU413'41T, 
♦-■4,  4*8.  4.».  488,   4I«. 


Enicle,  l^it    

Xaelmn  iirair.e.  11.  ijll; 
Xnjftlrftn.  Falber.   - 


Wbrtney  raplda,  ladlan 


-,  early  Mineral  Point  lettkr, 

BiicJi.°J?J  ,  TiL  460. 

Enaprli'Ker.    ,    earl*   Calumbla  count* 

MitlcrTlT.SIT. 
ErnU, ,  earlj  Neir  Qlanu  Macher,  ilil. 


Eoqulmanz,  ▼III,  lift 

EaV-tt.  Capt.'juine*  B.'BarirRk'hland  p 
""■■r.  ii,  eA  3.rt.3D.  »4».  811.  SM,  480 

Esiin,  i-«v.i  .  <J  CMTllle.    >l.,  BUS.  8 

Kiii'-ri.l^.-.  iMiiom  C.,  nilr  KeiHwha  ■ 


-F.iUi.ic  M»j   Frnnk  H,  I,  878,  488,  411 

Jiistir..  '  c.r.  .  I.  ins. 

K«nB.  UnJ.  Jin.,  x.  ITS. 

Ev^rill.  i.>HViu,  earir  I  iia-^U  pettier.  t1 

EwlDB.  Crtl.  Wm.  L,  D .  In  Black  Hawl 

II.  £r. 8U,  tys.wt-.x.  IKS. iri.iTS-iTi 

EHliigs.  O.  O..  early  Walworth  count: 


r.  William,  early  9t.  Liuls  clerEynutu, 
.  KlehanJ,  early  Wal«ortti  county  «et- 
1,  Auti^,  a  Canaillao  antiquary.  Ili.118- 
llil,  Jolr  ja  C  ,  early  Uodiaon  aetcler,  t. 


Faniun,  Samuel,  early  MIlHauliee  aetlkr,  Iv, 

Far.ihatn,  a.wrK:,  enrly  La  CroBie  settler, 

Fariiawarlh,  Ma]..  X.  nil. 

Faroswurth.  Eamurl.  early  Sheboygan  wt- 


''Hrrrir.   Ainoii.  »rly  ladlan  Irader,  vLtn, 

tS^lft):  .II.3M 
I'nrrow.  A.,  early  ShebOTitao  aMtl-r.  I*.  1S». 
i-arve  I.  Lwiianl  J.,  U.,  il;  ir.lM,  USB,  SiLil; 

vl.  I01:lx.  ate. 
fuxon.  Win..  K,  411. 
'Ay.  Hiss  U.  U..  eariT  Kecelah  teMher,  v^lt. 

^'Br.'KarrlMn  K.,  early  Racne  settler,  tIU 

>oiiiE<r«Ionbaiiirli.  U.  W.,  1*.  ES-V1;  vi,  SO, 
SmiM.  SM.Bj3:i.04. 
'Aiovia.  T.  H..  early  Walworth  couoty  (Ct- 

Inilrew,  early  Walnrorth  county 


avUler.  tL  4U. 

FeriUAon.  John,  early  J 

tier,  till.  SSI. 
FerUnd.  J 


FVrrU,  Cturlei  O.,  la  BmMcm't  oava^.  il. 


626 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


Fesette,  M..  early  Inmberraan.  vifi,  400. 
Feulin?,  Joha  B.,  state  university  professor, 

viil,  4^«. 
Fevre  liver,  V,  815,817. 
Field,  Col.  Abner,  in  Winnebaxo  «rar,  ii,  166, 

SaO;  viii,  260. 
Field,  Alexander  P..  viii,  450,4'>1:  x,174. 
Field.  Martin  and  Stephen,  early  Walworth 

county  settleis.  vi,  407. 
Field,  Robert  C.,vid,440,441. 
Fif-lJs,  Jas.  T.,x,443. 
Fifl^ld,  bam.  &,  on  Henry  D.  Barron,  ix,40S- 

409. 
Fillmore.    John    S.,  early   Milwaukee   pub- 
lisher, iv,2G7. 
Filr.  l-aurent,  earlv  iDd  an  trader,  iil,  206, 211, 

247.'<:90,29i:  vil,3l7. 
Finch.  Asahel,  Jr.,  early  Milwaukee  settler, 

iv.  -^8. 
Finch,  B.  W.,  early  Milwaukee  settler,  ii,  479. 
Findlav,  J.  A.,  early  lumberman,  viii, 377, &^. 
Fiodley.  John  L.,  services  and  death,  ii,  116, 

:4i,127,ll9. 
Fiiikelnberg,  W.  A.,x,506. 
Fmney  Patch,  in  lead  dii:(rings,y,818. 
Firmin,  Benjamin,  early  Sheboygan  settler, 

iv.  340. 
Firmin,  Morris, early  Sheboygan  settler,  ix, 

392. 
First  lake.  Indian  settlement  on.i.  141. 
F.sh,  F.  W., early  Monroe  county  settler,  iv, 

331. 
Fish,  Sheldon,  early  Kenosha  settler,  ill,  403, 

417. 
Fisher. ,  early  Juneau  coimty  clergyman, 

viii,  405. 
Fisher,  Judge,  early  Prairie  du  Chieu  settler, 

11,226. 
Fisher,  Chas.  F.,x,878. 

Fisher,  Ueorge,  early  Prairie  du  Chien  set- 
tler, v,i67. 
ri'«her,   Capt.   Henry  M.,  early  Prairie  du 

Chien  setilcr.  early  Inlinn  trader.  i,47:  iii. 

237.  2 J8;  vii,174;   ix,222,2UJ,303,4(j7;  x,479, 

49.4-3. 
Fitch,  Alson,  ix,  4.50. 
Fitch,    Lieut    Man  hew   G..  in  Black    Hawk 

war.  ii,  341.  3l3,3l9.H51.:i01,8G»,a79.380,387, 

388,391;  vii,40;  x,  178. 18^,204,2^5. 

FitZfi^eraUI.  Mrs.  ,  v,.S77. 

Filz^t'rald.  John.  vii',4(:3. 

Flatboatm*  n,  enrl^'  w;  ges  of.  vi,  409. 

FUt  M«.uih,  a  Ctiippewa  cliief,  v,  129,130,189. 

141,400. 
Flavre,  Father,  early  mi-sionary.  Iii.  111. 
Fleicher,  Gen.  J.   E.,   Winnebago  agent,  v, 

279,  '.80. 
Flech'  r.  John  A  ,  early  Rock  county  svttler, 

vi,4;il,4r>. 
Flotch^T,  I'onv.  in  Black  Hawk  war,  vi.414.    • 
Flies,  (ireen  Bay,  dt'sci  i  el.  vii,  '..*t)7.2.8. 
Flint,  E(i\\in,  eailv  La  Crosse  settler,  iv,  385. 
Flint,  Kobe' t,  viii,  ,50. 
Floyd,  Aquila.  in   black  Hawk  war,  ii,  352, 

81'7. 
Flovd,  G.  R.  C,  tenitr«rial  secretary, vii,  446. 
Fo'js,  l>r.  John  S.  H.,  x,37.i, 387, 395,4:41-2, 424, 

445,:  08. 
Foley.  John,  early  leg  slater.  vi,395. 
Foil- s  Avoines.     See -MtMionMnees. 
Follet  creek.  Sliehoviran  coimtv,  ix,391. 
Folleit,  Hurley,  vii,  373:  viii,  45(3. 
Fol]ett,.Mrs.  E.  W.,  iv,lC.');  vii,  xSl. 
Folktt.  Jonathan,  early  i?heboygan   settler, 

iv.  3"iO. 
Follmer,  George,  early  Rock  county  settler, 

vi.427. 
F  Nom,  John  H  ,  x. 316-7. 
Foits. Jonas,  viii. 4)0. 

Fonda.  John  H..  reniiniscences  by,  v,?r5-248 
Fond  du  I  ac,  iii,  250,251,^63,  2t>4;iv,  187;  vii, 

4U',  X.74. 
Fond  du  l^ic  count v.^.Ui- 
Fond  du  Lac  of  Lake^vxperlor,  \,^,U'i« 


Foot,  Dr.  Lrman,U.  8.  A. vii, 878, 401 

Foote.  Judge  Era^tus  vii,  4-6 

Foote,  Rev.  H.,  a  Wisconsin  writer, vi,4Sl 

Foote,  Sidney,  viii,  418. 

Force.  I.i^ut.  Gfor.;e,  klled  by Irdians,!.^, 
99,100:  ii,  351:  iv,  814-846;  vi,  414,415;  vii, 
298,*'9t;  vih,277. 

Force.  Peter,  X,  448. 

Ford, Gordon  L..X.87S, 410-1. 

Ford,  1  homan,  history  of  Black  Hawk  nr, 
strictur  "S  on,  ii, 398-414. 

Forsyth,  Robert.,  x,  1 12. 

Forsyth,  Robert  A.,  ia  Indian  departmett, 
ii,  48:i;  vid,342. 

Forsyth.  Maj.  Ihomas.  ii,43;  vi,  20,188,215, 
240. 2t  9. 

Fort  Armstrong,  vl,  200, 209, 215, 80S. 

Fort  Atkinson,  i,  100.140;  vi,  189,  406,407,477; 
vii,410;  viii,8rA  818:  x,  16l,16i,169. 

Fort  C'hartres,  v,  119-1 «. 

Fort  Crawf «  rd,  i ,  75.    See  Prairie  du  Chiw. 

Fort  Croun  Point,  1.1,217. 

Fort  Cumberland,  iii,  2l5. 

Fort  Des  MoiDes,ix,285,24S,245,850. 

Fort  Du  Qciesne.i  1,218-215,-17. 

Fort  Edwards,  vi,  190,219,  274,278,279. 

Fort  G ot. vii le,  iii, 293. 

Fort  Gratiot,  vi,  154.165. 

Fort  Hamilton,  v.:il2;  vi.4C4,40Bc 

Fort  Holmes,  at  Mackinaw,!, 66. 

Foit  Howard,  1,52, 67. 72. 73:  v.1.215:  ix,819. 

Fort  I •  dependence,  or  MisRi86ippt,ix,2M. 

Fort  Koahtconong,  x,  161 ,  1C2. 

Fort  L'Asaumi  tion.  v,  li8. 

Fort  M, Kay,  X,  118,119. 

Fort  Madi>on,ix.2.'0,222,S52. 

Fort  Marin,  on  Lake  Pepin.  ix,S8B. 

Fort  Meigs,  i.i.2t;9,8l7;  ix,iea:  x.  111. 

Fort  Morand,  near  Prairie  du  Chien,  iii,  SOI 

Fort  Niagara,  iii, 217:  x,  106. 

Fort  Pitt, im7<W,  viIi,835,2J6. 

Fort  Recovery,  ill.  276 

Fort  St.  Antoine,  x,  800,310,  811,  880,838-K*, 
3t)8-7i. 

Fort  St.  Fiancls.  at  Green  Bar,  v..  89. 

Fort  St.  Nicholas,  x.  54-63, 807-iJ20, 3. '1-810. 

Fort  Sandusky,  iii,  269. 

Fort  Snelling.1,71:  vi, COO, 9a>,211, 216,217. 

Fort  Ticonderoga,i  i.  117,218. 

Foit  William  Henry,  Ii  ,  216. 

Fort  W innebago.i.: 2, r3, 75. 9s 97. 100, tOl.lM; 
ii.2V^.  iv,  17i.-l80.  i8{;  v,-.5i».  '.XO,  8i9.  8»), 
331,353;  vi.  137,407,415:  vii, '^94. 317,345, 366; 
>  iil.  309-321,370-372. 407:  x.78,«a. 

Forts,  early  French,  x.  M-C3,  :.9i-372. 

Fort  ier,  George,  early  Green  liay  settler,  iii, 
242. 

Fort  ier,  Lament,  x,  137. 

F(^i  inde  •,  ( '.  M.,  early  Juneau  county  set- 
tler, viii.  391,  3i2. 

Foster,  Messrs.,  early  Ft.  Atkinson  settlers, 
i.  140. 

Fo.stnr.  Alfred,  early  Kenosha  Fettler, ii, 451, 
4.'>7.4C8,471;  ii,  .71. 

Foj-iter.  Aix  in,  early  Jefferson  county  settler, 
vi,1.39;  v. 1,411. 

Foster,  Dwiirht,  ear»v  Jefferson  county  set- 
tler, vi.  139.477:  v,i,410. 

Foster,  E<iwin,  early  Jefferson  county  .'set- 
tler, vii, 411. 

F«  ^te>-.  John,  early  Monroe  county  settler, 
iv.39I. 

Foster,  J.  W.,r,n  prehistoric  races,  vii. 73. 

Foster,  Orlando,  early  Kenosha  settler,  iii, 
371. 

Fount'-in,  Jnneau  co'inty,viii,'882. 

I'our  L)ike  country,  i,  78,101,  141, 143:  iv,88, 
313-349:  x.04,**33. 

Fuir  Lake  Land  cnmn«nv,il.  805;^vi,889. 

F.nir  ljikes,rbe,vi,370.X9i;  x,67. 

Four  Lakes,  Ci:y  <^f,  x,  -.32. 

Four  Legs,    or  Ne-o-kau-tah.  a  Winnebago 

y    <i\\\^l,N,'^S\^AV\\N^U«.'ieof,  114. 


Oeneral  Index  to  Vols.  I— X. 


t.i,1(».1l8.l4l. 
wBrlIIer,ll.4». 
1  Hawk  war,  U, 

-.  at  Prairie  du  Cblea,  Id 


..,  earlf  Juaeau  cjuotf  aellJer, 
-EDO,  earl)-  Eena^ha  settler,  Jl, 
.lam,  a  noted  Drolherlown,  It, 
■irie.  Juneau  county,  vii  ,381. 


Fur  trade   In   WliKon<[a.  I.  id.  S7.  ft,34,M- 

4a, 61. 34, GT. SI,  100,  m.  Its.  lU:  II.  sa.ioi- 

101,  107-117,  IjO,  HA  I  S-13t.i4l.l«,i*'.lM, 
Ifll,  11^.  1iB-lT0.irt.17<,i:>a.igi.:Mi,)Sft.t«l, 
;G0.>-<9.S(»;  jl'.it.M>.«),SV(aj,X)S.itil,l  0, 
MI-MI,  i  T.'n8,t>l,8(t.HI,Ma,«IT.l'AlU. 
1»8.Ml-I!711S7'<.t8l,S«,Wi-*«t.8'8.«l»:  iT. 
as-llM. IM-IOS.  lis,  17H.  Si7,SIT.  asi:  r.  IW. 
im.SSS:   vl,  llM,«4,:jT8.X73.«n,l'a,>Ba.«e, 

wa-jM.W!-iii.uo.«i:  ih(.iT;,sn»«J^aw. 
sw.  «3S-BB0.isi,a»-irs«,sir,3is,.ui.8iT.MJ. 
S'lO.  (l»7.SS9.M>-iiM.»7>j.SrB.a  4-,1Kr.MI.»4. 
aa.  «n0-4O;.4'W,4IS.<i«-li8,r^,475;  «iii.H. 
HI.  ^07.  ',109,  il0.ilT-«l>.vaD.',tio.  IS  1, 81)^911. 
a7fi.»B.B4l,»Bil:  II,  l|ff,llt-lSi,lM  17-1. ITS- 

Ew!  mmawj^'lmaftiiwMoi.BiMsi; 


tarty  Wnli 


nrly  KenoBba  settler,  II,  4 


lardk.  or  Oulagiinle  Itidlaiu, 
43,   Tl-as,    t»-,IM:    II,   ISI.    1 


11-491;  111,   14H-l«o.  a 


Oaee.  Waller  B..  early  Juneau  county  set- 
'er.liadame,  bravery  ot,  t,IIS,1GS,  187, 


'»"•" 


IIS,  iiie,  IS],  isir]M,]ei, 

11-^:  nee  sacs  and  Foiea. 

Jr,Hlism.T.91. 

Uorbcau,*  Dakota  oblitf.ix,  an, 

;. ,ln  BlacV  Hawleirar.v,  S86 

lail,   early  K-oo^ha  lettlMr,  »o 
iirksv.  Ti,  07,  US:  mliuellaiu-i'iia 
I  to,  II.  ISO,  VIT.  471:111,  87il-89l, 
:8.  V,  SS-»i.  H%  SIl.aKI.  314. 
■njimin.Illrsut  bla  m-wiipapcrg. 


■ob,  ewlylndlin  trader.  Ill,  31?, 
n.  £Hi  Til.  -i  9.  H:-,  li,  llS-117, 

nt,  i;o;  X,  DO.  M.  im. 


Jii,  3U0,  aus-s,  aio-arj,  sn-ii.t 

-,  early  MUnauHee  |>ublliher, 
:iam  C,  I,  IK;  i».  167, 


r  R^jl'lre.  k  lied  at  Prairie  du  Chleo, 
11  liai-I6J.  107;  V.  14i.lMJ,  l«l.aW;  illi.SM.  j 
nation.  H.,  ^arti-  luriibTman,  vik  404. 
Ouln«(,  O^a.  E.  P.,  U.  B,  A.,  Till,  Ot;  li,  BW;. 

Qif.-,— ^.  Bariy  Juneau  countT  c^gyouo, 

•jii,  4i». 
(M;.A-rnh«m  Bloe,  li.  4at 
<iBli>.  iJ«irEe,   Wiai»ini  n  writer.  It.  SRS;  t, 

I7l:  il,  lB,ill,atl,4l>7:  aketch  uf,  v.l,  Ui. 
(tills,  Jobn.c^rW  Waukeaha  Miller.  1. 108. 
IM-.   Mem,   LeTin.  at  Pralrto  du  C Jion,  v, 

Oaleoa,  Illinois,  I.  73. TS,8I, 83,99.90;  t,  IM, 


i, .  eariy  Ureen  Bay  nettler. 

ly,  Jnacph.  X.  4oa,r0« 


I,  iiT0-»;8;  r,  S4I,  280, 


Qa  riepy, .  eariy  Ore;n   Bay  aettler,  II 

U  irr^aon.  Jam<«  and  Mary,  early  lUlnoliae 


C  mill,  liilenilani  of  \rw  Frano 

',l3l;v,iS.69,70.IOI(.lii!. 

.  ur  FnnleiiauKy.  ix.  III,  Un. 

ivL.,  tx.m. 

(.vli.  III  I  l.f;^k  Hawk  war,  il,  L37, 

M.  'k.'.  X.  'ira. ' 

1,  Swiss  InlFiTire'er.  vM.  411. 
earl]-  Pewaukre  settler,  1,  1 .8. 
y,  early  hiniiMniMu,  vlil,  ijil. 


O.inbHi,  D.  C..'  early  keDoafan  (ett>r.  1 1 


arly  ITurie  du  Cbien  settler, 
.irlr  KenoahaieU^,ll,47l.. 


'Ilia,  eatly  lodlaa  trader.  HI. 
raucbr,  n  Black  Hawk  wcr.iu. 


as 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Sociktt. 


Geisler,  Julius,  in  Barstow^s  cavalry,  vi,  118. 

Oerneraye,  Sleur  d-^,  v,  ©T.    ' 

Uea.'va.  Walwrorlh  county,  vi,45L 

Oeaeva  lake,vi.  450;  ix,5^. 

060111,14100  P.  P.v.i,  \&2. 

Gentry,  C  >nt.  .Tain'*'i  H  .  In  Bl  vk  Hawk  war, 

ii.  384.  387,  81S,  843.815-149.851,8  .7.376,890. 

896.  4')i.  404;  iv,  34 V  874:  v.aSS;  vi,*W;  Viii, 

SJO.  ^J,27r,  JS  i:  X,  193, 194.  I9t». 
Oeograph  cal  aamejiof  Wiscjnsio.p&peraon, 

1,110,116.119 
Geology  of  Lake  Superior,  vi,  165, 158, 159, 162, 

164. 
Geology  of  Wisconsin,  vl.  170. 
G:*o-g;,  Isaac,  early  Kc^nosha  settler,  ii!, 409, 

410. 
Geon;?,  Jacob,  early  Madison  s>ttler,vi,890. 
Gerf,  Amable  d->,  early  Gr^^n  lUy  8ttUier,iii« 

2l:i.2l7,2  8.«88:  vil.  i82  145.174;  x,49J-7. 
Germain.  Columbus,  ix.  4i8. 
Oermantown,viii.8iS,391. 
GesaliH,  Jacob,  ix,  44 1. 
( jes:t,  C  ipt.  De  ia.  v,  85. 
Giar.l,BisiI,ii,118;  ix.246.28*,295;  x.8i8. 
Uia  dsCJUlee,ix,29G. 

Giason, .an  early  teacher, v. 882. 

Giassoo.  Si-ur,  viii.  211 

Gibbis,  Prof.  R  NV. .  x, 376. 88 1, 887. 

Gibbon,  John.  vii.  499. 

Giobfi.  B.^njimin,  Jama's  and  John  D.,  early 

8hebovf?an  settlers, iv, 81  J;  ix,8j8. 
Gibbs.B.  F,ix,455. 
Gibson  &  Uenuiag, early  Hudson  settlers, iii, 

46S. 
Gibson.  Capt.  George,  early  trip  to  N«jw  Or- 
leans, vii,  407. 
Gibsou,  John,  surrendered  by  Indians,  viii, 

si87. 
Oidiiinsrs,  David,  early  Sheboygin  settler, iv, 

8)8,839. 

Gihiert,  C'apt. ,  early  biatman,  viii,  875 

Gilbert.  DaviJ,  in  Black  Hawk  war,  ii,  848, 

865. 
Gilbert.  Samuel,  v,  276 
Giles.  Dr. ,  early  Walworth  county  settler, 

vi,  471. 
Gihi«ii,Lt.  C>1.  J«s.,x.  175. 
Gill,  B.  C,  eai  ly  Walwortn  county  settler,  vi, 

458. 
Gill,  J.,  early  Juneau  county  settler,  viii, 30 J, 

897 
Gille«pie,  George,  early    Walworth  county 

settler,  vi,  464. 
GiU*spv',  J.  C.  a  Wisconsin  writer,  v,  171. 
Hi  lett,  James  M.,ix,4r). 
Giliinan,  Henry,  viii.  171, 172. 
Glim  111,  Mrs.  Caroliri-:*.  x.  .183. 
Giliuan,  JohnCearlv  Waiertown  settler,  iv, 

•WO 
Oilman,  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel,  x,3S2.  383,888,  400, 

414 
Gillman,  W.W,.earlv  Milw.^uke.ft  settler. i,  131. 
Gilmor.  Uobert,  i,  ;;4:  x,  375,  380,o8l,:i8J,4lO, 

41,'. 
Oirne.au,  L"vi. early  lumberman,vtif,40). 
Uladwii.  Maj.  H.-nry,  comuiaiidant  at  Di- 

troir,i.3S 
01a.S!.c  >ck,  L'eut.  O.  W..x.  170. 17rt. 
Glen  son.  L  It  her,  early  Indian  trader,  vil,3">0, 

37d.  3f<5-;iS7. 
Glenn,  Robert,  X.  327. 
Glenn.  Robert.  Jr.,  x. 325. 
(U  )(ie,  a  Menom  >nett  chief ,  iii,  217, 2i6, 227, 2G6. 

2';7. 

God  lard, .early  Indian  trader, 1, 2 1,27, 3S, 

48 
G  Mifr  'y,  T^evi,  early  Racine  *«ettler.vl, 4^9. 4i3. 
Goilfrev,  Th  ma-",  early  Walw.jrth   county 

.settler,  vi,  ^:)l,4Ty^. 
Godfrey.  Kranc!'. is,  proW'»<s  of.  Iii.331  332. 
Godii.  Ab-nham.  n  Vi>ya^  Mir,  vii,  ■i5.',  ^360. 
<»ood«'l  .  Mr*.  Livini'«.ix,417. 
Oondt*  J.  V\  illiiiin.a  c\erKyman,\x,Vif«. 
4jfOO<J  Hope,ix,3'J5. 


V 


Gooding,  Capi.  Gsorge,  at  Prairie  da  CUei, 

v.!4«. 
Go-Klnow, Lyman  and  E  W.,   eariy  Wauke- 
sha settlers,  i.  137. 
Goo.lrich,  Judge .early  Chi^ag)  aetttar, 

ix,890. 
Goo  irich,  Joseph,  early  Hilton  settler,  iv,9r, 

V.81). 
Goolsell,  C.   M.,   early    Walworth    eou^ 

8  mler.Ti,  456-418. 475. 
Goodsell,  Lewis  B  .eirlj  Walworth  oo«^ 

settler,  vi.  455, 475. 
Goodsell,  Henry,  ia  Barstow^s  cavalry,  vi,  111 

Goriion,  Lieut. ,  deatti  of  In  1768,  Tiii,l& 

Gtordon.  Lieut.  A  lam,  of  Bntish  navy,iz.9li 
Gorrdll,  Lieut.  James, commandant  at  Oma 

Bay  in  1761-58,1,  f4;   viU,  S18,  2S)-tJ9;  x. 

289. 
Gor J  iae.  William  R..  ix,  432. 
G>uld,i  ib*r:y,ix.4-J0. 
G  >urdain,  William,  early  Portage  settler, vl. 

Gout,  Indian  remedy  for,  1,54. 

Grafton,  vii,  411. 

Graham  &  Blossom,  early   Mihraukce  law* 

yer8,iv,257. 
Graham,  C  ipt  Duncan,  f^rly  Indian  tnidir, 

ii.  18M61,  lii6;  iii.  «71.  878;  viii.  88.  251;  ix, 

198,  199.  nZ'il\  Sl9-28i  «1,  84%  241.  m, 

25  J.  251-259.  vN4.  2t8-270,  ;^  281.  tiBl  m 

46k  4o7:  X,  ]«8.  127-182. 
Graham,  Col  J.  D.,  U.  &  A.,  iv,  163-811,  »- 

477. 
Grais,  Sleur  de,  v.  77. 
Grand  Chute,  ii.  101 
Grandfather  Bull  falls,  f.  121. 
Grand  Prd,  Sieur  d*^  v,  77. 
Grand  Puant,  Winnebai^o  chief,  z.  108-N9 
Grand  Kapidn.  i  114;  iti.  488,'^45l;  vii,  851^  W; 

viii.  872.  895  992. 
Grand  river.  Mich.,  viii.  211.214 
Grand  Si'^rure.  a  Sioux  chief,  ii,  144,199,961 
Urand  boldat.  x.  110. 
Grant. ,  early.  Walworth  county  lawyer, 

vi  472 
Grant,  Commodore,  early  lake  navigator,  iii, 

300 
Grant.  C  ithbert,  Ix.  233,330:  x.  508. 
Grint,  Mij  -r  Jam-^s,  in  old  Fieiich  war,  t, 

114 
Grant.  Cxpt  John,  sketch  of,  ii:.  »V8n. 
Grant.  J-^hn.  early  Juneau  count/  p.ooeer, 

viii,  3  3  3S4. 
Grant  county,  i.  Ill 
Grant's,  or  'fwo-sided  rapids,  Indian  nama 

of.  i.  1.'2 
Grant  river,  ix.  299,300. 
Gratiot,  Mr.-«.  Adele  P.,  narrative,  x,  261-?i5. 
Gratiot.  Cipt.  B..  is  83 <.  883. 
Gniti>t,  Maj.  Charles,  ii..  231;  x,8»-243,a6l- 

264. 
Gratior.  Gen.  Charle,-^,  Jr..  x.  242-4.  257. 
(»r.itiot,Ci>l,  Charles  H.,  x.  ;f5*i.25'*. 
G  atiot.  Edward  H.,  x.  255.  25S»  4W». 
Gratiot.  Col.  Henry,  I".  aSi,  8i^  839,  »'>;  til, 

294  295:  viii.  2i6.  27-';  x,  186,  188-190.  801. 

23V2KI.  267-274.  493-5 
Gratiot,  nenr/,  Jr..  x,  258. 
Gratic.t.  Cipt.  J.  P.  B.,  x.  183-68,  196,  203,20, 

24 V8.  2t.l.  274. 
Gratiot,  Stephen  II..  x,  C5S 
GratioCs  Gr>ve,  x,  289  245-219. 
(Jrjirtan,  Am  m*,  early  K#»nosha  ?»*»ttler,iil,8r9. 
Gratz.  Simon,  x.  375  379.  887.  417-18.  436.  445. 
Grivel.  Lo  ii«*.  or  Gr«velI-».  early  Green  Bay 

8-trler.  iii,  21!;  x,  137.  181 
Graverat,  Henrv,  i,  55.  50. 
Grav(>s  &  Mayers,  early  Milwaukee  inn  keep- 

er<,  iv,  25). 
Gr-ivfja.   Gaylord.    early    Walworth   county 

.setrler,  vi.  445,  46). 
Or.ives,  (>rIo  B  ,  HKetch  of, x, 474. 
UvAvv;*,  Z.  C,  eai  ly  t  *acher,  v.  846. 
V3it«LN  \^Y  ^ Y  \4.\.\\^t  ^  ^iMt\>s  tsxWvc^TXArv ,  Hi,  1 17. 


Gekkral  Im>kx  to  Vols.  I— X. 


Bid 


ttrmvier,  Gabriel,  on  JoUel*!  map.  iz.  1X1  114. 

Gray,  Cart,  z.iac. 

Gray.  A;exJUMler  T^  emxXv  JanesriJ*  lawyer. 

Ti,  ion. 
Oray.  Lieiii.  Drakef onL  ia  Siak-kole  luiule. 

il,9IS-n8 
Gray  Ea^le.  a  WinDeb^f^--  chi^f.  t.S  T.CM^ 
Gray.  Dr.  Harmm.  cariy  walvcT.b  oo;uity 

8etUer.Ti.45t.47L 
Omy.  Martin,  earlr  MaiwioiB  «etllefl>,TUi,  £87. 
Gnat  Stony  like.  iz.  IM.  US.  :»1. 
Greeley.  Homec  iz.41CL 
Green,  EinfiB'>n.  k  Urd  ii  Blirk  Havk  var. 
I,9J;  1 ,351;  ir.Mt,S45:  ri,  411.415:  Tii.  25i: 

Tiu.a7. 

GNen.  Major  John,  ▼.Sn:  Ti,l37:  Tii.s;4.40t: 

Till,  450. 
Qreen.  Thozaas,  early  Foal  da  Lac  eettltr. 

iv,  187. 
Orern,  Dr.  ft.  ▲..z,aB7. 
Orei*n.  w  ilL'ain.  earl»-  Juneau  couoly  aetTler. 

Tiii.830,»JL 
Oreea  Bay,  U  ».  0.47.19-41. 57. 70. :s.9r^  104. 

ISO:  ii,8i-»o.10l.i:7.4J:t.4<l.4  1  44.'.«».:  ii 


•1,  m,  101,  104.  10*,  1*5.  ;.•«.)»«.  5i,ia-«  5: 
iv,  80,  15»-ltitf,  I7;i-174.  ;M.  1-5. 1».  IJA.  197- 
m,  ttt>,ti::  v.8M.«.\«.lOt.rO-ll<.l:?-U7. 


▼lU,  1»"8-1M.  100-W4,  «.^  «-*l8,  «*7-;  0*.  *II«-«U . 


440:  ix,  112,  ll.\l».l)f7. 14:1. 116.  «>i.31d-J»S. 

401-404:  X,  5S.  Ul,  M.  8)1  li:i-!tl.»97-;a«,56i. 
Green  county.  1.112:  ii!.4n-424 
Oreen  Lake.  ix.C0.6!.i«.7  :  x.7l 
Qre«*iiougb.  Cba^.  K.  z.S75. 439.447. 
Greiifory.  Lbarl«-a  Ncble,  potm  00  Su  H.  Car- 
penter, viii.  107,  k6 
OrPATt^rv,  Jobu,  a  Wiecomin  writer.  ▼.  171: 

iz«450. 
Qrero*y.  Jchn,  early  Jnceau  c.unty  settler, 

▼iii,88a 
Ori  t !«)>•,  John,  sketch  of.  Ti;i.454 
Orlllln.  Daniel,  I>-bin<«An  aod  h*^ben.  early 

WaHrorch  c  u-ty  neitk-m,  vi.4^16. 
Orfffin,  tieor^e  W.,  ear.y  Kenoi^bi  settler,  ii. 

47». 
QrtlBn.  Joeef  b.  eariy  Walwcrth  county  set- 
tler, ▼!,  445, 4ML 
Orlffnon  &  Morrill,  early  mi  1  bu  liere.  I.I,  41S. 
GrlrnoD,  Alfz..  aketch  <-f.  x.-i8L 
Qiipion.  Amai.le.  iv.l98:  rii,  1^25, S4S,  3^5; 
Gnffnon,  Autotaie.  x.  5ff>. 
Ortffnon.  AOffii  tin.  11.  f S.  1C8. 104.  !0R:  iv,  108 

161. 18(1. 906.  SI7  288.  S17:  vi.  ro   Tii,r.:8.l0i;. 

178.  5  7,  9»,  fii,  V44.  S{5.  vT!,  847.  349.  Vil : 

Tili,»7,«.»,>10.*17.22:-S3l*.».8;  ix,-.l>4-a/7, 

S30,40i:  x.ll8,lS7.1».^8-0. 
Grifpion.  Aui^uMin,  Jr  .  ^  i  i.  227. 
Onirnon,  Baptiste.  li .  i'4S  -J4a. 
Grfsnon,  C.iartea.  i  i.  242. 213.  vii.  177,?4?.4:0 
OriKDon,  Chaa  A..ii,  443:  ai,  29t;  iv.  103:  v.ii. 

875. 
Orl^^BOO,  DoiDit''lle.  X,  18). 
Grifcnon,  Gtoorsfe.  iii.  ti-i. 
Grlcnon.  Hyptl  te,  tit,  242,  £82;  vii.  4:5:  x, 

1%.  188. 
Grignon.  John  B .  rii.  177.  877.  475:  x.  198, :  83. 
UriKOon.  Ioui4.  '1 .  21. \  243  ril.  tTi);  iv.   ]«i; 

▼iLi^fi-SSV   242.241.  84V  277.  '«7):   ix.  821; 

z.  00.  01,  0^  lOO-lOHL  113.  in,  117,  11{«.  121, 

K4.  18:V.  Iv7.  137.  130.  !40. 
Grfl^on.  PnuL,  vii.  84ft:  x.  13"'.  -^05. 
Griirnon.  lyrrvche.  <  r  IVriinh.  iii    VOR.  ?4.\ 

ttO.  90i;  vii.  177.  l'4l.  317.  3M:  x.  137,  )38. 
Griffnon,  Peter  B.  vii.  343.  47:^:  x.  1M 
Gii^non.  Pie' re.  8r..  i  1.  1('5-^(I5:  \i..  178.  217: 

▼iii,  200.  8  8:  fx.  210    211.  <ci>-2»,  246.  2r>6, 

ttft,  270.  3i0:  X.  llei,  187.  13!>.  »>H 
Oritnon.  Pl*'nv.  Jr.  iii.  tf4i.  213  2Vi,  S71. 274; 

▼iL  177,  218.  24 i.  213.  l7».  •.rt7:  v.ii.  iXJO,  klH: 

Ix.  2^.  S«-«30,  2-1 A  2;i0,  -JOS,  202,  2C4;  x,  137. 

140. 


]  CrmAn,  Rcbert.  ii:.  29L  215:  ir.  101 ISI 

ft:  ism  -n.  Tr^U  M..  v  1.  2^  2*4. 

*itif:  o    fam  ly.  v.  S2>.  1^  •'^Sl 
'.  *irunor.V  tf  a<ii''|r  I>*^t,  iv.  17il:r^:  viii,  ir&. 
J  i«r  swo  d.  \  mo'i  W..  X.  S75.  87^  ^< 
i  G.-vwold.  R  e\e.  tar.y  Waieil«-<wn  «^^l:»r.iv, 

Griczly  Boar.  Meoomoaee  chi^-f.  i.  6ft.  74:  i-. 
;     484:  ii L  2B.  2n».  '.84.  <»l. 
'  Grx  b.  Jacob,  of  Swits  immifrantiw  viuL  417. 
'     418. 

GroHichv.  F.  X..  ▼..  2^ 

G  janlrpie.  Alexi-^.  z.  ^81  ISSl 

liutr  n.  Patrick,  ix.  452 
.  Guernsey .  Orrin.  ix.  4.6 

GuisTiasI  Lhaplain.  x.  :7.  8lM  ?71.  STiL 

Guil  rov.  Anton,  and  w.f-.  \i  L  210. 

GiiiiiroV,  Jean  B ,  ix.  2S1-C85.  ;!4^  243.  854. 
2t/4. 

Gundlach.  'Jnc^K  eariy  Jucean  county  i«t- 
ti«-r.  vi  i.  898.  894. 

Gunihvr.  C  las.  F  .  x.  3?1  437.  441 

GLS'.ir.  E.der.  early  Mocrve  county  settler. 
IV.  391. 

Guyori.  ArMne.  vii.  185  4*4.'' 

GuinD«'tt.Bt.t:on.  rare  ant-  irrarh  of.  x.  S77, 
881.  a»«.  «8-9.  4')G.  4.5.  <t29  480  44  f. 

GMrynoe.  Capt.  Tbou^s  P..  iv.  179;  viil.  821. 


Harkett.  Abram.  early  Whitewater  settler, 

VI.  449. 
Hadley,  Kichard, eai ly  Mi.waukce  set'.ler.  iv, 

2n>. 
I  Hse  tze!,  Isaac,  early  Indian  trader,  vii.  910. 

475 
Huiifht,  Eliza,  earlv  toacber.r.  831. 
HaifTiit,  John  P..  e.irly  Milwaukee  ^ttler.ii, 
■      479. 
Haiil  mind.  Gov.  Frederick,  iv,  25;   ix,  125. 

i73. 197. 

,  Ha  e, ,  k:lled  in  Black   Hawk  war,  ii. 

'     841.  .''.52. 

•  Hae.  Bei'j::min  E..  vi  i.4f4. 

Hnl^.J<»::ii  M..x.37»»-»'7.*«J-l.4l7 
:  Hal-'.  Samiifl.  eaily  K*  nosha  s»ttler,  ii,  457; 
\     iil.2i/.kM.408:  vii,  387:  vi  1,455. 
Hale.SeLei*a,ix.-;55 
Hi.lf-Lay.  PrntawHttomie  orator,  v.i. 8J5. 

hall. ,  early  mi*-iouiry,v.3'0. 

Hull  fT  rb).  crt|  iu"*^  in  b.ark  Hnwk  war.  {. 

9«*,99:  ii  a«,339:  v,2  0:  vii.««»».S2!.*!.»,4.t); 

vii  .271.2B1:  x.  185. 190-192. 25V5.  .72-3 
Hall.  AigastuAO.,  m  Bar -tow's  ca\  airy,  vi, 

112. 
Hall,  T)avf8.  &  Petigrew  massacre, x,  191-2L 
H<ill.H.  B.x.S9a-l. 
unll,  J.  P.,  kills  B  invtte,v,0f8 
Hall,  Le:r.ii»-l.enrly  Walworth  county  clergy- 

maii.  vi.  457-459, 471. 475 
Hall,  Lviiian.  rare  autograph,   x,  SSI.  808; 

port  rat,  350. 
Hull.  Qiiihcy.  ear  ly  Sh*»boypan  w»ttler,  Iv.  838. 
Hnll,  Keasiii,  in  t tie  Biack  Hnwk  war.  il.341. 
H»l  .S.  (.'..eary  Whitewater  settler,  iii  4.9 
Ha  l.T.  Duight,  on  bt.  Croix  county.  hi.4(t5- 

477. 
Haipin.Jimes,  early  Madison  settler,  iv. 317- 

319:  x,70. 
HatiiMi(i,l8.iac,Sr.,in  war  of  lSH,lv,371. 
Harnelin,  Louis, early  Green  Bay  kettl-r, vii, 

Vii.  173 
Hamilton,  Mm.  Alex  .x. 274-5. 
Hjiiiiilt  n,   Allan,  eariy    Walworth   county 

settler.\i,460. 
Iliinii  ton,  Charles, early  "Whitewater  settler. 

vl.  44S. 
Hamilton, Gov.  Henry, expedition  of,  iii,S29- 

»tl:  vii.l7;i.l7J. 
Ilaniilton,  Capt.  I.,  in  Black  Hawk  war,  ▼, 

v86. 
HAinilton,  Isaiah,  early  Walworth   county 
-  Ti.465. 


530 


Wiscx)NSiN  State  Historical  Sociicty. 


Hamilton, Oen.  Jas.,x.3Sl,  888. 
HainiltoD.Capt.  Jamts  3d. , iu  British  service, 

ix.i»4. 
Hamilton,  CoL  W.  H.,viii.451. 
Hamilton.  CoL  William  S.J  n  Winnebflf^  and 

Black  Hawk  wars.  ii.  1x8.  2 16,8 A). au4. 830. 

887.3'>8,.53.:JM,8H8.3S9,404:  lii.  60,  r£94.tK, 

4^4;  iv.  I(i8;  v,  aJ«.8:a-814.  817;  vi, 808. 404; 

vii,i92,298.37S:  v.ii.v'60.  :.76,if7b;  ix,  26,  27; 

X.  168,  ICO,  171.  :i07.  Si73.  :J74. 
Hamlin, ,eaily  Walworth  county  settler, 

vi  459. 

Hamlme, ,in  French  war,ili,213,2;!9.2i0. 

Hancoek,.Iobn,  manuscripu,  x.439. 
Hancock,  Oen.  W.  S.,  ix.87-J,373.3:7.37a 
Hands,  1  tie,  early  Walworth  county  settlers, 

vi.4(i.i. 
Hanev,  Bctv,  early  Dane  county  settler,  i, 

14l;"vi,848,378;  vli,409:  X.49J. 
Hanford.>Jrs.  ALby,  l3r,4i6. 
Hanson,  John  U.,  on  Eltrazer  Williams,  li, 428, 

424;  vi.8l0-83i. 
Hara-zthy,  Ap>stin,  viil,  821. 
Hardinjf ,  Chester,  x.  239 
Har  i in g,  William  H.,  early  lumberman,  viil, 

400. 
Hard wirk,  Moaeg,  earlv  Green  Bay  settler,  vii, 
K  38.211,24.', 475;  ix, 401-404, 437. 

Hardy,  Capt. ,  x,  206. 

Harsrer,  M  r.s.  Betsev .  i x ,  459 

Hai  k^'lrhodes, ,  killed  in  Black  Hawk  war. 

v,289. 
Harkness  family,  early  Walworth  county  set- 
tlers, vf,  4  9. 
Harness,  Ltev I,  early  Bock  county  settler,  vi, 

4 17, 4 18, 420, 4  ..'7. 
Harnev, Uen.  Wm.  S.,  early  army  officer,!, 

101:  ii,21-^;  viil.  309-311;  x,170. 
Harper  and  McQreer,  early  lumbermen,  iii, 

Harpole,  Robert,  exploit  of,  ii,  221. 
Harrinjjion.  Perry  O  .early  Walworth  county 

settler,  \i.  458;  viii,451. 
Harrington,  Hiley,  eurly  Walworth   county 

settler,  vi,  459. 
Karri's,  CaL'b,  early  Walworth  county  settler, 

vi,4M. 
Hnrri'j.Capt  D.  Smith,  early  Galena  settler, 

vi,2r7;  VI'. 377;  viii.37.>. 
Harris,  Jaii:es,  eaily  Galena  settler,  vi,  277, 

293. 
Harris,. Inipes, early  Haoiue  settler,  vii, 83 j. 
Harris.  Capt  \S  .  L.,v,2."6. 
Harrison,  Capt. — ,  in  Black  Hawk  war, vi. 

405 
Harrison,  benjamin,  portrait  of,  x,  £89-390; 

ant'>frrai  h  of,39S. 
Harrison,  Lient.  J.  M..x,  ICO.  176. 
Hanisoii.  Gen.  Wm.  H.,  li,  1)1, 105, 107;  iii,  "09- 

311 ;  iv,3rO-374;  viJ.20.>;   ix,  130,  131;  x,  389- 

81>0. 
Harrisse,  Henry,  map  discovery  by,  vii,  121, 

l-.'2. 
Hart,  Fdwin  C.  early  Kenosha  s»'tt'er.  iii. 396. 
Hait..I-  hn.rare  aulOL'rapli  cf,x,L8l,39S,8y9, 

400. 42j;  Dorirait  of. 301-2. 

H  irteau.  Mrs. ,  x,  140. 

Harlland.i.v.G). 

Hartwe  1,  Daniel  and  Phipps.eaily  Walworth 

county  settlers,  vi,45.!. 
Harvev,  IMi-s.  Cordel  a.vi,7c5,78. 
Harvey, Gov.  L.  V.,»ii,4l8;  v,4S,3;7;  vi,89;  ix, 

418. 
Harvey,  Solomon,  early    Walworth    county 

^ettl  r.  vi,45>,404 
Has«'Itirie,  Ira  S., sketch  of  Rijhland  county, 

i.  !t)7. 
Haskell,  Harrison  S,,  ix,  431. 
Hasknl.  Job.  i.v,  4H. 
Ha-ki  !s,  Ch:ni''S  JI  .  vlii,  36?. 
Haskin^,    R    W.,   article  ou   Winnebago  le- 
gends, i,  8!i.  V     — , -., —  .^,.^„,  ......... _^ 

Ha'-tin*f<,  8amue\  T).,  W.  ?.%\,  ^att-^Vx,^^,  «i\\\^vx\TN ,  v^\a.  wiUuim,  eailv  MinerAl  P<** 

vii,  4^)0;  ix,  410-112 ,  x,  S'ivj.  ^     \8fc\x\^t  ,\\A^\  n  a^I  ,  N\,t«^. 


Hatch,  ,   early  Ooonomowoe  settler,  I, 

138. 
Hatch,  A.  W..  early  Milwaukee  settler,  Ir, 

2ft6. 
Hathawav,  Joshua,  8r.,  ix.  8«5,  JTO. 
Hathaway.  JoKhua,  paper  on  lodiao  naiiM. 

i.  llC-118;  references  to,   ill,  488;  It,  fi; 

875;  vii.  359. 
Hathaway,  Mary  D.,  x,  441. 
Hathawav,  Mrs.  Wm.,  x.  375.  481.411 
Hawes.  Davis,  early  Juneau  county  aettkr, 

viii.  391.  , 

Hawes.   Morris  F.,  early  Walworth  etwntf 

settler,  vi,  448. 
Hawiis.  N.  P.,  early  Milwaukee  inn-keeper, 

iv,  a>7. 
Hawk-mau-ne  ga,  or  Spoon  DeKaony,  viS, 

Hflw'ey.  ,  killed  in  Black  Hawk  war,  ii, 

841.  35i. 
Haw  ley,  Abel,  early  Milwaukee  settler,  iv 

X>8,«66. 
Haw  ley.  Charles  T.,  ix.  414. 
Hawley.  Cyrus,  early  Milwaukee  settler,  1 

128.  181;  iv,  28.  266. 
Hawthorn,  James,  early  Green  coontf  set- 

tier,  vi.  402,  403,  409-418. 
Hayes,  President  R.  B.,  and  wife,  visit  t» 

Widcon&in,  Iz.  418^90. 
Hay  pee-dan,  a  Sioux,  vi.  201. 
Hazel  Green,   or  Sciabble,  v.  817;  vi,  8Kr 

2U4. 
Haz.eton,  John  F.,  ix,  90. 
Head,  Orson  «.,  vii.  466. 

Heaid,  Mrs, .  x,  118. 

Heart  Praire,  vi,  449. 

Heaih,    Dr.  James,  early  Hock  coao^  set* 

tier,  vi,  4.2.  4i4. 
Hea vey.  James,  early  Juneau  county  setUefi 

viii,  8J1-892. 
Hebron,  vi,  477. 
Hedges,  Jos    H.,  x,443. 
Heiae,  Henry  C,  eariy  Sheboygan  coaotT 

settler,   iv,  341. 
Helena,  on  Mne  Bend,  v,  2C0. 
Helm,    Capt.    Liuai  T.,   and  wife,  at  Ch»- 

cau'o  massacre,  vii.  8.8.  348. 
Helmer,  C   D.,  clergyman,  ix,  481. 
Heminway,    Dr.    A.    A.,     ear.y   Wslwortfl 

c  JUfity  ^ettler.  vi,  4-4.  466,  471. 
Heminway,    Mrs*.    A.    A.,    eaily  WalvortA 

countv  settler,  vi,  450. 
Hemlock  island,  Indian  name  of.  i.  122. 
Uempsieavl.  Cipt.  ,  on  Taylor's  expe*"" 

tion  in  lel4.  ii,  2.1. 
Hempstead,  Charles  S..  x.  251. 
Henipstead,  Edw«rd,  x,  248. 
Hempstead,  i->teph  -n,  x,  243. 
Hempstead. Wdiiam,  d.  83l;  x,  2C6. 
Uenilerson,  Dr. ,  early  Walworth  count/ 

.settler,  vi.  471.  . 

llendiick.  80  omon  V,.  a  Stockbrilge  chJeJi 

ii,  41t),  426,  4i:3;  iv,  303,  8i)5,  3.'0,  3;7;  vii.^ 


Hendricks,  Abuer  W.,  a  StockbriJge  clu*'« 

iv,  327. 
Hendricks.  Dennis,  a  Stockb; i Jge  chiet  ^« 

Hennepin.  Louis,  i,  C6;  iii.  107,  108,  110, 1« 

vi.  181;  x,2i>-6. 
H(nni.  John  Martin,  archbishop  of  Mfl***" 

kee,  ix,  4til.  . 

Hennin^r,  Ben.  O.,  in  Barstow's  cavalry,"* 

1IM16. 
Heuhiiig.  J.  O.,  early  Hudson  settler,  lii, 4^ 
Henry,  Alexander. ear.y  lauixn  irader.i,** 
Henrv,  David,  early  JuneaU  county  w^"^' 

vii,  391. 
H^*nfv.Gpn.  James  D,  In  Black  Hawk »*• 

ii.354-35.».  33.',  39:i  4  3:  iv.  184,  816:  ».  ** 

3l»):  vi,  40.:  vi..  3i6,  344.  850:  vi  I.  ftt'j}' 

281,312:  X,  159-163, 169,  171.  175.  190.*lvi 


(^ENBRAL  Index  to  Vols.  I— X. 


531 


pt  Loula,  »t  UftcklDS* 

Q.  and  W. ,  earlr  Juoeau  county 

11,««S,SI1. 

oe  couDlr 
iain  R.  earl;  WaukMtui  countf 


.P.i,S«.*55',r«-r. 
..rarpauioBT^p'i, 1,881. a»S;  pow- 

riaioplwr,  tariy  WbIwoMIi  count j 

wph,emrly  Juneau  county  settler, 

.early  ■Mllwaulteo  Belilcr,  iv. 


Hi^lden.JaH..  iwrlv  WiLlwortR  county  aettter. 

iLMii^ii.Kmlt.in,  larly  Walworth  county  aet- 
lliiiH.i,i.iVDiy.,Ciitpiy>iT«<>hlff,M,ll«:  W, 

-jiwi.:  v. STB, 3:1, Sir,  aaj.wM,  **,  4oe,tis, 


HitJ<r-io-ib«-Dar,(he  younger. 

400.  «W. 
Ho,llnabMd,  WiUlini,  early  Wi 

■i^ilevr.Tl.lH.Ut. 
nol]lnbei-k.U.F..lx,4tO. 
Hollnuiii.J-rederlck.Til,  V.T. 
llolly.Al.iisan,  « 


'.898,  %«,«)), 


BPph,ft  ploti 


iclllfr.i*.    1 

.  Jr.  tKtr.  autograph,  x 
M,  130.  «1;  njvolutwinBr 

w  corporal.  Ix.RS,  ttt.US, 

and  Oeonre.  early  Wal- 
LUers.  vLlOU.^T" 

Y.'.early  Iowa 

;  on  Black  Bsivk.nr  .il, 

flliraukee  ■elUer.lT.SjB. 


t  UsL-klnav,  Iz, 

rr. 

-roiap.ym.Wl. 
niKB.  early  Hock 


«D  Bay  teacher,  Til, 

arly  Ulliraukee  Kt- 


n  Interpreter.  li.iffl.f». 


llnn.l,  .lolM.lu  BUick  Bankwur,U.M7,Sl», 

H<"iJ.  Wlliirn.  rarlr  La  Crume  aetUer.iv, 

Hnoe.  Major  A.  8  ,  D.  B.  A,,»,  !79;  .U.JSO, 
BM.STJ.S'T. 


—  in  bLioll  Hawk  «ar,li,M8. 
N.,   rarly    Waukt^xiu  Helilar, 

.len.  la  Black  Hawk  War,  11,  MI 

»,ejirir  Madlnin  B<-ti1er.Tl.B9t. 

«);lxi«i,4SJ. 

.  early  Juneau  county  settler,  vli 

eph,  early  lumberman,  Till,  403. 

oree.uarly  Juneau  county  settlei 


Hnpklni.,J.  a.vUi.4A 

Hoblilna.Jobn  K.early  Waluonh  county  let- 

HopKlns,  Mephea.x,  IKH. 

Ho-Do-ko-e-liaw,  a  WionebaiM  "queen,"*, 

Hoppln.B  cliard, early  Walworth  county  aet- 

Horlciw .  H .  SO.  M .  M,  (0,  M,  7 1 ,  SOT. 
■■     u.F.  W.,lT.  mi,i\»,tiH 

i.T,  John  H,  il,  BOi.  aw,  301-8(«;  Iv,  IW; 


,  [ilDDBer  aetller  0 


,  Majgr  A.  E.,  U.  S,  A.,  vif,  893, 

.Hlrani.  1. 373,430. 

It,  Oni^n  '2 .  Ill  BIntk  Hawk  war, 

-,34l.3;a.B  3,  SABvO.  BTH.  3W.  ail. 


v..  r.  10 

in.eailylumbennaH.illi.-lW. 

<r.  K.H.,  vl.l.oa 

ohu.  early  Walwortli  county  » 


\euJell.  early  Shebojgin  aeltler, 
.Samuel  T..ix,  430, 


HolrhXlu.R    H.. Till, 473. 

Unuilitoii,  Jacob,  on  aui^ieat  copi 

H  .uitliioiiB  tbe.early  Walworth 


ilL'jor  Hnul-),JcMerh,early  Green. 
Ir.  II.SI.'.'JIi.  ii.4»;  I,13<,I8>. 
ei.--rre.TMriy  UrL-en  BJy  aattler.  Ul, 

:».,   B-njiiintn.  otMljsouri.ll,KB. 

.ihr(l',x,443. 

..111. HI,  111  Baratow'a  cavalry,  tI, 

niima,  curly  Walworth  county  act- 


Wisconsin  State  Histobical  Societt. 


I,  lB»-i;3l   rdlensDCei  t 


e  Mtller.lT, 

r.  vl.  TO,  S»- 

>rtcfltiin  of  copper  U}nl^ 


in,  Si. 
Hort.  AwtTT.  Ben..  B 


lii.  181;  « 


a.   Jr.. 


Hirl.  J-  B..  Parl7  lumbennan,  t1:1,  401. 

Hort.  Ih-.  Oti',  II,  a!B 

ilubhiinj, ,  earlr  Radae  Kttler.  il,  4»\ 

il..  sn. 
BubbarJ.Belih,  ooslgalBoatLonot  muiuid^ 

vil.  lU 
HiibbHrd.  Qurdon  a.  eailr  Cblcaci  aettler. 

V.  eiU;  on  Btsck  Hawk  w»r.  riL  3n>.3<l. 
Hubunrd.  Harrev  K,  ckTlr  hi  Croue  (euler. 

tT,«n.887. 
Hubbe.l,  <Jdpt. .  eatrlr  HllwaukM  wUlfT, 

iv,  aj, 

Hubbrll.  Levi,  early  UlJiraukee  settler,  It, 

Hudi,ThimiwR,"oaHenrTa.  P»l^l^.▼il.*«- 
lIll<lson..■>t  C»ii  countv.  li.  4'M;  >]i,4M-ei. 
Hudsm  Biyompanj.ix.  an,8l8. 
liueb<cbiiifti>n,  Fruicf ',  ix,  14>. 
UuJT,  Un.    C  iHrleH,   eirlr   Juanau   couotT 

teacher.  Till.  SOS. 
Bugbra.  William,  earl;  Juneau  couat;  >et- 


sn.»i 


!>..  eu-ly  Kenofib  t  leltler.I:!, 

£  and  Fjx  chief,  UUMl;  [z, 

HuU,  Rut.  Mr.  ,  earlr  Keaoihi  derer- 

man.  11.  488. 
Hull,  L  inuel.  earl;  Uilwauke»  clergrman, 

l.ij.Pi/l] 

"      ""      llaiii.  II.  »ff.41g-llfl.411.4;t. 


H>iil.Piily.if.4Ga. 

Hull.  W.liiaiii.  II.  g^.41S-4IA.4° 

Buiiihlt',  Cdpc. ,  eurly  UllAi 

Iv.  Ml. 


Hun 


b4  Beikyrith,  ejrl/ 
,  Kock  river.  * 


Hulnphrev.  Jai 


arly  Walnonh  countjr 

irly  Oaleul  settler,  vi.IT 
«  Oerrott  piiHieer,  .lii,  9 
W..  oil  U.  R.  UcLine,  li 
T.  8D.4A.in. 
v..  V.  a.  A.,  vil.  311,a« 


HuntU^.R  ,e  rlv  li 

Hiirlbiirt,  II.  II....^: 

lie,S13:  T,»i.uii; 


liaiu.  1.1,  07,08,  ISG- 


HuhIikTciM.    tnierly   Kock  livrir  rupidi,  I, 
III  :  ii,l>T. 

HiiU'liiNK.TIioin'l-'.r'ailrfn-nKraplipr.l.sn.Se. 
Huk-hinm'n.  C.l.S  oo.,atr.]r  ifeuosha  iiier 

ctiaiil!.,  1:1.4  r, 
Hutrlii  .^<ll^  Jiiiiu-a  and  J,.lm,  early  lumber- 

men,  viii,8S4 
Htitchlnsiiii,  W  i'lliim  T..y.ii.«1, 
Hj-atC, .eail,  (Jreea  Uay  ikU\«,xA». 


a,earir  Jiinun  county  n 


>1,»91.S>1. 

Ir.Warner.li.W^. 

r.DivL.I.earlyMidlw: 


It^Pfl'QH'.earl 
U  aee  drLiqiie  i 


d  WiUUm.  early  OalMi 
-ly  QrneD  Bay  teuitr,  H 


Idol, early  Indlan.fouml  tn 
l<eii.CapUln  ELiJth,  i.IiU.i.u.iiil 
llllaoiac(junlry,««rl7  Kreuch  oomisudMi 

Ili'n'ok^rir  •eWlnaentot,Tl).»7-«tl.0L 
tillno  s:  or  lile  am  Nolx.lndiaoa,  LN:  ilLU^ 
1^8.  IB  I.  tiO,  ICO.  11:8. 


lid  IK,,  !i»,  ra,  m. 


lT7-ira.l08,*]*JilS:  vii.ios 

xa  I.  ^o,  18'.  m>.  lUi,  8M,  3-4; 
Mi.xaAns^  Ti.mi.isj.'iri.tti^wa' " 

IndUn  irade.nee  Fiir  tmde. 

IHM.St  Uiui-'i:.''  ■      '.K 

1.8*1:  1813.  I'nn  ,.:  ■  .:- -  -1  ..,-,..  .■.-.' 5: 
X.  m;  IIJIS.  UprmR  UWIs  v,  <i4;  i.  \ie. 
18Iil.St.  Lniit>,ll.9i.B2:  lSlS,Fv>rC  JUfT<i« 
t>)v.4l4;  IStO.St.  Uahe IconTenicKe) t,VL 
llW.410-4ltt:  i8fl-<,  Green  Bay  III  T  !•- 
dianrtwlik  M-nomouees)  rill.  Sl'-.n^M; 
19a.  eralrii.  .lu  Chlon.  li,  IBS;  v,  ii!S.a(J;  rti, 
3'<3;  14 .-, Bulla des  nort«,ll.l'W.4ll;  <.I7I. 


810,870.  MT:  l"37.  Wa-hiM([;gn  <by  UN. 
I>nlK^).v.374.SB3.3]li  l8.8,l.aka  Poffu. 
vlli.i*7-«l,»Mr.40T. 

Indiana,  oriRii  nf,iv,117-lSl;  i.  Wo-T. 
InKraha  II,  Arthur  l)..Mrly  Iegi$l*tor,ii>l 
IiiK.aliani.  K.  D  ,  I.  413 
Inin  in.  Juhn,  early  Ruck  county  utUsr,  <!. 

Insane  hiwpltaL  atite,  vl.  lOT, 

Inla,  Waupica  county,  ill.  405.4V.  _ 

rome-tah.  a  a^n-imonee  ehlet,  HI.  »7,» 


iquoi^  InJiann.  r,  88,  67,  TO,  ',i.  78,  1CB.W. 

IW.iai;  vi(i,a04;  ix,]l7. 

win,  Alexander,  lii,  Al:  Tlii. 100.8411 


«\i\ ,  ■*»i.'»*«^*-« . " 


General  Index  to  Vols.  I— X. 


533 


Elobert.  earlv  Or^en  Bav  setller,  Iv, 
::  vii,a3;  vi:i,80J.,340;  ix,3A 
ti-»bert,  Jr..  early  Ortfn  liay  settler, 
.  166,  lt«:  vli,  «iO,  J«i,«36,  i»88,a41,i5J- 

;  ix,  8^ 
•>inuel,V4U*41. 
£  io<  h,  IX.  419. 
WiUard.vUi,  4S3. 
•tor,  in  Green  Bay.  i.  43,45 
r  1\  early  map  of,x,  80J-6. 


e-zhick,  a  Chippewa  orator,  III,  857- 

1,  earlj  Like  Michigran  sdhooner,  ix, 

a„"  General,"  a  nejrro,  Ix,  439. 
i.Alonao  B.,  vlii, 4.6, 467. 
i,Daiiu8C.,  viii,  157. 
1,  Joee|.h,  early  Oihkosh  settler,  It,102: 
& 

a.  Judge  Mortimer  M.,  eulogy  on  T. 
imeU.  ii,  88;  notice  of,  Ix,  27;  re 
)e  at  Washburn  memorial  services, 
tJucatioual  efforts  of,  x,  500-1. 
3,  8.  D.,  early  Slonroe  county  settler, 
!. 

,  John.  111,942,494 
J.  B.,  X.  189. 
,J.  B.,  Kr.,  X,  188,  18SL 
,  *Vm.  H.,  Sketch  of,  x,43C-7. 
Maj.  Benj.,  x,  17\ 

Dr.  Kdwm,  at  Prairie  du  Chien.  11, 
J9. 
Thomaa  P.,  early  Indian  trader,  vil, 

r4,«r7. 

Lieut  John,  killed  at  Mackinaw  In 
1,  >.9;  vU,  160. 

Henry  F  .early  Jnnesville  settler.  It, 
ri.  416, 417. 4  8-485;  viii, 870. 
J<  hn.  early  Janes vl lie  settlor,  ▼i,483. 
illH,vi,42tM85;  viii,  870. 
1,  BiwardH,viii,4>7,458. 
y,  lliomas  A.,  early  Galena  settler, 
>,>.'90;  Til.  290. 

HI  county,  J,  118:  vl,  139. 477. 
>n,  town.  vl,477;  ▼11,411. 
8'  map,  X,  68, 800-1,  «»-l. 
8.  UhiI  v.,  early  Juneau  county  set- 
nii.80S,899. 
iye,Sieur,x.808. 

i.  Mai  Thomas,  in  Black  Hawk  war. 
.  349. 367,8;i8,870, 87^;  vi,  408, 410;  z,  183. 
)7.196. 

»,  Warren  L,  early  legislator,  ▼i,8M. 
^  Beni  imin,  early  Walworth  county 
»r,vi,46d 
Bull  fall  and  rapids,  Indian  names  of, 

Peter,  early  New  Glarus  settler,  viii, 

i8 

N  Orrin.  early  Kenosha  settler,  ii,  467, 

ri:  i.1.398. 

William,  early  Milwaukee  settler,  iv, 

missionaries  in  the  northwest,  paper 

,87-121. 

iiisslonary,  killed  at  Butte  des  Morts, 

Homme,  a  Fox  chief,  ix,  217,  218.  288, 
11,2280,281. 

Milo  P..  sketch  of.  x,484 
Jon  B., early  Kenosha  seitler,  iii,  418; 

ifi>nomoDee,  Ix,427. 

,  Father,  early  mi^Ionary,  iii,  03,  99, 

28, 1«9. 

.  Wii)nebig->,vI,S88. 

n, ,  early  Rock  county  settler,  Till, 

in,  Capt  Alexander,  in  Black  Hawk 
<rhi,8J5. 


Johnson,  Alrh«;u8,  early  Walworth  county 

8Hller,vi.  450. 
Johison.C.  A., early  Wisconsin  artist,  iv,  80, 

82,  113. 
Johnson.  Esau, ▼},4!0;  vii,295. 
Johnson,  \Squire,  early  Walworth  county  set- 
tler, vi,  4  «b. 
Johnson,  G  'orge,  early  Brown  county  settler, 

iv,18.»,18l;  \ii.,:41. 
Johnon.  C  »1.  Jami*8,  vl.  272. 274. '<75, 279, 280- 

9288,288,  .90;  vii,^90,29i;  viii,<:50. 
Johns'>ii.  J.tmes,  early  Juneau  county  settler, 

viii,395. 
Johnson,  Johx,  a  Chippewa  interpreter,  iii, 

841. 
Johnson,  John,  early  Sheboygin  settler,  iv, 

339. 
Johnson,  John    W  ,  early  Prairie  du  Chlen 

settler,  ii,  115,  116,  1:22,  130,149;  vi, 265,2^6; 

ix  284*  X  222. 
Johnson,  Col.  Richard  M., iii, 809-815;  iv,8S9, 

87>-87o;  vi,27»,i75;  vii,^y0.2>»l,418,419. 
Johnson,  Col.  Uobert,vi,  27 1,275. 
JuhnRon, Timothy,  eany  Watertown  settler, 

iv,880;  VU  188;  ix.lUO. 
Johnson.  Col  \\  illi,im,  ix,  488. 
Johnson,  Sir  Wiliiani,  i,  i^;  r\i,  114,118;  ix, 

5297,407. 
Johnson,  William  W.,  a  Menomonee  inter- 
preter, iv,  103 
Johnston,  Lieut.  Albert  Sydney,  x,  170. 
Johnston,  Lieut.  Alexander,  U.  B.  A.,  viii,  878, 

408. 
Johnston, George V, 418. 416;  vi'i,81. 
Johnston,  John, e«rly  Inuia.i  trader,  v,  416. 
Johnston,  Mrs.  John,  bravery  of,  v,  418,416, 

416. 
Johnstone,  Chevalier  Alexander  de,  vil,  141, 

145,474;  viii, 83. 
JohnstOMU,  Kock  county,  vi,  425. 
Joliet,  sieur,  early  explorer,  iii,  94,96, 104, 105, 

112.117,11»,124,5J9;  v  8J2;  vii,411;  viii,198, 

202;  ills  map  of  New  FranOtf,lx,24,lOo,lll- 

116. 

Junes, Col. , Indian  a£rent,iv,104. 

Jone.«4, ,  early  Green  Bay  clergyman,  t, 

184, 190. 
Joneit,  i^njamin,  ix,  460, 481. 
Jones,  Col  C.  C  ,  7d,  vu,  89;  x,  876, 887,  425-7, 

483,445. 
Joue:*,  DjivI  1  W.,ix,441. 
Jones,  CjI.  Gabriel,  x,  175. 
Jonen,  Col.  Giorge  W.,  <lelegate  to  congreas 

fix)m  Michi'iran,  18.5,ii.80l,^3J4,805,818; 

in  Black  Hawk  war,  iii,  358,409;  v.:sj8<S,8l8, 

3r4;  vi  x71.  374;  viii,:S8j;  x,  89, liUO, 257. 
Jones,  Horaiio,  vi.i,831. 
Jones,  Loren  and  Lyman,  early  Walworth 

county  8«'ttlers.vi,441 
Jones.  Milo,  i,  131;  vi, 4.47,477;  vil, 410. 
Jones,  Admiral  l*aul,swora  of,x,408. 
Jones,  Peier,  missionary  to   C<*na<iiaD   In- 
dians, 1,111. 
Jones,  I'eter  G.,{x,415. 
Joiiquiere,  Marquis  de  la,  v,  115,116;  viii,  210, 

211. 
Jordan, Chnrl ?8  8..  V, 843. 
Jourdin  (or  Jourdin).  Joseph,  early  Green 

Bay  settler,  I.l,  24^,253;  vii,  177.227,942;  ix, 

821;  x,18». 
Jo  ird  m,  Madeline,  wife  of  Eleaaer  WUliami, 

IX,  821 
Jov,  Nathin,8ket<*h  of,  x,  438. 
Jud  1,  Stoddard,  early  Braver  Dam  settler. 

Judiciary  ct  Wisconsin  In  1887-8,1,127. 

Juneau,  Sr'l>mon.«arlv  M  Iwaukee  settler,  I, 
07,180-134;  ii,  18,4S,10I,  107,  458;  iU,  19,  20, 
V92,  4«8;  IV.  164. 160, 178. 183.205, v66. 268, 2;0, 
271;  v,2i8,2.'0.222.^«5.28i,28i;  vi,  188,  188, 
477;  ix,  182, 133,  895:  x,58. 

Juneau  county,  viii, 870-410, 475-477. 

Justlce.early,  V,  liS,  I90t 

Ju8iiu,Ira,ia  Baratow'ttQvraklcy^^V^VlA. 


WiscoKsiN  State  Histomcal  BociErr. 


]£*pp,(irKnapp.J.  C.tuirly  RockcouaC;  >M- 

KiBk'WtLii.'-irlv  miaBlon  8UH'>D,iii.lI7. 
Xau-ib-kaiMioHialTe,  or  O^lzzli  Bear,  a  He- 

iicm<>ne«chic(,i,ai,Tt. 
E«y.JobD.earl)'  (laLciiBwUlfr.Ti.SrS. 
K«T-p  -ll-ysy.or  Cat  Kim?,  x,l«5. 
Kiy-nv-m»u.oes,  A  Winnebago  chief,  li.  OS, 
Kcarney.Uaj.  S.  W„  at  Piairie  du  Chlen.v, 

SaS, 
Kea™ley,J,.1»ndooiDinI«[oner,Tlii,S17. 
Ke-itlnjr.litut,  JnmeK,  m  Britim  Stfrrice.iT, 

1M,lW,»W,»J,W8--a',«T,»l,Si6,aS7,  8t8, 

871. 
Kr-clie-mo  M-raan.  otBIk  KDlf.^,*lli,!88. 
Ke-che-walBb'ke,  a  Cblppewa  clilel.  Id,  Stlt- 

3«9. 
Ke-ler,  David  M.,eftrly  Hilvaukee  Kltlsr,  iv. 


Kseney,  J.  C  .sk^i'ch'of.x.Wt. 
Kw-pon-lah.IiiiliaDor  Ni.  JosephX  1,111. 
Kee-wee-uia-hi8)i.or  Flal  Uouth.  a  CDlppe- 

na  ch  i^r,  T,  129,  ISO.  IDB.  1 1I.  400. 
KHncUihe  Inulnns  Id  Wt.coa:^i[i,  111,1^3,  la). 
Xrll<<s.[,Aiisiln,eBrlyKeDtKliasetili!r,ti,l»', 

4<tI,4rE;  llt,«)i. 
Erllnnt,  Daniel,  rarlr  lunib«m]ai].viil,4(a' 
XtlkHn, John  U,ln  Black  Havk  oar,  v  l.KVS; 
KelhiKldtayeile,  early  UadleOD  satllur.vl, 

Kelloaii.  SlniEiui,  esrlr  La  Croase  aettler.  It, 

a85,S«7. 
K(>lloe^"iiGrDTe.III.,skiriiilsli  al, 11,145:  Till, 

STfl,j80;  x.l»9, 
Kelly.  James,  tarly  WalworCb  county  Bettlw, 

Kelly,  Joe, --arly  Monroe  Bi-Itler.vi.BTB. 

Kelger'.  Milo,  early  tValn-ortb  county  settler, 

Tl,47S. 

Kels",  Henry  _  ... 

»i.4n»:ix.uso. 

Kelton.UeuE  D.  H.,  U.  R.  A.,  ix,S8S,4U. 
.Kemp£l.-ol1<Ds<dlKRineB,x.  79. 
Kemp,  or  C^iiip,  eurly  Indian  tniler, 

Kemper,   Biiihop  J 

K-nuall,  Cipt, . 

Iietller,  vi.  453. 


I.  «IM7J. 


.11,  M.  C,  eaily  Juneau  couuty  si-tller. 

.Ill,  879. 
Keuknh.  rhler  of  Foxec   I,  SS:  vl,  SOS,  SOT; 

X.  1U,«I7.21S  »X.2i!-i38 
KffiikuK,  Islheror  above,  vi,  38}. 
JC-tchmn.  William.  IK.IW 
Keitu-.  a  Fux  clil.f,  il,  170,  171,  leS;  v,  EM; 

Tl.  IBT. 
Re'Ka  kvlEh-hum.  an  Oltnwa  r)il['f,T,411. 
Ke-«a-"')-i|iiBt.rirBeluruliiu  Clouii,  an  Otls- 

itacM<-r.  IX. 303. 
Kevraunee.  aiKnlflc  itlon  of  name.  [,  117. 
Kry<-H,  Cipl.  Joseph,  <i.  ID,  lilt  vii, 41:3. 
X-ym,  Is.  v.,   eaiiy  I^tuire  cicrjyniao,  v, 

SeveR,  ntllard,  tI,  3i-A;B7. 

Kbo-yn.pa.or  I^KleUead,  aSimichlet,  r, 

isvris. 

Xi-chl-nisD-l-tou,OTBT«&>'B^i^^.  ^Wl. 


lUlWiurn.  -By  run 
130;  11. 13,14,43 
87S,i«l. 

Ulbourn,  ^yron 

S^narv,  Juneau 


:.  es.s7.  as. 

early  UilwxikMKMH.t 
lit;  W.  18},:i9e,MB.iTli,ir^ 

H.,  in  Baiatow'i  csnkr, 

ounly.  Till,  son. 

ilroy.  James,  early  Xuw  Glarui  LsaAv, 

T1..48.'. 

Ill  make  aeltlement.  Calumet  countr.LlK 

Irnball  &  <M  .  mi, la  a1  Northport,  li.  4SI. 
Imb.ill,  Daniel  F.  ix.4«. 
imhall,  (ieorga  H.,  early  Keao4ii  Mtlar, 
il,43;.4M.  4^,  4118,  <n:ril.8S->,frJt. 


and  On 

by  ladiiu.T 
leTliames,  [ 


King.  David,  at 
Smg,  EJwarJ 

ana  county  aeltlerg.  1,137. 
KIng.Joe.  early  boatman,  v.  Kl.BI,  m. 
Kmir.af-  "■■■• •- -!• .-    -....—  . 


^1,  early  ffi)- 

B57.»«. 
,  MR,  174 


iyMllKi 

early  ken.HliB  wttler.lO,  41T. 
ihrAim.   early  Junemi]  eoDily 


Kln,-!.lmry.  Ephn..  ...  __ 
«eiil-r,  rlii,«ta.  3Si,S«. 
KliigsLupy,LieuL— — ,  attheB 

Kinmley.KI]as,early  Juneau  01 


114;  OD  death  i.f  Teciimaeb,  It,  m,  Kl; 
nnrellan'Vus  reteren^'eo  1.1.  vll.  »7.  M. 
ISa.41S,47S;  tiil,  U,  6«,  t.T.  llB,  KO-Ua,^*- 

ng'-Wn,  Paul. early  Racine  arttler.  Til,  ». 
noey,  Asa,  early    \1  liiiewUer  •Mtkr,  fl, 

Dney,U.  P., early  KeniHha  teacher, lit. tlf; 

tiiic  family,  early  ClilcaKo  aetllen,  It,1K 


Klnde,Jobu,Jr.,early  Indian tnder,  Tfi,U, 
idlan  trader,  II,  IM, 


.i«,Jnho  H,  early  Ii 

I:  v,»tl,lS7.a70;vl,ls8, 

IB,  Mrs.  Juil,-iie  A.,  cited,  il,4i,10T,BI 


itIrUy.Mbia .early  Prairie  da  CbknU*^ 

Eirkpstiick,  Rlehnrd  H.,  In  Black  Hart 
war,  i;  aat,  tK,  a(3-«M.  3W,  3S3.  MR,  K& 
S71,S:5,38l.3S8.t36,  3M.  Sftl:  t,  ait:  Ii,«; 
x,103,IM,£II,3}j. 

KlH'r,l'EraudoC.,  In  Bantow'a  caTslry.il, 


Kifhkakon  lodlani  In  Wlaconsin.  Ill,  UM,m 

K.Bii-ka»-kei-,  a  HIchiKan 
KiKli.knw-ko,a  C:ilppe«ia 
KiEh-koD'Oau-kau-hom,  a 

Ki;'», 

K.tcheil.JohD,  aclTirym 

S'J^^.m,,^ 

F:i.ie»iT,DaTld,viil,437. 

Klein.T.  P..  e-dy  clergyman,Tlll,!W,« 

KnajrR^,Capt.  Jamea,  It,  war  of  181«,iHll»- 

^;,j!;|:-;i:?U".lrc'£i;2 

ati,Till,Ml,»L 
d  county  trappff. 

!^nJ!:p:^"'.''.?iV,:S:'"- 

im.  tt74;  It,  188;  tI,  ta,  » 


Obnkb&l  Index  to  Vols.  I — X. 


:«pp(,  .T.  C,  B«rl/  Milwaukee  • 
•<■  J  U..  earlr  MsdlBiUHUler 


..lx.4ie 

«rij-  Nc»  (ilarua 

rrniiM  H..  Is.tm. 
Wrnim.  ^^rXv  Pi 


Lane.Capt. .earlr  Ililwaukee  ttettler.lv* 

■  Wiii(|ji  s^ph.ki'lrrjtinian.Tlil.iriS 
Line, Josephs. in  BuiaEO.V-.avalry.Tl, lit 
J.'in<-.U<«e..Bkelrh<>r  I,4TS'«I. 
Lanfear.     Wm..     early     Walworth    county 

I  Ling-rio.JohnB.,  early  Qreen  Bay  Htller, 


I  Lan-^e 


.1:8.879.88 

iiiuBCripta.i.4IS, 

■.  L.  R.  X,*I3. 


oa  Stockbridse  cbkia, 
^I't-.l,  Ti.  118;  II,  404.  *»;   '1, 

[.49.sa,ss-aG,G0  ' 

.mHv  Wisconsin  wrlter.Tll.«>. 
.Francliko.a  cli>re]'l>ll>n.''lll.  *^- 
nholrim«<iii.lx,4W. 
■3:shopF.C..  vlil,S03.SN. 
>.C..aclerayman,<!il.4ro.  I 

nin,  acUrfcymaD.lx.l&t 


B.IIB,ll8.:S7,393-8». 

n.  early  Grnn  Baraetller, 

{.issi  *ui,  ai9,3ii>,sr.i», 

s  de.    early    Onen     Bay 

r,ili.TT-1S7:miscellaiieoua 
i,  ]K-^T,  V,  t,  lis,  118, 
iV.VIH,  iT4r  •lil,tP»«),tSd, 

i.i87si7,aBa. 

u-ly  Uonroe  couBly  dergy- 


aultlM  of  WlBCOiia 


,.  early  lumtrnmao,  tIII.WL 
-,  early  Indian  trader,  H,  888. 
ee  Oreen  Biy. 
lean  lt.,x.li(a.isr,13>. 

LouK  I.  isi.  m. 

lie,TbeonbJliu,l]c,Iffi. 

In  French  war.iii. 313.  m:<iil.lSi. 

itievalier.evly  Cinadiiia  leader, 

imirle, origin  of  oaine.l.lll. 

jnliev.  pictured  cave.  till.  174-ISr 

li.1l^,4i<4:  lv.]M.SN,3ta-3S7:  til, 

e.;SJ,!SE,!M,iM.ebfi,8i0.83S. 

'aiir  «d  land  gT.kiit,ii.41B,41S. 

rle.i  1,180-1  US 

It.  EdittrM.,Tii,«T8,4OT. 

P.,alale  auperinMTident  of  puUlo 

>D.li,S'i;lT,aCB:li,400. 

ipllMe.early  Indian  trader,  11,311, 

,  Qen. ,  InrMeuU  of,  o.  ISA. 

.Walitorlh  county, >1,4M,  469. 
™unly,l.n8;»li.T7. 

i!— i'in  French  war,  lU,  311,  340; 

-a.    Alexander,  early   HUwaakee 
184:11.  lot;  lit.  <91. 

jltre.Oov. .T,1I4, 

—.early  OreeD  Bay  >ettlcr.lli,3(], 

, Walworth  county ,  vl,  488, 4118. 

t,a  Wlnnebigo.ii,*!!. 

, ,  early  explorer,  HI,  lOB,  189: 

rh,!^^?  Green  county  aettler,vl, 
■U,tBB--:K. 
I.FBrlyK'-nOHliaHPttler.  ill,  414,417. 

■.■SK.S™"' '""'  "•■•'- 

FaUiT,  early  missionary,  ill,  I  IS. 

-.1,181 

— .earlyOresnTlavBellkT.lii.ilS. 

Capl.  HiU:t>tD,<lii.3XI.!31. 

ild^nrinDne^chief.iil,a)4. 

C<1.  gol(inOD.lx.448. 

!,or  tha'nu-go.  aS^c  chief,  vi.Ipf, 

1  dl(aculMF<,Tl,3C0,3C1.4M,4{l8,4«. 


■et(ler,lx,38:,2K^. 


'    tTalrle  du   Chlen 


/Arlt,lor  Lar«),  aSioui  chlef.ii.BCB;  t,81B, 


La  HucL.  Basil.  « 
Ul:  X.  137, 181. 
URock.t'rancis 
l.aKoncle.Dfnji 
[jKonde,.lolinT 


a  Koae.  Aeneas.  In  war  of  1813,  ill,  3:>;  X,  lii3, 
1^,  liI4. 
Larrabee,  MaJ^r  Charle*,  t 


>I^  killed  iu  the  liac  couo'lry. 


Ste^SBS' 
Larrivrr, — 


...  *,  8  7. 

i  a.,  Bketch  of,  Ix, 


LatOam,  .early  Mineral  Poin 

808. 8>». 
Lalham,  HoUis.  early  Walworth 
'    ■■-  44«.4.-.7.43B.  4  " 


,  settler,  tI. 
couhtj  set- 


Lalhrop.  John  H.  preaidentot 
slty,  V.  S+lix.JM. 

L'lvique. 'Juhn  B, 


477. 


Orcen  Bay  settler, 

Lnw,  Judge  Jobn.OD  Jesuit  mlsalonariea.Iil, 

SriV4. 
Lawe.  John.eiirty  Or»«n  Bay  Mttler.l.  68.81; 

SlT-iiW,'  il 


e  &  Gri.iiivn  papers,  i. 


pnjvi 


e.  Horace,  early  Dane  county  set- 
870. 
r.  Lucius  and  W..  early  lumbermni. 


536 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


Lawrence,  Col.  "William, at  Green  Bay,  viii, 

858.  ZOX 
Lawreucv,  Willi  ira,  early  Dane  county  set- 
|Pil»*r,viii.37l. 
Lawrence  univefNity,  v,  349. 
LawKon,  \.  J.,  ^ ketch  of  New  London,  iii,47d- 

488. 
Lawyers,  early,  in  Wisconsin, vi,  451,462,  463, 

471.  472. 
Lav,  Nel  on.  early  Kenosha  settler,  ii, 46S;  iii, 

4i)).417. 
Leach.  Charles,  early  Juneau  county  settler, 

vlii,  8S8.8^9. 
Leach.  I^'vin,  in  Black  Hawk  war,  ii,  848, 

8W,  870.873,:^»1;  x,  188, 204. 
Lea<i  nfn-'Kaod  mining,  ).:^A81,9S;  ii,91,:2S4- 

Sf29.».8.:l29.S31,49\48tf:  iv,l8M«3:  v,lll,15:i 

201.2S7,315.8l7-8i9:   vi.lM,  10»,  v'80--i«2.  vftS- 

X87, 2  0, -.98-29  .,  40;»  4)4. 408. 4il, 412,  4.\0,  481 : 

vii.  1.90, 291, 888, 889;  vji ,  k5J,i&l;  x, 76.9,288, 

244--.  46. 

Leaf.  The .  See  Wabashaw. 

Lengue,  French  measure,  z.  8v9. 
LeahniHnn,Prof.  William,  ix, 459. 
Learned,  C.  J.,v,276. 
Leavenworih,  Col.  Henry,il,116;  v,96;  vf.SOO, 

i:05v08, 21 1 ,  216. 217, 244-2 16, 25t 
Le  Bjroii,a  Memononee  warrior,  ill,  282. 
Le  Barron, T.  K.,  early  Whitewater  settler, 

iii,429. 

Lebeit, , seeking  western  grant, ix, 111. 

Le  Boeuf,Autoine,  early  Groea  Bay  settler, 

iii,  24 i. 
L9  Ciair.  A.ntoIne,  v.  803-304. 
Le  Claire,  — ,  Indian  Interpreter,  vl,  189. 
Le  Clerc%  Father, — .early  missionary,  iii,  110. 

Lecuyer, ,  at  Mackinaw,  1764,  Tlii,211. 

Leouyer,  Judge ,  v,  188. 

L'  Ecuyer.  Misj* ,  vii,  226. 

Lec'iyer,  Jean  B..  eariv  Portage  settler,  ill, 

i87,-rt>9;  vii.  817;  ix,  280. 
Ledyard,  G.  H.,  early  Monroe  county  settler, 

iv,  3J91. 
Lee,  Col  Francis  U.  R.  A.,  vii,  891. 
Lee,  Fraiici*  Ligi  tfoot,  x,  39^  896. 
Lee,  Ool.  Hugh,  ix,  445. 
Lee,  Isaac, land  commissioner,  ii.llC;  iii,  234; 

iv,  161,  200.250;  viii. 'J18;  ix,  3J89;  x,  314,819, 

3.0..:35-.39,  35*. 
Lee.  Dr.  J.  H.,  vi  i.  453 
Lee,  Levi,  early  Walworth  county  settler,  vi, 

410,  4»i7. 
Lee,  William,  a  pioneer,  vi,  434. 
Lee,  W'm.  S..  sketch  of,  x.  485. 
Lee's  Mills,  battle  a',  ix,;i74,575. 
Lees  K  I  ward,  x.  3»>9. 
Leffingwell,  Prof.  E.  H.,  x.  375,  386,430-1,437, 

446. 
L»ftii»gwell,  H.  C,  early  Whitewater  settler, 

ili.4;.'9. 
Lertler,  Isaac,  early  lejrislator,  vl,  896. 
LegMt**,  ChnrW  F.,  (wiriy  Mi.ieral  Point  set- 
tler, vi,v81.407;  \ii.i.'89,461. 
Leg  er,  (jeorg  *.  J^r..  leader  of  New  Qlarus 

liamigraiitN,  viii.  417.4  5. 
Le  Grai.d,  JSieurure,  a  Yankton  chief,  ii,  144, 

LtM  h,  Charl"s  A.,  x,366. 

Le  Jeune,  Father,  ewrly   missionary,  iii.  94. 

Lt'l:ind,  'Squire,  early  Sauk  county  settler, 

vi,  4fil,  40.'. 
Lemur,  Charles  H.,  ix,  400. 
Lem  'uwjer  river  and  valley,  iii,  269.500,501; 

viii,-.87,288;i>c,301. 
Leoiiarl,   Dr.  J.  A.,  sketch  of  Whitewater, 

iii.  4:>7-i34. 
Le  Kovs.  The,  early  Portage  settlers,  vii,  846, 

8:0.361. 

Le  S.  llier, ,  x.  72,  102. 103.  504. 

Li'sl.e.    Lieut.   Wm.,  at  .Mack  naw,  I,  23,  38, 

8:»,  47;  vii,  160.  IW.  HJ5;  vili.  219 
L'Esj  ai;n(  1,  a  aienonionee,  iii,  270;  vii,  351; 

X.  49J:;U0. 
Lester,  Robert  D.,  murdered,  -v,  ^^,  WI. 


f  Lett«»om,   Dr.  .T.  C  ,  vl,  821.  22  J.  8S1,  S85,«, 

2 18. 239, 241 .  25  J.  2)7, 838. 231 ,  «a. 
'  Leturneiu,Ott.twachief.  X.  110. 
L-vv,   J»  hn  M.,  early  La  Crosw  settler,  It, 

884  3'!6. 
L'^winsville,  skirmish  at, ix, 872, 878. 
Lewis,  E  I  ward  F,  vii,  401, 
L?wis,Fr.inci-,  letter  of,  x,  402. 
Lewis.  James  T., governor  of  Wiaocnsiii, rfl, 

4  JO. 
Lewi-«,  Jehu  H.. early  MadNon  settler, Tfi,fil 
Lew.s,  John,  Vlii.  446;  ix.457. 
Lewi<^,  Lloyd  and  Lodowick,  early  Ls  Cnm 

settlers,  iv.  881. 
Lewis,  I^reuzo  Cestrly  La  Crosse  settkr.iT, 

381. 
Lev  ba,  Lieut.  Gov.  of  Upper  Louisian*,  i, 

504. 
libraries  of  Wisconsin,  i:i.5D6. 517. 
IJevre,  or  ih»  Hare,  a  Chlpf)ewa,x,lll 
Lieht    [or     White]    Cloud,    the    WumelNCO 

Prophet,  1,12, 72, 84. 
Linierv,  M.  de,  expeditloa  of,  etc.,  i,  fi:  fil. 

148-163;  V, 64, 65, 83, 87, 92,  113;  viii,  2At,lfe; 

x,47. 
Lill:er,  C^unt  de,  in  WlBConsin  in  1887,  t,  US, 

190. 

T Jmmery, ,  a  snake-charmer,  v,  282. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  vi,401;  ix,4J7;  x,l87,17l^ 

17>-177. 
Linctot,  Sieur  Godefroy,  iii,  158,  185,  17(;  z. 

808. 
Liuctot,  Canipau,  x,  808, 801. 
Lindsay, ,  early  boatman,  ▼,  144,  IIS,  Iff, 

151 
Lind^y.  Capt  Allen,  in  Indian  ootbmkof 

1827.  vii,  255-«68. 
Lindwurm,  W.  H.,  ix,48S. 
Linn,  LieuL  Wm. ,  expedition  to  New  Orletoi, 

vii,  407. 
Linn,  Walworth  co.,vi,  451, 4C& 
Lipcap.  Sol .  kil  eil  at  Prairie  du  CSxien,  fl, 

ItO.  101.167:  viii,2t6. 
Lip  creek,  vi.  417. 
Lippett.  John,  early  Walworth  county  settler, 

\i,  4 17. 
LipiJtt,  Mrs.  Eli^a  Oilman, X, 383. 
Lio'iier  or  Lacuyer,  widow  of  Jacques,  z, 

187. 
Lisa,  Manuel,  early  Rocky  mountain  exidorer, 

iv,97. 
Liskura,E.  H.,ix,4.S8. 
Uskiim,  Pully,lx,458. 
Little.  Dr. ,  early  Juneau  county  settler, 

viil,::80. 
Little,  I'rof.  T.  H.,  vii,  466. 
Uttle  Bull,  or  Spruce  fall*,  Ind'an  n«ne  at 

i,  ri2:  early  settlement  at,  ill. 418. 447. 
Little  Crow  (or  Corbeau),  a  .Si  )ux  chief.  'IIB; 

iii, 270, 2ri ;  iv, 244,245;  v,89J;  vi,205,21S,il7. 

252,  2.^4,  2»4J,  V'b6:  ix,  178.  2l3,  216,  28.'.«i, 

2 13,  2  6,  .288, 239, 241, 212, 246, 249, 251, 254,  S5, 

267, 27  J. 
Little  Detroit,  on  Green  bay.  1,31,82,43. 
Little  E  tu  Plelne.  or  Rice-sea. )u  river.  In* 

dian  name  of,  1,120. 
Little  Forgeron,  chief,  x,  110. 
Little  Hill,  a  Winnebago  chief,  v, 803. 
Little  Pi.je  creek,  Indian  name  of , i,  130. 
Litile  Praiii3  cre»*k,  Indian  name  of, i,1.X). 
Litt  e  Priest,  a  Wi  ineb.igo  chi-f,vii»,271,i78^ 

270 :  X ,  185-6. 189-19 1 .  •^Oi-'S,  258. 
Little  Soldier,  a  Chippev^a  chief,  v,  183,189, 

140. 
Litt  e  Thunder, a  Whinebago,  11,211,407;  viil. 

271,316. 
Little  Turtle. a  Miami  chief,  iii,  131. 
Likiiigston. Phi  ip, r.>r«  a'.itogriph,x,8Sl. 
Livingston,  R.  K.,x. 889.4)6. 407. 
Looey,  Dr.  A.  T.,  early  Plattevilie  teacher,  r, 

834. 
Loekwood,J  II.,  paper  on  enrly  times  aad 
\    <tvttv\t-».  in  Wisconsin,  11,9^196:  ml«>»lline- 
\     o>^  T\il^Tyi\v5i«&  V<»,  v^V4^45^55^ 227, 836, 437, 


General  Index  to  Vols.  I— X. 


537 


iv,  ir6.  175,218;  v,  126,144.146.150- 
02..W7,;i40,  274;  vi,  240,<i03,8a5,8»U; 

,Mis.  J.  H.,  early  Sunday  school 

v,»-i5. 

,  Kobert,  early  Waukesha  settler. 

Win.,  on  ape  of  American  couti- 

U;e<lrlch, early  Shehoyffan  settler, 

h,  early  Walwo»"th  county  settler, 

:.  J.vii.lTG;  i\-,2O0,'J91. 

S.  H  .V,  171;  X,  UG,  AW,  31C-317, 353- 

iam  B  ,vi,397. 

J.  B  .  105. 187, 130. 

in  Wivcorism,  viii.  4.5Q,  153. 450, 460, 

27-103 :  X .  47.").  4'?(MS0, 48S,  4«9. 

,M.  <le,  V,  li:i 

— ,  eai  ly  Walworth  county  settler, 

ipt. ,iu  Black  Hawk  war,  11,256, 

I'l. 

iiiHS  H..iK.4l5. 
s.  Maria  K..ix,455. 
— ,  early  Juneau  county  settler,  vf  li, 

^berl,  early  La  Crosse  settler,  iv. 

^t,a  Chippewa  chi-f.  ill,  852. 

'Ut.  Henry  W..U.  S.  A.,  \  11.241, 263. 

Lew. 8  11.,  early  Beloit  teacher,  v, 

.  J  .  HnB:ravinff.-<  of  signers  of  dec- 

of  indepe»idfr-nce.  x,  392-3H7.  .'>08. 

Rhv.    JaM.>n.    pjiper   on    Kenoshn 

hist<irv,  ii,  4:,0-47u:  enrlv   Kt»nosha 

«ui   i-.'451.  4."5  -'57.  4'»4-4  8.  471,  479: 

71,  870,  ^83,  4t»5,  406;  eaHj  Keuosiia 

V.  336. 

lev.  S.  K..  viii.  356.  363.  8<6. 

,  early  Indian  trader,  i,  37,  45; 

229. 

ider.  Black  Hawk's  son,!,  12. 72, 84. 

>ii|fh.  Dr. ,  early  Mineral  1-oiut 

i.  337. 

.^l.  do,  in  old  Fox  war,  Iv,  239:  v, 
73, 76-78.  80,  81,  85, 106:  vili,  207,243, 

ert,  enrlv  Waukesha  settler,  i.  137. 

D**  Loss,  early  Milwaukee  clergy- 

171. 

e<l  S.,  early  Kenosha  lawyer,  iii, 

469. 

.  (lideon.  Iv.  347:  vi.  274,  278,  406, 

241.  3r.5,  361,  873, 899,  402;  viii,  821, 
1,  161. 
,  killed  In  Black  Hawk  war.ii, 

lev.  David,  early  Prairie  du  Chien 

un,  ii.  147. 

ipt.  Al-'xander,  ix,  448. 

•n. .  Indian  interpreter,  v. 307. 

ivid,  ludi.iu  agent  and  teacher,  v, 

.356. 

hn   vii.  460. 

.h  F.,  vii.  4»5. 

in  IJ.,  early  mail  carrier,  11,  151, 

rew,  earJy  Racine  settler,  vii,  335- 

inoj.  onrly  Racine  settl**r,  ii,  450, 

3.r)31'). 

r.  Christian,  a  New  Glarusteachtr. 

r.  J'liij,  on  New  Glaruscolcnj-,  viii. 
50. 

Indian  interpreter,  vl.  194. 
,  Meissrs.,  early  Milwaukee  settlers. 

.  HniTi.son,  early  .Milwaukee  set- 
J55,  281. 

-KG 


Ludingron.  Lewis,  early  Milwaukee  settler, 

iv.  i;)5. 
Lumbeiingin  Wi«con.sin,  ii.  118,  182-141,  149, 

i82;  iii,  439-445,  418,  44^;  v,  242-254,  273;  ix, 

890. 
Lunatic  asylum,  stnte,  vi.  107. 
Lusi-'naux,  ,  early  Indian  trader,  vii, 

277. 
Liisson,  M.  De  St.,  v,  110. 
Luther, .  early  Waukesha  settler,  i,  184, 

185. 
Lycan,  J«*r»»niiah,  a  j»loneer,  vi.  478. 
Lynch,  Thos.,  Jr.,  rare  nutograr>h  of.  x.  877, 

a; 9,  381-384.  8K7.  3S8,  39S-i90.  '406.  418,  4l7, 

428,  429.  448  507;  portrait  of.  395-6. 
Lynde.  C  uir.es  J., early  Milwaukee  settler,  ir, 

257.  280. 
Lyndes,  James  J,,  vlii.  462.  463. 
Lyon,  Alfred,  earlv  New  I^Dndon  settler,  iii, 

478. 
Lyon.  Isaac,  early  Walworth  county  settler, 

vi,  4<i2:  X.  18. 
Lyon,  Lucius,  Michigan  comrrc*ssnian,  iv,858; 

<'ariy  map  of  Trairie  du  Cliien,  ix.  ^K 
Lyon,  C)isop,  x.  81. 

Lyon,  Tnomas  and  Willi.im  F.,  early  Wal- 
worth countj*setlK*rs.  vi,  461. 
Lyon,  "^Vil  iuii   \\.  early  Walworth  county 

settler,  vi,  4;K  462. 
Lyons,  Walworth  county,  vi,  461,  468. 


Macnlie,  Wid«'»w,  x,  138. 

McAllster, ,  viii,  385. 

Macard.  ,  or  Macliar,  early  soldier,  iii, 

213.210,211;  vii,  176. 

McArthur.  Arthur,  lieutenant  governor  of 
Wisconsin,  vi.  10.\ 

McArthur.  A  ,  x.  5l'3-4. 

McBridv',  A.,  early  Walworth  county  settler, 
vi,  4.>4. 

McHride.  Alexander,  early  Dane  county  set- 
tler, vi,  386. 

McHrid»\  David,  on  Lemon wier  river  and 
valley,  iii.  500,  ."jOI:  on  Black  Hawk's  ciip- 
ture,  V.  293;  enrly  Mauston  editor,  \iii,  88i ; 
s^k^rch  of,  X.  480. 

McBride,  E.,  early  Monroe  county  settler,  iv, 
891. 

McC:il)e*s  unpublished  gazeteer  of  Wiscon- 
sin, iii,  108;  viii,  200. 

McC'alM*,  Capt.  Robert  A.,  U.  S.  A.,  vii.  878. 
374,403.  **-• 

McCull.  James,  treats  with  Indians,  ii.  482. 

McCallum.  Willium,  early  Juneau  county 
M'ttl»-r,  viii.  3W8. 

McCirthy,  John,  early  Green  Bay  settler, 
\ii  241. 

McCiiuley,  0  A.,  early  lumbprmAn.viii,  402. 

Ma-chn-nah.  a  Menomonee  chief,  iii,  2^2. 

MeClrllun,  Gen.  Geo.  B.,  ix.  378. 

.Mt:Cl«  Han,  Robert,  early  Roiky  mountain 
♦  xplorer,  iv,  96,  i»7. 

Ml  Ciure,  C,  early  Monroe  county  settler, Iv, 
891. 

McClure,  N.  A.,  early  Milwaukee  settler,  iv, 
262. 

.^IcConiber.  H.  M.  and  8.  D.,  early  Juneau 
c-  unty  si-ttli'rs,  viii,  879. 

Ml  Coni.ell, .  in  BIm<  k  Hawk  war,  ii,  391. 

MctVmnell,  M«j.  Murray, in  Black  Hawk  war, 
ii.  407. 

McCorniick,  Jos-ph,  vii.  471. 

Mil.'riicken.  Austin,  early  Walworth  county 
settlor,  vi,  466. 

M«  Crn<'ken.  \  olrev  A., early  W^alworth  coun- 
ty set  lUr.  vi,  415.  454. 

McCraney.  Th  m  s.  early  Grant  county  set- 
tler, vi,  396.^02,  410,  415;  vii,  293,  295. 

McCrary's  funiuct^,  x,  74 

McCrate,  Limt.  Thomas.  U  8.  A.,  vii.  868. 

McDava.  A\  i  Ham,  earlv  Juneau  county  set- 
tler, Till, «». 


538 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


McDermott,  Hugh,  \iii.  Abd. 

McDill.  Au*x  iiidtTS.,  vil,  472. 

M'Doajild,  A.  U.,  ix,  483,  481. 

McDoiiuM,  John  P.,  in  Uarstow'f*  cavalrj*,vi, 

313. 
McDoimll.  Col.  Roh-rt,  in  Briti  h  servio**.  li. 

]«i;  v.ii.  .'3;  ix.  IJW.  ll-5.1!W.2i«,2i)3.;«l.u»5, 

2:8-2 V),  i  13.  'il  5. 5J4r.  2«  0,  205-2  /J,  STTO.  277;  x, 

31».121,l-^4.12iJ.12r.l4,'. 
Mai-DoiuuU,  Ueorge,  of  Detroit  regijn,  v, 

370. 
MMcDou-jrnll  nnnnsKjripts.  v.  ICW. 
MoDoii^nll,  William,  early  Wultvorth  county 

8»*tilT.  vi.453. 
McEntft», ,  early  Juneau  county  settler, 

viii,  3Q1. 
ML*Kw«*n  rock,  viii,  872. 

McFatldrin,  (apt. .vILSri. 

McKaddeo,  George,  early  Ureen  county  set- 
tler, ill.  125. 
BIcFHrlnne,  lfu;;h,a  pioneer,  vil, 8 jO;  viii,820, 

381, 39S;  x,486. 
Mc(ion»'^al,  Dr.Daniel,  early  Kenosha  settler, 

ili,407. 
UcUraw,  Dominick,  in  Black  Hawk  war,  ii, 

348.349,870,301. 
Mc(5raw,  Edw«id,ix,430,481. 
Mciiieer's  nip.d.s, early  seft'ement  at, iii,483. 
McGregor,  Bloody  Kun,  v, 865-308. 
McGregor,  Jaui'js  and  John,edrly  lumbermen, 

vld,403. 
HcGuii'ck,  Edward,   early  clergyman,   viil, 

457 
McOuir'*,  Jaa.  C.,x,443. 

McIIugh,Kev. ,onT.  P.  Burnett,  ii,  333 

Ucllwaine.JamLv^. killed  in  Black  HawK  war, 

i'. 341,3 H),3;5.3>7;  vl,40K 
Mcliulo*',  Hu.;h,.skttch  of.x,475. 
Mein  Joe,  Walter  D..n.i  lsiii,4l9. 
McKaig.  Th'inus,  e.irly    Walworth   county 

8etiltr.vi,45S,4'^^2,4t>3 
Ma<-kav,  Lieut.  Jiineas,  v,  416. 

l^IcKiiy, ,  enriv  Indiati  trader, i,2iJ. 

McKHv.Co'.Wi;liajn,iii  British  s.Mv.ee.ii.  122- 

]24.1l)0,211>.22»:  iii,  270-2HO.  3O4-30ii.  317:  v, 

Jn.2y7:  viii,  r,3:  ix.  li)l-l9C.  ',117,  2.8.2.0.211. 

214,  21«.>-221,  2i«.»-231,  20C,270,29J;  x,  118-111), 

14-.i.  145, 1 17. 
McK«e.  capt..  or  White  Elk.x.UfJ. 
McK  -uiiey,  Col.   Thoma'*   L..    nt   treaty    of 

Buttes  (le.s  Morts,  ii,  .130;  iv.  1G8:  V"ii.  311; 

III.  i  .ncoiiiini.s  i  iium-,  v.  !Xi.  lOJ,  178.22.'):  su- 

]M'r  ntemli'iit  of   Indian  tr  ulr,  vii,2jy-288. 
M  irkeiizii',  Maj   A.,  x.  3.7.  329. 
Mm  k'lizie.  LifUt.  J«ihn,v.3:iU,350. 
Wack-'nzif,  Will  am  L.,x,4:i3. 
Mflck.*y,  ,  early  ."r^auk  county  settler,  vi.i, 

81K). 
Miu''- iliac,  or  Mickinac,  an  Ottawa  chief,  v, 

103. 
Maikinnw,  i.  25-47,  r.i-»7:  i!.iC8,  .'02:  iii.  I05, 

liXi,  211),  221,225  2151.2. 9-2?  1;  v.  6i,l.7.8l.NJ. 

81.  8rii,  b9.  5i;i,t>7.lu9,  m-in,  P8. 12l,l.-)8.378. 

411:  vi.l.C-ltO:  VI,  12">,  l.V2-i(}».  17S-1S2  IH - 

18"^,271-2sS:  viii.  209  222  2-'r-i.'31:  ix.  110.117. 

142,  19:3,  2U),  2'. 2,  ;6J, 294. 310-319;  x.  49.499, 

M  '. 

McKiniu'V, , in  Bl-irk  Hawk  war, iL-'J-V^. 

Mi-Kiii/Je.  Kf>bert.eail>  luviiau  trader,  ix,  138, 

1».H,  U.o.  i.'>l. 
IVIcKiu.ht.'riifinias, c>nrly  lev:is'at>  r. vi,395. 
McKni^lit.lh  'MJMs.f'arh  1' g  slator.  v;,3'iG. 
51cL.in<',(v  oige  U.,  dt^ath  ot"  an-l  euli-gv  on, 

M(.'M;»i>(.n.  U.  H., early  Monroe  countv  settlor, 
iv.:iKS-;iL«l. 

McM.lan, .killed  at  D'troir, iii. 3:1, 3?0. 

McMillan,  Mollis  n,  early  Monroe  count}' 
s»-til-r,  iv,  3^3-392. 

McMiUen, ,  early  WauLesh.i settler,  i,  183, 

13  i. 

Me.'Milli.'M.  W  ir.am,  early  l\ev.'  Loudon  set- 
tler, iii,  4'<2. 

McMyKr,  J.  J.,  a  Wisconsin  v;t\Ict,x»V;\. 


McMynn,  John  G.,  early  Kenosha  te^chfr, 

ii.  4i8;  state  supe:  iutendent  of  pubLc  ii- 

structiun.  v,  31 K  8M. 
McXair,  Col  Ai*-x.tuder.  early  Indian  tr&der, 

ii  117,122,127,223;  vi.210,2W,«i 
McNai  \  Col.  John,  early   Miut-ral  Pciit  «(• 

tlrr,  ii, 337,3 X).  302, 4«^8. 
M.Nai.-.  L  »u'.  Juhn,  k.lled  in  Black  Bait 

war.  ii,  209-211. 
M  Niiir,    Capt.    Tlionms,    earlv   Praiil*  da 

Chien  settler,  i-.  112. 110, 122, 127, 150. 157, !«. 

105;  viit.2."»9,200. 
McNeil.  J.  B.,  viii. 885, 386. 
NcNedl.  Gen.  John.  i.5l:  iv,  199:  ti,  160;  vii, 

233.200-285:  x,251. 

McNi.sh, ,  early  Sheboyirau  fattier. iT.SNL 

McNisti,  I>r.  Jamf^s  early   Walworth  coiulty 

s  ttler,  V  1,458.47 1, 475. 
McN'iwn,  John,  eariy  Juneau  county  settler, 

viii.8'«8.  ^ 

McNutt  &  Boner,  early  Indian  traden,Ti,40( 

403  4:0,411. 
McNutt,  early  Green,  county  settler,  iii, 43- 

4^3. 
McNutCs  diggings,  x.  T9. 
Macoonce,  an  Indian  chief,  lit. 801. 
McKoss.  [..otran,  early  Walwoiui  county  sei' 

tier,  vl,  43H. 
Mc-ht.'rry.  Dr.  Edward,  early  Mineral  Point 

se  tier,  vi,  302.  8J8 
Mc  Williams.  George,  early  Green  B^  Kt* 

tler.iv.  ic7. 
M.icy.  John  B  .  ix. 414, 415. 
M  I-  lul  I,  Henry  i>ixl  re,  x,  210. 
Ma  Idin,  Wm.  J.,  x.830. 
3Iadi  >on.  James,  manuscripts,  x.  441 
Mad  son,  Ur.  John,  trouble  « ith  ludiaof,  ti, 

279. 
Maiiion,  iJr.  Wm.  S..  killed  by  Indians,  It, 

164. 
Madison,  Hty  of.  i,  100, 101, 143:  1 1.806.803, SI, 

39-.,  40'<,4'il-4>^;  iv,30.8i.87-l»3.1'W-l'.'l,8tt- 

349,  360,470-477;  vi.  140-1 13. 341-«*8,4%7, 477. 

478:  vii. 327, 300, 409, 4 10. 449;  viii.STO  571:  ix, 

49,  50,  53.  UO-OU,  09-71.73;  x,  C9,:3.74,77,81- 

86 

Ma  iround. ,  x.l"9. 

Magooi),  l>r.  Oliver  C,  early  Whitewater  set- 

il<.'r,vi,449.471. 
Magoon.hiehard  H.,vli,470. 
Ma.;ioiin,    Rev.    Ur.  G.   K,  early  PlatteviEe 

t  -aclier.  v,  :i47. 
Mngiiire,  T.  V.,  ix,43»>. 
Mali-zih-ma-iiee-kah  kiiU  Poquette,  Ti]i,8l8, 

319 
MailenVR.ck.  x.372. 
Mail  facil  ti"^.  early.  ».  94,101,152,1.'^:  T,SJ; 

vi,  1.^8, '  39, 279, 433, 456 :  ix,  >2;>,  ^01  4'J4. 
Main.  U  P.,  larly  Pane  coiiiity  scttitr,  iv.llft 

Main  Pi  que ,  x.  1(W,  ilO-lll. 

Ma  k  lu-t.i-i  e  na  st*.  or   Llack  BirJ.  a  Chip' 

l>fwa  chii'f.  iii, 205. 200. 
Makoua.  «.n-  Matcoueone,  Indians  iJ  Wiscoo- 

>in   i  i.  126.131. 
M.ilei.giienl -I*  or  M-^nongihela,  vii,  130.471 
M{il;«.rV,  .Anu'lia.  iv.439. 
Mall  'ry,  Henry,  iv.  4r>. 
Mallory.  R.  II  i!  early   Walworth  county  sfl- 

t  er,  vi  43,475. 
M  Itbv,  Kev.  C.  O.,  on  S.  H.  Carpenter,  ria. 

Mairagre,  Levins,  early  Portage  settliT,  ^c. 

Mannhan.  jTni?s,  early  Prairie  du  CbienseJ' 

ll.T.  iv.  384. 
MaMdHr%  i.ie,  John,  early  Waukesha  setller.l 

134  137. 
MiiMiieville,  Jack,  exrloit.   r.  153,  151:  tii 

;.57. 
Manistie,  or  Mena«*tit>,  its  me.anine.  vi,  104. 
Man  t  »wcc,  i,  111,117;  iii,  837;  v,  153;  Tii,4ll; 
1      ix, 161. 
X'^iMiw.WtiQdY,  early  Calumet  county  ietlhr, 


General  Index  to  Vols.  I— X. 


539 


an-shaped  mounds  of  Wisconsin,  ir,  855- 


aii\ill^,  James  L..  xii'\  4GS. 
anv'f.enuy,  Q.  W„  early  Indian    commis- 
si'iter,  )ii.  $)»,S40,357.3'J3. 
Lan  ze-mo-ne-ko,  a  W'iuiiebae>-»T  vii,  35C-358. 
887-389. 

laple  st:^r.  manufacture  of.  vii.  S20-222, 
larameg  Indians  in  \Vi<>oonsi:).  iii,  1*<.G,  131. 
laraihon  ouunty.  iii.  435.447-loO. 
larch.  Col.  Enoch,  x.  1:0. 
larch.  Prof.  T.  A..  Ti  1. 1»0. 

larchand, ,  early  Indian  traJer,  iii,  241, 

S52. 

Lir  y.  Capt.  R.  B..  U.  S.  A..  858.377. 
laie^t,  Fdther.  early  missionary,  iii,  111,116 
Iffret,  Father,  early   missionary,  iii,  100;  iv. 


largot  river,  v,  112. 

largry.  l^Ierre,  on  La  Salle  ard  di'^covery  of 
M.BSissippi,  vii,  ViO;  ix,  106-112;  x.  50i. 
larle,  a  Sac  doctre&s  ix.  2il,  27'J. 

laiin,  Sieur  .  inod  Fox  war.  v.  C5,97. 

101, 106, 107. 115, 116, 2»7;  viii,  :C07.;!0e,232,215- 
Si7,-4)I:  x.8i>8,3'>4. 
lariii'^  fort,  ix,  280. 
[arion.  viii.  9H0. 

larpot.  an  Indian  chief,  iii,  301. 
larquette.  Father  James,  early  missionan 
and  explorer,  i:I.  87-121.  509;  v,  9.  822;  vii. 
Ill:    viii.  202;   ix,  106,  106, 110.  112,114,115; 
x,  283,2:J4. 

larr.  Ttiomas,  early  mirveyor.  iii,  886.837. 
Larriaipe  custrms,  eerly,  in  >VlsConfein,ii,121, 
122,127,176,216,227. 

Iarsh,Col. ,  x,  209. 

iandi,  A  hert  G..  it.  448. 
larBh.  Rev.  Caitiue,  pioneer  misslocary,  i, 
104;  Iv.  ^99. 

Uin«n,  Juhn,  sub  In^lUn  af^ent,  11,151,157, 
160, 109,170,25<(-;58.888;  v.  181. 

[arsh, ,in  Blacic  Hawk  war,  vi,  406;  viii, 

«7tt. 

[ar^hall,or  Bird's  Ruins,  vi,  871. 
larston,  C;oL  F.  H.,  U.  S.  A.,  vii,  874. 
[arston,  Maj.   Morrtll,  U.  S.  A.,  vi,  200,  274. 
278. 

rattin,  Fnther  Felix,  iii.  113.  115.  127;  vI5,161. 
till  tin.  Morgan  L.,  eaily  Milwaukee  settler, 
i,  181:earlv  Gr^en  Uav  settler,  it,  lOi,  29(). 
427;  iii,  200,  2  5,  221.  228.  2V1,  258.  v93.  499; 
iv.  175.  191.  1:5;  v.  16,  108;  vi,  812  889,  478: 
vii  270.  487.  475;  ^lii.  i09.  217.  230.  231.  855, 
862. 868;  ix  801.394.  397-404;  x,  64. 74,  84.  89, 
186.  180.  339-810  ^ibi. 

artin,  Orra.  early  Walworth  county  clergy- 
man, vi,  471. 

art^n,  S  H..  enrlv  Milwnukee  settler,  i,  131. 
artinlere,  Sieur  de.  v,  174 
[arty,  Matthias,  dtrk  ot  Green  county,  viii, 
8-14 

Ar»  l.ind  Hi.^torioal  society,  Gilmore  papers, 
X.881. 

iasca,  C.  B.,  or  Dominique  Brunet,  Sr.,  x,  136, 
188. 

Fa^'Coiitin  or  Mafkouter«  Ind'an.s.  i.  23;  iii, 
lOd,  107.  120.  127.  131.  149;  v,  110-112. 
.ason.  .J<jhu,  eaily  Juueau  county  settler, 
▼iii.  390. 

iason.  L«'\I,  enrly  Racine  setll^^r.  ii.  479. 
A«on   Cant.  R.  B.,  ut  Prairie  da  Chieu,  ii. 
268  270. 

iason.  Stevens  T..  governor  of  MiohigTn 
territory-,  »i,  432,  438:  iv,  88;  vi,  34S,  88J,  390, 
899;  X.  83. 

asse.  Father,  early  mi«^a'onary,  ill,  97. 
alters,  Cupt.  Ennius  D.,  hkttcu  of,  vii,  411, 
470. 

astin,  Maj. .,  U.  S  A.,  ii,  115. 

astodon,  cotempoiary  vich  mound  build- 
ers, vii.  147-149. 

atohf-ke-wls.  ciptor  of  Mack<n<iw,  iii,  224, 
S82,v84.  vii  158.  164.  18H;  vLi,  2.9. 
Atbeivs,  Col  b.  It,  X,  175, 


•  Matson,  N..  vi',  Tfi.  SSfi.  415. 

.  >lat-tat-ias.«.  lMtawati«.mt^  ch'ef,  x,  110. 

'  Mau^hs.  (ien.  M.  .M  ,  vi.i,  ?>85,  386. 

Mauxh.^.  Nii-h<  Ijuji.  viii.  3d'i. 

Maiikau-tau-iHre,  a  Meiiomonee  chief,  ii.  £72, 
2h3 

Maiile.  Col. .  in  British  s-rvice,  ix,  208. 

Miiunk  Sue!;,  or  Big  Foot, or  G.  neva  lake,  vi. 
450. 

MauAton.  vi  S">9:  viii,  3!45-*i7  408,  410. 
I  llaxson.  Dr.  u.  T  .  eany  PreaCwtt  st tiler,  iii, 
'      40O.  41.1.  4e8.  465. 

Max  we. 1,  Co..  J.ime<»,  early  Walworth  county 
'     seiner,  vi.  4l5.  4:.2  4  5. 
!  .Maxwell,  James  A.,  eai  ly  Walworth  county 
i      Sftiler,  vi,  4  2. 

'  Maxwell,  I'h  l.p,  early  Walworth  county  set- 
i      tier,  vi,  455 
'  May,  Darwii  R,  an<l  William  K..  eariv  Wal- 

■  V  onh  county  set-  'era.  vi,  454,  467,  4U). 
j  Mayer,  Bmn'z.  x,  376.  -142. 

I  Mayotte,  CAiherine  OVinnebago),  x,  207,269. 

Mayviile.  ix.  t/U.  W  65.  71. 
i  Mazzuclielii,  Rev.  Samuel,  early  teacher,  v, 

828.  349.  855. 
j  Meacliam,Je8^.e>*rly  Walworth  county  set- 
:      tler.\i.42:l.  460,  475 
I  Meade,  C«>l.  R  K.,x,890. 
I  .^lean.  V.  R,  ix,  4>5. 
I  Metlals.  gif.s  to  ludians,  ix,  1S3-196,  178,  177, 

■  190,  197. 

MeaiH,  Janifra  R.,  viil,4.'.9. 

>Jedbury  &  Hover,  early  Milwaukee  millers. 
iv.266. 

Med'ciiie  men.  or  conjurors,!,  128.1:74. 

Me»lill,  William,  at  Jfoygan  treaty,  viii,  827- 
211. 

31eeker,Dr.  Mo8e«,  early  lowa'county  settler, 
vi.271.  200;  X.  X6ti. 

Me;;un.  John  H.,  feolJier  at  Ft.  Winnebago, 
iv,  847. 

Meg-e-zee,  or  the  Eagle,  a  Chippewa  chief, 
iii,  3  .7 

Mellir«hV  map  of  1816.  ix,  24S. 

Mehiii.  Sergeant  ,  at  Prairie  du  Chien, 

V,  245-251. 

Meribre.  Father,  early  missionary,  ill,  110, 
12.;,  1«0.  1.S2. 

Memhard,  Georpe  F.  C,  ix,  441. 

Menai.;e,  Peter,  v,  807. 

Menard,  Chas.,  x.  8434 

Menard,  Mary  h.nu.  early  Prairie  du  Chien 
settler,  i ,  1.5,  126, 129,  Ibl. 

Menard,  l*it  rie,x,*^51. 

Menard,  Father  Ueue,  early  missionary, iv, 
217:  ix,  117. 

Menda  1,  1  z'-a,  early  Waukesha  settler,  i,  187. 

Mendota  lake,  significance  cf  name,  li,  105. 

Meno'iionees.  or  K«  lies  Av«  ine  Indiai-s,  i,28- 
47.  52:8  68  77.  90:  ii.  181,  184-139,  168.  KO, 
170,  171.  170.  1^7,  219.  247.  2  i\2:8.265.2  6, 
a*VO,  .'JfW,  421-448.  491  4t)4:  i:l,  110.  120,  .8i»,  18;!, 
l.')4, 19..-295:  iv  lOl,l*'l,  l. 2.  172174.  183-186, 
VM,  ;.M3,21»>-2I9.  21^:  v.  «>  93.  98,  9.K  lOU.  lOi- 
HH  li»»..  U'7.  110.  Ii2,  IW)  1^2,  218.  231,  Vft<i  i59, 
2  2  »l»l;  vi.  109.  171.  172:  vii.  107  170.  177, 
214.  218.  123-5.  249.  273-4,  2^3-5.213,  ::W>  300, 
85'.  358.  413.  414:  vid.  2  8.  2v7-i3.5,  245,  -62, 
26-8  :javy.  341-3.  3  C  4U7:  ix.  38,  147.  246, 
2:.0. 177-2J-0.  427:  x  r>0,110,  115,  1*9,  121,  1^2- 
3.   2:U,    J8.'-3,  41*7-500 

Meuomonee  r.v«  r.  ix.  309. 

>len«'in(>nee,  or  fchantj'  town,  at  Green  Bay, 
i.  07, 70. 

Met  zip,  i:ol>ert  R.,  death  of,  x,  481. 

.Meir  am,  Isaac,  )X,4')1. 

Meiri'k.  A.  L,,  Penz  and  Rdfr'ck,  enrly 
Wtlworth  courtv  w  ttler?»,  vi.  449,4^.4,  4*J5. 

Merrill, ,  early  mill  builder,  i  i,  488. 

Men  ill,  C.  R.,  ear.y  Waiw^nh  county  settler 
vi.  458. 

Meirili,  Herry,  early  Portitge  pettier  and 
writer,  V  I,  857,  8:8.  8.0,8613,  8^7;  \U,  6*^ 
815,871, 44a. 


540 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


partv.  45*1;  plore-^r  newspaper  ar.4GJ:  nwi- 

ti.mt'tl,481:  iii.lJW.2.5.  -J-J*.  -i:*).  aiil-SW  JT. 

:^8^J :  i V.  1 1;  l.  lCi».  i T3. 1  m).  iVJ  >N\ 3  0. v^  il. 

V.  l.V».  aiB-^^l).  2e",»   ^JTi.  •J31.*JM.J$:C.:i5l.3-r; 

vi   137.  141.  ll-\  147.  m.  17ii,:j7U:  \h.4I>l. 

4:A:  \iii, 22^303:  ix.Gi.lo,  153-ir»S. 
Milwidikef  liuliaus,  X.  103. 

>JirnM\ , early  iiiissiuiwiry.iv.SOi. 

.^liiii-r.  K.   !^.,  upptT  Wiscousin  pioneer, ^Li. 

:;'J0.  101.  102, 405. 40»;. 
Minonii  IN>iiit.i.H0,fi7.M1.14"»:  ii,  S3I  .W.«- 

4S'i;  v,31S.8r»J;  vi.efKI.SOii-Sai:  \u,i>. 


Merrill, P'lnlon  H.,  ix.  439. 

JltTiill.  Prof,  nnd   Mrs.  S.   T.,  early  Peloit 
teachers,  v.  317.  8I!>. 

M«*rMll,NVin.  I  ».,eailv' Prairie  du  Chien  edi- 
tor. V.  20."S  408. 

Mcrriinaii.   I^r. ,  iu  Ulack  Hawk  war,  ii, 

3-..'i,:i:»9.  407. 

Mesiii«'»re.  I    I-'.,  iv,  414.  415. 

Mt'Himr.l.  Father,  eaily   niissiouarj-,  iii,  101; 
V.  322. 

Messersinit'i.(Jeorpe,  explores  site  of  Madi- 
Hon,  vii.  40i».41O.  412. 

Messersiniih,  Jt>hii,  i  i.  enrlv   Iowa  countv  ■  Mm  jr»'-n^*-ke-aw,  or  ihe  Bii;  Man. au IjdiiB, 
settler,  i.r.  19;  iv,  181:  v.  3»H:  vi.303:  vii,  295.        iii.:i:^l.;M2 

Mes.Sfr>iiii  li.  J»  iin.  Jr..  i:j  Bl  lek  Hawk  war.  '  Minirjr  ilislrict  in  southwest  Wiscoa«ui.i.5}. 
ii.  H47.  349  307.  308.  370;  early  Madison  .set- 
tler, vi..  3S2.  383.  ! 

Met-ch''-quai-au.  x.  14S.  i 

3Iet)io<lf  anil  familv,  kill»*d  in   Winnebago 
war.  ii,  155,  l.'i^i;  v.  120.  I'JT:  %iii.  iJNl. 

Met^»x**n.  J'lhn,  a  St«.i'kl»r  dge  eiiief.  ii,  417. 
418;  iv,  29t»,  *)0.  303.  *»5,  .^'ii ;  viii,  338. 

M  'xioan  Indians  vii'.  ItyV-lGT. 

Meyer.  (")laf.  in  Bar>t<.»w"s  eavah'v,  vi.  113. 

Miiiniis  at  Crii'-nirfi.  iii.  lOJ;  in  \Vi>eon.sin,  iii. 


81, '.18. 

"  Mink,'"  vess-^1  ar  firfen  Bay, x.  133. 
Mivct>n>ii:R.  »)r  \Viseon«iinir, ix,  115. 
Mi^sillini.a-.-Kinac.     See  Macivinuw. 
Missi  mjirirs.  early,  in  Jh*  northwtfsl. papef 

oil.  iii  87-121;  sc***  also  Clerirvmeri. 
Mississi|i]>i..si^iiiric.'i1ion  cf  iiainf.ix.ffll.SR. 
Mi-^'i^sinpi  nvfr. di-o>verv  of.vji.SJ.  11. 
Missouri.  Indian  war  in.  1»^13.  ii.;!C4-2Si. 
Mi>i>ouii  ln«lian«*.ix.67.7"J.234. 


12»J.  134:  v.  110-112;  capture  of,  on  tlie  Mis-    Mifa^s.-.u  Sac  and  Fox  ci.itf.;i'.5«il:  ix.lS. 


s»  iiri.  IX.  214. 
Micbiicm,  tenirory  and  state,  ii,  299,  301. 
Slichigan,  orijfin  of  name,  ix.  U4. 
M  iclitt.aii.  an  early  sti  anjt'r.  ix.  892. 
MicKley,  J.  J.,  x.  875,  2r<Q.  3^7,  429.  441. 
Miildli*  island,  L-ike  Sui»erior,  viij.  221. 
Mid«ilHt«in,   Arti:nr,    rare  antngrapU    of,   x. 

881.  388,  *»8-9.  4'H".. 
Mikissiiiua  lod.ans  in  AVisconsin.iii,  12G,  1>'!4. 
Militia  traiuinp^.  vi.  470. 
Mdl  creek,  or  Wau-pee-ty  river,  i,  118,  120; 

f  ariy  s  ttlrnent  on,  iii.  4.'iS. 
3IiUanl.  Ira.  early  New  London  st>t tier,  iii, 479. 
Millard.  Mariu,  eailv  Nt-w   London  teacher, 

iii,  4X1. 
Mil'aid's  prairie,  vi'i,  3K"i. 
Miller. .  earh-  ^^  a. worth  countv  settler, 

vi.  419. 
Miller,  Andrew  (i.,  territorial  .indgo,  vi,  379. 

477;  notice  i»f,  vii.  4:-l 
Miller.  A.  W.,  x.  :WU  .1. 


Mitchell,  Al  "xan'ler, early  Milwaiik^^j^-r'k 
I      i i,  1 33 ;  i V .  2V.i.  27 5 ;  v i ,  :W.  19.  :,0 :  ix. ^A\'J-^ 
i  Mitchell.  I»r.  David,  in  Bnt.sli  M.Tvict?,.x.dW: 
!     x,10J-105. 

;  Mit<*hell.  E  ,  enrly  iiindiennan,  viil.4'3. 
!  Mitchell.  Martin,   a  Wisconsin  wiitrr.T,r.; 

vii.  57. 
i  Mi  cht'll,  Mrs.  Mary.  firs^tAnuTioanchildl«t 

at  (in'en  Bav.iv.  l»!5. 
;  Miter,  Ki-v.  Dr.  J.  .1..  vii.  108. 
■  Mix,(  harles  E.,  v.:*)«,:jt.7. 
M  n'.-it,  Benjamin,  early  Milwaukee  settler,  i^. 

2<55. 
Moheg.m  Indiiu.*;.     See  J5t<;»okhri'ie«. 
Moh^-r.  James,  early  La  Crosse  .'setli'T.iv.S* 
I  Mumj»asou.  John,  comni.iu-Jant  at  Ma*  kiw*. 

viii.221. 
.  Mon  cauniiig  island.  Lake  Sui^riiir,viii,S4. 
Monnwe  •unty,iv,3"'7-39i. 
.M'»nta:ue,  Hev.  hi.  C.on  WijiCon>iu inouca*. 
iv,.5.V 


3liller.  Odeb,  i-nrly  Walworth  county  settler.  '  M«iiiteHl:n.<Jen. .v.  111,117. 

Montg..m»'rv.  C  d.   Jnhii,  tfXi.>eJilion  r.p  ll* 

U  iii»is. vii.l7'i:  ix. 291. 
Mtintigii'-y.  taiher. early  niis-sionary.iii.Ul 
Mont-trempe-l  t'an,r,rigin  of  name.i.lU  ^ 
Moody.  John.  Ia'Vi  and   Marcus,  early  ^\«' 

worth  c^'Unty  »;etf|frs.  vi.  4X). 
Mooer.s,  B.  F.,   early  Sheho>g:in  settler,  i^. 

310. 


\i,  441.  153 
Mill  -r.  Henry,  earlv  Kenosha  settler,  ii,  471. 
Miller,  Henry,  earlj'  Mil wauk'-e  set  i  k-r,  iv.  '^o'\. 
Mi  ler.  J.  B.!  earlv  La  C'ios>t'  settler,  iv,  8SJ. 

:iM,  380 
Miller.   CV.J.   Jnhn,    CMmmaiulant    at    (;r»-en 

Bav.  181C,  i.  49-5-»;  ii,  Ni  liW;  i.i,  2S1,  282; 

ix.  401.  

Miler,  .lohn  S..  esciped  from  Indians,  ii,221;  ■  MoDn-'v.  Paul,  early  Juneau  ci"»uniy  hctilirr. 

early  (idena  settler,  vi  27'.«.                                I      viii.  3^>*. 
Millerl   Hie  lanl.   early  Rvick  count}-  settler,     Moore.  C.»l. ,  viii.  . 'CO. 

vi.  4!8,42«1.  MiH>n-,  .\..  earlv  Lu  C'ns>e  ivttler.  iv.  SvT. 

^lidi^raii,  (i.  W..  early  Monroe  county  settler.  .  Moore.   Benjamin,   early   Walworth  c  ai;ty 

iv.  3J1.  .      settler,  vi.  4ls. 

Million.  BeniM'tt.  in  lilaek  Huwk  war.  ii,  31.5,  '  Moore.  Hanlin,  earlv   Richland  county  sit 

*)■•.  :w5.  3M0.  Hs3.  3^4.  :i<.  I      tier,  ii.  489. 

Milnian.  K-  he:t  M..  vi  i.  451.  Mo<irc,  Harvey  T.,  viii,  4"fi.  459. 

Mills.  Davi  I,  X.  :W0  :W1.  3:i5.  3t'-.*.  3^5.  Moore,   Oipt .    .lohn.  early  pioni^r  in  l-*;*! 

Mills.  I)r.  J.  (.'..  eailv  Wahvoith  countv  s'^t-        region,  ii,  :i:i7:  in  Black  Hawk  war.  v. '.*i 

tier.  vi.  445.  -159.  471. 
Mil. S.J.  T.e;irlv  (Jrant  edin.tv  teach-r,  v.3;2. 
Mli.s.  K'ger  H.  ix.  l.Vi. 
Md  s.  ^im.-..n.  vi.  811i.:;.5').3.V,  :i'.i3. .r)'.). 37t". 378. 

:H).3'^:>.3-.>r:  x,  r.i.  <  !>.  10.  ss. 
Mil  -.«  ailv.  ill  Wivo.n^in.  ii.  ll><.  i:',-'-]n.  229. 

'^'.m  vss:  V.  rrM  vi.  e-;:.  3.50  35:.  3r->.  j-.i'.».  i5i»,  : 

457.  4i».  I'll;  vii,  2-J9   -Jl'}   -^4;.  35^.  :V)".».  3t»:. 
M  1  imi»r».«,  Ir.i.  e:irly  liock  couiiiv  ^L'lLler.  ix, 

4:r.. 
Mi.ion,.I<  hi-,»?arlv   Mineral  Toiiit  settlor,  vi, 

:i  3 
million.  Hufk  c»>ur:ty.  \i,  l-,»5. 
Mil^aiikie.o:  •',1  M  ot  \\;»vue  imd  earlv  settle 

1  n . •  n ' .  i .  3 ,' .  3  • .  :i".  \  V^ .  \ V» ,  \vv>  - \*.\ \  v  \\\\\v a\ ,\oy 


j»ioii-e  ion  oV  sett.».'rs,  \"\,  VA.  Al';^\  v'\o\\\^vt  ,^V*t\:vVxA.v'nv\v..v-\xVj 
triidens  at,104:  viailuvi  m  \«io  Vjv  ^i\iv\^u>i.^    *iw,*Sofe,^5Si,  VxV 


■gi( 
MiKiie.  John   L  ,  early   lunmcrniau.  ijI.  ♦'^' 

vii,  S5;». 
M')i»rc,  .John  P..  in  Baistow's  cavalry,  vi.  r.i 
.^ll^. ires.  Tiie.  earl\  I'idi.in  trailers,  m.  ifJi 
.Moi;iii.    K<lm>>iid,   earlv  Indian  iraJer.  i.  V. 

1^:  viii.  81  232  240. 
."^I'-rniiil.  (.'ai-t .  th  fe.its  S.u»s  :\n:\  F  X'"*. 

Iii,  '^)\  V.M1.  5«''i;  iv.  239;  \ii,  PJ*.*.  3.51.  87 J. 
Mt.reaii.  J    B..  x.  143. 
M  'reln'M^e,     !Mai-v,    early     Juneau    co'.:i:!J' 

tefith-r.  V  ii,  4(Hi. 
M<»n'h' iii.se.  Tin »m;is,  early  Inniliernian  vii.. 

im. 
Morgan,  C'..  early  Walworth  count}'  cl'-rry- 

v\v>wv,\\,  {7\. 

VSctssAVL  Bay  aeltitr.  ^«ii 


General  Index  to  Vols.  I — X. 


641 


am,  nMntrtion  of.  x,  4R3. 
NNilloiit^liby.   ar   Kock    Nianri 
•  "in   Ih.fn    V,  122  221,  2H»-24'J. 


I  Miiskt^f^)  laVe,  vi.  117. 
Mii>qMJiki^».  or  Knx  In.iiii!i<,>\.  INs. 
Miiwashi.a  M«Mi()iiiiHfi*  uiii'i-t.  ui.*.^) 


V.  120,  227.  28;,  2*J;  vi,  2T2.  273.     Myers,  Col  T.  li..  x,  Sr.'^.SNl.Sii-.'  ij.  n 
••'•'»**•  '  >Iyy:ntt,  Wiiil  !•••'. nil  f.jrlv  Ni'ilit'iiinil    of    Ki«- 

II,  "ikvtch  of.  X.  4KI.  ,      inislm.iii.;)'.i.')-42iK 

iinl.   Ill  liai-st«»\\"s  cavalry,  vi.  '  Mviit-k,  Jra  :iiul  Nniliaii.  oarlv  la  lY.  >m«  m*! 

tiers  iv.:iH3.:;M.:jst; 
V  i-(Vinsi!i.  vi.  l'»0.  , 

I.K'il).  X.  c'X). 

.  r.i'i-  anfu^ruj.h  of,  x.  Ji"*].  o'.'S.  i 

iivill,',   kii:»»l    in    ichn-k    Hauk  ' 

:;»1.  a70.  .'iiJ:  X.  js;.  no.  v.i7.  X>i-'.:..!i-uli.  a    l1ii:»i»-\\.i    i-':i.-r.    ii  .  :U^  SlO, 

I**,  ♦-.irlv    iiim»>uMii::ii,  \  .i  .  HJO.        :!..'». 

r.,  X.  *>.}  Nah-k  'in.  ul»  liioti.Mi  -  f   Ju«- rliiM. »» .   !i»l   U't 

-,  •-•jiilv  Ju'ii.in  ira-.l*  r.  viii.  2'JJ,      N.iii|>iipi'  nv  Na-t»-i'>.'p".  r.iiri    »'i    >*n' ■,  i,  i  ^, 

M:  X.  I'.i:,. 
ii.-s.  ii,  .■;:0,  :I40;  iv,  ii?l.  1^'.,  .U'.i:    Nai-...;r,;i.,,,:„,.  x.  i  •:,,  1 1:. 

N:i  iii'.:lt'*.  n  Mt'iunnm I'hirf,  t,  •"i-i.  \y  .  |i»,. 

iilier,  eail/  Milvvunkt.'i'  clfr^v-     Na-n;i\v-<»iiu'jra-lu".  a  L'inpjKMx.i  ilii -r.  iii,:l|il 

.  '  '    ,    3i4,:ni»-;i"):i. 

ihn'<P.  i-:.  .y\\i,  '  yinii\i>.if  Iwiinu-i  \\\  W.^mms  n,  ht.  r.' »,  KM. 

\..  sketrli  oi".  X.  4*^.  Na' r.iiraiwf  tt  I  uii.ui>.  i\.2^^^ 

H.,x.  II-.'.  N  isli.    K'.-v.     N. .1111  III,     v.ulv     iJi-'-'Mi      lla.v 

ix.  127 -l-:-.*.  teacher.  \ii.2.JJ-2-i.'i. 

'r.  J"ili  iiah.  vi-;it.s  (iivcn  Bay,     X.i  u*  '-c<-sii:.  si'»  ix  tor  i'ii»'m\ .  > .  IJU*.  r'>* 
.iii.  :i2'i.  :i'Z>.  "        Nei'-iiii-iiuiii  p^'i.-k  ni.  a  W  iinii'l'acii.  x,:UH. 

Ii.'ir.i  K.,  1)11  Chippfwaa  <*f  L<ike  ;  .\t-«>-kaii  t  i)i  or  I- our  !.'•,'>.  l '  1. 1 12. 
.  :iJ>*  3  II  N.I  SIM.- .'i-ku-ik     .-r    I. 'ul      llnm.n'r.     HI.U'U 

— ,  tiulv  Milwaukee  .M.-ttlor,  i,  i      H.iwksMMi.  i.12  72.SI:  ii.  12.1:*.  II.  Ii.a.. 
2.V>;  vi.  .'iV).  I  Xaninil  brii|-»'  i:i  Ki  nlmi  .-tm  m    i.  »«»■'« 

1.  rire  mil '^rraph    of.   x.  .3S1.  I  Xav.ir ticeen  Jtav.  i.'T.  i\.N.».2H 

S.  13«;,  4U:  pi.rtrait  of.  3M, rJiiii-  ,  xNavarie.  Uob  Tl  >\".\ iii.  2.'; . 2'.»:» 

Navl^iitiuii.  iiiterual.    m    \\  l^«^»ll^»t1l,lll.    lUU 
rtl«  Utrl  falls,  iii. l-i**, 4 17,4 1(».     [     49.).  .  ^ 

-.ix,4l>*.  I  Xa-ya-r  )- shin.f.1.  a  ('liipjH.wa  i-lm-f.h.  W. 

as,  iMij;!!!;!!  iiaiip* of  Laiitclade,     Ne.il.  Mu)!!!:!.-*,  earlv  iiiinfr.  \i.  I«»».  n2 

'X slnh.  viii.  3'.m,;W7.  101    lH.  I«»'M1»» 

•.ix.  .'.«.  I  N-or-.l  .:;v  (»t    N\  i-iomsi.i.  is;  I  ..'«.  \  I,  Hv»   l..lt 

.'.iin(l-»)uiklr«r!4.  See  AntiqiiitiL'-i.  ■      l«;»i  Is."  viii.   14-174:     is;ti  SI,    i\,    l^\  l»Jli 

.  0'.'.  '      1.S71*  ««'.   X.  ;74  4!H>. 

•  r  SUiink  ^in-kve.vi.  41<J,  tJi).  Xeeiiah.  ix.:JiH)-Wl.  ,    ,^,   ,.• 

c  «■  liiity.  VI.  i:i.  .N« -Ki:  k.  a  lhipp-«a  oliief,  "»«'»^''' "J  ;•■.,, 

tars,  «.r,i?iii  of  name.  1, 114,  N^-j;\v.i-;;oij.  a  <-"i  i|)p»*»*i»  cliii-l.  lU.  .-^^      ,   ,.^ 

any  .iur.cauroiiiiiv  settler,  viii,  '  X.  ill,  K- 1  w.    i>.,  N..t.si.ii   t-.Miv   ^^  *•*■ '".^ ',  ,I'Jf; 

i      tion.-,.  forts  ami  tra.liiitf   V"^«-.   5^ •  •;'•'»";• 
!av.  an  la  lian  .hii-l.  v.21'J.  i      o,i  t,,ri   lieanli  nn-'is.  H7 1 :  w -»« »» '  '  J. '7i,i; 

».  .".r  :»Ie-;:.)ii-.-^'o.i.  lis,  l.^-,,1.3«<.  Ori.  12 1, 1J!».  133  l-'H.   \M    M«.  l^.'"^.  l-»-\  •W^.l*'! 

'fi»ovK'.«M  e..iii.iv.  ix.:lu:).  I      vi,  :;0;,2.N.2:JU.2:i4.  2:4  •:  _X.il."*.  ,,i  ,  im 

ila  j  ■ ,  c..nimjui.l.s    al    Fort     X.-Nnn.  .Me«sr.s  .   eai  lv  ^^  :i'«»^  'V!''     .  "/'I^ 

n.V  NeU.»n.  .  tir-it   ileal »i  i'»   ^^»«'l•'  l*'""*»  *" 

.i:,2l?,2J4.  .Ma«li.';-.ii.  vi.  :w\  ..    ,         .,     „..«,- ^-i^ 

lam..  X  M\  !H».10I.  '  XeKoii..Ia.ne^.    rarlv  >\alxxorlli   WMIH/  M** 

'.,  !-ktMeii  ui.  X.4W1-2.  I      llrr.  \i.  J.'>J.  Ml.  .  ....   .^,.»-«,  lu 

ik  ■.  !x.  1.12  N -k  iii-t..h  ..r  Fuur  \.^\z^,  i^  WUM^f^mstf^  Wi 

.  earlv    Walworth    coniitv  '      i<;n.  •<71. v.*«S;  v.«»').  «  ^.i:  ^« 

I.  •      .S.  sl.il. .laiiis.eaiiv  liiinluM  mttn.r^.JM, 

arlv    siirvvor.  vi.SIT.  4ir>.47:.;  '  Xe.-e-.r-n.-iii-^'.  a  »''»»'  »wan.iiiil«.  »•  JR 

i.iv.V:J.  ,  Neve.i,  (iTi,tave    .l-.Sr.,    Skmcb  <#.  #    »* 

••arlv  Jiir.eau  eount.v  .settler,         4Ii».  ._      ,,  ..^.u-. 

I  Xevill..laiiie^Harlv  Mft.llMOii  iiKliW. 

•nr.   F.  «..  r.  S.  A..  vii,:J74.401  Xe\\l>.-riy.  Siepli;«».  »x.  -I'W. 

i-i-.)Tis  n.  i.is.  :  ii.4P.»-lJs.  '  Ne\v.-ll..I.i.  1.  ;x,  I  "». 

V-.  ;i'.»i)..i»2.:Wl  '  X.uvl  ,    Mar-ihalL^  early     ^i 

l.viii.  4.';  I  I      setti**-.  vi.4.")4.  *7.">. 

•i.w.Mi.ix.  IJ7.  'NewOIiriK.    .'>vviss  0"1« my, 

y  (' ,  x.;i7.-).  I  Ne\veoin:i.  .lohii.  X,  ^*'^        . 

s.  Kiciiliiiil  county  .s«'at  coin-  I  Xewliall.  Uanii'l,  vnxviy  HUi 

ixy  I     2i;i. 

•  arlv  liJiiiijerniaTi.  viii.  4i)4.         '  Xewhall.  1"*.  •  *-'-i^ 

Wau-.esi  a  ^-Mler,  i.  |35.  ,  No  »  h.iU.  Xi»a»u  ix,  445. 

luine.-j,    I(!(|:au  coiuniissioiier,  i  N'ew  Ilaven,  ^^''**-'  y„   ^ 

I  New  lJ-«i>on.  '»'•"•. '***,^.     ^ 
-, earlv  Milwaukee  .settler,  iv.  |  N.-\v  Loinii»ii  anil  viclultr^  Ji -j 

Newton.    Tliomoii,   e^*^  »* 


ini-1  O.  sketch  I'f.x.  IS.-). 

:i).  Viii,  UA 

n^-li-slj  i»rairi!.'.    ii,  211).31H-330; 

David,  at  .^Ink-hole  I>attle,ii, 

IS. 

lUiff  of,i,  137. 


.sot tier,  vi,  449. 
N.-w  Wood  river  and 

i   ISO.  121.     ^.  . 

New  York  Indians  Is 

d»5-.S41. 
New  York^ 
STB.  IttMj,  48(1. 


543 


WiBOONSix  State  Histobhul  SocnnT. 


NlblMck.  ,  earij  Walworth  coantj  set- 
tlor, vi.  451. 

Ni3  loluj,  K.ith^r,  <?«rly  mis«i tnarr.  Hi,  IW. 

Xi»»hoU.    R-v.  .  early  K:?noshA   c^rgr- 

min.  ii.  4  4 

Nich  'b. .  earl3'  Walworth  county  cleriiy- 

mati.  ^i.  471. 

Nic.iolsu  Abn-r.  earlv  M'nerjl  Poiit  t^vem- 
ke^'^r.  i.  141.  lt"3:  Ii.  4**,  4SJ;  iv,  lt«l:  ti, 
aO»^3)J  »*>-;4-».»:  %i».37^ 

N  c^tel .  A-  (\.  ea-Iv  Wauk-»ha  settler.  i.lSS. 

NitvMltfiiHis.  P.  of.  W.  J.  L  .  ix.  6j.  42J. 

Kicolet.  Fa'h-r.  early  inisiionary,  hi.  136, 1S9, 
181.  137.  13  <:  iv.  22i.  *27. 

5i  :'l  -t.  J  -an.  vUi.  M.  1&5-19i;  ix,  105-106:  x. 
41.71.  72.  &i.2ti.&i. 

Kic^i  Pi.  I.  N..  on  latitad<^  and  iDng^ituJe  of 
Wiiic  insin  piaces.  iv.  3.9-3J1. 

Niles.  H^zekiah.x.  4^7-8. 

KiH  flo-w iu  q-iet,  an  Oitawa  chi?f,i>i,  19S.  103. 
21^;  vii.  123;  vil,81». 

Noble,  Alex  ifler,  early  Juneau  county  pio- 
neer, %  iii.  833 

Not>ld.  Jonn.  early  Kenosha  settler,  iii,  880, 
SSI.  885:  v:i.  837. 

"SoK  ;le,  Charles  L.,  in  Barstow's  cavalry,  vi, 
112. 


I '. 


NoggK  David.  ix.J«8. 
Kol-ei 


<eiix.  Rev.  M.  Fr.  X.,  his  JiS.  work  unre- 
liable, ill,  118-124.  .V)8. 

Nonville,  Ooveraor  i>e,  fights  th»  Senecas,  v, 
111. 

Noonan,  Jo^iah  A.,  early  Milwaukee  editor, 
iv.  267:  vL  140.  Ill  d'»8;  vii,  409:  x,  483. 

N-^i'iet  Indians  in  Wisconsin,  iii,  12  i.  184,  265. 

Nor  Iman,  J.  G.,  early  Waupaca  county  set- 
tler, ill,  480. 

Nor  nin.  Ainable.  early  Green  Bay  settler, 
iii,  212:  x.i3:.i3S. 

NorriK.  E  iwanl,  early  Walworth  county  set- 
tler. vi,44»». 

Northport.  iii.4S2-4S4. 

N<>r:h\*'Hy.  .\.  ii  («>r  A.  D.),  early  Kenosha 
set  It,  11,4^1:  iii..'J8'>. 

Nr>rthwe't.  eiirlv  liistorcil  eventsin.  ii.7&-7^, 
82,83. 10."i.  I«-121. 213-222:  r<-ininiscence':  of 
tijp. •i^aur  m7i  ei'l.-  nut  c-s  of  th-,  vi.l54. 
lSK.2ir),220,27l;  historic  relics  of  thf,ix,9r- 
129. 

Northwf«*t  and  Hudson  Bay  Fur  companies, 
vii.84');  \x,id^. 

N<»r  h-.vestorn  Journal,  early  Matliso.i  mag- 
azine, x.  45  >. 

Nftwl;n.  Hanlin.  earlv  I'^jji'^lator,  vi,  393,  893. 

No.v»'l  f.  Sifur  de.  v,65. 107,  V^. 

Noves.  Cn'irlfS  A..  Sr.  and  Jr..  early  Wal- 
worth c<»nniy  Rattlers,  vi.4'>7. 458;  x,47ti. 

NuiuHniar-her.  .lacb.  viti,453. 

Nute,  Benjamin,  viii,  4.i4. 


Gates.  Honrv  T..x,443. 

Oat  mm  C  L.,  early   Walworth  county  set- 
ter \\.4o^. 
O'BriPn.  Mi.jlinol,lx.4f.2;  x.475. 
Observatory,  Wash'.jur.i.    Sfc  Washburn  o\>- 

Kervrtlorv.  , 

O'Calln^jhan.  E.  B.,  work.scit^d,  v, 05,111,110, 

l-.'l.lOS. 
0-ciia-(»wn.  nn  Iidian  huntro^s.  iii.t25'.l-201 
O  Connor.  Danir'l.  sket<'h  of,  x, 485. 
O'Connor,  .1.,  earlv  Walworth  cour 

vi,4l7. 
0«N»n.>  iiowoc.  f,  tl8, 13S. 
Od  I  Fellows,  first  estahlished  in  Wisconsin. 

iv.  r"3 
O'Filloi,  Cipt.  BcMi.,  at  Green  B:iy  in  181C. 

ili.2^Sl. 
Off.  Krnost,  in  War?ilo\\'*'fava,'rv,v\,\\^. 
Og"' •*''».  AHt*»rt,  early  \Vu\\vorv\v  cov\u\^'  *viV 

fler.vi.4fi7. 
OKden,  Clia;).  8.,  x,  44\. 


county  settler. 


O^en.  E.  F..  early  Lafarette  {y*  county  set- 

ter,iv.l96. 
Ofc  :en,  Henry  C  >rbit.  x,  441. 
Ogdrn,  &  C.  early  O^inuburg  settler,  iii, 

O^  lensbur^.  Waupaci  c-'Umv.iii,4!ti 

0'Hira,Capt. ,  m  Black  Haw^  wir,T. 

28:S. 
O-kee-wah,  le?end  of  th^  R-*il  Bank^.  i  L«8. 
Old  Back,  a  Wianebago  Indian  miner.  vi.iSl. 

2!!Ce 

OH  Flo  ir.  a  Fottawattomie  chief,  vi,  176. 
Ol  I  Wolf,  a  Wijnt^b  ipo  c.iief.ix.2ij. 
Oiiier.  Amjs,  early  Walworth  county  settler, 

vL  44't. 
Olii.  a  C  early  MilwAuk;'e  pnUUdier,  ir, 

Olinstead,  Charles  T.,  a  pioneer,  vi,  Sr7,  fi!, 
2*1  *-  .     »      .— » 

Olmsted,  Mrs.  Geo.  T.,  x,891. 
0-naii-g:vsa.  a  Milwaukee  chief,  iii.  230, 9!. 
OXeaU  Nelson,  ix,  461. 
One-eyt^l  >ioux,  orTahmie  or  Boarnie,  tI, 

a)1.216,2i7. 
One-g  le-jand.  and  Nay<o-ke-maw,   Ottswi 

chiefs,  X.  101. 
Oneidas  in  Wisconsin.  1.  68:  ii.  416:  iii.  5S-^ 

12X  18:3:  iv,  1C2;  vii,  210,  S25;  viu,  51,  261  »- 

316:  X,  277-279. 
O'Neil.  Cant.  John  F.,  in  Black  Hawk  vir, 

ii.  810.  488;  early  lowacouaty  aecUer,  if,W; 

O'Neill,  Jas..  Sr,  sketch  of.  x,  481-2. 
One-sided,  or  Trap  rapids,  laaiaa  name  of,  I 

122. 
Onk-e-tah  Ea-du-tah,  or  Red  Whale.aSioox, 

ix,  174-17A 
Onnnd^j^as  in  Wisconsin,  i.  68. 
O  Piaine.  or  Dea  PI  lines,  river,  i,  97,  IISL 
Op-po-mish-sha.  or  While  E.k,  a  Menoaio- 

n He  chief,  iii,  239. 
Op.ikwa,  or  Rice  lakes,  i.  75. 
Onnig-:*,  town  of.  viii.  3S2. 
Onlway,  Moses,    eariy  Waukesha  settler,  i. 

137. 
Oreone,  or  Grangula,  a  CAuadiin  Indian  o-t-     i 

lor,  V.  67. 
Orne.   Ebenf-zer.  early  (lal  ^na  settler,  vi  STl 
URourkr*.  Col.  J.ih:i.  sketch  of.  x.  4«3.  I 

Urton.   Harli>w  sS..  on  (teorjfe  B.  Smith,  riil 

108.  lIR-ia):  on  C.  C.  Was  ib  ir.».  ix.  3:*-T5i 
O-^inu-wish-kt^-no.   or    Yellow   Bird,  a  M<- 

uonionee  chief,  iii,  217. 
Osborn,  Nancy.  iY.451. 
U-^haw.wah•neln.  or  Yellow  Dog,  a  M^nomo- 

ne^»  oh  ef.  iii.  270. 
Osh-ka-ba-wis.  or  The  Messenger,  a  Chippew* 

chi-'f,  i.  12M24. 
0.«ih-keo-he-nav\-nif»w,  or  The  Y^unsr  Man.  i 

Meriomonee  chief,  i.  til;  iii.  2S5.  2!»4:  iv.  IC. 
Oshkosh,  a  Menv)mon»*t>  head-chef,  i  <W:ii. 

4;:0;  Iii,  ;69,  270.  •*'S5  291.  3:J7;  iv,  <j2.  SS.  lOS- 

l'r7.  1»:8.  mi:  v.ii.  228,  2:JJ. 
Osli'<osh,  citv,  i.  101. 
0-sho-g.i.  a  Chiojiewa  chief,  iii.  .'W,  331. 
0-tens.Mium,  U  iscousin  relic  of  168  J,  ix.  112. 

120.  127. 
O.str.inder.  R.    T.,    early  Walworth  cjunlf 

.settler,  vi,  4:)«,  4i3. 
Oti-.  K.  (.1.,  early  K^noslia settler,  ii,  ♦'•j. 
O-ti  I- rnou-te-nou  Indians,  in  Wisconsiu.  iii. 

12  5.135.  I 

Ott  Uruthers,  New  GLinis  merchants,  tii. 

Ort.  Wi:ilim,ix,  4.'i8. 

Ot  awn  Irul.ans.  i.  23.  31  47:  ii.  R2.  S3  A^\-W: 
iii,  1-JG.  13-.,  15).  ;K)3.  aiU.  212,2»l,a25,:S.».3» 
V.  C<J. 07.00.  70.  87,  108.  KM.  Ill:  il.  IfiM*  : 
vii.  1^5,  130.  l'.»3-l»4,  407,  415;  viii.  »»;  iX, 
303. 

OtlAwa-Sina^OH.  ii  Wi.sconsin.  HI,  136.  185. 

y<.H\WK«k.,  ^\\.v\v  ^9»\.\Wment.  i  13S. 

\ 0\\A?^>\\v%>\c  V\v\\«.\\Vvcv^\«iacvTwA«v,  iii.  \1f*,\^ 


General  Index  to  Vols.  I— X. 


518 


Antoine,  v,  216. 

'  or  Fox,  laJiiaas,  see  Fox,  and  Sic 

Indiaus. 

tiers,  early  lumbermen,  ylii,  403. 

»..  ix,831. 

.  early  Waukesha  settler,  i.  1S7. 

r.   v.,  Chicaj^o  ludlaa  ageui,  ix, 

a  pioneer,  vi 1, 859. 
e  irly  lumb«'riu.in.  viii,  404. 
ilfrtMj,  early  Prairie  du  Chien  set- 
Itt,  117, 127, 149. 


r.    Adam,  killed   by  Indians,  tII, 

.  James  U.,  iz,  491. 

,  a  pioneer,  vi,  41 '-J. 

naniel,  x,  87f.  4W-40. 

li  tm,  early  Shetx>ygan  county  set- 

W5. 

V'innebaf^o  chief,  iii,  261 

,  L.,  war  speeches,  ix,  380. 

aac  H..  early  Madison  and  Lodi 

1,383,478. 

•.  J.  C.  ix,  488. 

f  ter,  early  Sheboygan  settler,  iv, 

93 

range  N.,  reminiscences  of,  iv,C6; 

rn  Wii<:onKin,  vi,  297. 

;iddeus,v.I,407. 

illiam,  early  Sheboygan   county 

IT.  840;  ix,  803. 

I'i  rre.  See  Poqnette. 

Dsha  county,  eui  ly  settlers  of,  ii, 

— ,  and  daughter,  early   Mineral 

icheis,  V,  834. 

ieou  P  ,  sketch  of,  x,  481. 

Col.  Datii  I  M..  in  Bl.ick  Hawk 
»-364.  89;i,4A4.4l2;  Iv, 87.94.^,195; 
ii.  286;  X,  18 M 94.  lOd,  198.201,  JUS, 
fllaneo  IS  ref  Tencesto,  v.  155,834; 
1,89^:  viii,  259.200. 

J.  B,,  on  «.  H  Carpenter,  viii, 
on  C.  C.  W^Khburn,  ix,  354-350; 
J  CJratiut  X.  259-2ti0. 

Nath:iniel  K.,  ix  4^. 

Peter,  in  Black  Hawk  war,  It,  195; 

M'lj.  Peter,  Jr..  in  Blick  Hawk 
U0,313.84'J,8(>5-401;   remiiiiscences 

184-«12 

Fi  anois.  cited,  ii,  177;  vli,  120,161, 
X,  825, 359, 448. 
-,  a  prisoner  with  the  Shawanoes, 

Q,  early  Juneau  county  settler,  viii, 

ua.  enrly  "Milwaukee  settler,  i,  131; 

ill,  47;i,473. 

sper.  v.ii,  331. 

lomas,  early  Mineral  Point  settler, 

.79. 

?eder,  early  lumbermen,  vii,  858. 

Jr.  ,  early   Walwv.rth  county 

i,47l. 

— ,  early  Wauwautosa  settler,  vii. 

,  the.  kidmp  ati  Indian  boy,  iv,  107. 

v-ko,x,  154. 

>ve,  vii.379. 

-.ea.  ly  Northport  settler,  iii. 483. 

muei,iu  Black  Hawk  war, ii, 849, 

.1.  B.,  on  Black  Hawk^s  autobiog- 
300-30 L 

.vid,  early  Walworth  county  set- 
W. 

Peter.    S'ee  Poqnette. 
the  viiyag^nrs.  vii.2J2-204,47L 
iVHs,vii.l.->8,177. 179. 
ler.enrlr  nii»si'>n  iry,ii',201. 
,  in  Blciik  Hawk  war,  li,  418, 


Payne.  Christopher,  early  Walworth  county 

settler  vi,  454-466, 458. 
Payne.  William,  early  Sheboygan  settler, ix, 

S80. 390. 394. 400. 
Payson.  Ool.  Charles,  ix,  34S. 
Pe:irce,  Benj  »min,  earlv   Walworth   county 

clergvman,  vi.  458, 46  i,  471, 476 
Pearce.  Bei)J  imin  C,  early  Walworth  county 

settler,  vi,  464, 4^, 
Pearsill,  Freem  in,  early  lumberman,  viii, 404. 
Pease,  Capt. ,  early  western  na  vigator,  ix, 

892. 
Pe{i.*<lee,  Robert,  early  lumberman,  vPi, 402. 
Pej alee.  William  D.,  early  Necedah  settler. 

viii,  402. 
Pecan,  Miami  chief,  x,  234. 
Pecatjnica,earl?  Indian  name.  iK,  104. 
Pecatonic*,  battle  of  the.  ii,  847-851. 8<16-892, 

897;  iv,  80.  80,  84-87;  v,  318.814;  vi,  4a>;  vii, 

40.292,298.296:  viii,  277,  278;  x,  169, 178-188, 

191  199.2J4.'4^. 
Pecattmica  r.ver,  i,  97. 
Peck.  Eben,  eai  ly  Madison  settler,  Iv,  88, 91, 98, 

101;  vi,814,8l6,848,86J,853,85r,881,477;  vUi, 

871. 
Peck,  Luther,  early  Madison  settler,  vi,857, 

881.477. 
Peck,  .Mrs.  Rosaline. early  Madison  settler,  vi, 

842-805.876,477,478. 
Peck,  Piiilauder,eai  ly  Whitewater  settler,  iii, 

4i9. 
Peck,  Stephen,  a  pioneer,  vi,  847. 
Peck,  WiLiam,  early  lumberman,  viii,  404, 

406. 
Peck's  Grove.  Walworth  county,  vi,  465. 
Pe(  k's  rapids,  vi,847. 
Peet,  Martha,  ix.  486. 
Peet,  Kev.  Stephen,  a  Wisconsin  writer,  il, 

468;  Iv,  258:  v,  171. 
Peet.    Rev.   Stephen     D..     on     emblematic 

mounds,  ix.  40-74;  on  early  French  forts, 

etc..  X,  854-855. 
Pe-gahkM'-nah,  x,  497. 
Peliyord.  Joseph,  x.  139. 
Pelkie,  Jo^,  eai  ly  Madison  settler,  vi,  848, 819; 

vii,8c0,410. 
Pel  igon.  John  B..  x,  187. 
Pelton,  E.  W..  v,278. 
Pemouasa,  a  Fox  chi>f.iii.l27;  v,78,88. 
Penechon,  a  Dakota  chief,  ix.  299. 
Penicaut>  x.  £99-801. 
Pt-nn,  John,  rare  autograph,  x.  881, 896. 
Penn,  Wm.^  manuKcripts,  x,419. 
Pennen<iha, ,  early  luuian  trader,  i,41;  ill, 

261- 2C8. 
Pennsylvania  Historical  society, autographs 

of,  X,  870.879,424,6,441,447. 
Peoria.  Illinois,  vi.  188.196,197. 
Perin , Like. X , 29&-300  302-806, 358-866. 
Prrcival,  James  (},  eulogies  on,  iii,   19.66-79; 

mentione*!,  vi,10i. 
Prkins.  Lieut, ,at  Prairie  du  Chien,  11,122, 

2i9,23«);  ill.  270-279:  ix.  295, 296. 
Perkins.  Allen,  ^^arly   Walworth  county  set- 
tler, vi,  452. 453. 46  J. 
Perkiis,  Efhraim,  early   Walworth  county 

j=et  tier,  vl,  465. 
PerKin«,  Fred.    S.    archa«el<^gical   collection 

bv, Vli, 8, 70-74. 84-87;  viii,  163,  lt8. 
Perkins.  Hsrdin,  early  mill  builder,  II,  132, 188, 

143;  111,437. 
Peroiir?re,  >>ieur  de,  v.  76. 
Perrault, , early  Green  Bay  missionary, 

ix.  112, 126, 127. 
Perrin,v.:harlea,  early  Walworth  county  Eet- 

tlr'r,vii.459. 
Perrof,  Father,  early  missionary,  iii,  102, 108, 

1.20. 184. 
Perrot.S^ieur  Nicholas,  early  explorer,  v.CS, 

(ye.  110;  vi.228:  viii.  199-201:  ix,  119   468;  x, 

59-61.  -.99-30! ,  828-3^,  3  X>,  862-368, 604, 506. 
Perry  &  Vee,ler.  early  lumbermen.  i*i,438. 
Perry,  Alban  and  3o\\tv  K.,  ««»xVs'^^>i^xN5ol 

county  >jet,Uere,V\,AS». 


542 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Sooibty. 


NiblRCk,  ,  early  Walworth  county  set- 
tler, vi.  454. 

Nlc  lol'is,  K.tther,  early  mlssi-inarr,  iil,  108. 

Nn'hoL^,  R^»v.  ,  early  Kenosha  clergy- 
man, ii.  4-8. 

Nichols, .  early  Walworth  county  clergy- 
man, vi.  471. 

Nicnols.  Abn»*r.  earlv  Mineral  Point  tavem- 
kee-ier,  i,  144.  145;  ii.  4**,  483;  iv,  181;  vi, 
80.)-.3)).  3S)-aS3;  vU.  378 

N  ckel.,  A.  C.  eatlv  Wauk»sha  settler,  i,133. 

Nlcwlemns,  Prof.  W.  J.  L  .  Ix.  6J.  4&). 

Nicolet.  Fath»*r.  e.arly  mia^ionary,  iii,  136,129, 
131,  137.  13 <;  iv.  23i.  2;J7. 

Nliwl't.  Jean,  via.  84.  18S-194;  ix,  105-108;  x, 
41.71,  72.  28-2.  2«, -^3. 

Nicoil.H,  I.  N.,  on  latitude  and  longitude  of 
Wi.<)c  >nsin  places,  iv.  3 .0-3J1. 

Niles,  H.z:skiah.  x,4>7-8. 

KisHO-wiu-qiet,  an  Ottawa chi.^f, ill,  193, 199, 
21«;  vil.  125;  vi  i.  81 1. 

Noble,  Alexii'ider,  early  Juneau  county  pio- 
neer, \  iii,  893 

Noble.  John,  early  Kenosha  settler,  iii,  880, 
8S1,  885;  v.i,  837. 

Nofcrle,  Charles  L.,  in  Barstow^s  cavalry,  vi, 
112. 

NoggK  David,  ix.  488. 

Noheiix,  Kev.  M.  Fr.,  X.,  his  MS.  work  unre- 
liable, iii,  113-124.  608. 

Nonville,  Gover.ior  i>e,  fijrhts  thd  Seaecas,  ▼, 
111. 

Noonan,  Josiah  A.,  early  Milwaukee  editor, 
iv.  287:  vi.  140,  111  3>8;  vii,  409;  x,  489. 

N-^qnet  Indians  in  Wisc<)nsm.  iii,  12  j,  134,  285. 

Nor  i man,  J.  Q.,  early  Waupaca  county  set- 
tler, iii,  480. 

Nor  n«»n.  Am  able,  early  Green  Bay  settler, 
iii,  212;  x.l3'i.l3S. 

Norris,  E  iward,  early  Walworth  county  set- 
tler, vi,44'». 

Northport.  iii,482-4S4. 

NorihwHy.  A.  t>  («>r  A.  D.),  early  Kenosha 
set  l*r."ii,4>4:  iii.38>. 

Northwe-Jt.  ewrlv  hi^tor-cal  eventsin.  ii, 75-78, 
82,83. 10.").  ie2-124. 21'J-222:  rrfinimsc-eiHV-;  of 
the,'i'.297  3:37:  e:i»l.-  notc-.M  of  tli',  vi.l54, 
188. 215, 220, 271 ;  liistorle  relies  of  the,  i.v,  97- 
129. 

Northwe»it  and  Hudson  B.iy  Fur  companies, 
VI i.. 3 4:5;  i>c,29S. 

Nor  h- western  Journal,  early  Madiso:i  mag- 
azine, x,  45  5. 

Nowhn.  Hardin,  eaiiv  l»»s:i«<lntor,  vi,  305.  895. 

NovhI  e.  Sienr  de.  v,65, 107, 120. 

Nove^.  Ciiiirles  A..  Sr.  and  .Tr,.  early  Wal- 
worth efumty  settlers,  vi.4"'7. 158;  x,470. 

Kumeniaeher.  Jacob  viii,453. 

Nute,  Ueiijjimin,  viii,  4/4. 


Oites  H»nrvT.,x,413. 

Oatnnn  C  L,  early   Walworth  county  .se t- 

tlt-r  vi.4.">S. 
O'Brien.  >Iielinel.ix,4r>2;  x.475. 
Ob-ervntory,  Wii.vli:<iir<i.    See  Washburn  ob- 

servHt<»rv. 
0'CalI'»crhan.  E.  B.,  works  cit  d,  v,f»5,lll,  IIG, 

121, IIH. 

O-cha-own.  an  Indian  huntress.  Hi. 250-261. 
O  Connor.  Dani  0,  sketch  of,  .v.4K). 
O'Connor,  .).,  early  Walworth  county  settler. 

vi,4J7. 
Ocono  nowoe.  f.  118. 13s. 
Od  1  F»'llo>\s,  first  esirtOllshed  in  Wisconsin, 

'V.  J '3 
O'F.tlloj,  Cipt.  Ben.,  at  Green  Bay  in  1810, 

Hl.;.>si. 
Off.  Knii'st,  in  HarstowVca^a'rv,  vi.113. 
Of^'lcn,  .Viiwrt,  ear\y  \Vu\\vorv\v  covvu\^'  s\iV 

rler,vi,  167. 
Ogden,  Clias.  8.,  x,AAl. 


0?den,  E.  F.,  early  Lafayette  (*)  county  set- 

ter,iv.l95. 
Og  len,  Henry  Corbit,x,441. 
Ogden,  S.  C,  early  OgJensburg  settler,  iti, 

48  i. 
Og  lensburg,  Waupac  \  c  Minty,  fii,4%. 
0*H.ira,  Capt. .  m  BUck  HawK  wir.r, 

286. 
O-kee-wah,  lejrend  of  the  R«<i  Bank^.  ii,»l 
Old  Buck,  a  Winnebago  Indian  miner,  ri.sM. 

282 
Old  Flo  ir,  a  Pottawattomie  chief ,  vi,  175. 
OH  Wolf,  a  Wiiineb  leo  ctilef,ix.22-i. 
Older.  Amos,  eaily  Walworth  county  settler, 

vi,  44"*. 
Oil  I,  C.  C,  early  Milwaukee  publisher,  ir, 

269. 
Oirnstead,  Charles  T..  a  pioneer,  vi,  57, 

293. 
Olmsted,  Mrs.  Geo.  T.,  x,89l. 
O-nau-gLvst,  a  3Iilwaukee  chief,  iii,  290, 1 
O'Xeal,  Nelson,  Ix,  461. 
Oneeynd  .*- ioux,  or  Tahmie  or  Boargne,  vi, 

201.216.217. 
One-g  le-frand.  and  Nay-o-ke-maw,    Otttva 

chiefs,  X,  101. 
Oneidas  in  Wisconsin,  i.  68:  U.  416;  iU,  5V* 

12J1. 183:  iv,  1(;2;  vii,  210,  225;  viU.  51,  264  »- 

3W;x,277-«r9. 
O'NeU.  CaT>t.  John  F..  in  Black  Hawk  wtr. 

it  810,  488;  early  Iowa  county  settler,  ir,8S; 

vi.  8')3. 
O'Neill,  Jas.,  Sr,  sketch  of.  x,  48l-«. 
One-sided,  or  Trap  rapids,  laaiaa  name  of,  i, 

122. 
Onk-e-f  ah  En-du-tah,  or  Red  Whale,a  Sioax, 

ix,  174-178. 
Onond  igas  in  Wisconsin,  i,  68. 
O  Plaine,  or  Des  Pl.ilnes,  river,  i,  97,  lia 
Op-ix>-mish-Kha.  or  While  E.k,  a  Uenomo- 

nee  chief,  hi,  239. 
Opakwa,  or  Rice  lakes,  i.  73. 
Orange,  town  of,  vi:i.  .382. 
Oniwuy,  Moses,    eany  Waukesha  settler,  i. 

137. 
Oreone.  or  Grangiila.  a  Canadian  Inliin  ora- 
tor, v.  67. 
Orne,    Eljenezer,  early  Gal  -na  settler,  vl  STJ. 
O'Kcjurke,  Col.  Joh:i,  sketch  of.  x.  483. 
Orton.   Harlow  S..  on  (ir*orkre  B.  Smith.  xHl 

108.  118-120;  on  O.  C.  Was  ib  ir^i.  ix.  350-352. 
0-^^aIl-wish-ke-Ilo.   or    Yellow    Bird,  a  Me- 

nomonee  chief,  iii,  217. 
Oslw)rn,  Nancy,  ix,4.')l. 
0-.shaw-\v;ih  neni.  or  Yellow  Dog,  aMenonio* 

ne"  chief,  iii.  270. 
Osh-ka-bawis.  or  The  Messen{rer,a  Chippeva 

chi.f,  i.  12<,124. 
Osh-kee•h^vna\v-rd^»w,  or  The  Y lune  Man. » 

Menoinoneo  chief.  I,  tU:  iii.  2S5.  294;  Iv.  l.T. 
0.shk<ish,  a  MenonKHien  Iie.id-ch.ef,  i.  6S>:ii, 

4;:0:  iii.  ;(}9. 270,  285  291.  337;  iv,  td,  83,  lfl»- 

1<  7.  1(18,  19  J:  viii.  '^i.,  230. 
Oshvo^h,  citv,  i.  104. 
O-sho-g  I,  a  Chiopewa  chief,  iii.  34«<.  831. 
0>tens«irium,  N\  isconsin  relic  of  IttSI,  jx,  112, 

KH5.  127. 
Ostrinder.  R.    T..    early  Walworth  cunty 

settler,  vi.  458.  Viii. 
Oii*.  R.  U.,  early  K-no<ha settler,  ii,  4".'». 
O-ii  i-raou-te-nou  Indians,  in  WLso^asin.  iii, 

12;,13.'S. 
Otr.  Brothers,   New  Glarus  men^haots,  tIj, 

437. 
Oit,  Wiliim.ix,  4\^. 

Ot   iwa  Indians,  i,  2-3.  .31  47:  ii.  82.  S3  4'»l-»4: 
iii.  12tJ.  i:r>,  15).  203.  2i)l.  212,2il,2i\22*.ai: 
V.  G«J,ri7.r.().  70.  87,  103.  104.  Ill;  ^1.   l«iVl«i; 
vil.  12,-i,  ViO,  l'»3-;94,  407,  415;  viii,  2lSS;  ix. 
803. 
OttA\va-*^ina?os.  ii  Wlsci^nsin.  iii,  126. 185. 
v\\\.\v\v;v.  earlv  settlement,  i.  13S. 
0\VA?.v:>\\vt>^\Q\v\v\\«w\\*VcvVVUeontdn,  iii.  12r»,l83. 


\' 


General  Index  to  Vom.  I— X. 


545 


Potter,  H'^rftc*  ani  Jariiis  S.,  early  Madison 

scitlers.  vi,d5D. 
Poller,  John  Jr.,  ix,  430. 
Poller,  John  F..  vi,  4«7,  47i. 
P<«tter,  W.  A..acier:^yninn.  ix.  449. 
Potlrt-ij;n.  John,  earlv  liinibfiinan,  viii,  100. 
Potis,  T.  D,,  earlv  miner,  v,  317. 
Puwakunuu,    luke,   Winnebago    county,    x, 

2-21. 

Powell, ,  at  Lake  Traver.-se.  I8il.  x,141. 

PoweiJ. .  early  mail  carr.er.  ls:i7,  vii.  4!1. 

Powell.    l>ier,  early   Iiulian   traikr,   ii.  :i71; 

vii.  \i7L  277. 
PiAVtll.  Uipr.  William,  il.  291:  iv,  lOJ:  ix.  2ir); 

X.  11 4,  41)7-8 
p4>w»'li,  V  lUlum,  e.irly  Indian  tr.uler,  vii.  357. 

rir>S,  .3S.-)  .V.7. 
PoWi'ii?,  L>avi<J, early  Whitfwater  sotllt-r,  iii. 

421). 
I'owvrs.   John,  early   Walworth  county  set- 
tler, vi,  451. 
Powers,  John  and    Michael,  early    Jtmoaii 

county  .<«.-ttU'r,  viii  3JU,  392. 
Po»vers.  Patrick,  early  Walworth  county  sil- 
lier, vi,  4!il. 
I'o\  K  in  ire:itv,  in  IfilH.  viii,  227-231.  .31)7,407. 
IVau'ie,  autumnal  hum  nj  of.  ii.  4  3. 
Prairie  du  Chien.   i,   75,  IK).  91.  tr>.  9S.  114:  ii. 

112-190,  220,  2i\-'^i).  23S,    2«9.  3  9-311.    4S1 

502;  i  i,  ;:;W  270-;c79:  iv-,57.   241,  245.  24S-2.')0. 

a!.9.  3(i«»,  4.'.:M»}:  V,  96,    lJ3-12i».  1.^3,   l79-2i>4, 

a  4,  2-J5,  2:i5  2:j'<,  24').  242-2  5.  270-273   275-279. 

2S2.  323- rm,  3:3,  :^.  391:  ^i.  199.  :.MI.  SO'i; 

vii,  17G.  879.  3S0;  viii,  *.V.»-w8<>.289:  ix,  1 17,  14S 

l.W.    1^3-19').   200,  201,   210.  2iJ,  274.  275.  27<;. 

2S2-80i.  4i5  40t<:  x.  5M3,  111,    127-132.  152-3, 

240,  2jO-I.  270.  ;^j7-3r2. 
Prair  e  du  Lac,  or  Milton,  vi,  425. 
Praiile  du   iSac,  or  S.u.k  Prairie,  iii,  20G;  vi, 

425. 
Prairie  La  Cro.sse,  origin  of  name,  1, 114. 
Prairie  river  and  rapias.  Indian  names  of,  i, 

12J.  121. 
Praiiie   vil'age.  or  Prairievilli.»,  now  Wauke- 

i^ha.  i.  131.  110;  vi,  9.V  4:7:  vii.  411,  154. 
Prairie  wolf,  etiaractei isiics  of,  i.  7o. 
Pratt.  Alex  F..  early  Waukesha  seitler,  vi, 

89S.  39:»;  vii,  4r»4. 
Pratt.  Alexander  M.,  in  Bai-stow's  cavalry, 

vi,  112. 
Pratt,  C 1  iri<sa  (}.,  ix.  452 
Pratt.  DaviJ.  oarly  Wulworth  county  settler, 

VI,  404.  4'i5: 
Pratt,  Fieeman  and  Xormau,  early  White- 
water hft  tiers,  vi,  418, 
Pratt.  C-.M>t.  J.  L  ,  viii,  4.')5. 
Piatt.  Samuel,  vi.i.  457;  ix  3S7. 
iTeiitiss,  Serjeant  S.,  ix.  410. 
Prentiss.  William  A.,   fai\y   Milwaukee  set- 
tler, iv,  259. 
Pre.NCOtt.  A.  I).,  v.  400,  407. 
Pres<ott,  P.,  early   Pre»ik:ott  settler,  iii,   158- 

4C1. 
Prescott,  Pierce  coTmt>',  ii,  4W;  i:i,  458-4  5. 
Pre-st  »ii,   \\  in.  C,  on  Wi^con.sin  boundary, 

iv.  .351-35.3 
Price.  <.'a|it.  CiK'udover,  in   Black  Hawk  war, 

ii,  414:  v,  2SiJ. 
Prii-e.  i  homas  H.,  in  Black   Hawk  war,  ii, 

»43,  849.  M70.  380.  391. 
Price,  ^^  iiiiam  '1'.,  early  La  Crosse  settler,  iv, 

385. 
Pncnet  or  Ritchard,  early  Green  Bay  settler, 

X.  13r.  110. 
Priere,  Father,  early  Prairie  du  Chien  clergy- 

iT'.an,  !i,  l-,7. 
Prince,  Samut-l,  early  Whitewater  settler,  vi, 

448. 
Printing,  earlv,  in  Wi-con.Mn,  ii,  424,  4G1,  403. 
Piirchaid.  Henry,  ix,  43'i. 
Priicheti,  Kichard,  Indian  Interpreter,  viii, 

303. 
Proctor.  Gen. ,  at  the  Thames,  iii.  301, 

802,  306,  318;  iv.  870;  x,  90. 


f  Prophet,  the  Shawanoe.  Iii.  801,  810. 

Proph't,  th-  Winnebago,  ii.  13,  41,  42,  47,  87; 
,  V,  291,  :W8,  309:  x,  165,  158,  ltJ4.  .:5^-a5l, 
I      493-4. 

I  Projth-t's  town,  on  Rock  river,  ii,  252,  a36;  x, 
155,  1.V5,  25  i. 

Prondlit.   Dr.  ,  early  Milwaukee  sutler, 

iv.  258  2S0. 
1  Pr  .U'lnt.  Amlrew,  x,  28.  44<^450. 
'  rro\ancall.  Pierre,  ix.  241.  24-'.  2.59 

Prowncal, ,  f:«th  r  and  .s»n,  viii,  373  375. 

Piov  sionrt.  hi^ii  pi  iciK  of.  j,  137. 

Prudeii,  Laiigl.iis.  x.  J3S. 

l'ii:inls.  h.k-;  <»r  bny  of,  vii,  120. 

Pliant"*.     Sre  Witiurbucoes. 

Pi  I  ka-.Hhe.  nuMniiig  of.  v.  203. 

PncKawa  «»r  Ku.nIi  lako,ii,H.K»;  vi:i,291. 

Pulling,  U.  J.,\..'-9. 

Piillm  iii.rapi.  .  See  pr-hlnian. 

Piin.l".(.\  11..  ix.  410-412. 441. 

Pu:huit,  Maj.  W.  11.,  uf   .Mackinaw, i,  55,  ."jC; 
v.i,  429. 


I  Quarles.  Franci-s,  early  Kenosh-x  settler,  ill, 
4l»8;  in  bar>t.ws  cavalry,  \i.  112. 
Quash-(i.ia-mie,  a  Sac  cl.ief.  vi.  192, 193. 
Quebec, capture.!  m  17.'>9,  iii, 217, 218. 
j  0""ret,l  i'ire,eaily  soloii-r,  vii,  182, 171, 175. 
Qui -'ley,    Patrick,    early    legislator,    vi,  805, 

85Ki. 
Q  tiii.lre.  Major  de,  in  war  of  1812,  iii,  801, 
i      3(:.->.32S. 

Qiiiaer,  Edwin  B.,  on  re.sources  of  north- 
j  ea.^tern  WL'-c-nsin,  iii,  ■i.*<9-495:  references 
I      to,v,171:\i.21.i;«. 

Qiiinn. .  Indian  intrei)reter,  v. 893, 39.5. 

;  yuiniiev,  Anslin  E.,  a  noted  Slockbr.i.ge.iv, 
303-332,333. 
Quinnev,  .John  W.,  a  n<»ted  Stockbridge, il, 
433:  iv, 81 , ^3. 84, 2Ji9, 303. 309. 813, :«!. 
I  Qnl-wy-ne-nuug,  or  Mouecaumng  island,  viii, 

•)  #4 


;  Racine,  iv,18r,,  .S'JO.  4G2-4':9;  vl,  426;  vii,  385- 
I      3.37. 

I  Iliicine  county,  1,113,118. 
Kacin«'.or  Sehi|'ic«»t»  n.«)r  R"<ot  river,  vi,  170. 
lkadi.'<Si)n  Jt  linjseilhers,  early  exploiations, 

X  292-  8. 
R-  lU -s.  l"t*v.  Dr.  Thomas.,  x,  380.  381-2,  888, 

380.J><7,481-3.442. 
R«me'.  T.  Stamford, X, 431-3. 
liag  leneau.  Father, early  mis!sionnry,iil,100. 
Kailroad  land  grant,  185'i,  ix, 41.5^16. 
Rii.^iiii  river.  ui.ts.sacre  at, iii.  30(>  308,818,319. 
Ramezay,M.  de,  g'>vernor  of  Moi.treai,v,85. 
Rain.'*ay,G'>v.  .V  extinder  I).,  of  Minnesota,  v, 

408:  viii.  i:o. 
Ramlall. .early  Juneau  county   settler, 

viii.:i9<),400. 
Randall.  Alexander  W..  governor  ofWi.*«con 

cotsin,v.JM8;  vi,97,lll,117;  ix, 341, 871,872, 

40<} 
Randall,  G;»n,  Brewster,  ix, 4 18. 
K:indall. Francis, early  Milwauk.'e  lawyer,  iv, 

Rfuidall,  Heuiy  S.,  x, 375,42:^,442. 

lianda<l,  Mrs.  Sarah,  sk-ich  of,  x,  4S3. 

t.andles  S.mmel  \.,  sketch  of,  x. 489, 490. 

Ruk  n. ,  in  Uluk  Hawk  war,  ii.  349,870. 

R.asda  1,  Al»el.  enrlv  Dane  county  settler,  iv, 
343-349:  vi,a"7.3-.8:  x,7«.78 

Haihboue, ,  early  Milwaukee  settler,  iv, 

26<J. 

Raihbun,  .Tamc'*,  early  Monroe  coiuity  set- 
tler. iv,85H).  301. 

Havel,  a  S\ov\x.\t\Vt<^\>tfcVftt  AW,"^^. 


546 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Socibty. 


Raymbiut,  Father,  early  missionary,  ill,  93, 
.  01}.  129. 

Read.  I>dnlel.  vil  ,473,474. 
Read,  .John  M.,ix.4ftU. 
Beiin.  R>b^rt  L.,  early  Madison  settler,  vi, 

8fJ0,3G5,374.478. 
Rnam.  Viiinitsvi,  810.315. 
Reaum'».  Julg-al.hine-*.  i,59,61;  if.  It.FT-S^ 

iavi07.  I;*:  iii,  2tl.  245-250:  iv.  IttS,!*};  v. 

821:  vii,.57-irr:  vlii.223;  x,9J,03.W.l»),133. 

ia>.137,l3Jt..rfJ7-8. 
Reaiiine.  Nofl.  ut  G  een  B  iy,ii',2l7.218. 
Reaume.  Pierre,  at  Detroit  in  I72i},iij,  iil. 
Reaume^s  creek,  vii.  341. 
Red  Banks,  legend  of,  ii,  491-494;  i  i.  2(^,204 
Red  Bird,  a  Winnet>a(ir'>  chief,  i,  9J;   ii,  150, 

101.1«7,10S,8iO:  iv,  1:3,  174;  v,  141, 14 J,  14V 

147, 152. 179, 180. 182.  IftS  187, 199,201,202;  viii, 

851-25tS.2J0-2d4,309;  x,21tf. 
Red  Cedar,  or  Conant\s  rapids,  i,  122. 
Red  Hiwk,  a  Sioux  chief  m.270. 
Red  Head'8  vUlng  •,  vi,  194 
Red  Jacket,  a  Sen  ca  chief,  vi'i,835-3S8. 
R?d  River,  Pembina,  relieved,  ix,299. 
Red  B>van,  legend  of,Ix,8  4-810 
Red  Thiin  ler.  Sioux  chief,  ix.  105-178. 178. 
Red  Whal  i,  SIjux  chi  -f.  ix.  17M78, 181. 182. 
Red  Wing  a  Sioux  village,  v,  145. 
Red  Win<.  a  Sioux  chief,  iil.  270,  271;  vi.l99, 

204.211.  212.217.240.2.10-252,254,  263,2d3,20J; 

ix,  178, 197,209.214,218. 
Red  Wirtg's  son,  vi.  197, 198.204 
Ree<l, ,  early  Prairie  du  Chien  settler,  v, 

2(U. 

Reed, ,  a  Rock  county  pioneer,  vi,484. 

Reed.  Curtis.  Geor;;e  and  Orson,  ear.y  Mil- 
waukee setllers.  i,  181. 
Ree  i.  Harrison,  early  Milwaukee  editor,  iv, 

£28,26{. 
Reed.  James,  oarly  La  Crosse  settler,  {v,S81 
Reed,  Lorenzo  B  ,  in   Bar-tow's  cavalry,  vi, 

lU. 
Rees.  Seth,  e.arly  Sliebovgin  8*>ttIor.  iv.33R. 
R  ■•-edfn,  Srr.rr.  ,  early  Prair.e  du  Chien 

teac  er.  v,  3.'i).  Sr»4, 
Rei  I.  Lieut.  Ji.Iui  <'..  U.  S.  \  .  vii,  873,403. 
Rfniinjrtoii,  Cyrus  C,  viii   474. 
R«*nekji. ,   liu::g  al   Prairie  du  Chien,  v, 

238.  230. 
ReiiviiU".  .J'^»s*»pb.  Indian  intorpreter.  vi,  2"4. 

2.^)    ix,  2v!8.  '2:i5,  'Si^,  254,  2:4.  '^TA;  x,  128.  13j, 

141. 
Re-itpie.   Samn«»I.   eitly  Kenoshn  se'tler.  ii. 

4  J 4,   M'A;  iii,  379,  3^,  381,  384,  385,  31)9,  400, 

40  J.  419. 
R'»yiiur(ls     Sff  F  ixes. 

Keyn«)l  l>j.  Dr.  IJ.  O.,  in  Barstow's  cavalry,  vi- 
ne. 115. 
Reyuoll.s  B   W..  viii.  401. 
R.^yiiol«|;.  Eli,  earlv  lesri^lator,  vi,  396. 
ReynnlMs,  .lames,  ix,  4.V>. 
Kevntd  U.   .lohn,   er)vor'nor  of  Illinois,  ii,  146, 

162.    1(13,   337,   313.  407.  ,V)2;  v.  144.  150:  vii 

303,   mi.   319.  32).  324:  viii.  2.58,  2ii8,  270;  ix, 

411:  x,rj)-1.57,  170.  Kl.  174. 
Revnolds,  Wm.  K.,  kdle.l  bv  Dubay,  vii,  400- 

402. 
Rib  liver.  Indian  name  of,  i,  120:  earlv  settle- 
ment nn.iii.  146.  417. 

Ri<*e, .  rarly  NVauk^slia  settler,  i.  137. 

RIcr,  llenrj' >1.,  early  luuiui  C(»nimis.sioner, 

y,  404 
Ric»*.  Jobri  A,  on   T^  Cro^^se  j>'ctMri»d   cave, 

viii.    170.   is:i-lft7;   on  Lake  Sakaepan,  ix, 

130.  l:«. 
Rice.  R   B.,  early  Juneau  county  editor,  viii. 

381.  30.-,. 
Rice.  orOpiikwi.  hk^^s.  i,  75. 
Klee  .'^t.jlk^.  »>r  Km  11  line.  riv»»r,  i.  120. 
Ki  •♦*.  wild,  jr-ow  li  nn-l  um'^  i.  28,  63,  74;  vii, 
300.  21:5.  MCA];  viii,  2*.n. 


J?icii.'irii.  F^ltl»or.  eaiVy  rnvs'^vonavy . \u, 'i^\.      \>Xv>cV.xc»\\,Nvjt\\v>\\ 
Richar  Is,  Cbas.  11.,  ou    O.  ^\.  eouovw,  xAV.ov^^nv\\,V.  ,  \:;j 
452-168.  ^     '^^"^i=*'^- 


Richards.  Daniel  H.,  enrly  Milwaukee  setller 

I.  131;  iv.  259.  267;  \iii,  456. 
Richards,  Joiiu,  early   Watertown  settler,  vi, 

477. 
Rich  inlson,  D.  A.,  early  R.>ck  county  setter, 

VI,  4i« 
RLh.irdson.  William  A  ,  ix.  873. 
K  cner.  A.  P..  early  Juneau  county  settler, 

viii,  895. 
RichLuid  Center,  i.  109. 
Richland  Ct>-.  u  108.  1<>9. 
Richlaid  county,  i,  107,   108.  113;  ii,  489.  490; 

ix.  63.  C9. 
Richmond,  Richinu  I  county,  i,  109. 
Ric.imond.  Waiworih  couutv,  vi,  449.  MA 
iiiJdle,  Thomas,  early  Juueuu  county  settler, 

viii  384. 
R  ley*  <  'apt.  Bennett,  il,  212,  x.  170. 
KileV.  J-imes,  John  and  Peier,of  Detroit, iii, 

828-3  5 
Rd<^v,  William.  Indian  interpreter,  r,  411,415. 
Uingle,  Bart  holomew,ix,  462. 
Riii»Cold, ,  early  Green  Bay  wttler,  vfl, 

228. 
Ridley  lake.  Ix.  CO, 61. 

Kitner,  Lieut. ,  in  Black  Hawk  war,  il,41i 

Ritf er,  Hu<h,  early  bhebjyean  8eUk*r,  ir, 

8i9. 
River  of  Flags,  or  Plover,  river,  i,  ISO. 
Rivlerre,  di-s  t'orts,  Ix,  272. 

Roai  k, ,  a  pioneer,  vi,  4S9. 

Itobbins,     Haiuner,     early     Qrant   coimt7 

teacher,  v.  818. 
Roberts,  l  harles.  x,  875,  395.486,446l 
Kobeits.  Lieut  il.  B..  x.  169,  176. 
hoberts,  Sidney,  early  KeuOetha  settler,  11,451, 

45'i;  iii, 871-3.3. 
Robertson,  Aadrew,ix,206. 
Robertson,  C.   F.,  on    hlleazer  'Wdlisms.  vi, 

8i7-3i9;  viii, 3 ,0-362,869. 
RuherisoM,  Geo.,  x.  57,  53, 313-14. 818. 8a5-«, 

33i-9. 
Robinson, ,  early  Green  Biy  settler,  ix, 

324. 
R  •bincon.  Alexandtr.a  Pottawattomiechief, 

vil.  18.».2.'iH2;n,3J"> 
Rob  n.-,on.  Chirl.*.'*  D..  pi'^ne^^r  editor,  ii,5S, 

491:  vi.l4<i;  viii,36l,367;  x.  a'Vi 
Robinson,  (ieor^e.  eaily   Walworth   county 

settler,  vi.4.»0. 
l.'obinson,  H.  .M..  on  Lake  Sakaegan,  ix,  131. 
Robinson,  .lam-  s.  viii.  463. 
Kobinsoii,  lA-i-i  Saffor  J.  ix.  45?. 
Robinson,  R.-x,  eaily   Mackinaw  lawyer,  ii, 

151 
Roche.  Petite.  V.  194,195. 
Rochebiave,  Noel  and    Pierre,  earlv  Indian 

traders,  iii. 215:  x.  91. 
Rocbeblavr-,  Philii>,iu  French  w.^r,  1:1,213.3:5; 

V,  118;  v.i.  132,133. 
Roi  hester,  Riicine  county,  i,  117, 118:  vi,419. 
Rock,  John  H..viii.  432. 

K<:Hk,  Joseoh  Sr,  in  Bri'ish  servic*».  ix.  2*4 
Rock,  Joseph,  lud-an  i.iterpreter,  ix,25l.  ^, 

2('.4. 
Rock  count}-,  i,  113;   vi,  416,423,  426,  427,  430- 

435 
Roek  Inland  (Fort  Armstronjr),  vi,200.  209.215, 

:i0i;ix.  2.5. 
Roek  I.-^l  iiiti  tr-^atv.  x.  166.' 
R«  Ckfort,  R<H'k  county,  vi,  431,  482,  434. 
Rx'k  I  ra  rie,  viii.  370. 
Ro«"k  river,  ix.  66. 

Rock  Rivor  (lam  c:»mnany.  vl,  ISO.  477. 
Ro"k    river  raDids,  jiiTair  at,  in   18.4.  ix,  195, 

19  >.  219-23-'.  254.  2x>.  272. 
Rock  river  vjill  'v,  v,  IM). 
Rock  River  Va.ley  riilrootl,  early  hi-^t  >ry  of, 

ix  414  41.-). 
Ro.k.y,  Abrah'im  B  ,  early  artist,  iv.  C2,11S, 

<iQ\\wlv,lx,  51. 


General  Index  to  Yois.  I — X. 


547 


ell.  LeGrand,  en rly  Walworth  county 

er.  v..  445.440,467. 

.  or  Copper  I  iver.  f,  120. 

V.  Ca0*ar  A.  portrait  of.  x,894. 

.  Iheodnre,  early  La  Crodtie  settler, 

C;  viii.410. 

,  James,  early  Watertovea  settler,  vi, 

,  P  *ter,  early  Watertown  settler,  iv, 
IX.  887. 

»,  Coi  poral,  at  P^rry  vile  battle,  Ix.  88*2. 
t.  Jacob,  eaily  Juneau  county  &etiler, 
389-3'Jl. 

»  JaTnesH.,  early  Milwaukee  settler, 
2.  ^TI.aTa. 
}  John.  X.  880. 

J.  fol.  Robert,  v,  117;  vl,  224,  232.  284. 
».  J  »*'ftph.  earlv  I  ulian  tra<.ler,  ii,  1'22. 
*7,  129,  132.  188.  Ui.  144.  IW,  168.  172- 
Ho:  i.i.  250, 270. 274-^7.^,  '.78. 279,  2S9.  487; 
'».  196.202.  fti7,  240,272.  27^8! 2. 8 1 4. 824, 
o3;vli,  276.379;  ix.  178-180, -^SO, 28'). 246- 
2i0.  26  i,  an.   2  9-271,  277,  x98-;f»7, 8i«- 
05-4  7:  X.  122.479  493 
^lAwrence,  Iniian  trader,  ix,890. 
Ue  La.  Jjhn  T..  vlli.  819-821;  x,  70. 
SUnev  L.,  vii,  462. 

7.  Maj.  Kichani,  ix,  442-448 

iev.  Eleaz<$r,  st  ite  8U(>erintend<*nt  pub- 
Htruction.  v.  341.  845  MH  3)4.  865. 
]lt*u  Erastus,  trenCH  wicu  Indians,  ii,  48^ 
Dr.  Lewit.  X,  875.  4a. 
5.  C,  ix,  887. 

x)in, ,  early  Indian  trader,  i,  47. 

ans.  Gen.  W.  S.,  Ix.  385. 

i^eo.,  portrait,  x,  896;  rare  autograph, 

L 

lieonard.  early  Qreen  county  settler, 

U:  vi.  412. 

WorrLs,  early  Walworth  county  settler, 

17. 

Samuel,  early  Walworth  county  set- 

vi,  458. 

an,  J.  W.,  early  Wauk.jsha  settler,  i, 

8.  L«afer,  establishes  Wisconsin  Pha- 
iii  417. 

'ville,All)ert,  early  Sheboygan  settler. 
10. 

■te.  Cipt.  Hi 'am,  x.  175. 
•»e.  John    H..  in  Bl:i' k  TIawk  war.  i', 
*«:  iv.  181,  195;  v,  28 i.  3l5:  vi.i,  2J6; 
:h  of,  iii.  4:MiO,  nii-:cellat;e-^iis  refer- 
s  to.  v,  333;  vii.  257.  ^58;  x,  287,  827. 
:ve,  Ly<liu  fl..  ix,  4.")9. 
Henry  F.,  in  1. at  stow 's  cavalry,  vi, 

Lewis,   earlv  Indian  trnder,  il,  100; 
a->.241,'-i7S.274.2r7.a95,413  4.6:  x,  l87. 
.  Wall  le^'.eirlv  I:i«iirin  tra«l*-r.  1. 10 »:  ii. 
vi,   370    397.  39S.  477;  vii,  800,877,378; 
171:  X.  7u.  77.81.282. 
'scr«^l{,  vii  .313 
Daniel,   early  Walworth  county  set- 

VI.  400. 
5ophii,5x.l37. 

V,  M'ir,iM.vii,361, 

iiiablt^.^-.-irly  Green  Bay  settler,  Ui,241, 

viii,',21. 

LMijiniin.  early  Portage  settler,  ii,109, 

rancis,  early  Porta?'*  s^ttlep,  II,  289. 

ost'rh.farlv  (Jit-en  Bay  hcltler,  iii, 241. 

vii.  177;  x,189. 

*,  The,   a  Menonionee  chef,   iii,  280; 

^. 

,  Alvah,  early  Shebo3-gan  settler,  Iv, 

.   F.    M..    earlv  RhPbnvpan    and   La 
e  «.*til  r.  Iv,  3:i7.  384,  aS5;  v.  a36. 
,  llnraoe.  eu'ogy  <.n    Peicival.  iii.  19, 
;  sivttcli  of  Fhelioygan,  Iv,  385-342. 

. ,  eai  ly  Stieboygan  county  settler, 

9. 


Ruflft»e,  Charles  At,  v.  408. 

Ruger,  EMwaril.  U.   H.,  Gen.  Thos.  H.,  and 

Kev.  Thorans  T..  Ix,  4^. 
Rugfr,  Capt.  William,  Ix.  428. 
Hiiegles,  Lieut.  Daniel,  U.  S.  A.,   vll,  878, 

404. 
Rum  river,  'x,  183. 
Kumrill,  John,  ix.  440. 
RunlclH.  Philip,  early  Juneau  county  settler, 

v  ii  803. 
Rtimiell,  ,  early    Waupaca  settler,   IIL 

480. 
Rtish,  Lieut.  B.  D.,  x,  170, 17«. 
Hus-segiie,  Jane,  early  Walworth  county  set- 

tier.  vi.  465. 
Russell,  Carolina,  early  Green  Bay  teacher, 

V.  831. 
Russell,  Capt.  Hiram,  ix.  441. 
R'j-'seli,  Marcus  and  hobert,  early  Walworth 

county  settlers,  vi, 451, 
Russell,  Th  >mas  P .  vii  ,454. 
UiiiBt,  Elirim,  early  Green  county  settler,  vl, 

412;  lx,454. 
Rnthf^rford,  Maria,  early  Galena  settler,  tI, 

277,291.  'J'. 

Rutledge,  Edward,  rare  autograph,  x, 881. 
Kutledge,  John,  s  <etch  of,  x,  488. 
Riittenber,  Thomas,  eaily  Wai worth  county 

settler.  vl,461. 
Ryan,Edward  G.,  on  H.  ».  Baird,  vll, 440^42; 

n'Ucellaaeous  references  to,    ix,  8di),  Hi. 

462,453. 
Ryan,  Samuel,  vjii, 448. 449;  ix,401. 
Ry land , ,  early  Wal woi  th  county  settler, 

vi,  454. 


Sabln,  Joseph,  on  autographs,  x,  886,  898. 

Sable.  Juhn   Haptlste  Point  du,  early  Indian 
trader,  vii. 331, 832. 

Sao.  or  Sank  Indians,  I,  21. 26-48, 71-85, ^)-98, 
98-100:  ii,l3i.  132.  ir>8.  170,  218,  215,218,219, 
aw.  »4iV-248,  2  k),  253. 255-2 17, 259-202, 38  V414, 
41)1-491;  iii.  12({,  130, 1 18-104.  ^L'dO.  2)1,2()4  211, 
229,504.  5(15:  iv,  286.  239-242,  8)0:  v,  78-104, 
106, 107, 113, 114. 117,  120. 121. 123, 193, 25t>-264. 
287-300,305-317,319;  vi,  190.  191, 193,197,  215. 
•^10, 225, 272, 273.280,  283. 806, 8  >7;  vii,  128, 129, 
155,l«7.2t«5.292-29.-i.  8l8-3i8,  341-344, 8 M,  875. 
419-421:  viil,  b4,  2«r7.2W.232.244-24rf,2fi5  291, 
304,311-316;  ix.  115,12:^,  130.  131.1.8-150,158, 
19rf,  207-210,  233,  238-2  A  •.OT),  209.  272,  278, 
2:0 281,  2h3,  290;x,30-5i.  114.  115.  122,  1^, 
127, 151, 152, 114, 164.  j25,  22J,  32<J,  501  -2. 

Sadd  &  Jenkins,  eany  lumbermen,  viii,  406. 

Sasre.K.  C.,v.ii,8M.     * 

Saeinash  or  Sa'/onash,  Indian  name  for  the 
English,  iii.  829:  v.  411. 

Siig-on  do-shee,  or  The  Englishman,  a  Sioux, 
v.  180. 

Sag  dma,  an  Ott.aw  i  rhi-»f ,  ill,  133. 

St.  Ange,  father,  v.  t:.">,  107. 121. 1 .2. 

i>t.  Anth  >nv  falis,vi,  20i5,2i»7,22fl,t:30. 

St.  Clair,  Gen.  Arthur,  x,&'l8-9,a40. 

St.  Clair  lake,  origin  of  name,  x,  502. 

St.  Croix  county,  1,113;  111,406-477. 

M.  Croix  falls,  iv,  a")9. 

St.  C:r>ix  river,  eariy  trading  posts  on.  Hi, 
244,  iMi,  247,288. 

St.  Croix  an.l  Sup'»rior  railroad,  vi,100. 

St.  tyr,  Mich'  1.  eirlv  Dane  c«»untv  s^'ttl^r, 
vi,  291,Ji9r-40i»,4r7;  vil,860,409,410;  x,  70-78, 
81,84,87.2:2.501. 

St.  George's  rapids.  Rock  county,  vi,  432, 
484. 

St.  Germain, ,  Indian  interpreter,  ix,SS8. 

St.  tierniaine,  Nt  r))err,  early  Juneau  county 
sett  ler,  vii.  385- 8''7, 405. 

St.  John, ,  earlv  In  Jim  trader,  Ix.  148w 

bt.  .lohn.Snmu^I,  early  Janesvllle  settlor,  ▼!, 
421,4.%42-!-431. 

St.  John, beta  B.,  first  bom  at  Jane8TUle,Ti, 
482. 


618 


Wisconsin  Statb  Historical  Society. 


St.  John.  W.  P,  vin,453. 

St.  Josepli's.Mich..  1.  ri.25.27;  vm.212. 

St.  Ji)Si'i)rrH  island,  viii.  iii:i. 

b't.   I^>ui>i.  I>uciiai'i)'.e*s  expedition  aj^ainst, 

iii,a:Jli»:JJ:x.J41. 
St.  L.»ii:s  i;i  IMl,  iv,  102. 


Schafer,  Christian,  sketch  of,  x,  480. 
Si'hinlz.  Adam,  ix.  440,441. 
Schennerhorn.  J.  6..  euny   Madison  settkr. 

vi,  379. 
S«hiiidler,  Balthnsir,  vi  i,  4:ii. 
:  ^kthi|>loote(l.  or  llnot  rivtr,  vi.  ITO, 


St.  J.iW'OM.  M  il<»,v.  110..  ^ollleilllallll.l'r.  Heurv,  ix.  lU^i.  :0t. 

St.  Maiiii"'.  .iihimtor. ix,16S.  1''0.  ■  Svtunulr,  Sist  t  KinrmWl   ix,  4:W. 

St.  PKeTs  river,  iradinj?  i»ost  on,  ix,  15^S-100.  .  »S"liii)Ult,  MaUiia^,  \i  i.  4'tt. 

464.  Schmidt .  Willi.im,  in   iUirslow's  cavalry 'vi. 

St.  Pi.'rr.-.  M.  De,  v.  1 U :  x.  im.  1  Vi 

St.   ]{(•;r'^^   Indiiin.s   in  >Vis(riiistn,   i,&S;ii,410  Scliut^i'ltr.  C^ith»»riuo.  \i;i.  4.'»7. 

4W,  ,  >cliJMWTMi))fr,j:,liiniiiinii-'.  ix.  4.%^. 

St.  Hi  vk.  Kiniiris.  x.91  93.  VJO.  S«rli(>  fll.'r,  .Mi»niz,eiUiy  M.lwaukei'publi^I.i^r, 

St  Vftdi«r.  Hi-h.)p  di',  v.  ST.  iv,  2,0. 

St   Vniin.  F-iix.  kill  •.!  in   Hhok  Hawk  w;ir,  I  Si'Monk-rafr.    H.    U„   i,  Di:    v,  M,  iC.  10>.ia, 

J!,  S41.:5oJ.  3'jr:  vi  i.2;.".;  x.l.%S.  107.*J72.  '      V^.K  l^y.3a-., 350.4' 0.414  43G:  >.i-:.-J;  v.ii.lii^ 

Sj.kat'is'an   iakt>.  idfnlitietl.  ix.  13U-131:  origin  j      174."J\.'l,4r5;  ix, IIU. 

of  naim\  x.  r>U2.  SoiM»u.<.:r.ilt,.lame->.  I-..,  killcrd  by  Tauntr.viii, 


SnliMu.  Kfiio<>ha  •.*  )unty.  sp•t^•^^*  of.  ii.  400. 
Kali-bury.  .U'>ert.  on  liiven  caiuty  piouet*r», 

vl,  rc.  lOl. 
Snli-iiMirv.  An.«;el,  early  Wal wort li  county  s-.-l- 

tler,  \i.  1 .4. 
Sahsbiirv,    iMnicI.  early  Walworth  cjnnty 

settlT.  \l.  418.  4*'4 


475. 

StMiool  libr.ir!i»s.v..3GG. 
SrluH-N.   earlv,    i.i    Wisconsin,  v,  323-3'S;  tL 

4.11,430;  vii,22«-2.Jl,-.;33-;;3S475;  ser  tdaea- 

litin. 
SciiDtr.  Wm..  x,  413. 
Sihni'Uug,  Jt)hn  C-,  in  Barstow's cavalry, 1 1 


Saknnon,  K-lwarl.  >jroverni>r  of  Wisct>nsin,v,         112 

24.  3I(;:  ix.  3;».  3S0.  j  Scnnn.*y,  Marshal,  early  ^Iilw*aukee  sett:»T. 

Sal  uiion.  CJi'ii.  Kn-tifrick.  in  civi'  war,  vi,l'5.  j      iv,2T2.2'«i,\87. 
Sal-er,  R  iijamin,  t^aily  .Mineral  Puiut sc-tller,  1  Scip, alias (iestrjr'^  R.  Barlow,  iii,  410-413. 

vi.  .'ki;!  I  Soot:.  A?nlrew,t*urly  lumbfruian,viii,378.$fl 

Saltuiistall,  I^'veri'tt.  x,  397.  I  SooH..I.inies.ear  y  K<m  o^hi  sett  ier.i.i.  371. 

Samuel.  David  and  l-'rank,  vii.  174.  18.3.  IRI.     I  Sioir,  John  C, early  Mineral  Point  e<rt(lirr.i:, 
banb  tr  n,  Ira,  early  Walworlh  ci^untv  settler,        3"J-i. 

Scoti, Col.  Martin. at  Prairi»  du  Chien,  ii,  118, 


110:  V.  2Lo,  210.378;  viii.304. 
Sc'Ht.(ien   Wnitii  1.1.  in   I  1  ick  Huwic  war:  i, 
73-Ml :    n , 03, 1 40, 284 :    i v,  1 03 :    v . HtM. 809:  %i, 
407,  422,  4.:3;  \iii,3lG:    tro<.|vi   oi.  utlacktAl 


vi.  4-H 
Sander-*.  JainHR.  early  Hudson  settler,  iii, 467 
8.indt*rs  n.  Capr. ,  early  Milwaukee  set 

tier.  iv.  ;.'.-,0   260. 
SunliM-Kon,  Hiiward  K.,  x,  87.').  437-8 

Sandt-.s.  Henry,  in  IJixrstow's  cavalry,  vf,  112.         with  cholera,  x.  104- Itfj.  172.2^31-2. 
Sjindusky,  ntta*  k  i^n.  x.  111.  .  Scurvy,  early  tnjutment  of.  vi.  WJ. 

Sanfor'l.'j(.hi>,  earJv  .hnu  an  couidy  settler,    Searl-s.  Abraham,  in   Black  Hawk   war,  ii, 

viii.  UTS.  '  3l4.3>i:J:  vi.4()4. 

Sar;;itii<>n  eountv,  lilinois,  earlv  customs  in,  ■  S«*arl<*<-.  ilarns,  early   lumberman,  viii,  '■ii&, 

ii,  3jr,  3JS  ■  '  3>il. 

Sirc'l. .  -r  Til  ThiI.  a  Wjjmoi.a-o  chi^f ,  iii,  2«;0, 

271.  2rt).  iSS;  ix.  2J«; 


har^r-'aii!. .  early  .Juneau  count v  surve}*'  r, 

vi.i,  1(13. 
Sai;:eaiit,  J.>lm.  i-nrly  m;s>;ioiiary,  viii.  3:J7. 
•^ai;:*'  I'M.  .J«^'}ui.  al  Indian  tn*  -.tv,  vii.  215. 
Sar.;tMir.  I>;i\id,  earlv  JelTfr^cn  c<»muv  .set- 

tl-r.  \i.  177. 
Sar-r..-rli.m.  .i  Winneba-o  rhu-f.  i  i.  271,  2S8. 
Sa<-^a -ba.  ;»  (.'lii]»|»'\\a  «  lii'f,  v,  411.  ll.'j. 
Salte  1  .-.  ri.nii.-lia.  ix.  130. 
^:^au^•v  .l.jcU.  <»■  .Jack  M.*«n  icviile.  exploit  (»f,i, 

0(1:  ii.  n;:).  .",02:  v.  i.'y).  l.-)l. 
Sink  eoiiM  V,  i.  lOS.  113:  viii,  107.  108. 
Sauk  iMihau'i.     Sf».'  .'<aO'». 
Sank  irfiiil..  i   HK);  id.  2(0:  vi,  125. 
S  u.k\  dl".  ix.  m. 
Saul:ii"r.  K«*v.    — ,  bishop  of  St.   Louis,  iii, 

112.  ll.i. 
Saull  >r  '.  M.iri.'.  v.  37**.  370    110  110, 
Sans  t-Mi.iu-n«M'.  a  N\  iim-  b.i;;i»  chief,  i'i,  200, 

•.i71.  2?-^:  X    112-114. 
Samen'-.  itr  (?.iii>i  e.v.«  riv^r,  ix.  22o. 
Sauteuis.      .'^fr'i*  Cid')|  cwas. 
Sa V.I. ■_',-.  il.W.,  c.riy  I'laihe  tin  Chi'-n  b.-mker, 

Savjiy;.',  .lulin  A.,  earlj*  Waukesha  ti*acher,  v. 

8  to 
Sav<):".  .7- ill!!  H  .  ••arly  lu!nli««nnan.  viii,  300. 
SiiWMT  .1  ilm  York,  esoap«'d   l'n»m  Indians, 

i,       i>.)0       .>.>< 

i     .     •yr'm'  Im      ^. «  ff  . 

SaxiMii.  1^.  K,  t'.'ulv  Juru'au  county  settler, 

v.ii,  :i;M. 
Suy«'r.  ll'M'kw(  11.  viii.  17(> 
Scali's.  «'  >1.  Siimu^d  II.,  \i:i,  I'VJ. 
S<*an  lin.ivla.  WaU'.>M<'a  county,  iii,  480. 
Scflrrert,  El  'Cta.  ix.  44U. 


Seailes,  Jes.<je   D..  e.arl}'  Juneau   county  soi- 

t  li-r,  vji i,  HMct :   ix.  4r)2. 
Sears,  Frances,  early  IJreen  Bay  teacher,  v, 

a'i2. 
S»-aii)n.  Charles,  earlv  Watertown  -^ttler,  iv. 

3N).3S1. 
Se-iver,  J,  W.   an«l   Lvman,  early  Walworth 

ctMHity  s  "ttlers.  v..  44**. 
Se.ivrr.  Luc.is,  early    Milw.iukee   publL>ber, 

iv.  207. 
See,  Wiljiam.  vii,  :);n. 

>e-er, .  »*arlv  eii-r;r>nian.  viii.  405. 

Se.kiTK's  colony,  tx.  2'.K». 

Se-nat^h wir  e.  a  I'-ffiawattoune  chief,  vii. 419. 

Sen«'ca  litilians  iu  Wis<*on-iin,  i.  US., 

Ser^t>anr. ,  earlv  Wnuk-.sha  sttih'r,  i. i:V». 

Serjeant.. h.hu..lr..  ii,427. 

Sfveii-miie  blulT.  v,2.i4. 

S!ven-mile  Cn-ek.  ti^wn  of,  vi:i.391-3;>3. 

S«'ymour.  C'lpt   Furman,  x.  443. 

Se\  mour,  Horatio,    l-'^jx   River   Imp.  co.,  iii, 

4H0. 
Sevin«Mir,  William,  early  K..-nosha  settler.'iii. 

•)(.),  I'll. 
SeyuHur.  William  N..  early  Madison' settler. 

VI,  .3  . 1. 3i  1 .  477. 
Sha-i/o-ms,  a  rottawattoinie  cbi  -f.  iv.  :i74.37r>. 
Shakojn  e.  or  Ihf  Six.  a  Si.uix  ch  t'l',  i\.  1  •*. 
Sh.i-ma  i;o,  or  The  L.mce,  a  h.ic  chief,  \i.  19-2, 

10.3.218. 
Sha-ju.i-ua-pe  was-siih.x.407. 
Shine.  Ai:lh)ny.  at  the  Tlnmes,iv..'^4 
Shanle\.  Tuomi-*.  eaily  h jrisiator, vi.sOSjS'X 
Shanty  Town,  or  M«'nomoi,t»t».  i.G7. TO. 
Shai  k-e,  lyewi.-s.  earlv  lumlx  rni.iii.  vi  1,408. 
Sharon,  Wahvoith  county,  vi, 447,408. 


- -.  Sharp.  Lt.  Col   l'ow«  11  H.,  x.l75. 

Schaclrp-K\-ka,  or  \h*  \\\uu^  NVat  Yav;W.,n  A"&\vv\vv'lvi^vi>ivir^vi^«OLrly  Ln  Crosse  bCltler,  iv, 
128.153-150,297.  ^     *^^. 


General  Index  to  Vols.  I — ^X. 


5id 


Sharps tein  &  T^throp,  early  Milwaukee  pub- 

Ibhers.  iv,  ;*08. 
Shan -!>«•- na.  a  Pottam'attoinie  chief,  vif,  76, 

811-314,415,475;  ix.Sr. 
Shuw  ^  Uyer,  early  Milwaukee  publisshers, 

iv.  as 

6ha\v.  E.  E  ,  early  Monroe  county  settler,  iv, 

I-  891. 

Shnw,  Col.  .Tf»hn.  fnrly  "Wisconsin  pf'^ner»r, 

lW-:3-3:  iii.48r,r>01;  vi,  lOS.  199.  2dO.-J»i3:  vii. 

814.  315;   vjii.  ;.>50;   on   Iiuliau   chi  :fs   and 

pioiirers,  x.  213-2."^ 
Shnw,  Leaiidt-r  J.,  in  Barstow'H  cavalrv,  vi, 

lis. 

Sh.iwauoe  Indians,  iii,  300-811.    See  Teeuni- 

seh. 
Sh'isu-r.  Georjfe,  early  Pierce  county  settler, 

iif,4t'JS. 
8hea,  Jol-n  riilmary,  on  J»suitK  and  early  In- 
dian tribt-s  ill  Wisfon.Nlri.  iii.  Ill,  131, 1;5-13S: 

on  ElfaztT  Wiili.-xnis.  vi,  342:  on  diwitvery 

of  thi*  Mississippi,  vii.  111-122;  uiiH«.-elUii'"- 

ouH  references  to,  vii,  3,  14.  15,130;  ix,  lOti. 

115. 
ShftK)ypran,  iii, 837;  v,  150,830. 354:  vl,42«,»;  ix. 

38»-KN). 
Sliebov^nn  county.  I.  113,117;  iv,335-342;  ix. 

50,38J-400. 
Sheep  Hn«l  suine.  first  intrfKluce  I  in  western 

"NVisconsin.  ii,  174;    iutroduced    intj    Wal- 

worih  oountv,  vi,451. 
Shelby,  Capt.  Evau.viii,  232-240. 
Shelby,  (.T  iv.  I^auc,  at  th:?  Thime'*,  Iv.370. 
Shelvion, ,  early  Walwunh  county  s^rttler, 

^i.  453. 
^held«in,  John  P..  early   Mineral  Point  and 

M.idison  Kt'tllnr,  vi,  141,303;  vii,  378, 
Sbelinn.  Wai.  B.,  early  leRislalor.vi,  895,3^6, 

433.431.445. 
SheliJon,  Zich.  a  bee  hunter,  vi=i.  JJ83. 
Shepanlsou,  Clark,  early  Milwaukee  settler, 

IV.  2J>8. 
Sheridan,  Gen.  Philip  II.,ix,3Hl,38i. 
Shf:*rnian,  Ad»*I;norn,  vii.4t'5 
Sherman,  (.'apt.  John,  in  iilack  Hawk  war,  11, 

8:i8;  v,  28t). 
Sherin'tn,  SelMistian,  early  Walworth  county 

Hfttler.  vi,  401. 
Sh-Twia,  J.  C,  early  La  Crosse  clergyman.  Iv, 

385. 
Bherwooil.  Granville,  ix,  456 
SherwooJ.  J.  M.,  early  .Kenosha  settler,  ii, 

475. 
8hin-go<ip.  a  Chippewa  chief,  iii,  357. 
Shin-plasters,  euny  Wisconsin  currency,  iii, 

18;  v.  272. 
Shi  cton,  Waupaca  countv.  iii,  487,  4»:*8. 
Bhole.<,  CharW  C,  »'arlv  Kenosha  »ieitler,  ii, 

471;  iii.  39i,  418;  iv.  2t»:  vi.  141.  359. 
Sh-'les,  C  I^thum.  earlv  Kenoiha  bcttler,  ii, 

471.472:  ill,  3:^^.  402.  413. 
Pho-no-nee.  a  Menomon»-H  chief,  viii,  227-231. 
Shorey  Bros.,  early  lund.ennen,  v.ii,  400. 
Short, ,  killcii  in  Black  Hawk  war,  ii, 

800. 
8h«)vv-ne-on,  or  Silver,  a  Menonionee  chief,  I, 

69:  iv.  107. 
Shull.    Ji:"ss*  W.,  earlv  Li   Favett*^  founty 

setter.  ,i.  ;)31:  iv,  195:  vi,  10i;"x,  211-5. 
Sliu  I'ljurz.  i.  I'T;  vi,  4i)2. 
SliiitH,  E.   G..  early  Juneau  county  selll-.T, 

viil.  3SM. 
Siblev,  (ien.  II.  H..  ix,  2f)'.». 
Sibivr*.  (J--rtnid»'.  ix.  410. 
SitMure,  Le  Grand,  ui-iunx  chief,  ii.  Hi,  190, 

:,02 
Sielte.  Af.  de.  forlv  coiiiniari>l'int  in  the  Illi- 

m-iscitir  try.  i.  21   22;  iii.  ll-^-iri-'l. 
Sif;:-£;e-nai.k,  nr  Iila<jk  Bird.  <.>lLawa  chirf,  x, 

no. 
Biff-i-na-kee,  or  BI  ick  Binl,  a  IV-ttawatjiiii**, 

v.i.  10  j. 

Silver  lake,  Walworth  county,  vi,  150,  153;  i.x, 
CO. 


Simmons  James,  early  Walworth  county  set- 
tler, vi,  450. 

R^in  .n.  Father,  early  inissionarv,  iii.  111. 

>linrall,  <ieii.  James  vi,  2?J  283. 

Sifid-dr,  P.itri«k.ii  ut-Rovernnr  •  f  Ma«  kinaw, 
ill.  2*^.229. 2:i.'-2M:  vdl.2.1,  22.';  be,  2U2,2S5. 

Sliij?  e.  Cnarlesi  A.,  ix.  44S. 

SiKiC'^'tory.  E..  Jr.,  early  Walworth  county 
settler,  vi.  4'9 

Siusinawa  Mound  colleg**.  v.  319.  355. 

i>ionx  I'ldiaiifl.  i.  23.  20.  82  Hti.  87.  41:  ii,  131, 
132.  187,  144,  14.\  149,  153,  15-J.  159,  Ui9,  170, 
171,179-lKI,  184-195.  211,  246-257.  2f  2.  349. 
8>^,  414:  iii.  100.104.  1(»7,  128  149.  l.%5.  158, 
15.»,  li>4-10.i.  -,29  2f2.  263.  a»-278.  .%7:  Iv, 
22'i.  227,  130.  231.  2'M:  v,  78,  W.  «».  Ill,  112. 
12:^-145, 147,  259  3  0-314.  349.  355  :J57.  373,374, 
890-3.H).  400,  401.  ^^S:  vl,  197-lW,  201--.O7.  211- 
218, 227 --^31.  240,;.'50  254  2»J3.  265.  2»m;;  vii.  170; 
viii,  270- 27S:  ix.  158-19H.  200,  2<K».  211-214, 
210.  218  227.  12.».  28 i,  235.  23i,  2;«.  2  9,  211, 
242.  2i»,,  217,  249-V51,  i54  255.  2«i7.  271-273, 
277,  28),  281,  2ii7,  299,  8J0.  823-32;.  43:J;  x, 
1*4   2.'5-22t> 

Sixth,  Th-ra  Sioax  chief,  iil,^.'70,  S71:  vi,  206, 
218 

Sk^-eis,  Albert  M..  viii,  446. 

hk  liner. ,  in  Bla<:k  Hawk  war,  ii,  413. 

Skiam-r.  Jndire  H.  C  ,  viii,  4i.O. 

Skinner.  Jr.hn  B.,  early  iniuMr.  vi,  40:J,  412. 

Skinner,  Mnr^an  L.,  ix.  4»2.  4  3. 

Skunk-  Grov.^  or  Mt  l'1-asant.  vi.  410.  420. 

Skunk  skin,  an  Indiin  t)adgi*,  v,  125 

Slitt-rr.  Kev.  K.  F..  on  prehistoric  copper 
implements,  viii,  152-161. 

Slauuhter,  Gf«>rj;e  II.,  early^,Dane  county 
setiler,  vi.  397.  400. 

Slaughter.  Wnliam  B,  earlv  Dane  county 
seitlr.  iv,  18  5,  189;  vi,  397-400,  477:  vii.  7(j; 
ix.  437;  X.  84,  -,'32. 

Slaverv,  eiTork  for,  in  Illinois,  vii,  298.  299, 
313-310. 

SlaviTv  of  Pawnees,  in  Wisconsin,  vii,  158, 
177,  i79. 

Sloan,  MiatnarC.  vi  80. 

Sniirt.  I<uac  mid  Kichard,  early  Waukesha 
sKtler.-.  i,  13.5. 

Smeatl,  Horace,  a  pi-^neer.  ii.  22*.  331. 

Siiif'ltin;;  lead,  process  of.  vi,  285-2b7. 

Smet.  J.  P.  de.  citetl,  iii.  136. 

Siiiiley.  D.,  earlv  Janesviile  settler,  vi,  433. 

Smith. .  kille<l  in  Black  Hawk  war,  ii,418; 

iv,  314  315;  vi.  414. 

Sm  til.  A.  L).,  earlv  supreme  court  judge,  iv, 
107;  V  172. 

Smi'h,  Adam,  earlj'  Dane  county  settler,  vi, 

4«  i. 

Smith.  A.  Hyatt,  early  Janesville'st'ttler,  vi, 

33:  ix.  114.  415. 
.Smith.    Ain?iiK  us,   early  Walworth   county 

Kf'tiler.  \i.  400. 
Smith.    Benjamin,  early  Green  Bay  settler, 

vii.  211. 
Smith.  ('.   B.,  early  Juneau  county  .settler, 

\  iii.  370-379. 
Sniiih.  I.>u»  r,  early  Walworth  county  settler, 

vi.  4.59. 
Smith,  Duke  S.,  early  Galena  settler,  vi,  279, 

294 
Siririi.  I/.ent.  E.  Kirby,  U.  S.  A.,  viii,  805- 

Siiinii,  (icoij:.-.  early  Sheboygan  settler,  iv. 

Slid  ii.  (Ji'r,r;r,.  Jj..  on  H.  8.   Balrd.  vii,  438- 

4.W:  in  iiii-iiH.ri.ini.  vi .  108-i:J9;  reference* 

t.»,  V,  177;  ix.  411,  4.'4.  438 
Sniirh,  (jcuge   F.,  taily  legislator,  vi,  JPfri, 

3?«i, 
Siiiiih.  Mi'j  -r  n«'nrv,  notice  of.  v.    »1.  282; 

oil  Black  iiHWK  war.  x,  150-157. 
Smith,  I.saac.  nn  early  selllemeiil    of  liock 

conntv.  VI.  416. 

Smith.  C  1  J.,  commoDdant  at  Green  Biy  in 

1  -IT 


550 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


Smith,  Jamc^R,  Hfgner  of  Declaration,  por- 
trait of .  X.  81*8-1.  JiUfi. 

Smith,  JnnieH.  early  Gilena  settl  t.  vi,  393. 

Smith.  Jelfersou,  la  Black  llauk  war,  \ii, 
238. 

Smith,  Lt  Col.  Jeremiah,  x.  175. 

Ibmith,  Jereuiiab,    Jr.,  eaily  legislator,   vi, 

my 

Smith.  Joel,  early  Walworth  county  set.ler, 

vi,  404. 
Bmiih.  John,  early  Juneau  county  settler, 

viii,  3S8 
Smith,  Jrihn  A.,ix,  461:  x,  475. 
Smith,  John  Y..  on  or  trm  of  American  In- 
dians, iv.  117-151;  on  Elenzer  W  iliifims  ami 

the  lost  T"  I  H-e.  vi,  07.  »08-84:;  sk'-t-  h  of  the 

life  of.  vli.45'i-459;  misct  llaneoiis  references 

to.  vi.  8  6:  v.l,  241  413.  462;  viii.  864 
Smith,  Col.  Josepu  L..  U.  8.  A.,  v.i,  815. 
Smith,  Prof.  O.  K.,  viii. 460. 
Smith,  Fatiiek.  early  Juneau  settler,  vill,  391. 
t?mith,  Terry  IT.,  vi,  88. 
Smith,    Rfv.    Reuben,    eaily   Beaver   Dam 

clergyman,  i.i  S3,  lb5. 
Smith,  Dr.  S.  Compton,  viii,  447. 
8m  th,  bewail,  ix,  456. 
Smith.  Sylvester  G.,  early  Walworth  county 

settler,  vi,  4W.  4-55. 
Smi  h.  Truman,  L.,  early  Milwaukee  settler, 

i,  181. 
Smith,  C^l.T.W..x,  174. 
(-mith,  Uen.  W.  F..  ix.  372-875.  878. 
Smi.h,  \\m.,  early  Keuostia  county  settler, 

sketch  of,  X,  476. 
Smith,  William  K,  governor  of  Wisconsin, 

IX,  410. 
Smiih.  Gen.  Wm.  R.,a  Wisconsin  writer,  iii, 

58.   401;  V,   171;  vi.  21.  409.  418:  viii.  188;  Ix, 

887;  history  <f  Wiscouhin  cited,  ii,  74,22J, 

821,3:^8.813.849.858. 
Bn.itii.  WiuflelJ,  x,  151. 
Smvih.  Gen. ,  at  Prairie  du  Chlen  In  1810, 

ii:  127,  128. 
Snake-cha'mi'^R.  v,  282. 
Sn»*lli'  g,  Joifph,  at  I'rairie  du  Chienin  18X 

il.  1(:5. 
Enelliii  -.  Col.  Josiah.  ii.  132.  138,  l.M.  15*^,  If 5. 

1«G.  330;  V,  65,  1L>9, 14l,  142.  152,  154,  401;  viii, 

259.  2t;0. 
Snt-lliiipr,  William  J.,  'on  Wisconsin  history, 

V.  05,  93,  123,  120,  129,  144,  152,  155;  viii,  257, 

258. 
Snow  .sj'orm,   big,  on  Red  river  of  North,  ii, 

191. 192. 
Snyder,  Dr. ,  at  Mineral  Point  in  1829,  ii. 

331. 
Sn\  der.  Capt.  Adam  W.,  in  Black  Hawk  war, 

ii.  85\i. 
Sny«ler,  Wjir.'im,  viii.  471. 
Soil  JVM",    A.   D.,  eai  ly  Mouroe  county  settler, 

iv.301. 
Rofr  Mhj  le  river.  I'ldian  name  of.  i,  120. 
Solilier.s'  orph  ms'  home,  o  i  iuof,  vi,  76-78. 
Bciloiiion,   }  z  kiel  and  Lery,    early    Indian 

tra  l»'rs,  i  43. 
Sf  ni-  r-i,  Keiio>ha  county,  early  si^tllers  of, 

ii.  UiO. 
Sonp-uK-nm-eg.  or  Prrong  Gnjund,  a  Chip- 

|n  w;i  chief.  V.  4(X).  401. 
BouiieTiiv.    M..   eaily  Gicen  Bay  settler,  iii, 

1!»H  u)l.  '2V^.  243. 
Eonli^iv.  a  ^'eiumiore^  clref,  i.  CO;  i  i.  2'9. 

iTi).  5.H4,  105;  iv,  63,  84,   102-107;  vii,  l;i7;  x, 

4Ur. 
Soiithwe'.l   H.  E..  vi.  139. 
BlKilTonl.  Oinri,  ki  led  «n    Rlark   TTawk  w.^r. 

ii.  343.  3*vS.  350.  3i>7  874.  375,  38M83.  3.0, 187, 

31M:  vi  401:  viii.  277. 
BpalTora's  farm,  skirmish  at,  vi,  404;  x,  193, 

2)1. 
Spald'rg.  L.,  early  Monroe  county  settler, 

iv.  3-9. 

Span>:l  T, ,  early  surveyor,  v\\\,  \^k. 

SpaLLih  medal  fouud  in  ViiiacousVa,  \x^\^V. 


Spai  ks  Jnr^d.  X,  381 .  8<»3. 443. 

Spariow  Hdwk,  u  Ctiipiiewa  chief,  i.  19. 

Span  Ming,  J.,  early  La  Crusse  valley  settler, 

i%',  386 
l-paiil'.Ing,  Jacob,  vii,  44'j. 
S|  auldi  g,  Joseph,  ix,  4'i7. 
Spean*.  hi  hard,  early  Giilena  settler,  vi, 277. 
Spe.",Mich  iei,hkeicli  of .  x,  484, 485. 
Smi  h.  L/ekiel  B.,  sketch  of .  x.  4^. 
Si  eiicer.  Francis,  in   Bla«  k   Hauk  war,  ii, 

3 14. 345. 35J.  851  306,  867,  37.\883,884:  vi,401 
Spencer,  C  apt.  Thuiia",  ix.  4*J0. 
Spl  M.p,  a  Sionx,  V,  187, 139-141. 
^pl•o^^•r,  Jeduthnn.  early  Walworth  cronty 

settler,  vi,  453,475. 
Spooiier,  P.  L.,  supreme  court  reporter,  t, 

172;  X,  458. 
SjX)onr,  Wyman,  viii,  464. 
Spoor,  Adolrhus.  early  Walworth  county  set- 

tl.'r,  vi,4.8.4  0,47.5. 
Spoor.  J.  b.,  early  Walworth  county  settler. 

vi.462. 
Spott-d  Arm,  a  Winnebago  chief,  viii, 871, ITS, 

276:  X,  186-188. 189, 190, 1»1. 
Spiitted  A>m,  a  Wmnetmcro  village,  vii, 291. 
S  raKue.Eiw.  E.,  x, 429-30, 417, 
apr-iiru**,  Wm.  B  .  aiitoi^rapn  collectioo,  z, 

375-381 ,  888,  S8<5, 406. 424,  431 ,  440, 44J,  507. 
8p  ing  l>eer,  or  C;r-coc-tou,  an  Ottawa,  ri, 

165. 166. 
Sprmgrield.IIl.,  in  1822,1.05. 
Spr  I  g  Prairie,  Walworth  county,  vi, 450, 4flB; 

viii,  870. 
f^quaw  finlnt,  or  Winnequah.  vl,  848,397. 
bqaaw  prairie,  Illinoix,  vi,  451,  464. 
tqiire..  G.  W.,  x,  606-6. 
Siacy,  Dr.  John.  eail»'  teacher,  vi,  45MS1. 
Stambaugh,  C  1   Samuel  C.  i.  ^7;  i.43iMI0; 

iii.  293-  95:  iv.lF5.  186;  vi,  3i3,  334;  vii,JU6; 

viii.  276. 342. 848. 3-4. 
Stanley,  Abram  U.,  sketch  of,  iii,  61 
."•tarin.  Henry  D.,  ix,  448. 
Starr.  Elisba,  early  early  Mllwauk^  pettier, 

iv,  IHii  •.i58.2u0. 
Stai  r.  Henry,  in  Black  IIa\>k  war,  vii,  595. 
Starr,  Ira,  early  Walworth  county  settler,  vi, 

452. 
Starr.  Wilii.iin.  ix,  434 
Starved  rock,  Illinoisix,  119. 
Stai'ffer,  D.  McS.,  x,  375,  i«5, 398, 438, 440.443, 

415. 
Stnadman.  Silas,  early  Sheboygan  settler.iT, 

33S*  ix  394 
Sieanihoats,'enrly,ii,W.a'S.l,%2.4"3.42l,48l:y, 

214.240,201.273.  vi,  277.  27H;  viii. 3^5,  x,79. 
Slebbin<.  Salmon,  SKett-h  i>f,  x,  4S5 
Stet-le,  George,  early  luinl>erniari,  vi'.  339. 
Steele.  Li  nt   u  ilU  m.  U.  S.  A.,  vii,  3J. 
Sti-eh',  Willis,  ix.  450. 
Steflln,  Fjftncis,  iY,441. 
Stem,  .>itttthcw,  eaily  Milwaukee  seltl.-*r,  iv, 

2-.8. 
Steph'n'snn  Mnj.  J.  W.,in  Black  Hax^k  war. 

)i.3r)2  35:i,3a5.  897.404,406,  41*';  vi.i.373,X5, 

37S,:^*.:  X.192. 
Sierlii  g.  tl   H.,  early  Walworth  county  >et- 

tier.  vi.459. 
St»  rlinu:,  JdIih   W..  early    pr'">f es-^-^  r  ia  the 

slate  ui.iveisi:y,v. 345:  viii. 93:  x.4,V.i. 
bt'Tl  n  •,  Levi,  t'oHy  Jii.u  r.il  Point  s-  tfler.ii, 

CKS:    i,:)0-l:  iv.  .95;  vi,21,:W3:  vii,37><. 
Ster.in-.:.   Peter    auil    1  luio,    eany    Juneaa 

eoimiy  st-lt  er<,^iii,393. 
St.  iJiii'i.  Wil  i  m  T.,  ear.y  Madis'^n  setlU'r; 

vi.:«l,8K^ 
St<  u^>v.  M.itthi.is, early  New  Glaru-t  teacher, 

^ii  .4.3-2. 
Stevi.Mis,  B  E  ,  early  Mau^ton  editor,  viii,  .V7. 
Stevens    Bieese  J.,  on  H.  S.   B  i  d.  v.i,  33>- 

340:  on  An. in  w  Proudf It . x, 448^450 
Stevens,  C.   U.  &  CO.,  mills  at  Pre>cott,  iii, 
I     -iOO. 

\^\.*»vvxv9.,  Oi.^T\-iis>^  ^\ixVy  Janesville  settler, vi, 
\     ^sa,«A. 


Gbnebal  Index  to  Vols.  I— X. 


nrti 


Steven'*.  'ChaRe  A.,  eaily  La  Crosse  setll  t, 

iv,384-.'8;:  ix.387. 
StevfU::*.  Kavrari  K  ,  in  U.irstow*s  cavftlry.vi, 

Stevens.  Goorffe.  early  luinb.'nuan,  iii,  4;J8; 

vil,  3:1:. 
Steven-.  II'>nry.  vil,  4JH). 
StevenH,(ie:i.  II   L..  iil,5)40. 
Stevens  Kev.  J.  D.,  vii  .-1.58. 
Siev-iia,  Orrin,  early  K-^u.isha  si.*ttler,ii,4j9. 

Stevens  Point, 1. 122;  i=l,4l6. 

Stewart, ,  killeil  l»y  Indians, v.  148. 

St.  wart.  Ira.  early  \VAii:<eslia  8*?ttier,i,  1S5. 
Scewirt.J.   W..  01  eary  hisrory  vt   Grt?ea 

coiintv,  ill,  42I-42G;  referenced  to,  vi,  40i, 

419.409. 
Bt'wart,  Williain,  early  Mauston  settler,  viii, 

887. 
Stewrart.Wiiram.  early  mnll  ca'Tl#»r,ix.4Sl. 
Stil:mairs  de-f.Nit.i.ri.  8i.98;  11.337.  347.  3'JO, 

897;  iv.8\l«4:  \i',3.'0.  321,4*^;  \iii,3u8.y70; 

X,  l.VJ-f,  ItHJ,  170.  IM.  1»1. 
Htotk.Sii.ith.killetl  by  Indians,  v,-2»37, WW. 
Strek bridge  Indians  in  Wisconsin, i.('>8,  103- 

10B;I  ,4I6-MH:iv.l,>l.!a.',U)3,2n»,3')3.8'».313, 

Jttl;  v.l, 213. 215, 2:28,  *i5;  viii.328,83j,a«;  x, 

St  Kknaan.  Charles  B.,  ir.457. 

Stockton.  R  churd,  autograph  of,  x,  381,  382, 

898.443;  picture  of,  891. 
Sto  Jdard,  Jatues  A.,  early  Nortbport  settler, 

i.i.  483. 
8to.ld:ir.i,T.  B.,  early  La  Crosse  settler,  iv, 

881  38't 
Ft(Mldard, Thomas  W..  viil,448. 
Srok.^r,  >irs.  A.  O..  vi.45i. 
btoie.Capt. ,iu  Biack  Hawk  war.v,  287, 

288. 
810  e.  Davii  &  co.,  Mackinaw  trader^?,  vil, 

274,278. 
Sto  le,  Horace,  early  Slieboyj^an  settler,  iv, 

339. 
Sto.ie,  Thoa..  rare  autofcraph  of ,  x,8Sl;  por- 
trait of,3Jtf. 
Stoner,  (j*»orrfe  W.,  early  Madison  settler,  vi, 

881. 
Stoner,  James  M.,  early  31ad'son  set  tier,  vi, 

859. 
6ton*-r.  John,  early  Madison  settler,  vi,  859. 376 

879.478 
S:oo|)lng  Spirit  river. Inclian  name  o^  1,190. 
Stoirow,  ^amuel  JL.va  tho  northwest  ij  18l7, 

vj,1.4. 
Storr8,N.  G.,  enriv  Milton  settler,  iv,  254. 
Storv,  Dr.  A.  E..  ix.  401. 
Story,  Augustus,  i.  139-1 45 
btory,  Harvey,    e-rly   Janesville  settler,  >i, 

485. 

Stout,  Nathan  L.,  in  Baistow's  cavalry, vi,  113, 

I16 
Bti an. Louis,  x,50(>,7. 
Strang,  Jam  s  Jesse,   and   Wisconsin   Mor- 

niouH.  vi,  4  G 
Strawberry  IV.int,  or  WInnequrih,  vi.34S,3l»7. 

Btret^t,  MhJ ,  pnyniaster,  ii,  3l5,31tf. 

Street,  (t.jh.    Joseph    M  ,    Iiuliin    ii^(>nt   at 


vh,H6l.3A3j<J;  vJii.2;G,3lG. 
Stre  ff.  Fr  ilo.in.  a  New  O^ai-us  a{;ent,  vil  ,415, 

425  43s.  4 11-411 
Stre  .S8.riitli.  Wi  hHlm,pnr'y  New  01aru9  cl-r- 

prvmnn.vili.  421.  425  4.7.  4;3.  131.  43S. 
Ftrirklan.l.  D.  W.,  mills  at  I'lescrott,  jii.403. 
St  o<l'^.  t>'l.  Jauie**  M.,  iu  Bla.k  Hawk  war, 

V,  287.289.  X.  170,200. 
«tro:  g,  &  .McCart.ey,  plonoers,  viii.  47  J.  477. 
Strontr.  Ch'uiiicey  B.,  early  Juiieau  county 

8ittler,\iii.  3U1. 
Strong,  3I'i8»s,  (feolok'l'^t  ▼;H,401;  Ix.  07.  78. 
StiO  g.  Moses  M.,  on  Wisconsin  Indian  wars, 

vlii,241-2ii80;  misceUaneous  references  to. 


iv,  8S  192;  vi.  3IS,  8HS;  vi|.  vwi.  .vij  iif^  im 

ix,  37.  131.  132;  x.  ti4.  MJ  mm 
Sirt'n.;  (fioun  1.  or   L  *U4  iiii  i>in  •■ '    n    <  hiii 

rewachirf.  v,  4")0.  IM. 
Srr.ii)',  M  n»*r,  ix,  4.M. 

S  ryicer,  .1.  M.,  e;irlv  K'MihiIi'i  m  iih  i     I  if  •'{■■; 
Stuart.    Ji>hn,    early    M<iii.i\tli     u>t  .'i-.„ui  J 

ix.  150.  174.  ' ' 

Sluait,  R.tbert,  of  the  AiiiiTlfnii  I'm    • .,    ■« 

•,'15. 
Stiiltz  Adim,'early  Juneau  i'iihuu    i-iiiiii 

viii.3a. 
Sii:r  ir,  or  Poc-a-cIie*»«woe,  rri'i'li.   %|    ifi  titi 

4ri8.  ' 

Suj^ir  Creek  dggings*,  v,  :»;;  vil.  vji,  wu<. 

295. 
SuKar  Creek  prnirie,  vi,  449. 
Su>livan.  J.  hu  C.,  earlv  Mur\i*viii',  vil,  ll'.i 
Sully,  KolHTt  M.,  pai'tier  uf  li'idiaii  iMniitiii^ 

ii.  12.  17.  40,  47,  51,  03. 
Sully,  Thomas,  eary  artist,  II,  |i.  fni,  |„^  m 
Suh*',  henjaniin,  011  Jean   Mciilni.    ^,\\    i*\ 

183-191:  ix.  107;  x.  41;  refiTeni'i'i  iii,  :iii|,  '.\,-i' 
Summit.  Juneau  c  umv.  i.  I.5N;  vlii.  iiii:i 
Sumner.  Capt  E.  V..  V.  8.  A.,  .'Ii2,  iti.i 
Sundown,  John,  alias  John  l>euiiy,  im  1  ihiMh 

II,  447. 
SiipTior  citv,  a  paper  town  of  IKlt,  vl,  4(M 
Siip'.Tiir,  Like,  e  uuitry  t»f.  iv,  ||i|,  1  ^iiiiiin 

t  ion  of.  X,  291--/9H. 
Snpi^rior,  Sla'e,  to  \to  oalle.l,  x,  H(). 
Surdam.  W.  B.,  early  Juiifaii  I'mnily  ni<llli<i 

viii,  380,  3S1.  ' 

Sutherland.  Jas.,  on  early  WlHi'iuinln.  «.  WiO 

Si91 
Sutlierland,  Thos.  W.,  x.  78. 
SuvdHm.  John  V..  etirlv  CtriH«n  |l<iv  niilflri' 

ii,  421 :  1 V.  1 08 ;  v  1 . 3«}7.  iin).  JKl  1 .  .Sli7  1  :h 
Suydam,  Mrs.  J.  V.,  early  (iriiMi  ll.«y  hiMllm- 

iv,  lt)5;  vii,2->4 
Swamp  and  oveifl  >wi*<]  HndH,  vl.NS  iNl. 
Swan,  Mn8e<(,e:krly  Indian  trader,  vli, 'J  10.    ,; 
Swan  lake,  VII  1,3 1 2. 
Sweenev,  John,  ix,  453. 
Sweet.  Capt. .  early  Shelxiyg.'iii  i«*lllfr, 

ix  392. 
Swe'tt,-^^ — ,  in  Black  Hawk  war,  ii.  399 
SW'i?t.  Alanson,  early  iVIiiwauKiM*  »>i*iilrr.  II, 

18.48,479;  iv,  2J),  2tJl,2l5;  vl,  390,  S.M,  H9.^, 

434. 
Sweet,  Oen.  Benjamin  J.,  vii,  400. 
Sweei,  Ciiarle.s,  early  lninlM>riuan,   Till,  408. 
Sweet,  !■  reet>orn,  ix,  4'j2. 
S\veetMlow,  John,  early  minor,  vH,  991, 
Swine  and  sheep   introiUiced   Into  weiititm 

\\lscou^in,ii,  171. 
Swis^  c.'lony  of  New  (ilarU'',yill.BI.4'f-<4». 

Sw\er.  ,  earlv  Mllw.mkeu  w*ilJMt  tv.  Wit, 

S.voanu»reer.rk.i,7l,83,98;  x.lOBL 
S>l.-estiT.  William,  a  pioneer, vii,f 
S>iuingiou,  (.'apt.  John,  vl, 850. 


Taft,  Lucius,  early  New  hanomammr.  .li, 

479. 
Tauiter.  Kzf»kiel,  early  Vr-»lrU  i^ ^3iim  *^f- 

tlrr,  ii.  1«7:  v,  2  4,271, SOTu^ 

Tal'fiterro,  M  i  j.  Lawnsnue*  taftB  x^enr    1 

Tai  niadge.  Gov.  N.  P.,  ll,«*:^JMt.rt-     ■ 

373. 
Tallinan,  William  A.,  iz,^ 
Talitri,  i  ttenJaat  of  Kev 

1(13.119. 
Tat  k.  .Mi-s.  C.  L.  A..  ▼•! 
'lank.  Otto,  fft  Fuxri 
Ta')ii«-r.   K<lwan|,  !■ 

249, 287-208. 473t 
n'aimer,  Jun  a.  euflfi 
Tanner,  J  hn,  Sad' 
Tasse,  Jo-eph,  OB 

refereocd  to  VtTi 


•nn 


■f. 


.  _   .). 


532 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


Tavprna  in  early  times,  I,  180,  140,  1-11,  144, 

Mo;  iv,«50. 
Tavt  1»»-(1  »h.  ii,  251.  '^d^l. 
Tay  ch  ►-be-nih.the  Four  Lake  country, x,  64. 
Tav-e-iiiah.  x.  1*4, 
Taylor.  Alfred  B.,  x,  411. 
Taylor,  Jud^^  David,  ix.8S7. 
Tavior.  (ieo.,  rare  autoirniph  of.  x,  3Si,  .■J83, 

8S3.39S:  portriiit  of.  393-4.  :W'J. 
Ta\  lor,.JosHnh  G  ,  ska-  h  <if.  x.  481 
Tavior.  Liik^s  earlv  Walworth  county  settler, 

vl,452.4»>4;  viii.sro. 
Taylor,  Hirhard  C,  on  Wi-oons'n  mounds, 

iv,  3i»G,  3»>*;  referred  to,  x.  3."i7. 
Taylor,  Stephen,  early  vrriter  on  AVisoon^itt. 

il,210.4M(M90;  iv.in,04.  3A3»'7:  vi,2'.K»,303: 

viil,02,U8.4«J4:  ix,  100,104:  x.  357, 4!>:>-0. 
Tavl»r,   William,  early  Juneau  county  set- 
tler, viii.  30 1, 31)2. 
Taylor,  Widiam  R.,  governor  of  Wisconsin, 

iv.  «40. 
Taylor,  v'ol.  Zi.<liarv,  inilitarv  services,  etc.. 

in    Wisconsin,    ii,  l.'J7,  22»)-222.  41J.  414:  »v. 

848:  V.  i:>8,l.M>.18i,  237.  210.  2«;3:  vi.  u;9:  vii, 

311,871):  X,  134. 151. 166,1117, 171, 17-M77, 191) 
Ten  I.  or  S»rcel,  a  Winnebago  chief,  iii.2J0, 

271, 271),  288. 
Teas,  Geor;ie  W',.  early  lepl -viator, vi. 3%. 
Ti-as,  JoS'-ph  M..  eailv  l'*gi»slui.»r.  vi.8fl5. 
Tecumseh,  i..'S3,54;  iii. 208. 30 1.302, 009-31 8:  Iv, 

3<'.0:  v,l).3,142,143,181,ill;  vii, 410, -118;  x.lH). 

2ya-i. 

Tet'ishorn,  John,  early  W'alworth  countv  set- 
tler, vi.  4:8. 
TelTt.  Israel  K  ,  x,  375-378. 383, 894, 406. 414, 440, 

442. 
Te  KoNte,  G.  H.,  early  Sheboygan  settler,  iv, 

84  >. 
Telfer,  Charles,  early  lumberman,  viii, 404. 
Temperance  efforts,  earlv.  in   Wisconsin,  ii, 

4''H5.4e6;  V.282:  vi.4^2,4.5:J.4o7;  ix.428. 
Tenney.  H.  A..  E:irly   times  in   Wisconsin,  i, 

94.102:  on  George  Hyer,  vi.  l.V):  mi.s'vl  ane- 

ons  r-fereiMM's  tOjVii,  450.  4.')7:  ix.  308.  .'iN5. 

88?<,41»5:  x,73.8d. 
Te-p:ik  e-ne-MCf,  a  Menonionee  ch  ef,  iii,  201, 

202:  vii,iv7. 
Terrv.  Jt  hn  15.,  enrlv  Mineral   Ptint  settler. 

iv."l81;  V,  2HC;  vi,.803,  388.  31W,3U5:  vii.  4C1; 

x,2i;J. 
Te-she-.'»hing-ge-bav.  a  Chippewa    cliief.  ix, 

890. 
Tete  do  Chi'^n,  or  Dog's  Uead,  a  Winnebago 

chi-f,  ix,:iOt). 
Thames  but  'e,  iv.  809-370:  x.  99 
Thntcher.  15.  li.,x.:^7.'),3.S<\:}S1.398.442. 
ThHV«T,    Edwin,  early   lumberman,  viii,  400, 

404. 
Thebalt.   or  Thi^ln-au.   Ji^seph,   curly   Rock 

c -unty  settler,  vi. 422-424. 
Thibeau,  Tibeau  or  Tibault.  Auirustin.  earlv 

Greeti  llav  setilt-r.  iii, 242, 2^^:  x.  ViT,  KW.  140 
Thi  -rnian,  Geurgc*,  early  Miebovgaii  setiier, 

iv.  3  0. 
Tliird  hike.  Indian  vd'nge  at,  x,74. 
Thomas,  a  .Men.unonee  chi»I.     Sf-e  Tomah. 
Th'.mis.  a  Sac  chief,  ix.  215. 237. 25 1. 277. 
'Ihoiiias,  Ccipl.  ,  in   lilack   HawK  war,  v, 

Thomas,  A.  D..  vi,418. 

Tnoiiia-^,  Col.  J. imes,  army  contractor. i.  40. 

TlH»nias.  .John  K  .  on  bhcl'0\;^an  count \  sct- 

tl-nuMit.  ix.:W>-.39i). 
Thotna-;,  J.  T  ai;«l  '^olornon.  early  Walworth 

county  ^ottler,  vi,  H7.  44K. 
Tlioin.is  L-ei.t.  M.irtin.  at  IVairic  du  Chi..-n, 

ii.  lOi'i;  vi.2'.M);  viii.2'"»0. 
Th  lins.  ().  l<..x..*M7-:^.50. 
Th' >ni;is.  Sarah,  ix. 4 10. 
Thomas,  W.  II  .  \i   112:  viii.  451,  452. 
Tlnviias.  Pr.  William  .M.,  ix.  4:K 
Th«)mp.soii,  I'auicl,  early  \Vav\kv:Ysb.ci  settler, i. 

137. 
Thumi>-ou,  Col.  Isaac,  \U,  iVjft. 


Thompson.  James,  early  Galena  settler,  ts, 

*80. 
Tln)mpR-)n,  John  R,  443. 
Th«mp«<iin.  Linus.  »"aily  Green  Bay  settlfr, 

vii,  241.  212;  viii,  463 
Tliompsoij,  Robert,  early  Necedah  settler, 

viii,  40J. 
Thoms  m,  Chas..  x.  406. 
Ih.  ration.  Matt.,  rare  autograph  of,  x,  SSl; 

lM>rtjait  of.  392 
Thor|>e,  Elihu,  early  Sheboygan  settler,  iv 
.     a39. 

Thrall. ,  eaily  Walworth  county  «ettl?r, 

I      vi.  4.55. 

I  Tlir<-»cKm'~rton.  T'apt.  John,  in  Cl.ick  Hawk 
war.  V,  3til-3:;3;  x.  222.  ^74. 

i  Tilibett.s. ,  early  Walworth  county  settlw; 

I     vi,  4'8. 
Titles  in  the  lakes,  i,  62:  vi,  169:  vli.280.aT. 
TifTanv, George  O., early  31i.waukee  settler 

iv.i.58. 
Tiffanv.  It.  O.,  early  Walworth  county  set- 
tler, vi,  458.  471,  47.^ 
Tilton,  I- rank. x,^^. 
Tdlon.  Ilezekij:h  C  ,ix.433. 
Tipp«'cantH»  battle,  v,  142, 143. 
Ti»jhegan  lake,  iv,  131. 
,  T.tl.w.A.  v., 278. 

Tobf-y, .  e  irly  Kenrwha  settl!>r,iii,408. 

,  Ti.»-kau-uee's  Indi  in  Winnebago  viUa^ie,  >il, 
I      859. 

j  T«)ken  Creek,  former  Indi  in  town  on,  L 101. 
I  Toils,  Jacob  and  .Khii,  earlv  Juneau  couiity 
1      settlers,  viii.  390. 

'  Tomah,  <  r  (T-inon.  a  Mcnomone**  chl'-f.i.rS- 

.      68;  ii.  8-'.  170.  177:   iii.  227.  257,  2u7--^81.  47S; 

'     Ai,  109.  171,  172:  ix,  2:7-2^;   x,  102,  lifi,  10?, 

i;r».  215.  210,  290. 

Tomahaw  k  lake.  i.  lv?3. 

Tonnerre  Noir,  or  Black  Thunder,  an  Iniliin, 

ix,207. 
T<»nt  V.  Hieur  de,  earli'  explorer,  iii,  1(^177;  v, 
70,':  7. 


T.>o-i»tin-l<ah  Zeze,a  Sioux, v,  125-141. 
Tnoth.or  Waupety.  river,  i,  US.  120. 
T<iy>ping.   Hemy.'   early    Wnlworth   county 
I      cler:;>  man.  vi,  471. 

I  Toy>|.iig,J<>siuh, early  Walworth  coiuilv  set- 
I      tier,  vi,  447. 
Ti-rch.or  blambeau,  lake,  Indian  name  of.  i, 

114. 
Totem';.l.l24,125. 

Tu.sU'cT., early  Kenosha  settler, vii  .'ST. 
Townsend,  ',  in  Black  Hawk  war,  ii,  319. 

373. 
Townsend,  A.  A.,  enrlv  I.ia  Favette  county 

S' ttler.sUeteh  of,  iii.OO;  iv,  195. 
Townsend.  IX  L..  i.\.  438. 
Townsend,  Fraiu  is  R.. sketch  of,x,481, 
Towslev.  W  at^TS,  early   Keno-^ha  s-tt'er.  ii, 

451,  4'.6,  408,474,475,479;  iii,  371. 3:3, 378, .m 

405,  4(V5. 
Traey.  M.  de.  gera-ral  and  viceroy  of   New 

France,  iii.  100. 101. 
Tr.ule.  early  Inoian.     See  Fur  trade. 
Train,  II.  C..  earlv  K<'no>h  i  s*rtller,  iii.  402. 
Ti-ap.  or  Dca-.l  Fill,  river  and  rapid.s,  Indian 
;      nrime  of.  i.  120.  12--'. 
I  Tieati.^5.     S*v  Indian  tn  ati-s. 

Tieiii]„.aleau.  \.  2r«9,  ai3.  li-  «V-8r>«^. 
!  Ti-.  nif  ealeaii.  Mount,  iv,  .3.-.9:  x,  ,3'Vk-7.  5'V. 

Tripp'-.  l)r.  J:ime>.  e.-irlv  Whitewater  >eltii'r, 
i      i  i  429.  i:n:  \i.  139.  419.  471.  J75. 
Tn.wl. ridge, Charles  C.at  G'e..ii  Ray  In  r^il. 

ii.4J3,  4.0;  oa  Cas^'  cxpe<htio:i.  etc..  v.  3T«i, 

3MX  4; •1.413;  referred    m.  %ii,  .V2.  .-;a.  5:i, 213, 

413,  114:  viii.  v24,  :J3.".,  '^W.  3."..s. 
Trowl>riiI  .'e.  W  m.  S.,  surveyed  Shebovgan, 

iv,  .'):^:5.  3x9.  3 JO. 
Tr..y.  W  alw.w  th  county,  vi,  42:J.  4»W. 
Truell.  I 'axil,  early  Juneau  county  8ettl-?r, 

^i.i.  Sk'^.  3M». 
'\Y\\uAm\\,  ixi.\\\vi*^  early    lumbermaD,   viii, 


V 


Genbhal  Ikdkx  to  Vols.  I — X. 


653 


TnixnhiiU*8,  Col.  John,  picture  of  SigDers,  x. 

S88-890. 
TBchiniv.  J.  Jacob,  n  New  Qlanis  a^ent,  viii, 

425  427.4^,4)1,440-415. 
Tucker,  WiK.  ii.,  vurly  La  Crcaty.e  settler,  Iv, 

886. 
TuIIjit.  ('hnrles.  early  (Jn-en  Bay  settler,  iv, 

186,191;  \i,  241.8  0.4.8.475. 
TullK  L).  U  ,  v.i.  4r)J. 

Tupper.  H«rvey,  eurly  Walworth  county  set- 
tier,  vi.  4.0 
Turkey  riv.  r,  Iowa,  ix,  307.  210.  218. 
Turner.  AnstD,  early  WaU-orih  county  set- 
tler. VI.  458. 
Turrer.  Chtrl«»s  W,,  #»nrlv  Ken'^sha  settler, 

ii,  451.  466-4M*:  1  i,  37i-S7fl.  806,  419. 
Turner,  (  apt.  Henry,  i.v,  440. 
Tui  u«'r.  Prv/f.  11.  J.,  ea:iy  Janeaville  teacher, 

▼,  67. 
Turijer.  J.,  early  lumheim-m,  vili.  401. 
Turner.  John,  early  ManHtou  eiii-^r,  viii,  887. 
Turner.  Or^nmus  viil.  450. 
Ti.rtle  creek,  ix.  5'>.  62. 
Turtle  Creek,  town  of.  vlii.  870. 
Tuttle, ,  early  Indian  trader,  vi,  270,  280, 

283. 
Tvee»lv.  John  H.,  early  Milwaukee  settler,  i, 

131 ;  Iv,  257.  275. 
Tw'KSfa.  M  j.  l»'»viJ  R.  i.  101:  II,  253:  iv,176- 

18U;  vii,3toJ,  375:  viii,  809.  810.  375. 
Twin  RiverM.  v.  159. 
Two  Rivers,  i,  117. 
Two-si- Iwl,  or  Qrant'H  rapidj*,  Indian  name 

of.  i.  l&J 
Tyler,  H.,  early  Juneau  county  teacher,  viii, 

881. 


U^rick,  PIf rre,  or  Willrick,  x.  137-140. 
Underwood,    William  u,   early   Wauwatosa 

Reitler,  vii.  411. 
Upham.  D  A.  J.,  f  a-lv  M-lwnukee  pettier,  iv, 

180:  255.  257:  viii,  459.  460 
Ui>ham,  Neweil,  euriy  Sheboyf^an  settler,  iv, 

340. 
Uaiick.  W.  W.,  early  La  Cro««e  settler,  iv, 

885.886. 
Uiter.  B.  and  C.  J.,  early  Walworth  county 

settlers,  vi,  448. 


-.  parly  Milwaukee  tavern-keeper, 


Van, — 

1, 127:  iv,  257. 
Valier,  b  simp  De  St..  v,  87. 
ValW,  Antoine.  ix.  450. 
Van  Bunker,  Moses,  early  lumberman,  viii, 

889. 
Van  Cleve.  Lieut   H.  P  .  U.  8.  A.,  vii.  373, 4C8. 
Van  <le  B4  f^irt,  MiL'hael,  early  Kenu>ha  sei- 

ller.  iii.  b79. 
Vhd  der  .^'eulen.  Rev.  R.  J.,  v,  1C7  Ka 
Van  I»vke,  N.,  r.  p«jrt  *.n  Cnrvei  g.ai.t  vl,247. 
Van  Muter, ,  eaily  Indian  trader,  vi, 

411. 
Van  Matre.  J'  hn  J.  ix.  450. 
Van  Metie.  A.    P.,  early  Indian  tradtr,  vi, 

S7.V290.  291:  vii. -Jfll. 
Van  M>er8,  John  W.,  in  Larstow's  cavalry, 

▼i,  118. 
Van  Nor-trsnd.  A  H..  ir,  887. 
Van  b<)ut,  Abntr,  eaily  Oreen  county  settler, 

iii  424. 
Van  Schaack,  Henry  C,  x.  875,  441. 

Van  Sickle. ,  n  pioneer,  vi,  402,411. 

Van  Plvke,  Rev.  D.  O..  x,  807. 

Van  81  ke.  J«>mf4.  enriv  Walworth  county 

settler.  vi,450,4i^l.455,4'«,4(;4 
Van  Hlvkt'.  L.,  ear^  Juiieau  countj  settler. 

▼iii,  880,881. 


V.m  Valin,  Darlel,  Henry  and  Oliver,  early 

Wa' worth  eou  iiy  s^t  len*,  vl,  4i4. 4tiA 
Van  Velser,  C  H.  and  P.  K  .  early  WaJWdrth 

count V  8>*t  le  8,  VI.  4til.4  2. 
Vnn  \VaL'K''"»T. .  in  l-lack.  Hawk  wnr,  II, 

313,31'J.:J70.:;7J,3'J1. 
Van    Wuniier,     Wi  liaiii,     early    Walwuith 

foiinty  •w'lLler,  vl.  417. 
V.;n  J,  J  hn  euriy  tireen  Bnv  wtt'er.  iii.  24'J. 
\a  d  e:  il.  M.iiqui-;  d.-,  i    25.  VG:  v,7i",7»,Hj- 

84.8sH)l>,  112.  IIM:  vil, 218-217 
V.iiiiih  .S.iuiuel  C,  early  Walworth  t'ounly 

settler.  VI.  4w4. 
VauKhn.  Wm.  W..  Ix,  484. 

Veetier, .  early  liinib  rm.in,  ill  4  "8  , 

Vee  ler,  lUchard  F  ,  euriy  l'or.a..eM.tiler.  vlll, 

320. 
Veiif,  Capt.  de early  comniundant   at 

Gieeii  Bav,  Iii,2>4-21L 
Veri.irjc  »,  Lieut  (iordon  HIhI  nt.  v  I'.  iWt. 
Ver:)gu:i  DuKe  of.  co'inei'tiua  wlili  CViliiiubUil 

pottr.lt  lx,7U,^3.^8.9(>. 
Verplaf  ck.Nuie  A.,  v.  404. 
Vergil  e, (J  I  tier  de.  eirlv  <lreen  Pav  h  til  t, 

iii.  10S.213  V80,2il,v37.y48;   v.l,  Ufl,  182.  ^J*- 

1 W,  407, 4l»pi ;  X ,  479, 4'J  J,  5iU. " 
Vieau.  A.  J..  Ix,  3M 
Vieuu,  J.M  q!i»".  eurly  Indljin  trailer,  1,  181;  II, 

104;  111, 242. 29-2;  vii,2bO;  x,  13H. 
Vi-ux,or  Veaux.  Jem,  x.  99.  102,10:1, 187. 
Vienu.Nicnoias, early  Green  Hay  m  illi-r,  Hi, 

242 
Vihis,  Levi  B .  sketches  of,  ix,S0, 3H7. 421  4i», 

430 
Vi  leneuve, D.ini  land  l>oniit<'Ile.rarl.»  (iltinil 

Bay  8ett:eiN.  viii.  2:0. 
Vi  1  ers.capt.  <le ,  killed  by  Hacs,  vll,  IW; 

vii  ■.•207. 2. 7,2.8. 
VilLers,  Nevoii  de  mid  hoiih,  In  ohl  Kieneli 

war,  V,  15,101. 107, 108,1  l7-n«,  121.  »;<2,    VI, 

47tJ. 
V  ncennea  — ,  founder  of  Vineennen,  hid,,  111, 

100. 
Vine,  or  Valne,  John  B..  x,  i:J7, 18H. 
V.neyar  1,  J..nie'i  U  ,  early  ieKi*lul«  r  I  v.  IW; 

vi.  395.  .        „,  _ 

Vineynr.l. Miles,  earlv  Indl.in  rice'.t  v,  m». 
Vinton,  liev.    I»r.   I'"iaiicts,  oil    I  1  a/t^r  WM' 

iaiiw.  \i  310,316.478.  .  .  , 

VI.  ton.  S.  F.,  en  Wi  conhin    l«»ui»  l«ry,    If, 

:J5.-855. 
Vi-iir-r,  Jacq-ies.  a  Canadian  nnllipwry  M, 

Viitum.Davi.l  8..  vi,ir.':  vlH.  •»(«:»»  *^-_ 
V IV. nil.  Frauds,  e..riy    Mln-  r^l  V'tit^f  »'«r. 

V.iet. .  early  Mllwnuk  ...  nHt'^r,**  M^ 

Viier.  Uarntt.  i-i-r  y  .Mi.\*uuk«  f  •!#*»/'•',.* 

25<:  viil.4W),4«il.  ,  ^  ^^ 

Vor.0,  ^UHcoiisin  .Morin  "H  *V ''72''  *^  ^ 
VovujreuiH  mill  ira  'itm.  II.  Iw,  iw^,  9  .-^  ^ 

»03;  vii,891.    8.e  Furiraii«; 


Wn-lMi-nnw.  a  M«»nrni"ii«*'»  **' 
\\a-b.-Hliii.  or  i/i  F.  il  I  •'.  ▼•f^   _^ 
ehi^f.  1,1.^1.  13i..«y-l.   »*^l2*t*^ 


271.  v77.'  V.  l'3H.  i-13.   I4<.  »<••  •■f' 


a;. 


:^  4, 2 1 7,  v;  0. 251 ,  \Xt,  tf  ft. 
X.2  4-210,220.  ^ 

WitbHKhi.  or  1^  F*rt<Ws 
yMifM'ir,  aHii'Uir  cl»l  Cf^^? 
220. 23i,  28J,  249- SOI,  •^^  ^^^ 
800. 


,^  M»  .S»    •,»' 


Wii-l)ii-»»ha'H  prairlfi 

v,14i.l4r;  vil.JM      

Wu-lie-ka-si.iik  or  xYim  T^ 
v«af  k  h.iw***! -dU'iab*  ^i^ 


t  -U    « 


Bio  X  ihlef.ljr,  i„  . 
Wade^hnt  ta  kaw^or 
V.  lie.  295- w 

w«<ih  n.«.  iv>,i:ml 


551: 


Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society. 


Wagner. Willinm,  in  Barstow'8  cavalry.  vi,tl2. 
Wa«i-uah-p«CK-ah  a  Wiuneba^jo,  ii,156,  15»- 

1(30.167,50.';  Hi,  ftJi. 
Waite,  Ku<seil,  euily  Walworth  county  set- 

ll  r,vi,4il. 
Wttkn-pa-k  >o-tay,  a  Winnebago,  v,  12S-12S. 
WnMn.olis  IL.  vii,46l. 
Wa  k-m-ihe-wdter,  a  Wyandotte  chi-f,  lii, 

301. 
Walkln-the-water,     early    Lake     Michigan 

8te.iuier,  11.4:^,4 '4:  iv.  155. 
Walker,  A,  T.,  early  JauesvLle  settler,  vl, 

4»3. 
WaUer,  Charles  H.,  vl'l,  4G5. 
Walker,  Ueor^,  early  Juneau  county  settler, 

viii.  3j0. 
Walker,  rant.  George  E..  la  Black  Hawk  war, 

vii,3;.'7, 5«i-3*4. 
Walk  -r,  <.Jeorge  II.,  early  Milwaukee  settler, 

i,  130;  ii,  45):  iv.  l86,.i59.2X),:J.0,271,881. 
Walk  r,  Isaac  P.,  v  i.  »78.  8:9. 
W«Lier,  Jesse,  eariy  Ii.iuoL*  clergyman,  vli, 

80 ),  341. 
WalUce,  Isaac  H.,  founder  of  Richland  city, 

i,  108. 
Wallace,  William,  iii,  421,  423;  vl,  408,  412. 
Wallin^j:,  Gen.  «.,  early    NVulwortn    county 

seillnr,  vi,  444.  4j7. 
Wulruth,  E.  and  Surah,  early  Monroe  county 

stittlers  iv   391 
Walsworth,  llared,  early  Portage  settler,  viii, 

871. 
Walsworth,  Silas,  a  pioneer,  vii,  859;  viii,  871, 

8c5.  38u. 
Walton,  Nathaniel,  early  Waukesha  settler, 

1,136. 
Wamorth,  Clinton,  early  Milwaukee  lawyer, 

iv.  257. 
Walworth  county,  i.  114;  vi,  438;  vii, 40. 
Walwortii,  W^lwDrth  county,  n  i,450. 
Wa-nian-doo-^a-ra-aa,  a  bad  ludiau,  v,  127, 

143. 
W'a  inlxi-co,  a  Chippewa  chinf,  ix,  390. 
Wa-i  i->;a,  a  Wiuaeb  go,  i.',  i7l. 
Wapello,  a  Sjc  chlel,  v,  305;  x,  151,  217. 
Wa-pe-.^hr'-i<a,  ih;    v\inaeb.igo    Prophet,   ii, 

1:.',  13,  41,  4-2,  47,  67. 
Ward,    U.   L.,    early  lumberman,  viii,  378, 

1581. 
Waid,  J.  &  L  ,  early  Milwaukee  merchants, 

iv.  )io'J. 
Ward,  J.  A.,  viii,  470. 
Ward,   Jonathan,    early  Walworth   county 

s-'ttier,  vi,  452,  461. 
War  J,  Lindsay,  early  Milwaukee  settler,  iv. 

2515.287. 
Waidiicr,  Fred,  early  Milvvraukee  settler,  i, 

lil;  iv,  :i5(i,  2u2. 
Warm  cave,  in  Ki  :hland  county,  i,  108. 
Warner.  E,  v,  ;f;8. 

Wnrut*r,  Hem  y  vi  ,  M.,  sketch  of,  4G8. 
Warner,  JaeJ,  ix,73, 443. 
Wnrntr,  Thr*n..  v,  28-J. 
Warner,  Wuliam  H.,   in  Barstow's  cavalry, 

vi.  Hi. 
Warren,  G.  S.  an  1  Robert  W., early  Walworth 

county  se*.  tiers,  vi.  455,  456. 
Warr.  n,  Mury,  vi,  45?. 
Wiiri-e.i,  oaniuel,  eany   Madison  settler,  vl, 

Wair  ner.  Pliny,  early  Wisconsin  traveler, 

i,  HO. 
Wasiiburn,  C.uhvallvlor  C.  irovernor  of  Wis- 

iHnisin.  sk-'lolies  of.  ix.  3.7-8  ^5. 
Wushlmrii,  Gov.  W.  B.,  o.i  C.  C  Washburn, 

iv.  3V.>:r)l. 
Wa*<   U  u  ti  obsse-  vator}',  founded,  ix,  845,  34'>, 

:i.V).  :r)S,  3  0  3>3. 
W.»>li')iinu\  Eihu  B.,  on  C  1  Henry  Grit  i^t. 

X.  i>:r>-,'«5<):  rere,f».cts  U),  ix,   828,  3a0,  i:32, 

3«;  .v.  1 ,8,  iT;vr.:^ 

Washing  ^  n,  c»v»y  ot  SlnarVft  T^OT\T  V  f^l.  V\. 
1-',   47;  inanu^cnpis  o!,  x,^T:h,  •^X'^,  «a\  ow 
Trumbull's  picture  ot  s>\gu*iV;i/i*^. 


Washington,  T).  C,  in  1881,  ix,  871. 
Washington    harbor  and    isLiud,   origin  of 

name,  ii,  '<04 
WHtciio,WiDn-bi"'0.  X,  108,  109. 
Wateitowi.,  iv.  877-381:  vi.  18S».  141,477. 
Watson,  Asa  S.  and  James  Y.,  early  Wanke- 

snasetfl  r-»,  i,  137. 
Watson.  Prof.  J.im^'sC.,  ix,  8(»,  454. 
Wat-tau-se- 1  o-si,  a  M-nnmouee.  iii«2(8. 
Wau-ha-n»-kees,or  New  York  lndiinK.T.  18E. 
Wau  be-.-h  ish«*,  a  Chippewa  chief,  iii.  832. 
Wau<bun-se<;,    a   Pottawatti>mie  caief,  vii,      ! 

419 
Wauc^dah,  town  of,  vii,  8*»,  8W. 
Wauk-sh».  or  Prairievilie.  i,  118,  116-118,111, 

140:  iii.  337;  iv,  171;  vi,  95.  142, 127;  vii,4ll; 

ix.  58  €3. 
Wau-kon-ho-ka.  or  Washineton  TVKnnray, 

or  Snake  S  dn,  V,  166, 897. 807;  X, 500,508 
Wau*nia'-narspe,  a  Wiiinebag)  ihief,  ii,SL 
Wau  me  ge  sa-ko,  an  Indian  cuief,  iii,  17;  if^ 

80,8.'.  98. 
Waunau-ko,  n  Men^moiiee  chief,  iii,  291 
Wanpaoa,  iii,  487. 
Waupaca  county,  iii. 478-488. 
Waupeety  river,  i,  118,120. 
Wan-ne-«he-ka,  or  Tue  Winnebago  Pro[^ 

1,12,72.81. 
Wau-pe-se  pin,  treachery  of,iii.8'«-528. 
Wau-pe-te-se-pe,  meaning  of,  iii,  837. 
Waupun,x,74. 
Wau8au,iii,438.449. 
Wausau,  or  Big  Bn'l  fars,|,122. 
Wau-she-own,  a  Milwaukee  ludian, iii, 9L 
Wauwatosa.  \  ii.  411. 

Wauz  'ka,  locality  of  a  Fox  vi'lage.ix.Wl. 
Wayne.  G*»n.   Autho^v,  defeata  Indians,  iii 

94,133,300.801:  vii. 828. 
W^ay-we  tt>  go-che,  Inaian  name  for  Fhjndh 

men,v,4ll. 
Wei.  French  fort  on  Wabish,  v.  114. 118. 
Webb.  Benjamin  L.,  of  Detroit,  vu, 400. 
Web),  Jas.  Watson,  x. .^04 
Webb,  (ie-'.  Luiher  E.,ix,4.'>3. 
Webster,  Oini*!,  manuscripts  of, x. 4%). 
Web-ter.  Fratik,  early  Juneau  couQty  set- 

tl  T,  viii,  390. 
Wp^^ster,  John  C,  early  Mauston  Settler, viii, 

aS7. 
Webster,  J.  P.,vM,4^5. 
Webster,  Jndg-I.  W.,vlf.470. 
Web -iter.  Xnmh.  on  western  antiq'iities,  vii.  80. 
Webs  er.    W.  J.    a  k1  Pet  r.   early  Janeaa 

county  SHitlers,  vi  i.379. 881. 
W»»e<l,  Cephas,  early  Ivenosha  settler,  ii, 46}, 

474;  ii,396. 
We»-Kah,  a  M'nomone'^  ch^ef,  ii',270. 
Weeks,  Lem'iel  W..  early  Mil  wau  ee  physi- 
cian, iv  259,2)1,264  275  281.285-287. 
Wee-nip-pe  g>es,  early  Indian  chief  at  ICl* 

wauk<H',i,3j. 
Wee-nu-saie,  .Menomonee  ch>f.x,98. 
W«'i  hLm'in,    F    J.,  early  soldier  at  Green 

Biy,  Viii.  3  24, 325. 
Welsl)rod,Cn  trie's  A.,  vi  1.449. 
We  k  >u.  or  Th  •  Sun.  a  Wlnn'»ba"»o  wiriT, 

V,  145. 145, 179, 182,  184, 186,  199-2Ji;  via. 251- 

2.")G.  2u4 
Weich.   Fr»eb->m,  early    Walworth   county 

setilnr.  vi.  ArA 
Welch.  I  tun  8.  early  Juneau  county  settler, 

vii.  391.  404 
Weleh,  John  D.,  ia  Barstow^^s  cavalry,  vi,  112, 

11{. 
Welch  !\Mcha"l.  earfr  miner,  vi.  410  4V.. 
Welcti.  Wi  liim.  on  Henry  U-nle'.  v,  177. 
Wel.l.  Alien  H.,  sketch  of,  x,  487-«. 

Wells.  n  i>ioneer.  vi.  411. 

Wells.  l>.jni»*l  Jr  ,  early  Milwaukee  Fettlw,  i« 

131:  iv.  2.*>8.  272. 
W.-I1-,  Hopii'io  S  ,  early  Milwaukee  settler,!, 
V     \\V.\  .\^  257,  28!);  vi.  46\ 
v<  v'W?,.  ^k  ^V.,  vi«oc\s  ^«.vN«sJc».«ettler,  L  187. 


Gkneral  Iin>Bx  TO  Vols.  I— X. 


555 


Wells,  Samuel  killpd  in  BInck  Hawk  war. 

ii.  849,  851,  870,  878.  878.  L76,  882;  z,  182,  195, 

197. 
Wells.  Capt  WiUlam,  killed  at  Chicago  mas- 
sacre, \ii.  417. 
Wel>h  Inrli  in-t«  iv,  149. 

Wernioth  J  hn.  early  lumberman,  vili.  408. 
Werner.  Juhn  Jr,etriy  Juneau  county  set- 
tler. Till.  896-39.*,  401.  40i,405,  406  476. 
West, ,  ear.y  lUilwaukeeleaoher,  v,836, 

857. 
Wot,  A.  H.,  ix.  437. 
West.D.  M.,  early  Monroe  county  settler,  iv, 

«9il. 
West.O.  M.,a  Wteconsiii  writer,  v,  171. 
West.Uenry  C,  eaily  Milwaukee  beitler,  ii, 

479. 
West.  Jacob,  sketch  <  f .  x.  485. 
West,  J.  P.,  eariy  Walwoith  county  settler, 

▼i.  439. 
West.  Matthew,  ix.  417. 

Wesibrook,  Ca|  t.  AiiUrew,  services  of,  ii»,  321. 
Western   Cmigiation   company,  iii,  14,  871, 

887 
Western  exploration,  early  scheme  of,  v,  ll'i, 

116. 

Westfall. , early  Calumet  settler,  1, 108, 104. 

Wesion  &  C^.,  eaily  Mm  beimen.  viii,  8U8,898, 

809.  401.  402  404.  406.  407. 
Weston,  Thomas,  earhr  Jur-eau  county  set- 

ler.  vi.I.  896.  898.  ^'.99,  406.  476 
Westphaliau  medal,  lUS,  found  in  Wisconsin, 

ix,  126. 
West  Troy.  Walworth  county,  vi,  419,  420. 
We-tau-wflu-no-qu  t,  x,  147. 
Wetmnre, ,  early  New  York  mist^ionary, 

vii    856 
Whaleu,  James,  early  La  Crosse  settler,  iv, 

886. 
Wheatland,  Kenosha  comity,  early  settlers 

of.  ii,  469. 
Wheat  on.  Frank.  U.  S.  A.,  vii,  241,280.8^. 
Wneaton,  Dr.  Walter  V.,  U.  S.  A  ,  vii,«4l,269. 
Wheeler,  A.  C.  a  Wij«c  nsin  writer,  v,  171. 
Wheeler.  E.  G  .  ix,  450. 
Wheel-  r,  T^iinj;,  eaily  legislator,  vl.  890. 
Wheeler.  Pol  y,  longevity  of.  vi  i.  462. 
Whetler,  W  l.iam  A  ,  e  rly  Dane  county  set- 
tler, vi,  872,  478;  ix,  4")8. 
Wheelock,  B.  F.,  a  pioneer,  Ix.  182 
Wneelock,  J.  H..  on  Lake Sukaegan.ix,  182. 
Whef  lock\s  lid  an  char.tv  mbooi,  iv,  s92. 
WhilJean,  James,  early  MadLsou  sottlt-r,  iv, 

849. 
Whiney,  Andrew,  early    Walworth  county 

settler,  vi.  448. 
Whip!  le,  Chailes,  early  Pine  valley  settler, 

iv,88«. 
Whipple,  Mrj.  John,  at  Detroit,  ill.  820.  824. 
Whipple,  \Vm.,  x,  400. 
Whirling  Thunder,  a  Winnebago  chirf.  vii. 

8VJ.  887,  888;  vi.i,  47i,  476;  x.  185,  189.  191. 

258.  406-6 
Whi  ky,  u««»  of  by  Indiana,  Id,  858,  859;  v,  99, 

128-125,884. 
Whistler,  Capt.  John,  at  Chl^^ago.  ix.  154. 155. 
Wl  Istler.  Mflj.   Wm.,  iv.  172.  178;  v,  1.8.  1^5 

194  202;  vi,  45;  vii,  241.  279;    vni,  261-268, 

808.  804. 

White, ,in  the  Black  Hawk  war,  v, 259 

White.  Albert. et rly  Waukevha  settler,!,  187. 
White  Breast's  Winnebaiio  villi  g  -.  vl«.  291. 
White  Bitslard,  a  Si  »ux  ch  ef.  v  1,205, 207, 217 
White    [or   LIghi]    Cloud,   the    WiuLCbago 

Prophet,  1,12,7^,84. 
Whte  Crow,  a  Winnebago  ch'ef.  i,99:  H,S8». 

840,358,854.401,410;  v,v96;  v  1,  57,  aV):  vili, 

871, 2^. 2,281, 8.8;  X,  166.  Ib9, 190. %06-7, 210, 258, 
496-6. 

White,  Edward,  an  Iowa  pioneer,  vl,  274, 276, 

White  Elk,  a  Monomon«>e  chief .  Ul,  2C9. 
White  ft'ih,  y,  150;  rtt.  J«5. 190. 
Wii/toPaimee,  a  IVitmebago,  ii.4ia 


White,  Richard  H.,  in  Barstow^  cavalry,  vi, 

112  liu.l.a 
\\hi!e,  hamiiel  A., viii, 461. 
Unite  WarE  gl^v,  1.8. 158-156, £97. 
White,  Wil.iam,  early  Gieen  bay  teacher,  v, 

832. 
White,  Wil  I.iin  A.,  sketches  of.  iii. 90. 80. 
Wl  ites  de.  Gen.  Samuel,  i,  96;  ii.2i8.221.352; 

vii,  803.809,  311,312,820,8^4;  v.ii,;.68;  x,  156, 

158. 192. 
Wh  le^ide.  Capt.  William,  an  Illinois  pioneer, 

vd,298.800-8i«3 
Whilewater,  iii, 427-484;  vi,  183, 448, 468. 
Whit»-wnter  i  ivv r,  x.  ItiO. 
Wiiitford.  VV.  C..  x,600 
Whitiuff,  Col  Henrv,  i,C2:  vH,241. 
WlitinK,  W.   L.  tally  Kenosiia  settler,  iii, 

411. 
^  hitley,  Col.  William,  at  the  Thames,  iv,  8C9- 

874. 
Wh  t  mores.  The,  early  Walworth  county  set- 

^1hi  k   V  i   4f>0 
\^  hitnev.  Daniel  M..1, 104;  il,  141 :  ili.487,48S;  iv, 

161,  162,  11'6, 167, 175-1';9, 195,214.836:  vi,276, 

i»K  VII,  216  210,223,286. 241. 25-.', 25H,2C9,2M0, 

370;  viii, 8i>2, 804, 309:  viil,470;  lx,322. 
Whitney,  Emily,  eariy  Green    B^y  settler, 

ix.  449. 
W'ti  iiey,  H..  early  Kenosha  settler,  iii.  898, 

804,408. 
Whitney  rapiJs,  1,122;  viii,875. 
V\hit«)n.  E  v..  early  judge,  vi, 219, 879. 
Whittlesey,  Asaph.  ix,4l2 
Whiriles  y.  Col.  i  hariea,  1,21,64;  iU,189,  141, 

493,494;  viii,ie8,109;  x,]77. 
Whoo-pah  En-du'tah,  or  Ked  Wing,  a  Sioux 

ihi  f,Jx,  178. 
Who-wny-hur,  or  Broken  Leg,  a  Sioux  chief, 

ix.  119-172. 
W  ide  Mouth,  a  Chippewa  chief,  iii,814;  v,129, 

130.189,141,400. 
Wilcox,  Aions^o,  viii,4C7. 
W  i  c-  X.    Cyrenus,  early   Walworth   county 

seit.er.  %i,  448. 
WilC'X  Randall,  early  Brown  county  settler, 

vi,  29,842 
WiU-cai  currency  and  banking,  i,182:  v,272. 
Wild,  Joshua,  early  New  Giarus  betiLr,  viil, 

437. 
WiikirsonX  Gen.,  invasion  of  Canada, x,  107. 
VMliartJ,  Kdward  aLd  QeorRe,  early  lumber- 

men,  viii.  883. 884. 
Willard,  Ge<  rg-,in  Flack  Ilawk  war,  ii,  418. 
Wil.unI, Henry  A,  x,876,435. 
Wiiiar.i,  Jo.^iah  F.,  ix.  426. 

V\  illey.  Mi>\ ,  ix,  487. 

Willg.  hs  Carl.skelcii  of,  x,  489. 

VMiiianis, ,early  miner, v,318, 

Willutms,   De«con,  early  VValworth  county 

8^1  tier,  vl,  448. 
Wiil.ams,EUaser.  early  Wisconsin  mission- 

arv,i.08;  ii,94.4.8-^2i:  lii,56,2l2.252:  v,8.7, 

854.376;  John  Y.  Smith  on,  vi,808  842;  vil, 

208,210,   213,215,228,  i25-i28. 281. 283,  ;AJ4, 287, 

24^^,244, 202,418;  viii,  8.2-8vi9;  ix,82i,822;  x, 

278. 
William**,  Mrs.  E  eazer,  x,  497. 
Williams,  H*  ni  y, early  M.lwaukee  pioneer,  I, 

131;  ix,411. 
Williams,  L-rael,  Sr.  and  Jr.,  early  Walworth 

county  Settlers, vi, 457, 468,404. 
Wi  liams,  J.  C.  early  Waupaca  settler,  ill, 

486. 
Williams,  Jennie, ix, 444. 
Williams,  John  K.,  early  La  Fayette  county 

settler,  ix.  447. 
W  illiam^i,  Mrs.  .Mowes,  early  Walworth  county 

teacher,  vi,  451. 
Will  ams,0.  P.,  early  Portage  setUer,  vil, 848, 

867. 
Wi:iiams,  wmiam.  ricture  of.  X,  881-S. 
•—       -»v  i>av,  vi  450.  _ 


WisooNSiN  State  Historical  Societt. 


wrin-imson.  J.,  enriy  lumbp 

W[l,|  ,rnn.  Ocorgj  H.,  ™r.y  J 

Willow  civri.  l.iohlami  com 
Uilmoi,  Allen,  UutialilDdb 

170  IS). 
WliKon.  AlexHi.dcr.  early  V 

iiftiler.  »1.  439. 


1  trader,  ii,  Iffl, 

I  sellter,  1.1, 
iaseltIcr,ll.4JS.4:ei 


WlBon.J  n..  early  Ken 
l.t  S;4,37S. 

WlHon,  Ur.  Snmud  W..  v,  6i;  ii.44S. 
Wllioq.  WIlH.'iD  D..  curly  Jll.wHuliee  puh 

ll.nep,  It,  2  T. 
Wilt  e,  A...  n  Juneau  county  mlll-wr  ght,  rill. 

t<JO.*n. 
WUtsf,  Horny  A.,*»rlF  government  surveyop, 

1    Winnebago   mur- 

ckt  at  the  Raisin.  Ul, 


r.  III.  S3«. 
SOS.niK.SIV. 


r.  (9. 


i8s.si6,si!',ttT,a».ifflii.»asi 

»*.»<.m.  104.  tit.  llS.l  1  I»,  I4^U8.  1{«- 

a-i.tM.nn.  iii9uw;.mHt>T.»>t-an,H(ij.33i. 

IBS:  ri.iR0.«0<.«lS.S4,£»,  ;.8l-38--,inH-a». 
KiS.  8m.4T.<,  4;T;vl.aT.l  (L1l.7.1TB,a  t.tiS- 
at.ffl,    2T4,lT!r.  »1,  ^BJ.  «S.  3t«.  SJT.Wl. 

3«l  301.  »4it(W,«lil.4ls.tl4.  471:  Till  S»,S1<. 

ssj-304  Ki.ar^  STU-s-it.  iw».  aw.  303.  sm. 

SiO,   318.3  B  5S5.  33B.  341,  STD.  4117:  tx.  US. 

1.1!.  i9j.iiw.ai.',airp.ai.M3i  Ko.sa. ;3t. sw, 

BIS.  »l.«4i.  34X.»J.9)i|  3IJ0;  i.  lA.  ]]»,   111, 

14i.  181.  £.0.  U'D-.70,4BS-.V  SOO. 
WiDiieiui(»<iiithreiUE,iiceSeil  Binl;  a-x  W<i- 

c  <i>Hln  I.idinn  wiir'. 
WI  iiip.  HRO  lake.  I.  ».  S}.  .1!.  74.  DO:  Til,  !>77: 

U.  U],  IS.  list  Urilisli  encunipmvnt  ou.  x. 

BH.1-4  IOU.111. 113-lin. 
WliiuelKief  swamp,  x.  lUO. 
WInm<|iiBh.vl.  343.397. 
Wkidi-If.U'Jt  James  It.  ■-'01;  i,I4V147. 
Wln-o  4lieek.  or  Wlnne'bick.  a  WinnebHga 

chief.  Ill, «J0.S7I.SS7:  ti.235. 
W  nsluw, ,  euriy  M  Iwau  jce  settler.  i>, 

Wli-Hir,  II.  S..  early  Walivonb  coiiuty  set- 
tler, »',4i.T,4ri!. 
WlDtur,  k.  B..  earlr  KenoBhn  s^tt'cr.  ir,  40B 
Winters  In  Wiwvni:|'i,<ll,131.4K-4.V«.4;3.4T4 
Vijia.orHaiiiliton'tii)UKlnKS.T,  3i7i  Ti,4CII. 
Wif  cousin  — 
Anderson.  CapL,  visit  to,  Id  ISOO.  ix.  1S7- 

aii. 

AnliqultleR:  I'e'  Aniiqiiltie 
Bainrxnnrmtlve,!?  I'llr. 
BBiikinK.eorl>-,T,Kri. 
BarahcoTnlli-v.lil.Saa. 
Biniinw-lwihtonl  ramlm 
Battle  lleldN.  pictures  or.  III 
Beuiich.irdanBlick  Ilauk  ..»■,.,..».. 
iH'idi'',  Jonim  n'„  rvcollectii^ns,  18111-17, 1, 


arly,  t1,  1 


si-.Tl,  103-103. 


'i.  40;.  403. 41 


ir.  18.1 


Civil  code  e-ton:t*iieJ.  iSM.il. OJ.W.lSl.ia 

(.  If nrimen.  early;  am  Cleijty. 

I  limaie.  henlth.  loazent)-.  r,4»6,KI0,5n. 

Commerce,  curly,  ii.  94. «. 

C-ons'iiuii  ■T>al  t-onveutioo,  1848,  »,84!,»; 

19i7.ii.S88. 
Cruiat  to  t>acBand  Foxes,  [x.  138. 
UiirTeucT,  eanv  si, in  pi  iBt.^r<,iU.  IS. 
I)rflf  and  dumb  aiy.um.  orfg'n  of.  rt.  40. 
De  IVre  ml-si.in  lounde-l.iia.W!. 
D  HIlllInK  Id,  enrly  prohUjlti.m  of.  .1.437. 
Do.'i;-,  EOTemor.    1S8S.  11,  337,  308.     tin 

DoJeC  Henri-. 
Doty.   goFTnor.  1843.  U.  81S:electFl  delf 

«[BIe.vl.S7l;  on  northern  WIscobsIb.  tit. 

1BV20a. 
Durk-einconRTMis.  Tl.l-J8.lS9. 
KlwBr.la'  renil  dsctf oce.  t, 138-100. 


ilt'recollec 
75-78:104.  ia5.T.SS;Tx7li7- 

orlh.lVailini.adTentimior,  li.SR- 
lne8.Tl.l8& 


4W 


du  C.ll 

c<iunt'y,lv,34!. 


Freorh  archigee,  _ , 

iil,:t3.«^ 

r.-eiic'h  Canadians  and  electlTe  tranchise. 
ii.  141. 142 

Fnj.iietiBCie.  enrly  mnie.U.lia.llB. 

(lame.t.OS  74.70:  >l. 4S.-<. 406. 

O  ■oeranblAljin-itlon.  ll,4>9-tB6. 

Orecn  Hay.  Brillih  troorn  collect  si.  In 
1819.  lLM;i»nis>n  at.  In  1SI6.8!,M  lOI: 
Willie  ros'i  St  ibU^  i  1 1^^.  M;  evscu  'I'd 
1. 17. 8.  in-:caiincilm.«t«ai.inll»3.3JI. 
3G-J:  Inciiicirs  In,  1T43,  vit.  197-ia:  resb 
dcitlslii,  )78.V  ITT;  CuUdilian  of  tbt  col- 
ony in  18IS.ITT. 

arik-iinirarecollivtlniis,ltl,IBX. 

Ur.™ih  iin.1  p-nsperitv  or.  il,  437-IW;  Til. 
437.43.1.449.  477:  x.Sll. 

Hir.llime.^ln,  i,  lSJ.lSa.  138. 

ll<'hlihiai.l-s,eTc..  ii.4l<e 

IlnrNer.«ctiuRj(o.-er.ior,18Sj-Sa,ii.B01,*R. 


^43.I»4.SI\et7.Sllt,»l:ii[.sae:<> _ 

nar.l7M.  elt.  i  I.  an-9*;T.ll7:  Tii.  li»- 
148:  Till.  m-«17:  P.intlac's  outbre.iK. 
17.8,i  «M8:  ill.  SO-tX;  rtli,  IM  icriw" 
SI4.  SIT.  Slfl,  »0,  a97-«»l:<liirlnKre<oiu- 
II. <n,  iii.  tiO-aS:  lii,  lOO-in.ioi:  Till.stO- 
«S:  war  iif  181(-i.1.  ll,8j.  St.  1»-1«4.  WO- 
£93:  ill,  Xa-WI.  »I8-Mt.30],  aoS.  aP4-30& 
8uO-3.'4.  *M-SM:  IV.M4.  HA;  ».  Be.  I4«.  143; 
■(..  IK».  181.  HW.lBii.  ^»r.  901:  T. I.  lT4,»t 


General  Index  to  Vols.  I— X. 


657 


Wteoonsi-i  — 

86,87.95-97:  il,  1%4-188  8^1>-a8t,602;  Iv.ftS. 

172-174:  v,14!-154.16'»-l58.  I7<i-*>t;  vII,Jlia 

817.  SM.   iiH;  viii,  2^^-2^t,  811;      BIhc^ 

Hawk*8  war.  see  Blic<c  Hiw<  war;  mU- 

cellaneo  m(il4rnrbance4.iQ  188'Kti.ii,  17). 

172. «41.  S4S  252.  258,  2S5;  in  IBM,  ▼!,  187, 

188.  477:  in  184  i,  ii.  81S.  ]}  0,  Indim  wars 

in  general,  vili.  824-3iai6.  216,  809,  810;  z. 

286. 
Itsane  nsylum,  orlsin  of,  vl,  107. 
Internal  navif^atioD,ui.493. 
Jay's  treaty,  179S,  aud  surrender  in  1793,  U, 

&.28& 
Joil  -t'»  early  map,  Ix,  1  *8-1 17. 
Jooeo.  Q.  W.,  cbojeadelegite.  1885,  ii,  831; 

▼1.271. 
Jun«>aii  county,  settlement  of .  vlii,  870-410, 

475-477. 
Kinj^ston's  early  Western  davs,v1{.297. 
Like  navisation.  early,  iv,  15%  195. 
Lake  Pepin.  ladian  murd  r^at,  ii,211. 
Ijake  Superior  region,  i<'.  194. 
Lan  \  cairns,  early, ▼!,  860, 8 Jl,  451,458,460. 

4n;  ▼ii,8av8ll. 
Lind  sales,  public,  1835-6.  ▼.  878. 
Lin  I  Rurvevs,  public. i v. 859. 
Lan  Is,  improved  and  unimproved .  ii,  493, 

497:  swamp  and  overflowed,  ▼1,88-90. 
Lansr'ade,  Charles  de,  memoir  of,  vii,  8, 77, 

1«8-187. 
LaRonde^s  narrative,  ▼ii,84\ 
Lititu  le  and  lonf^it'ide.  iv. 8^9, 818. 
Law  lihrarias.  onmitive.  ii,  12J,  153. 
L  iw  offices  opened,  Iv,  IM. 
Laws  and  lit^i^ition,  enrU  11.95.96,106,120, 

14M44:  ▼1,45!. 462, 468, 471. 472 
Lead  mines  an  1  lead  tra^ie,  ii.  91,  2M-229, 

828.8:29-836.433,486:  ▼i.408.480. 
LesriilMt'ire  meets  at  Burlineton.^i.lW;  at 

Green  B'ly  und  Belmont,  ▼1,429;  vJ,76. 
Lemonwier  ▼a'l:S7,  iii.600. 
Libraries,  public,  iii,  506. 
Liim^rand  iumheringr,  11.497,498;  iii, 439- 

445,418.419;  ▼.242-^54,*^73. 
Mail  facilities,  early, ▼!,  138, 133,279,433,453; 

iz.  823. 401-434. 
Man-shaped  mounds,  iv.  8Vi. 
M-^rrififire  customs,  early,  ii,  121, 122, 127, 176. 

22l.22r. 
Med«ils  Griven  to  Indian  chiefs,  Ix,  123-126, 

178,  ITT. 
Meeker^d  early  history  of  the  lead  re^rlon, 

▼1271. 
Merreirs  pioneer  life,  vii,  8*^6. 
Methode  a»id  f  irailv  ki  led,  18J6,  ▼,  126, 127. 
Militia  trai  ling  in  1846.vl,470. 
Mills,  earlv.ii.ll8.1«M4l,  2?9,  283:  vi.  2^7. 

«V).  8%7.  429.  456,  457.  4(50,461;  vii,  229, 248, 

247,  aa.  859  807. 
Milwaukee  and  Mi^^Iisippi  R  R,vi,99. 
Minerals,  11,497.198. 
Mimore  ii  interior  lances. ▼!,  174. 
Mlsf  I  inaris^,  early,  vit,  178.    See  Clergy. 
Mormon  colonv.  v<.4fl6. 
Necxlosry  of  1874-75  vii.  460;  1873-78,  vlll, 

44*^-474;  1879-82,  x.  474-490. 
Net II,  inward  D  .  on  early  explorations, 

forts,  etc.,  X, 392-306. 
Neven.  CI.  de,  early  history  of  Wisconsin, 

X,  476-479. 
New  Gl  inis  colony,  viil.  41 1-4  '5. 
New«panerR  and  polit.cs,  early, ▼{,  127, 187, 

140-143. 161. 
New  York  Indiana,  advent  of,  ▼iii,  285-211. 
Nico'etN  viiit.  vill,  18^-194  242:  ix,  IJj-108. 
NoonanN  recol  leer  ions,  vii,  40J. 
North<^astern  Wisconsl.i,  r,isourc38  of,  iii, 

4S0-195. 
O-'ginof  name  Wis x)nsin.  I,l'l;  v,a5t. 
Patriotl  'm,  nopul  ir,  in  civil  w  ir,  ▼!,  47 !. 
Perrault's  Green  Bay  misai>n,  ix,  112,  126, 

1*'7. 
Pierrot*8  ostensorf  am,  Wli,  198-2012. 


Wisconsin— 

Physicirt  ns,  eariy ,  ▼!,  471. 

PiKe,CJipt. ,  ▼.sit,  11. 228. 

Poi  ical  i>artiti>s  ors^auize  i,  <▼.  192. 

PvilitiCH  and  new.spapers,  early,  y\.  127, 137, 
14J-U3.151. 

Poiiil  ic's  Milwaukee  congrej»8,^'Ii,228. 

Population,  1886,  v,886: 18^1,  ii.498.499 

PrHi.ie  du  t  hi  jo,  garrison  at.1816,  Ii,  127, 128, 
227;  first  steani:fis  arrive  at,  152;  capture 
of.  18  4,  ix,  198-'95.  2yS.29i;  pion-ers  of, 
282.285:  fort  at, 28  >.  230.  2)1:  tradin?  post 
at,ix,468.  Treat.es  of  182j  and  1829;  see 
lodian  treaties. 

Pratt's  reminiscences,  1, 127. 

Printing,  earlv.  it, 421,4 Jl,4';2. 

Provisions,  earlv  pr  ces  of,  and  scarcity,!, 
187;  v>,  199,238.4^1,453;  vii, 888. 

Railroads  in,  i.  13J. 

Rejtum».  Juig).  admioistration  of  justice, 
X,  87.89. 1)5-107. 

RemiaiSw'enced  of  Wisconsin  in  1833,  x,  281- 
284. 

R  KJK  River  Claim  c>.,  vl.  139,477. 

Rolette,  J  iseph,  it,  '^9i-29  J,  465-467. 

Komnn  coin  found  in,  ix,  120-126. 

St.  Croix  &  Lake  Supei  i  )r  R.  K. .  vl.  100. 

Sakae?an  Uka  i.len:iflad.  ix,  180-134. 

Sc*hool  law.s  enacted.  v,843. 

SchooK    See  Eldujation. 

Seal,  first  territorial, i.i,  13. 

Settlement  of  the  country,  iv,  186,  187. 

Sheboygan  conntv,  sketch  of,  i/,  183;  set- 
tlement of,  ix,  8%  336. 

Sinclair's  treaty,  178l,ix.2S2,2SV 

Soldiers*  orphans'  home,  vi,  7tf-78. 

Spanish  me.lal  found,  ix,  120-126. 

State  Historical  society,  sec  )nd  annual  re- 
port, ii,  3-0 " ;  third  do.,iil,l-«6,223:  fourth 
do.,iv.  17-43:  fifth  do., 45-115;  sixth  do.,v, 
1-5;  seventh  do.,  5,  6:  e  ghth  d  >..  6-10; 
ninth  do.,  10-12:  t^Mith  do.,lM8:  eleventh 
do.,  18-21;  twdfth  do.,  21-22:  thirteenth 
do.,  23-31;  fourteenth  do.,  161-172:  fif- 
teen ta  do.,  vi  11-22:  sixteenth  do.,  23-38; 
seventeenth  dj.,  39-51:  eight«^nth  do.,55- 
70:  niu*»teenth  d  ».,  vd,  11-26:  twentieth 
do., 27-44:  twenty-first  do.,  45-61;  twentv- 
sfH^ond  do.,  62-79;  twenty-tnird  do.,  viii. 
13  32;  twentv-fourth  do.,  32-00;  twenty- 
fifth  do,  60-8 •»;  twentv-slxthd3.,ix,18-21; 
t.venty-sevenih  do.,  21-28:  twentv-eighth 
do.. 23-89:  twentv-uinth  do., x,  1^20;  thir- 
tieth do.,  20-2S;  thirty.flrsr  do.. 28-4';  au- 
tOTrnph  collections  of,  x,  17, 26, 83, 3  i7, 898- 
413. 42),  446;  earlv  history  of  the  society. 
1,5,6;  miscellaneous  reference-'. vii, 80-101; 
Ix,  7iJ,  7«.  92. 94, 120, 1  .'1 .  126, » 26, 845. 

State  liorary,  origin  of,  vi,3S4 

Steamboats,  adveut  of,  U,  94, 93, 152, 423, 424, 
4tJ4. 

Ptorrow*s  vi  it,  vl,  154. 

Tanner*s  obs.^rv.xtions,  vili,  2S7-292. 

TAverns,earlv,i,13«.140,14l,14l,l«. 

Teachers,  early ,  vi,  451 ,  456, 461.  See  Educa- 
tion. 

Temperance  efl!orts,  early,  vi,  462, 456, 457. 

Tenney  on  early  times  in  Wisconsin,  i,  94- 
102. 

Territorial  arch{v«>s.  suggestions  as  to  dis- 
po-jition  of.  VI.  8^8.  889. 

TerrltorKl  courts  and  judges,  vi,  873,  879, 
446.  447. 

Terntorial  government,  movements  for.  in 
1835,  ii,  203-8  J2 

Territorial  le.'islitures.  iv.  187-191. 

Territory  organized,  i.  100;  ii,  8^7,808;  iv, 
187. 

Tr/iders  and  voyageurs;  see  Fur  trade. 

Traveling  in  early  da  vs.  ^1,96,867. 

Univereitv,  state,  v.SlS. 

Upp  "f  Wtoooniln  couauy,  paper  on,  iii,  485- 


^ 


658 


WisooimiN  State  Hibtobioal|[Sooiet7. 


WhconMn—  .._. 

WpstwTi  W'icoiurtn  described,  vl,  W7. 
Wbisky  flelUag:  to  lodians,  law  agiinst,  ili, 

'Whittlesey's  recoUectfons.  1892,  l,ei-8S. 

Wiutera.  iii.  4')1. 456-458. 478.474. 
WliiconsiQ  city,  on  Rock  river,  \  1,481, 482, 434, 

478. 
WiKConsia  city,  on  Wisconsin  river,  vi,  891, 

47A 
Wi8con«ln  Heights,  battle*  at,  1.  79.88,100;  It, 

Ib4.8l6.847;  v,iOO:  vi,  406;  ▼iU.ft»,s(84,816; 

X,  16  .',199,807, 210, 218. 
1^14000810  river,  falls  and  rapids,  1.  121,12^?; 

forks   of,  Ix'O:    deftcription   of,   vlil,    289; 

mounds  on.  Ix,  57, 64, 16,  t7, 78;   discovery 

of,  ix,  106-11*2;  Indian  name  of.  801,-801. 
Wisconsinapolls,  early  paper  town,  vi,  891, 

834 
Wi^heet,  a  Sac  chl(>f.i,84. 
"Winner,  Henry,  x,  889,407. 
Witheriil,  B.  F.   H..  reminiscences  of    the 

noithwest.iU,  297-887. 
Witheriil,  Jamei,  of  Michigan,  iii,  885, 886;  vii, 

212. 
Wolcott.  Col.  Charles,  Ix,  448, 449. 
WoicoU,B.  6.,  ear.y  Uilwaukee  physician, 

iv,v58.275;  ix,  44«. 
Wolf,  Old,  a  Winnebago  chief,  ix,  £28. 
Wolf  river,  ix,  57. 
Wol  verton,  Stephen,  early,  Sheboygan  settler, 

iv.  840. 
Wolves,  bounties  on,  vi,  451. 
Women ,  pioneer,  hardships  of,  vi,  478-^173. 
Wone  woe,  viil,  8a»-884. 

Wood,  Dr. ,  early  Walworth  county  set- 
tler, vi,  45^.  471, 475. 
Wood,  Albert,  ix,  484. 
Wood,  Abraham,  early  Dane  and  Sauk  county 

settler,  vi,  818. 887, 398, 477;  vii,8t:0. 
Wood,  Asa,  in  Bars  ow^  cavalry,  vi,  118. 
Wood  family,  attacked  by  Indians,  vii, 809. 
Wood,  James,  vi,42l. 
Wood.  Mnj.  John  D.,  x,175. 
WoodbridK**, 1  lieut.  governor  of  Michi- 

gan,  11,4.8. 
Woodbridge,  E ,  earlv  Kenosha  settler,  ii,  4*i7. 
WooUbrujgt*,  Timothy  and   brothers,  early 

Kencsha  settlers.  iii,8S2,»09,400. 
Woodbri  Ige,  William,  viii,217. 
WoiMli  ri  ljf.».  W.  W..  in  Black  Hawk  war.  ii, 

849,  &53. 355. 859, 877, 878. 407;  vi,  405;  vii,  292. 
Wood  county,  lii. 486-452. 
Woodin,  Rev.  Peter,  earlv  Wisconsin  clergy- 
man. 11,451,455,456;  i  1.871. 
Woodle,  Isaac,  in  Barrtow'R  cavalry,  vi,  112. 
Woodman,  Cyrus,  ix. 822-835, 850. 
Woodward,  Judee  ,  on  the  lake  tides, 

i.6i. 
Woodward.  A.  B.,  viil, 287. 


Woodworth,  Samuel,  ix.  457, 458. 

W<wl.  Qen.  John  K.,  at  Green  Bay  in  1818,  r, 

Workman,  Sidney  S.,  early  Whitewater  »«. 
tier  vi  449. 

Worrell,' L»r.' Eiward,  XT.  S.  A.,  vii. 878. 

Worthington,  David,  early  Milwaukee  teach- 
er, v,  886. 

Wonhimrton,  D«>Di^n,  ix,  417. 448. 

Worthington,  Elijah,  early  Walworth  coun- 
ty settler,  vi,451. 

Wright,  Hiram  A.,  sketches  of.  ii,  17.&V53;  t, 
8-A 

Wright,  Luden,  early  Walworth  county  set- 
Uer,vl,468. 

Wright,  ssllas.  friend  of  the  Onedia:».  iu.  57; 
on  Wisconsin  boundary,  ir,  851. 

Wrisrhlstown,  vii.  412. 

Wyand^ttes,  or  Hurons,i!i,97,9e,120.1?7,«l 

Wylies,  The,  early  Walworth  coui^ty  strtuen, 
vi,459. 

Wyman.  W.  W.,  public  printer,  ii,  81& 

Wy-o-be  gah,  a  bioux  hunter,  ix.  161.  ira. 

Wyth.aeorge,  rare  autograph  of,x,  381,  838, 
444. 


Yankton  band  of  Sioux,  li,  144, 145,196. 

Ydtes,  Peter,  ix.  481 

Yeiser,  Capt. ,  at  Prairie  du  Chiea  ia 

1814,11, 12M2l:ix.296,^i. 
Yellow  Brinks,  x,  221. 
Yellow  Cloud,  a  lienomonee  chief,  ill,  270. 
Yellow  Dcg,  a  Menomonee  chief,  iii,  ;i70. 
Yellow  or  Painted  Rock,  creeic,  v,  i;i6. 
Yellow  river,  Indian  names  of.  viii,396.S97. 
Yellow  Thund»*r,  a  Winnebago  chief,  i,  74; 

vii,  846, 362, 888, 894, 898. 461;  viii,80:  x.81. 
Yeoman, ,  early    Waupaca  oouniy  set* 

tier,  ill.  480. 
Young.  Dr. ,  early  Walworih  county  set 

tier,  vi,  471. 
Young,  Mrs  Ann,  longevity  of ,  viil,  456. 
YounsT,  Aus'in,  v,  254. 
Young,  C.E..&  Gibbs  O.,  Jr.,  on  Prescott 

and  Pierce  county,  iii,  45ft^v5. 
Young,  H.,  Smith,  early  Walworth  county 

settler,  vi,  447. 
Young,  James,  a  clergyman,  ix,  453. 
Young,  John  C, longevity  of,viii,4C5,463L 
YouDg,  Milos  K.,  vii,4t9. 
Youn>r.  Stephen, early  lumberman.  riii,404. 
Yout,  Brisque.    See  Brisque. 


Zane,  I'^ad  refuse,  vi,  287. 

Zimmerman,  J.  C,  early  New  Glanis  set- 
tler, v  111,433. 

Zmmeiman,  Jobn,''early  New  Glarus  cler- 
gy uien,  vi.i,  4;i5. 427, 433. 


211 
70  684   AA     A    30   *♦• 


«K  um0man  or  mkmgan 


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